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Universidade De São Paulo Museu De Arqueologia E UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO MUSEU DE ARQUEOLOGIA E ETNOLOGIA ELIANE NUNES CHIM ZOOARQUEOLOGIA DA LAPA GRANDE DE TAQUARAÇU São Paulo 2018 ELIANE NUNES CHIM ZOOARQUEOLOGIA DA LAPA GRANDE DE TAQUARAÇU Versão Corrigida Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Arqueologia do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestra em Ciências Programa: Arqueologia Linha de pesquisa: Arqueologia e meio-ambiente Orientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Veronica Wesolowski São Paulo 2018 Nome: Eliane Nunes Chim Título: Zooarqueologia da Lapa Grande de Taquaraçu Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arqueologia do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestra em Ciências. Aprovada em: 13/11/2018 Banca examinadora _____________________________________ Dra. Veronica Wesolowski – Orientadora Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia – Universidade de São Paulo _____________________________________ Dr. Andrei Isnardis – Titular Departamento de Antropologia e Arqueologia – Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais _____________________________________ Dr. Renato Kipnis – Titular Scientia Consultoria Científica _____________________________________ Dra. Sibeli Aparecida Viana – Suplente _____________________________________ Dra. Mirian Liza Alves Forancelli Pacheco – Suplente APRESENTAÇÃO Durante as escavações na Lapa Grande de Taquaraçu, localizada entre Lagoa Santa e a Serra do Cipó, foram encontrados notáveis vestígios de peixes, como vértebras, otólitos e espinhos. Tendo em vista o promissor potencial informativo dos otólitos a proposta inicial deste trabalho foi desenvolver técnicas para reconhecimento, triagem e análise destes elementos em amostras de sedimentos oriundas desse sítio arqueológico e investigar as estratégias de captura e o consumo de peixes na época do Holoceno Inicial. Com o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi efetuado um teste do método originalmente proposto, onde a obtivemos resultados limitados e constatamos que manter o foco na análise somente dos otólitos seria inviável em razão de termos encontrado poucos destes elementos, somado ao fato de desconhecermos a composição faunística geral do sítio, consideramos necessário reformular o projeto e analisar todos os vestígios faunísticos recuperados. Assim, após o cumprimento dos créditos obrigatórios para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Arqueologia, pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arqueologia do MAE-USP, e um ano de pesquisa o projeto foi atualizado e começamos a desenvolver esta pesquisa efetivamente, o que exigiu pelo menos 14 meses de trabalho em laboratório (entre busca e seleção das amostras, peneiramento, triagem e análise) e mais alguns meses para processamento e interpretação dos dados obtidos. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pela concessão da bolsa de mestrado. À Veronica Wesolowski, Astolfo Araujo, Levy Figuti, Marisa Coutinho Afonso, Max Ernani, André Strauss, Rodrigo Oliveira, Pedro da Glória, Rui Murrieta, Walter Neves, Hélio de Miranda, Alberto Bezerra, Washington Marques, Gilberto de Paiva, Karen Ribeiro, Claudia Hotta, Rafael Milheira, Claudio Ricken, Victor Giovanetti, Mônica Piza Ragazzo, Elver Mayer, Nina Hochreiter, João Carlos Moreno de Sousa, Letícia Correa, Jéssica Mendes Cardoso, Glauco Constantino, Marina di Giusto, Laura Furquim, Thiago Kater, Rafael Stabile, Gabriela Mingatos, Anderson Tognolli, Maria Ester Venezia, Guilherme Alarsa, Aline Oliveira, Mariana Inglez, Lisi Müller, Renata Estevam da Silva, Viviane Wermelinger, Emerson Nobre, Daniela Ortega, Bianca Bender, Adriele Oliveira, María Farías Gluchy, Claudia Giongo, José Alberione dos Reis, Martial Pouguet, Mariane Pereira Ferreira, Fátima Cristina Silva de Oliveira, Luiz Eduardo Oleiro e a todos os meus colegas da turma 2009 do curso de Bacharelado em Arqueologia da FURG. Principalmente agradeço à minha família. CHIM, E. N. Zooarqueologia da Lapa Grande de Taquaraçu [dissertação]. São Paulo: Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo; 2018. RESUMO A Lapa Grande de Taquaraçu, localizada entre o carste de Lagoa Santa e a Serra do Cipó, apresenta datações do Holoceno Inicial (11.750-11.250 anos cal AP a 9.050- 8.990 anos cal AP). Nesta época o território que atualmente corresponde ao Brasil Central já era habitado por diversas populações de caçadores-coletores, cuja economia tem sido caracterizada como de amplo espectro baseada na coleta de recursos vegetais e na caça de animais terrestres de pequeno e médio porte. O material faunístico proveniente de Taquaraçu foi analisado, sob a ótica da zooarqueologia, com a finalidade de testar a eficiência de três diferentes métodos de coleta de faunas (plotagem, peneiramento e triagem