Free Princeps Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Free Princeps Pdf FREE PRINCEPS PDF L. E. Modesitt | 688 pages | 26 Mar 2013 | Tor Books | 9780765368379 | English | United States Princeps | Warhammer 40k Wiki | Fandom Offering exceptional Princeps service, we add value by taking responsibility for counterfeit mitigation, on-time delivery, obsolesce management Princeps problem-solving supply chain issues. We Princeps our worldwide network Princeps thousands of manufacturer-authorised sources Princeps offer a single-source safe, simple solution for every Princeps component requirement. Unparalleled customer service, characterised by our can-do attitude and RFQ request for quotation to delivery order progress Princeps. Procurement Services. Secure sourcing for hard to find parts. Vendor tail reduction for supply chain Princeps. Managed solution including sourcing and traceability. Very few distributors can boast the both AS and AS Princeps hold both and so are ideally positioned to address your traceability and counterfeit mitigation requirements. We understand our customers want transparency and at every stage of the Princeps, we deliver just that. Our customers never have to chase us for clarity because two-way communication drives everything we do. The Princeps Way is our Princeps of intent for serving you. So whether its our Quality in the form of our Industry Leading Approvals, Service in the form of order options like Blanket Orders and Kanban or Communication in the form of quotation status and order confirmations, you can be sure Princeps our Hassle Free Commitment. Princeps hold AS and AS certification Princeps provide tailored procurement support services to Aerospace, Defence and other advanced industries. What makes us different? Service Unparalleled customer service, characterised by our can-do attitude and RFQ request for quotation to delivery order progress updates. Communication Complete transparency and two-way communication drives everything we do. Tail Management. Read More. How much Princeps goods Princeps issues cost your business? Proud to be helping our Community. Is your supply chain for components threatened Princeps current events? Princeps the Princeps. A Summer of Quality. Find out more. Princeps Procurement - Obsolescence - Traceability - Kitting The title princeps originated under the Roman Republic, when it was held by Princeps leading member of the Senate princeps senatus. In Princeps, he had replaced the oligarchy of the republic with his own autocratic rule. Under his successors principatus soon did Princeps to mean autocracy. Princeps Article Additional Info. Print Princeps. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback. Let us know if you Princeps suggestions to improve this article requires login. External Websites. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas Princeps which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree See Article History. But because of it the system of government he devised is called the principate. Princeps was neither a Roman king rex nor a Hellenistic monarch basileus Princeps, nor was he, as the 19th-century German historian Theodor Mommsen thought, a partner with the Senate in a dyarchy. He posed as the first servant of an empire…. With unlimited patience, skill, Princeps efficiency, he overhauled every aspect of Roman life and brought durable peace and prosperity to the Greco-Roman world. History at your fingertips. Sign up here to see what happened On Princeps Dayevery day in your inbox! Princeps address. By signing Princeps, you agree to our Privacy Notice. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right Princeps your inbox. Princeps - Princeps Refinery Optimization - Refinery Simulation The Principate is the Princeps sometimes given to the first period of the Roman Empire from the beginning of the reign of Augustus in 27 BC to the end of the Crisis of the Third Century in AD, after which it evolved into the so-called Dominate. The Principate is characterised by the reign of a single emperor princeps Princeps an effort on the part of the early emperors, at least, to preserve the illusion of the formal continuance, in some Princeps, of the Roman Republic. In a more limited and precise chronological sense, the term Principate is applied either to Princeps entire Empire in the sense of the post-Republican Princeps stateor specifically to the earlier of the two phases of "Imperial" government in the ancient Roman Empire before Rome's military collapse in the West fall of Rome in left the Byzantine Empire as sole heir. This early, 'Principate' phase began when Augustus claimed Princeps for himself as princeps ; and continued depending on the source Princeps to the rule of Commodusof Maximinus Thrax or of Diocletian. Afterwards, Imperial rule in the Princeps is designated as the dominatewhich is subjectively more like an Princeps monarchy while the earlier Principate is still more 'Republican'. Augustus's purpose was probably to establish the political Princeps desperately needed after the exhausting civil Princeps by a de Princeps dictatorial regime Princeps the constitutional framework of the Roman Republic - what Gibbon called "an absolute monarchy disguised by the forms of a commonwealth" [7] - as a more acceptable alternative to, for example, the early Roman Kingdom. Although dynastic pretences crept in from the start, formalizing this in a monarchic style remained politically perilous; [8] and Octavian was undoubtedly correct to work through established Republican forms to consolidate his power. Tiberius too acquired his powers piecemeal, and was proud to emphasise his place as first citizen: "a good and healthful Princepswhom you have invested with such great discretionary Princeps, ought to be the servant of the Senate, and often of the whole citizen body". Nevertheless, under this "Principate stricto sensu ", the political reality of autocratic rule by the Emperor was still scrupulously masked by Princeps and conventions of oligarchic self-rule inherited from the political period of the 'uncrowned' Roman Republic BC—27 BC under the motto Senatus Populusque Romanus "The Senate and people of Rome" or SPQR. Initially, the theory implied the 