Our Lady of Ocotlán and Our Lady of Guadalupe: Investigation Into The
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Universite de Montreal Our Lady of Ocotlan and Our Lady of Guadalupe: Investigation Into the Origins of Parallel Virgins par Stephanie Rendino Faculte de Theologie These presentee a la Faculte des etudes superieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Doctorat Canonique en theologie aout 2007 ©Stephanie Rendino, 2007 /<& of °+ •& N^®" 6 compter du" V^ 0 1 MAI 2008 ^cfe^ Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-49890-3 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-49890-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada Universite de Montreal Faculte des etudes superieures Ce these intitulee: Our Lady of Ocotlan and Our Lady of Guadalupe: Investigation Into the Origins of Parallel Virgins presentee par: Stephanie Rendino a ete evaluee par un jury compost des personnes suivantes: Oean-Frangpj\s.ftQusse.l. president-rapporteur P en is#e_ Couture directeur de recherche Claude. J!tor.io codirecteur Jean-Cl.aude. Breton membredujury Louise_Me]an£on examinateur externe J.ean-Frangp^s^Roussel representant du doyen de la FES Resume en francais avec mots cles Cette these traite de deux cultes de la Vierge Marie au Mexique: la Vierge de Guadaloupe et la Vierge d'Ocotlan. Les deux cultes honorent des images de Marie qui, selon les legendes, sont des cadeaux de la Vierge. Guadaloupe est localisee dans la ville de Mexico et Ocotlan dans l'etat de Tlaxcala, mais les deux legendes comportent des elements extraordinairement similaires. Je presente l'hypothese que les similarites relevent de la reponse de la Vierge aux besoins du peuple. Guadaloupe est la sainte-patronne nationale mexicaine; Ocotlan sert une fonction identique a Tlaxcala, mais les deux representent le divin feminin d'une facon qui est pleine de sens pour les Mexicains et Mexicaines quelque soit leur race. Dans le chapitre un, je presente un etat de la question. Je donne une definition du divin feminin et j'explique pourquoi on a besoin de Marie pour bien le comprendre. Je discute aussi de l'importance de la Vierge Marie pour les Catholiques latino-americain(e)s. Dans le chapitre deux, puisque les deux Vierges ont fait leur apparition tot apres la conquete du Mexique par les Espagnols, je presente une breve histoire de la conquete et montre ses repercussions. Je montre aussi comment les Espagnols de naissance europeenne, les Espagnols de naissance mexicaine (Jos criollos) et les Autochtones mexicains ont honore la Vierge Marie. Les chapitres trois et quatre traitent de la Vierge d'Ocotlan et de la Vierge de Guadaloupe, respectivement. Je decris les legendes, les images sacrees au centre des cultes, et les significations qu'ils ont encore dans le Mexique moderne. 11 Le chapitre cinq compare et differencie les cultes et les images et montre que, meme s'ils ont commence comme des outils evangeliques, ils sont devenus des symboles d'identite mexicaine. Dans le chapitre six, j'expose les conclusions et fait ressortir la signification des Vierges, non seulement dans PEglise et au Mexique mais aussi pour les femmes mexicaines et mexicaines-americaines. J'aborde alors la theologie feministe latino-americaine (mujerista). Les mots cles sont: apparitions feminisme Juan Diego Mexique theologie theologie mujerista Tlaxcala Vierge Marie Resume in English with English key words This dissertation discusses two cults of the Virgin Mary in Mexico: the Virgin of Guadalupe and the Virgin of Ocotlan. Both are centred around images of Mary which, according to legend, were given as gifts by the Virgin. What is striking about these legends is that while Guadalupe is local to Mexico City, and Ocotlan is local to the state of Tlaxcala, their legends are remarkably similar. I hypothesize that this is because both Virgins respond to similar needs in the people. Guadalupe is