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Formaldehyde Indoor Air Model – Pressed Wood Products, Version 2.0 (FIAM-Pwp V2.0): Model User Manual and Documentation

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Formaldehyde Indoor Air Model – Pressed Wood Products, Version 2.0 (FIAM-Pwp V2.0): Model User Manual and Documentation Formaldehyde Indoor Air Model – Pressed Wood Products, Version 2.0 (FIAM-pwp v2.0): Model User Manual and Documentation Exposure Assessment Branch Economics, Exposure and Technology Division Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W. Washington, D.C. 20460 July 2012 i ACKNOWLEDGMENT EPA acknowledges the analytical and draft preparation support of Versar, Inc. of Springfield, Virginia in the preparation of this report, provided under Contract No. EP-W-10-005. Notice This is not an official guidance document and should not be relied upon to determine applicable regulatory requirements. This document was prepared to provide exposure information for the rulemaking process, and to meet various administrative and legislative requirements. Due to the nature of the information available to EPA, the document contains various assumptions that may not reflect the regulatory determinations that an individual firm or organization would make were it to apply the rule's requirements to its specific circumstances. Persons seeking information on specific regulatory requirements should consult 40 CFR Part 770, and the preamble for the regulatory action. Mention of the names of specific companies, organizations, or entities does not constitute an endorsement by EPA. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 2. USER INTERFACE ................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Background – Model Versions ................................................................................................ 3 2.2 House Screen ........................................................................................................................... 4 2.2.1 Inputs and Options .................................................................................................... 4 2.2.2 Basis for Defaults ...................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Source Screen ........................................................................................................................ 14 2.3.1 Types of Inputs ....................................................................................................... 14 2.3.2 Adding Default Inputs............................................................................................. 15 2.3.3 Adding Custom Inputs ............................................................................................ 16 2.3.3 Basis for Defaults .................................................................................................... 16 2.4 Exposure Screen .................................................................................................................... 21 2.4.1 Inputs and Options for Age of Sources and Formaldehyde Level of Interest ........ 21 2.4.2 Inputs and Options for Exposure Groups................................................................ 22 2.4.3 Inputs and Options for Concentrations Outside the Home ..................................... 23 2.4.4 Basis for Defaults .................................................................................................... 24 2.5 Result Screen ......................................................................................................................... 27 2.5.1 Concentration Results ............................................................................................. 27 2.5.2 Exposure Results ..................................................................................................... 28 2.5.3 Printing Inputs and Results ..................................................................................... 28 2.5.4 Archiving Inputs and Results for a Run .................................................................. 28 2.6 Model Access and Additional Features ................................................................................. 29 2.6.1 Accessing the IGEMS Website ............................................................................... 29 2.6.2 Saving Inputs for Later Access ............................................................................... 29 2.6.3 Context-sensitive Help ............................................................................................ 29 2.7 Example Applications ........................................................................................................... 29 2.7.1 Example 1 – Modeling with Model Default Values ............................................... 29 2.7.2 Example 2 – Modeling a Hypothetical Chamber Test for CARB Compliance ...... 30 2.7.3 Example 3 – Demonstrating an Equilibrium Concentration ................................... 31 2.7.4 Example 4 – Examining the Incremental Contribution of a Product ...................... 32 2.7.5 Example 5 – Varying the Decay Rate (Half Life) .................................................. 33 3. MODEL CALCULATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS .......................................................... 35 3.1 Generalized Mass-Balance Equation ..................................................................................... 36 3.2 Steady-State Model for Initial Formaldehyde Concentration in One Compartment ............. 37 3.3 Extension of the Steady-State Model to Two Compartments ............................................... 39 3.4 Matthews Model Compared to HBF Model .......................................................................... 40 3.5 Other Potentially Useful Modeling Constructs ..................................................................... 42 3.6 Discussion of Indoor Sinks .................................................................................................... 45 3.7 Decay of Indoor Concentrations ............................................................................................ 45 3.8 Default Value for Half Life ................................................................................................... 48 3.9 Temperature and Humidity Adjustments .............................................................................. 51 3.10 Exposure Calculations ........................................................................................................... 53 i 4. EVALUATION OF MODEL ALGORITHMS AND PREDICTIONS ............................ 55 4.1 Mathematical Correctness of Model Algorithms .................................................................. 55 4.2 NIST Assessment of Matthews Model Predictions ............................................................... 55 4.3 Assessment of FIAM-pwp Predictions – EPA Pilot Study .................................................... 56 4.3.1 Initial Baseline Period ............................................................................................. 57 4.3.2 First Loading ........................................................................................................... 58 4.3.3 Air-out Period after First Loading .......................................................................... 59 4.3.4 Second Loading ...................................................................................................... 60 4.3.5 Air-out Period after Second Loading ...................................................................... 61 4.3.6 Third Loading ......................................................................................................... 62 4.4 FIAM-pwp Predictions for Recent Residential Field Monitoring Studies ............................ 63 Appendix A – Summary of EPA Formaldehyde Pilot Study Appendix B – Model Sensitivity Appendix C – Basis for Emission Classes Appendix D – Historical Testing of PWPs to Derive Slope and Intercept Values Appendix E – Derivation of Two-zone Steady-state Solution ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1. FIAM-pwp House Screen. .............................................................................................4 Figure 2-2. Popup Screen – Create Your Own Structure Type. ......................................................5 Figure 2-3. U.S. Climate Zones. ......................................................................................................5 Figure 2-4. Popup Screen – Create Your Own Climate Zone. ........................................................6 Figure 2-5. FIAM-pwp Source Screen. ..........................................................................................14 Figure 2-6. Source Screen after Adding Default PWP Types .......................................................15 Figure 2-7. Source Screen after Adding Custom Values ...............................................................16 Figure 2-8. Exposure Screen ..........................................................................................................21 Figure 2-9. Preparing to Add a New Exposure Group...................................................................23 Figure 2-10. Result Screen with First Two Exposure Groups Selected ........................................27 Figure 2-11. Emission-rate Parameters for FIAM-pwp Default PWPs in an Apartment. ..............32 Figure 2-12. Formaldehyde Concentration Decline with Fast and Slow Decay Periods...............34 Figure 3-1. Representation of Declining Emission Rate by Power-law Function vs. Exponential-decay
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