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Surface Emission Monitoring of Pressed=Wood Products Containing Urea=Formaldehyde Resins

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Surface Emission Monitoring of Pressed=Wood Products Containing Urea=Formaldehyde Resins Environment International, Vol. 12, pp. 301-309,1986 0160-4120/86S3.00 + .OO Printed in the USA. All rights reserved. Copyright Q 1986 Pergamon Journals Ltd. SURFACE EMISSION MONITORING OF PRESSED=WOOD PRODUCTS CONTAINING UREA=FORMALDEHYDE RESINS T. G. Matthews, K. W. Fung,a B. J. Tromberg, and A. R. Hawthorne Health and Safety Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA (Received 26 February 1985; Accepted 17 September 1985) A survey of formaldehyde (CH*O) emission rates from U.S.-manufactured particleboard, hardwood plywood paneling, and medium density fiberboard products has been performed using a Formaldehyde Surface Emission Monitor (FSEM). The results indicate approximately two orders of magnitude varia- tion in CHsO emission rates between weakly emitting paneling and strongly emitting fiberboard prod- ucts. The measured CHzO emission rates for particleboard, paneling, and fiberboard products averaged 0.30, 0.17 and 1.5 mJm* h, respectively. Sources of variation in CH20 emission rate data among the survey boards are investigated. The relative intraboard. interboard, and intermanufacturer variation ob- served in the test data varies strongly between particleboard, paneling, and fiberboard product categories. The FSEM has also been used to determine the CH20 emission rate of carpet-covered particleboard underlayment in two unfurnished research homes. Measurements were conducted at 16 different tem- perature and relative humidity (RH) conditions ranging from 17-29 “C and 41%-88% RH to field-test the response of the FSEM to varying CH20 emission strength resulting from the variable environmental conditions. Substituting the FSEM CHsO emission rate data into a simple steady-state, CH20 concen- tration model (that does not account for variation in temperature and RH conditions) gave good agree- ment between FSEM-modeled and measured CH,O concentrations. Introduction product loading, air exchange, temperature, and rela- Formaldehyde (CH,O) is an important indoor air pol- tive humidity (RH) conditions on indoor CH,O con- lutant (Gough et al., 1983) that is emitted by a variety centrations. The desiccator test is a sample-destructive of formaldehyde resin-containing products in indoor quality control test. Neither method is suitable for environments (Calvert, 1981). Pressed-wood products field measurements. containing urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins are among A passive formaldehyde surface emission monitor the strongest and most commonly used CH,O emitters (FSEM) has been developed for nondestructive mea- in indoor environments (Pickrell et al., 1983; Mat- surement of formaldehyde (CH,O) emission rates thews et al., 1985a). Formaldehyde emissions from from the surface of CH,O resin-containing products UF resin-bonded particleboard and hardwood ply- (Matthews et al., 1984). The FSEM is a short tubular wood paneling products have been measured using a monitor constructed from a 20-cm mechanical sieve variety of chemical extraction, small-scale static that seals with a compressible flange to a flat test sur- chamber, and small- to large-scale dynamic chamber face. Emissions specific from the measurement site methods (Meyer, 1979). In North America, a 2-h des- are sorbed inside the FSEM on a planar distribution of iccator test and large-scale environmental chamber 13 X molecular sieve. The sorbent is analyzed for test, called FTM-1 and FIM-2, respectively, are most CH,O using a water-rinse desorption and calorimetric commonly used by the pressed-wood industry (NPA, analysis procedure. Unlike passive vapor monitors 1983). The chamber test is used to predict the poten- such as the Palmes tube (Palmes et al., 1976), the tial impact of pressed-wood products under specified CH,O sampling rate of the FSEM depends primarily on board-limited CH,O transport to the surrounding vapor phase rather than air movement across the open- %afety Office, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. ing of the monitor (Matthews et al., 1984). As a re- 301 302 T.G. Matthews et al. sult, the sampling rate is insensitive to variation in the trations (Matthews et al., 1985b). The FSEM tests pathlength between the sorbent and test surface. were performed on the predominant CH20 emission The FSEM has been used to measure the CH20 source, carpet-covered particleboard underlayment, to emission rates from a variety of CH20 resin-contain- monitor temperature- and RH-dependent changes in ing products including urea-formaldehyde foam insu- CH20 emission rate. The results are evaluated by sub- lation, urea- and phenol-formaldehyde bonded stituting the CH20 emission rate data into a steady- pressed-wood