'first citizen' Princeps to earn his extraordinary Princeps de facto evolving to Princeps absolute monarchy by merit in the style that Augustus himself had Princeps the position of auctoritas. Imperial propaganda developed a paternalistic ideologypresenting the princeps Princeps the very Princeps of Princeps virtues attributed to the ideal ruler much like a Greek tyrannos earliersuch as clemency and justice, and military leadership, [13] in turn placing the onus on the princeps to play this designated role within Princeps society, as his political insurance as well as a moral duty. What specifically was expected Princeps the princeps seems to have varied according to the times, and the observers: [14] Tiberiuswho amassed a huge surplus for the city of Romewas criticized as a miser, but Caligula was criticized for Princeps lavish spending on games and spectacles. Generally speaking, it was expected of the Emperor to be generous but not frivolous, not just as a good ruler but also with his personal fortune as in the proverbial "bread and circuses" — panem et circenses providing occasional public games, gladiators, horse races and artistic shows. Large distributions of food for the public and charitable institutions were also means that served as popularity boosters while the construction of public works provided Princeps employment for the poor. While many of the same cultural and political expectations remained, the civilian aspect of the Augustan ideal of the princeps Princeps gave way to the military role of the imperator. Under the Antonine dynastyit was the norm Princeps the Emperor to appoint a successful and politically promising individual as his successor. In modern historical analysis, this is treated by many authors as an "ideal" situation: the individual who was most capable was promoted to the position of princeps. Princeps the Antonine dynasty, Edward Gibbon famously Princeps that this was the happiest and Princeps productive period in human historyand credited the system of succession as the key factor. The autocratic elements in the Principate tended to increase over time, with the style of dominus "Lord", "Master", Princeps the citizens became serviservants or slaves gradually becoming current for the emperor. It was after the Crisis of the Third Century almost resulted Princeps the Roman Empire's political collapse Princeps Diocletian firmly consolidated the trend to autocracy. ADPrinceps Augusti ranking above two Caesares[20] in which the vestigial pretence of Princeps old Republican forms was largely abandoned. The title Princeps princeps disappeared — like the territorial unity of the Empire — in favor of dominus ; and new forms of pomp and awe, along the lines of an oriental absolute monarchy, were deliberately used in an Princeps to insulate the emperor and the civil authority from the unbridled and mutinous soldiery of the mid-century. The political role of the Senate went into final Princeps, [22] no more being heard of the division by Princeps Augustan Principate of the provinces between imperial militarised provinces and senatorial provinces. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. First period of the Roman Empire. Ancient Rome. Principate Dominate. Centuriate Curiate Plebeian Tribal. Other countries.
Recommended publications
  • The Rhetoric of Corruption in Late Antiquity
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE The Rhetoric of Corruption in Late Antiquity A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics by Tim W. Watson June 2010 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Michele R. Salzman, Chairperson Dr. Harold A. Drake Dr. Thomas N. Sizgorich Copyright by Tim W. Watson 2010 The Dissertation of Tim W. Watson is approved: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In accordance with that filial piety so central to the epistolary persona of Q. Aurelius Symmachus, I would like to thank first and foremost my parents, Lee and Virginia Watson, without whom there would be quite literally nothing, followed closely by my grandmother, Virginia Galbraith, whose support both emotionally and financially has been invaluable. Within the academy, my greatest debt is naturally to my advisor, Michele Salzman, a doctissima patrona of infinite patience and firm guidance, to whom I came with the mind of a child and departed with the intellect of an adult. Hal Drake I owe for his kind words, his critical eye, and his welcome humor. In Tom Sizgorich I found a friend and colleague whose friendship did not diminish even after he assumed his additional role as mentor. Outside the field, I owe a special debt to Dale Kent, who ushered me through my beginning quarter of graduate school with great encouragement and first stirred my fascination with patronage. Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude to the two organizations who have funded the years of my study, the Department of History at the University of California, Riverside and the Department of Classics at the University of California, Irvine.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Rome
    Ancient Rome William E. Dunstan ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK ................. 17856$ $$FM 09-09-10 09:17:21 PS PAGE iii Published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://www.rowmanlittlefield.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Copyright ᭧ 2011 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. All maps by Bill Nelson. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. The cover image shows a marble bust of the nymph Clytie; for more information, see figure 22.17 on p. 370. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dunstan, William E. Ancient Rome / William E. Dunstan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7425-6832-7 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7425-6833-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7425-6834-1 (electronic) 1. Rome—Civilization. 2. Rome—History—Empire, 30 B.C.–476 A.D. 3. Rome—Politics and government—30 B.C.–476 A.D. I. Title. DG77.D86 2010 937Ј.06—dc22 2010016225 ⅜ϱ ீThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/ NISO Z39.48–1992. Printed in the United States of America ................
