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Rfid Para La Empresa Soluciones G Cuatro Del Ecuador Cia

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Rfid Para La Empresa Soluciones G Cuatro Del Ecuador Cia ESCUELA POLITECNICA NACIONAL FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA ELÉCTRICA Y ELECTRÓNICA DISEÑO DE UN SISTEMA DE CONTROL DE ACCESO UTILIZANDO LA TECNOLOGÍA DE IDENTIFICACIÓN RFID PARA LA EMPRESA SOLUCIONES G CUATRO DEL ECUADOR CIA. LTDA. PROYECTO PREVIO A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TITULO DE INGENIERO EN ELECTRONICA Y REDES DE INFORMACIÓN PABLO WALTER PUPIALES ANGAMARCA [email protected] DIRECTOR: Ing. NELSON AVILA [email protected] Quito, julio 2009 DECLARACIÓN Yo, Pablo Walter Pupiales Angamarca, declaro bajo juramento que el trabajo aquí descrito es de mi autoría; que no ha sido previamente presentada para ningún grado o calificación profesional; y, que he consultado las referencias bibliográficas que se incluyen en este documento. A través de la presente declaración cedo mis derechos de propiedad intelectual correspondientes a este trabajo, a la Escuela Politécnica Nacional, según lo establecido por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, por su Reglamento y por la normatividad institucional vigente. Pablo Pupiales A. CERTIFICACIÓN Certifico que el presente trabajo fue desarrollado por Pablo Walter Pupiales Angamarca, bajo mi supervisión. Ing. Nelson Avila DIRECTOR DE PROYECTO DEDICATORIA A mis adorados padres Teodoro y Rosa quienes incondicionalmente me han apoyado en todo y siempre han estado pendientes de mis éxitos y fracasos de mis alegrías y tristezas a ellos que siempre me han dado el buen ejemplo de superación les dedico con todo mi amor este triunfo tan importante. A ti Consuelo que eres mi hermana y segunda madre y siempre has estado cuidando de mí, te quiero mucho. A mis demás hermanos Alberto, Serafín, Segundo, Edwin quienes han sido para mí un ejemplo de superación y guía. A mis hermanos que terrenalmente no están acá pero también han sido un ánimo para seguir adelante, a ellos también va dedicado este triunfo. A mi adorada novia Paty quien ha sido muy comprensiva en estos momentos y juntos hemos podido superar muchas cosas, te amo mucho. A mis amigos Carlos, Joe, Hermes quienes han aportado de una u otra manera con sus conocimientos para culminar este proyecto, A mi profesor y amigo Nelson Avila quien ha sido mi principal guía para la elaboración y culminación de este proyecto. Finalmente a Dios por darme salud y vida y lo más principal, la dicha de tener a mis padres con vida para darles una felicidad mas, porque después de tanto sufrimiento por darnos una educación digna a mí y a todos mis hermanos, se merecen eso y mucho mas. Gracias a todos. Pablo Pupiales. CONTENIDO CAPITULO 1 SISTEMAS DE CONTROL DE ACCESO .............................................................. 1 1.1 SISTEMAS BASADOS EN TARJETAS INTELIGENTES .................................1 1.1.1 DEFINICIÓN DE TARJETAS INTELIGENTES .........................................1 1.1.2 ARQUITECTURA .......................................................................................2 1.1.3 CLASES DE TARJETAS INTELIGENTES .................................................4 1.1.4 ESTÁNDARES ............................................................................................6 1.1.5 VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS ..................................................................8 1.1.6 SEGURIDAD EN TARJETAS INTELIGENTES .........................................9 1.2 SISTEMAS BIOMÉTRICOS ............................................................................ 10 1.2.1 DEFINICIÓN ............................................................................................. 10 1.2.2 CARACTERÍSTICAS ................................................................................ 10 1.2.3 TIPOS DE SISTEMAS BIOMÉTRICOS .................................................... 11 1.2.4 ARQUITECTURA ..................................................................................... 13 1.2.5 FASE OPERACIONAL DE UN SISTEMA DE IDENTIFICACIÓN PERSONAL ............................................................................................................. 14 1.2.6 EXACTITUD EN LA IDENTIFICACIÓN: MEDIDAS DE DESEMPEÑO15 1.3 SISTEMAS BASADOS EN TARJETAS MAGNETICAS ................................. 17 1.3.1 DEFINICIÓN ............................................................................................. 17 1.3.2 FUNCIONAMIENTO ................................................................................ 17 1.3.3 COERCITIVIDAD ..................................................................................... 18 1.3.4 TRACKS .................................................................................................... 19 1.3.5 CÓMO GRABAR TARJETAS MAGNÉTICAS ......................................... 20 1.4 CÓDIGOS DE BARRAS ................................................................................... 