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Retos Internacionales Vol. 3, Otoño De 2010

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RETOS INTERNACIONALES Revista de Relaciones Internacionales del Tecnológico de Monte rrey Campus Querétar o REVOLUCIONES EN EL MUNDO CONTENIDO 4 Directorio 5 Presentación Dr. Gabriel Morelos Borja TEMA CENTRAL LAS REVOLUCIONES EN EL MUNDO 9 “Una revolución al vapor: la navegación transpacífica entre México y Asia a finales del siglo XIX” Ruth Mandujano López Universidad de British Columbia / [email protected] 34 “Muera el mal gobierno” Mario Armando Vázquez Soriano Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Querétaro / [email protected] 36 “Rubén: palabra y acción” Daniel Kersffeld Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / [email protected] 46 “Vicente Sáenz y la revista Centro América Libre. Denuncia y protesta social en el exilio, 1944-1945” Margarita Silva Hernández Universidad Nacional Heredia, Costa Rica 56 “The Neo-Fascists Take Rome: How About Toronto or Mexico City?” Tamir Bar-On Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Querétaro / [email protected] SECCIÓN DE INTERÉS GLOBAL 66 “Participación ciudadana y capital social” Enrique Tejeda Canobbio Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey 68 “El neopacifismo” Fundamento para el derecho internacional del siglo XXI. Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro SECCIÓN ESPECIAL LATINOAMÉRICA BICENTENARIA 73 “Colombia: Niños invisibles, problemas visibles” Sandra Ivette Camacho Cruz / [email protected] 77 “El Brasil de Lula: un mejor Brasil” Sandra Ivette Camacho Cruz / [email protected] 81 “ALBA-TCP: ¿Integración regional o bloque ideológico?” María Auxiliadora Pino Bravo / [email protected] 85 “Haití y República Dominicana. Perspectivas de las relaciones bilaterales en el marco de la reconstrucción después del terremoto” José Emilio Bencosme Zayas / [email protected] 88 “La política sui generis de Venezuela” Laixa M.Lizardo Montolío / [email protected] 92 “Chile: ¿Estabilidad inquebrantable?” Denise Deanda González / [email protected] DIRECTORIO Dr. Rafael Rangel Sostmann Rector del Tecnológico de Monterrey Dr. Roberto Rueda Ochoa Rector de la Zona Centro Ing. Salvador Coutiño Audifredd Director General del Campus Querétaro Dr. Gabriel Morelos Borja Director de Profesional y Graduados en Administración y Ciencias Sociales Mtra. Angélica Camacho Aranda Directora del Departamento de Relaciones Internacionales y Formación Humanística Mtra. Elodie Hugon Directora de la Licenciatura en Relaciones Internacionales Retos Internacionales Comité Editorial Dirección Dr. Tomás Pérez Vejo Dr. Gabriel Morelos Borja Dra. Marisol Reyes Soto Dr. Eugenio García Flores Edición Dra. Claudia Barona Castañeda Dr. Tamir Bar-on Dr. Raúl E. González Pinto Mtro. Mario Armando Vázquez Soriano Mtra. María Concepción Castillo González Dr. Tamir Bar-On Asistente de edición Mtro. Mario Armando Vázquez Soriano LRI. José Manuel Guevara Sancho Mtra. Angélica Camacho Aranda Diseño FORUM arte y comunicación Registro ISSN En trámite 4 PRESENTACIÓN Al vivir en América Latina, nadie ha podido ser ajeno a la conversación, celebración e incluso comercialización, del segundo centenario del comienzo de la parte más visible –la militar- de los procesos definitivos de independencia de nuestras naciones. Por otra parte, y afortunadamente, al menos en México, en años recientes los ciudadanos hemos tenido mayor acceso a estudios históricos serios, en los que auténticamente el autor ha procurado ser imparcial, sobre esos procesos independentistas. En este sentido, el enfoque académico por estudiar las motivaciones, las batallas, los personajes y aún las consumaciones, ha mostrado la enorme complejidad que –en muchos pasajes- el simplista enfoque “oficial” no había permitido vislumbrar. Como Escuela de Humanidades, nos orgullecemos de ofrecer este espacio en el que los autores, enamorados de su patria, aportan información y disertaciones para dar luz que nos permite entender un poco más –y valorar un mucho más- el esfuerzo y el amor a la causa; no sólo de nuestros próceres, sino de todos aquellos que con la misma convicción y desprendimiento, participaron. Igualmente enamorados de nuestra patria, esperamos que esta lectura contribuya en este sentido. Para el comité editorial, los comentarios y aportaciones de nuestros lectores son siempre valiosos. Los recibiremos para su publicación en el sitio web de la revista. Dr. Gabriel Morelos Borja Director de Retos Internacionales 5 LAS REVOLUCIONES EN EL MUNDO REVOLUTIONS IN WORLD HISTORY Dr. Tamir Bar-On1 This year is special in Mexico’s history. It is simultaneously the 200th anniversary of Mexico’s independence and 100th anniversary of the Mexican Revolution. As a result, Retos Internacionales made the decision to explore the Mexican Revolution in the context of other revolutions in world history. I