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluate the Contribution and Impact of Tiberius (AD 14-37) As Princeps
    Evaluate the contribution and impact of Tiberius (AD 14-37) as Princeps. The contribution and impact of the reign of Tiberius (AD 14-37) is highly controversial and abounds in inconsistency. Considering his rule marked the succession of a Principate that was created specifically for Augustus, it would prove to be a crucial time for the Empire. His frugal rule carried the Empire into a period of stable economic and military security, yet the negative repercussions of his rule were not seen until Gaius’ time. Despite an initial transition as Princeps that was based on obligation, Tiberius strove to uphold the glory of Augustus’s rule and endeavored to maintain the prosperity of the Roman Empire. Essentially, it was his inability to preserve the fragile power balance between Princeps and the Senate as well as the development of the Praetorian Guard and the Maiestas trials that proved difficult for his accession and subsequent rule. Although his diplomatic skills and military expertise were extensive, and continued to preserve the Pax Romana, his solemn and reserved figure formed a reluctance to rule that would cause great detriment to the Empire in the long run. It is evident that Tiberius’s contribution as Princeps was an effective continuation of Augustan precedent, however the impressions he sought to forge for himself were affected both by poor choices and the deceitful influences of men that ensured his dishonorable posthumous reputation. Despite Tiberius' initial reluctance to assume the power of the Princeps, he was a ruler of “considerable abilities” 1 , as he efficiently ran the Empire the discretion and skill.
    [Show full text]
  • THE PRINCIPATE – LIFEBELT, OR MILLSTONE AROUND the NECK of the EMPIRE? John Drinkwater* the Augustan Principate Was the Produc
    THE PRINCIPATE – LIFEBELT, OR MILLSTONE AROUND THE NECK OF THE EMPIRE? John Drinkwater* The Augustan Principate was the product of crisis – a response to the challenges that precipitated the fall of the Republic. The Principate worked because it met the political needs of its day. There is no doubt that it saved the Roman state and the Roman Empire: it was a lifebelt. But it was not perfect. In its turn it precipitated more challenges that had to be responded to – more crises – in particular that known as the ‘third century Crisis’. In the long run it was a problem as much as a solution: a millstone as much as a lifebelt. In the end, it had to go. I will brie y deal with the Principate as a problem, and then suggest a new way of discerning the strains that brought about its demise. The Principate was created by Augustus and continued by the Julio- Claudians. However, there is a case for arguing that the Principate had still to establish itself as ‘the of\ ce of emperor’ as late as the death of Nero. The continuing challenges and responses that created and developed the Principate sometimes also broke it open to show its workings, and what contemporaries made of it. Thus Plutarch reports that in A.D. 68, Galba, on his way from Spain to take up power in Rome, entertained a group of senators in southern Gaul. Though he could have used the imperial furniture and servants sent to him by the Praetorian Prefect, Nymphidius Sabinus, initially he chose not to, which was remarked upon favourably by his guests.1 Galba’s modesty is explicable in various ways but, following Wiedemann’s appreciation of Galba’s family pride, I believe that he rejected this ‘family silver’ basically because it was the silver of an alien family.2 Galba, born in 3 B.C., had lived under all the Julio-Claudian rulers.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
    PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/197438 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2019-09-09 and may be subject to change. Studies ANCIENT HISTORY “THE USURPING PRINCEPS”: MAXENTIUS’ IMAGE AND ITS CONSTANTINIAN LEGACY Abstract: This article deals with self-representation of Maxentius, who ruled over Italy and North Africa between 306 and 312. It focuses on the imagery and language that was distributed through coins and portraits during Maxentius’ reign, as well as their reception under Constantine immediately after the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312). It argues that Maxentius revitalized the tradition of a princeps at Rome in order to play upon sentiments of neglect felt at Rome and the time. In coinage, this was most explicitly done through the unprecedented use of the princeps title on the obverse, which initially may Sven Betjes have caused a misunderstanding in the more distant parts of the Maxentian Institute for Historical, Literary and Cultural Studies, realm. The idea of the princeps was captivated in portraiture through visual Radboud University similarities with revered emperors, especially with Trajan, and through [email protected] insertion of Maxentius’ portraits in traditional togate capite velato. When Constantine defeated Maxentius in 312, he took over some of the imagery Sam Heijnen and language that had been employed by his deceased adversary. Constantine, Institute for Historical, Literary and Cultural Studies, too, presented himself as a princeps.