em campo e peneiramento e triagem em laboratório de amostras totais de sedimentos) e entender a exploração de recursos faunísticos pelos grupos humanos que utilizaram o abrigo em quatro momentos temporais escalonados ao longo do Holoceno Inicial. Os resultados do teste de métodos indicam que a plotagem privilegia o resgate de ossos de animais grande e médio porte, especialmente mamíferos; o peneiramento e a triagem dos elementos faunísticos em campo é apropriado para evidenciar o espectro faunístico presente no sítio, no entanto não permite a recuperação de ossos de animais menores ou elementos de difícil reconhecimento, subestimando sobretudo os peixes; e o peneiramento e a triagem em laboratório de amostras totais de sedimentos permite a recuperação de elementos pertencentes à taxa de tamanho pequeno, no entanto é pouco eficiente para caracterização da amplitude taxonômica presente no sítio. Diante dos resultados obtidos foi sugerido um protocolo para coleta de vestígios faunísticos em sítios abrigados. Com relação a exploração de recursos faunísticos, o registro zooarqueológico evidenciado em Taquaraçu insere os grupos que ocuparam este abrigo no contexto das economias generalistas do Holoceno Inicial da América do Sul, no entanto, neste sítio há a sugestão de amplo conhecimento de ambientes aquáticos, de modo que se pode afirmar que os caçadores-coletores que ocuparam Taquaraçu no Holoceno Inicial também eram pescadores. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Zooarqueologia, Método em Arqueologia, Holoceno Inicial, Lagoa Santa, Lapa Grande de Taquaraçu CHIM, E. N. Zooarqueologia da Lapa Grande de Taquaraçu [dissertação]. São Paulo: Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo; 2018. ABSTRACT The Lapa Grande de Taquaraçu rockshelter, situated between the karst of Lagoa Santa and the Serra do Cipó, present dates of Early Holocene (11.750-11.250 anos cal AP a 9.050-8.990 anos cal AP). At this time the territory that now corresponds to Central Brazil was already inhabited by several populations of hunter-gatherers, whose economy has been characterized as a broad spectrum based on the collection of vegetal resources and the hunting of small and medium-sized land animals. The faunal material from Taquaraçu was analysed, from the perspective of Zooarchaeology, with the purpose of testing the efficiency of three different methods of collecting faunas (plotting, sieving and field screening and sieving and laboratory screening of total sediment samples) and to understand the exploitation of faunistic resources by human groups that used the shelter in four temporal moments along the Early Holocene. The results of the test methods indicate that the plot favors the rescue of large and medium-sized animal bones, especially mammals; the sieving and screening of the fauna elements in the field is appropriate to highlight the faunistic spectrum present in the site, however it does not allow the recovery of bones of smaller animals or elements of difficult recognition, especially underestimating the fish; and the laboratory sieving and screening of total sediment samples allows the recovery of elements belonging to the small size taxa, but is not efficient for characterizing the taxonomic range present in the site. In view of the results obtained, a protocol was suggested for the collection of faunal remains in sheltered sites. In relation to the exploitation of fauna resources, the zooarchaeological record evidenced in Taquaraçu inserts the groups that occupied this shelter in the context of the generalist economies of the Initial Holocene of South America, however, on this site there is a suggestion of a broad knowledge of aquatic environments, so that it can be said that the hunter-gatherers who occupied Taquaraçu in the Early Holocene were also fishermen. KEYWORDS: Zooarchaeology, Method in archaeology, Early Holocene, Lagoa Santa, Lapa Grande de Taquaraçu LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 1: Mapa com a APA Carste de Lagoa Santa e os principais sítios arqueológicos da região, com destaque para a Lapa das Boleiras e a Lapa do Santo dentro do Carste, a Lapa Grande de Taquaraçu a Leste e o Grande Abrigo de Santana do Riacho a Nordeste. Autoria: Glauco Constantino. ........................................................................58 Figura 2: Anzol Peça 4833 encontrados na Lapa das Boleiras em pacote sedimentar associado ao Holoceno Inicial. Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brasil ...............................64 Figura 3: Anzóis 1, 4, 5 e 6 encontrados na Lapa do Santo em pacotes sedimentares associados ao Holoceno Inicial. Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brasil .............................64 Figura 4: Mapa com a localização dos sítios arqueológicos Lapa Grande de Taquaraçu, Lapa do Santo e Lapa das Boleiras, localização da APA
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