products (Matthews et al., 1984), fi- state CH20 concentration model (that does not account brous glass insulation, and ceiling tiles (Matthews et for variation in temperature and RH) to compare al., 1986a). Strong, approximate 1-to-l, intermethod against measured CH20 levels. This analysis provides correlations between CH20 emission rates measured a field test of the FSEM for CH20 emissions from a with the FSEM and small-scale chamber tests have predominant pressed-wood emission source under a been observed, particularly for pressed-wood products variety of controlled temperature, RH, and air ex- and urea-formaldehYde foam insulation encased in change conditions. simulated wall panels (Matthews et ai., 1984, 1986b). A preliminary portion of National Particleboard As- Experimental Designs and Methods sociation studies comparing the response of the FSEM to the 2-h desiccator test and large-scale chamber test Pressed-Wood Product Survey (operated at 24 °C, 50% RH, and several different air The pressed-wood product survey included particle- exchange to loading ratios) has been reported (Zinn, board underlayment, industrial particleboard, print-, 1984). A somewhat modified FSEM methodology was paper-, and domestic veneer-overlayed hardwood ply- used, including a 1-week product-conditioning period, wood paneling, and medium density fiberboard ma- two measurement sites per test board (i.e., of area > terials acquired from a total of seven different U.S. 1.4 m 2) and a centrifuge to remove particulates from manufacturers. Six 1.2 x 1.2 m samples were col- molecular sieve rinse solutions. Although moderately lected from each of the three largest U.S. manufactur- good intermethod correlations between the FSEM and ers of each product category, comprising a total of industrial tests were generally found, inconsistent 108 samples. Some manufacturers contributed sam- rankings of board emissions between the FSEM and ples to more than one product category. All boards chamber tests were observed under some chamber were selected by members of the U.S. Consumer loading and air exchange conditions. An intermethod, Product Safety Commission and the industry during linear regression analysis between the results of 56 unannounced visits to manufacturing plants to obtain boards tested with the FSEM (i.e., dependent variable a random selection of available materials in each prod- with units of mg CH20/m2h) and 2-h desiccator test uct category (Medford, 1983). All samples were col- (i.e., independent variable with units of #gCH20/mL lected between January and June 1983. Each group of H20) yielded a slope, intercept, and r 2 correlation six boards represented a minimum of two populations coefficient of 0.37 {(mg • mL)/(m 2 - h • p~g)}, 0.15 of boards based on different manufacturing dates for mg/m2h, and 0.88, respectively. particleboard and fiberboard products, and on differ- In this paper, the FSEM results of a laboratory sur- ent overseas suppliers of hardwood plywood sub- vey of CHzO emission rates from U.S.-manufactured strates for paneling products (Matthews et aL, 1985c). particleboard, paneling, and fiberboard products and Prior to FSEM testing, all boards were conditioned field measurements of CH20 emission rates from car- for i>2 weeks at approximately 22 ___3 °C, 50 +-- 15% pet-covered underlayment in unoccupied research RH, and ~<0.2 mg/m 3 CHzO to achieve approximate homes are presented. The purpose of the pressed- steady-state emission levels. Tighter environmental wood product survey was to estimate the potential control was maintained during FSEM measurements distribution of CH20 emission rates from contempo- at typically 23.5 ___ 1.5 °C and 50 _+ 10% RH. All rary products commonly incorporated in conventional boards for a given manufacturer and product classifi- U.S. housing. FSEM measurements were performed cation were tested simultaneously to avoid interboard on all acquired samples to provide intrasample, inter- variation due to changes in environmental conditions. board, intermanufacturer, and interproduct compari- All boards were tested on a single side; hardwood sons. Environmental chamber tests were also plywood paneling samples were tested on the decora- performed on a subset of the boards for intermethod tive side. FSEM testing typically occurred 3 to 10 comparison with the FSEM using strict product con- weeks after sample collection at the manufacturing ditioning and testing protocols (Matthews et aL, plant. 1986b). FSEM measurements of CH20 emission rate An experimental protocol for FSEM testing of were conducted inside two unoccupied research CH20 emissions from pressed-wood products has homes under a variety of temperature and RH condi- been previously published (Matthews et al., 1983). tions as part of a study to investigate the impact of The preparation, CH20 exposure, water-rinse desorp- indoor temperature and RH on indoor CH20 concen-
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