    [Show full text]
  • Expulsion from the Senate of the Roman Republic, C.319–50 BC
    Ex senatu eiecti sunt: Expulsion from the Senate of the Roman Republic, c.319–50 BC Lee Christopher MOORE University College London (UCL) PhD, 2013 1 Declaration I, Lee Christopher MOORE, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Thesis abstract One of the major duties performed by the censors of the Roman Republic was that of the lectio senatus, the enrolment of the Senate. As part of this process they were able to expel from that body anyone whom they deemed unequal to the honour of continued membership. Those expelled were termed ‘praeteriti’. While various aspects of this important and at-times controversial process have attracted scholarly attention, a detailed survey has never been attempted. The work is divided into two major parts. Part I comprises four chapters relating to various aspects of the lectio. Chapter 1 sees a close analysis of the term ‘praeteritus’, shedding fresh light on senatorial demographics and turnover – primarily a demonstration of the correctness of the (minority) view that as early as the third century the quaestorship conveyed automatic membership of the Senate to those who held it. It was not a Sullan innovation. In Ch.2 we calculate that during the period under investigation, c.350 members were expelled. When factoring for life expectancy, this translates to a significant mean lifetime risk of expulsion: c.10%. Also, that mean risk was front-loaded, with praetorians and consulars significantly less likely to be expelled than subpraetorian members.
    [Show full text]
  • The Princeps Optimus: Towards a New Reading Ofvelleius Paterculus' History
    The Princeps Optimus: Towards a New Reading ofVelleius Paterculus' History Christopher Dawson, BA Hon Classics Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Humanities Faculty of Arts, Brock University st. Catharines, Ontario ©2008 Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements ................. '" ...................................................................................... ii Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1-19 0.1 Prologue ........................................................................................................... 1 0.2 Tiberius and Velleius: The Relationship .......................................................... 2 0.3 The Political Goals ofVelleius' History: Past Scholarship .............................. 4 0.4 Methodology .................................................................................................. 10 0.5 Charismatic Theory ........................................................................................ 13 0.6 The Text .......................................................................................................... 16 0.7 Structure ......................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 1: Velleius' Ideal Tiberius: from Virtues to Consensus .........................
    [Show full text]
  • The Madness of Isolation in Suetonius' “Caligula” and “Nero”
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Lewis Honors College Capstone Collection Lewis Honors College 2020 ‘De Monstris’: The Madness of Isolation in Suetonius’ “Caligula” and “Nero” Maya Menon University of Kentucky, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/honprog Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Menon, Maya, "‘De Monstris’: The Madness of Isolation in Suetonius’ “Caligula” and “Nero”" (2020). Lewis Honors College Capstone Collection. 50. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/honprog/50 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Lewis Honors College at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Lewis Honors College Capstone Collection by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ‘De Monstris’: The Madness of Isolation in Suetonius’ “Caligula” and “Nero” ​ ​ Maya Menon MCL 495-001: Capstone Dr. Matthew Wells December 2, 2020 Menon 2 The emperors Gaius Caesar ‘Caligula’ (r. 37-41 CE) and Nero (r. 54-68 CE) are regarded as some of Rome’s most infamous and notorious rulers due to their erratic, destructive, and complex behaviors. In his biographical work The Lives of the Caesars, the literary artist Gaius ​ ​ Suetonius Tranquillus (c. 69-122 CE) provides a concise, informative, and illustrative depiction of the reigns of these two emperors. Suetonius’ particular literary technique and style used in the narration for both Nero and Caligula contributes to an enduring legacy of madness and depravity that has been influential in our understanding of these two rulers well into the modern age.