21 1.4.1 DEFINICIÓN ............................................................................................. 21 1.4.2 BENEFICIOS DEL CÓDIGO DE BARRAS .............................................. 21 1.4.3 APLICACIONES ....................................................................................... 22 1.4.4 SIMBOLOGÍA DEL CÓDIGO DE BARRAS ............................................ 23 1.4.5 TIPOS DE LECTORES. ............................................................................. 29 CAPITULO 2 TECNOLOGÍA DE IDENTIFICACIÓN POR RADIO FRECUENCIA (RFID) ........ 33 2.1 FUNDAMENTOS DE RFID. ............................................................................ 33 2.1.1 PARTES DE UNA ONDA. ........................................................................ 34 2.1.2 PROPIEDADES DE RF. ............................................................................ 35 2.2 SISTEMA RFID. ............................................................................................... 37 2.3 ETIQUETAS Y LECTORES RFID ................................................................... 40 2.3.1 ETIQUETAS PASIVAS ............................................................................. 40 2.3.2 ETIQUETAS ACTIVAS ............................................................................ 47 2.3.3 ETIQUETAS SEMI-ACTIVAS(SEMI-PASIVAS) ..................................... 50 2.3.4 SÓLO LECTURA (RO) ............................................................................. 52 2.3.5 UNA SOLA ESCRITURA, MUCHAS LECTURAS (WORM) .................. 52 2.3.6 LECTURA ESCRITURA (RW) ................................................................. 52 2.3.7 ETIQUETA DE SUPERFICIE DE ONDA ACÚSTICA (SAW) ................. 53 2.3.8 ETIQUETAS NO RFID .............................................................................. 54 2.3.9 LECTORES RFID ...................................................................................... 54 2.3.10 CONTROLADOR ...................................................................................... 72 2.3.11 SENSOR, ANUNCIADOR Y ACTUADOR .............................................. 72 2.3.12 EQUIPO Y SISTEMA SOFTWARE .......................................................... 73 2.3.13 INFRAESTRUCTURA DE COMUNICACIÓN ......................................... 76 2.3.14 CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS ........................................................................... 76 2.3.15 CARACTERIZACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA RFID ....................................... 80 2.4 FRECUENCIAS DE OPERACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA RFID ........................... 81 2.5 ESTÁNDARES PARA RFID ............................................................................ 85 2.5.1 ESTÁNDARES ANSI ................................................................................ 86 2.5.2 ESTÁNDAR AIAG .................................................................................... 87 2.5.3 ESTÁNDAR EAN*UCC ............................................................................ 88 2.5.4 ESPECIFICACIÓN EPCGLOBAL ............................................................ 89 2.5.5 DEPARTAMENTO DE DEFENSA DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS (DOD) .. ................................................................................................................. 100 2.5.6 ISO (ORGANIZACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE ESTANDARIZACIÓN) ... ................................................................................................................. 101 2.5.7 ETSI (INSTITUTO EUROPEO DE ESTÁNDARES DE TELECOMUNICACIONES) ................................................................................. 106 2.5.8 ERO (OFICINA EUROPEA DE RADIOCOMUNICACIONES) ............. 107 2.5.9 LA INICIATIVA DE ENTRADA DE LOS SERVICIOS ABIERTOS...... 109 2.6 RFID FRENTE A OTRAS TECNOLOGIAS DE IDENTIFICACION ............. 110 2.6.1 BENEFICIOS DEL CÓDIGO DE BARRAS ............................................ 110 2.6.2 DESVENTAJAS DEL CÓDIGO DE BARRAS ........................................ 111 2.6.3 VENTAJAS DE LA TECNOLOGÍA RFID .............................................. 112 2.6.4 LIMITACIONES DE LA TECNOLOGÍA RFID ...................................... 121 2.6.5 VENTAJAS DE RFID SOBRE EL CÓDIGO DE BARRAS..................... 126 2.6.6 VENTAJAS DEL CÓDIGO DE BARRAS SOBRE LA TECNOLOGÍA RFID. ................................................................................................................. 132 2.6.7 DESVENTAJAS DE RFID Y LOS CÓDIGOS DE BARRAS. ................. 137 2.6.8 ¿REEMPLAZARÁ PRONTO RFID AL CÓDIGO DE BARRAS?. .......... 138 2.7 APLICACIONES DE LA TECNOLOGIA RFID. .......................................... 142 2.7.1 TRAZABILIDAD DE OBJETOS. ............................................................ 144 2.7.2 INVENTARIO, MONITOREO Y CONTROL. ........................................
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