invite you to read the various pieces of “Revolutions in World History” with an eye to the unique historical, political, cultural, economic, and social circumstances surrounding revolutionary processes. Revolution comes from the Latin word revolution, meaning “a turn around.” Revolutions come in different forms. A revolution connotes a radical change of the existing political, economic, social, cultural, and institutional frameworks of a society and state. Examples of these types of often violent revolutions include the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and the 1922 Fascist Revolution in Italy. However, a broader understanding of revolutions allows us to examine long-term revolutionary processes with no precise dates, which nonetheless engender profound and radical changes in society, its institutions, and its dominant values. The Industrial Revolution in the latter part of the 18th and 19th centuries is one such example. Another is the Quiet Revolution in Quebec (Canada) from around 1960-66, corresponding to the tenure of Liberal Quebec Premier Jean Lesage. The Quiet Revolution was indeed non-violent. Yet, it represented a profound change in state and societal mentalities; rejection of the conservative, rural-based, clerical, and authoritarian values of the past; and a turn towards processes of modernization, industrialization, secularization, civil rights, national assertiveness, and state involvement in the economy. Revolutions can result in failure or success for revolutionaries themselves. A major failed revolution is the spectacular worker- students revolts of May 1968 in France. Another is the Zapatista Army of National Liberation’s failed revolution against the Mexican state in the mid-1990s. Do failed revolutionaries go gently into the good night, or continue the fight with different tactics or ideological colours? A successful revolution was the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution and the worldwide and hypnotic pull of the internationalist, socialist revolution from the late 19th century until the official demise of the Marxist-Leninist Soviet Union in 1991. 1 A full-time professor in the Department of International Relations and Humanities at the Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Querétaro, México. 7 Revolutions all have their springtime of hopes when revolutionaries made Obama’s victory possible. In short, are able to capture the state and offer radically new models of the Enlightenment set in motion unseen society and the state and sweep away the old “corrupt” order. revolutionary processes, which eventually Yet, revolutions also have their winters of discontent when the allowed for the rise of the civil rights revolutionary ideals of the past are frozen in the coffins of rhetoric. movement, feminism, gay and lesbian New revolutionaries might arise to call for “a turn around” in which rights, multiculturalism, and the election of an alternative, radical society is proposed, or return to the purity of President Obama. the original revolutionary ideals. From 1943-45, Benito Mussolini promised to take the pro-Nazi Italian Social Republic towards Today there are those that question the merits the original, “leftist”, “corporatist”, and revolutionary values of of the Enlightenment project and the notion “movement fascism” in 1919 before Italian fascists captured the that through human reason individuals and state. societies can achieve a better, saner, and more just and free social order. Others like Revolutions often have unexpected consequences for their Francis Fukuyama boldly proclaimed the own societies, but also regional and global repercussions. In “end of history” and the worldwide triumph these respects, the Industrial Revolution, the revolution born of of liberalism in 1989 in the context of the the Information Age, and the biotechnological revolution have fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the impacted diverse regions of the world in different periods with varied Cold War. If history has ended, we should consequences. The struggle between competing revolutionary ask why the rise of militant pan-Islamism ideologies, whether liberal republicanism, socialism, and fascism, in the mould of al-Qaeda, the proliferation tore asunder Western societies in the 20th century and spawned of anti-globalization revolutionaries, or the world wars, totalitarianism, gulags, and concentration camps. rise of left-wing revolutionary populism in Socialist ideas had great transnational pull until the official fall of Venezuela and other parts of Latin America the Soviet Union in diverse locations such as Nicaragua, Chile, in the 1990s and into the new millennium? Angola, Algeria, Yemen, Romania, and Vietnam, as well as among Might we say that the rapid spread of global the Western and non-Western intelligentsia alike.
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