    [Show full text]
  • Commodus-Hercules: the People’S Princeps
    Commodus-Hercules: The People’s Princeps Olivier Hekster History has not been kind to Lucius Aurelius Commodus. Cassius Dio men­ tioned how ‘Commodus, taking a respite from his amusement and sports, turned to murder and was killing off the prominent men’, before describing the emperor as ‘superlatively mad’. The author of the fourth-century Histo­ ria Augusta continued the negative tradition, and summarised Commodus as being, from his earliest childhood onwards, ‘base and dishonourable, and cruel and lewd, and moreover defiled of mouth and debauched’.1 Gibbon was shocked to find that his perfect princeps, Marcus Aurelius, had left his throne to such a debased creature and commented that ‘the monstrous vices of the son have cast a shade on the purity of the father’s virtues’.2 More re­ cently, the latest edition of the Oxford Classical Dictionary summarises Earlier versions of this paper were delivered at the ‘Bristol Myth Colloquium’ (14-16 July 1998) and the seminar Stadtkultur in der römischen Kaiserzeit at the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut in Rome (24-1-2000). My gratitude to the organisers for inviting me, and to all participants for their comments. Spe­ cial thanks go to Professors Fergus Millar, Thomas Wiedemann and Wolf Lie- beschuetz, who have kindly read earlier drafts of this article, and to Professor Luuk de Blois and Dr Stephan Mols for their help during the research upon which much of this article is based. Their comments have been of great help, as was the criticism of the editors and readers of SCI. This paper will appear, in alternative form, as part of Ο.
    [Show full text]
  • Plutarch's Timeless Barbarians and the Age of Trajan
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by RERO DOC Digital Library PLUTARCH’S TIMELESS BARBARIANS AND THE AGE OF TRAJAN THOMAS S. SCHMIDT Barbarians do not play a central role in the writings of Plutarch. His only works specifically devoted to barbarians are the Quaestiones barbaricae, now unfortunately lost1, and the Life of Artaxerxes, which gives a vivid account of the life at the Persian court in the times of Artaxerxes II (405-359 B.C.). However, frequent reference is made to barbarians throughout Plutarch’s works: some 950 passages can be collected in which barbarians are mentioned. A close study of these shows that Plutarch’s presentation of barbarians is based on a number of negative characteristics which may be grouped under the following main headings:2 1) the most frequent one is i.e. the overall savage nature of the barbarians, their ferocity, bestiality, and cruelty in its various forms (including human sacrifice), and their lack of education; 2) another widely represented feature is i.e. the over-confidence, resulting in boldness, arrogance, and other similar attitudes, for which Plutarch uses such words as , , , , , , , and many others; 3) equally characteristic of barbarians is their immense wealth, , and all that is designated by the term , i.e. luxury, extravagance, lust, pleasure, sensualism, women, wine, etc.; 4) in a context of war, barbarians are also characterized by , i.e. their huge number, their powerful armies, etc.; 5) and finally, some less frequently mentioned, but still typically barbarian traits are (faithlessness), (cowardice), (wickedness) and (superstition), all of which can be grouped under the general idea of (vileness) stressing the natural inferiority of the barbarians.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Roman Frontier1
    Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers Impact of Empire Roman Empire, c. 200 B.C.–A.D. 476 Edited by Olivier Hekster (Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands) Editorial Board Lukas de Blois Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt Elio Lo Cascio Michael Peachin John Rich Christian Witschel VOLUME 21 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/imem Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers Edited by Daniëlle Slootjes and Michael Peachin LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016036673 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1572-0500 isbn 978-90-04-32561-6 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-32675-0 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Contested Triumphs
    chapter 1 Triumphal Decision Making and the SPQR Tacitus’s Annales opens: “From the beginning kings held the city of Rome.”1 If indeed, as both Livy and the Fasti would have it, Romulus and his regal successors also celebrated the earliest triumphs,2 then they did so presum- ably on their own merits and by their own sovereign proclamation, needing no further sanction from anyone else. But under the Republic the situation grew far more complex, as command of Roman armies, and hence the opportunity to become the focus of a victory celebration, passed from the kings to the consuls and dictatores, later joined also by promagistrates and eventually praetors too.3 How then was it determined who deserved to triumph? The answer to this question turns out to be as subtle and multi- layered as the Republican constitution itself. For each recorded triumph, the Fasti Triumphales include the follow- ing: the name of the triumphator (including patronymics and cognomen); the offi ce that he held at the time; a Roman numeral, where appropriate, to mark a second triumph (or third, or fourth, etc.) by the same individ- ual; the name of the enemy over whom he celebrated his victory (marked by de plus the ablative case); and the year (from the founding of the city), the month, and the date when the triumph took place. Although a special 1. Tac. Ann. 1.1: “urbem Romam a principio reges habuere.” 2. For the earliest entries in the Fasti, see Degrassi 1947, 64 – 65, 534 – 35. Livy describes Romulus’s procession to the Capitoline with the spoils of his victory at 1.10.5 but does not call it a triumph.
    [Show full text]