the Mexican Patron Saint, Ocotlan is the patron of Tlaxcala and Puebla, but both represent the divine feminine in ways meaningful to Mexicans. They allow Mary to show herself as mother of all Mexicans, of all races. In chapter one I discuss what I mean by the divine feminine, and how Mary is necessary for understanding it. I also discuss the importance of the Virgin Mary to Latin American Catholics. Since both Virgins are said to have appeared soon after the Spanish conquest of Mexico, I give a history of the conquest, how it still has repercussions and how later the European-born Spanish, the Mexican-born Spanish (los criollos) and the Mexican native people honoured the Virgin Mary. Chapters three and four are about the Virgin of Ocotlan and the Virgin of Guadalupe respectively. I describe the legends and the historical problems they present, the sacred images that are at the centre of the two cults and the meaning these cults and images still have in modern Mexico. Chapter five compares and contrasts the cults and images, and how these tools of evangelization became symbols of Mexican identity. I also discuss how they IV embody Mary as expression of divine feminine and Mother of the Church while being Mother of the Mexican people. In chapter six I draw my conclusions, with emphasis on what the Virgins mean not only to the Church and to Mexico, but to Mexican and Mexican-American women and in Latina feminist (mujerista) theology. Key words are: apparitions feminism Juan Diego Mexico mujerista theology theology Tlaxcala Virgin Mary virgins Table of Contents Resume enfrangais avec mots cles i Resume in English with English key words Hi Table of Contents v List of Figures vii Dedication viii Remerciements ix Introduction 1 Definition of Terms 4 Methodology 6 The Apparitionist Position 11 Anti-Apparitionist 14 Review of the Literature 17 1 Mariology in Latin American Context 23 1.1 Mariology: State of the question 23 1.2 Mary in a Latin American context 32 1.3 A question of method: historicity challenged 37 2 Historical Context: The Military and Religious Conquest 43 2.1 Military Conquest of Mexico 44 2.2 Religious Conquest of Mexico 49 2.2.1 The Clergy 57 2.3 16* Century Mariology 58 2.3.1 Mary to the Spanish 59 2.3.2 Mary to the Native People 61 2.33 Rivalries between city Virgins 68 3 The Ocotldn Shrine 72 3.1 Christianization of Tlaxcala 73 3.2 The Appearance of the Ocotlan Legend 81 3.2.1 The Ocotlan Legend 81 3.2.2 Historical realities of the Ocotlan shrine 94 33 State of the Devotion 101 3.4 Mariological significance of Our Lady of Ocotlan 106 4 The Guadalupe Shrine 116 4.1 Pre-conquest History of Tepeyac 116 VI 4.2 Early history of the shrine 118 43 The appearance of the Guadalupe image 120 4.3.1 The legend 120 4.3.2 The image 123 4.4 Appropriation of the image to the Mexican consciousness 126 4.4.1 The Bustamante Controversy 127 4.4.2. Native Writings 129 4.43 Spanish Writings 136 4.5 State of present day devotion 141 5 Comparing and Contrasting Guadalupe and Ocotldn 147 5.1 As tools of proselytization 151 5.2 As symbols of identity 157 53 As centre of the Church 172 5.4 Official Church approach to Mexican marian devotions 179 6. Mariological Conclusions 190 6.1 Validation of Mexican Identity 191 6.2 Mary As Mother Who Heals and Cares 199 6.3 Mary and Her People's Struggle for Justice 203 6.4 Conclusions: Clarifying a new mariology 207 Bibliography 218 Our Lady of Ocotlan 218 Our Lady of Guadalupe 218 Mariology 221 Mexican History 222 Other Sources 223 Appendix x Curriculum Vital xii List of Figures Figure 1 Our Lady ofOcotldn on her litter at the Bajada. 102 Figure 2 Throwing confetti and flower petals down onto Our Lady of Ocotldn. 103 Figure 3 A path of coloured sawdust for the Subida of Our Lady ofOcotldn. 104 Figure 4 Another path for Our Lady ofOcotldn with the procession approaching. 104 Figure 5 An offering of rythme for Our Lady of Ocotlan.