Perchlorate: Sources, Uses, and Occurrences in the Environment
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Sodium Perchlorate, Anhydrous
Sodium perchlorate, anhydrous sc-203398 Material Safety Data Sheet Hazard Alert Code Key: EXTREME HIGH MODERATE LOW Section 1 - CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION PRODUCT NAME Sodium perchlorate, anhydrous STATEMENT OF HAZARDOUS NATURE CONSIDERED A HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE ACCORDING TO OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200. NFPA FLAMMABILITY0 HEALTH2 HAZARD INSTABILITY2 OX SUPPLIER Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. 2145 Delaware Avenue Santa Cruz, California 95060 800.457.3801 or 831.457.3800 EMERGENCY: ChemWatch Within the US & Canada: 877-715-9305 Outside the US & Canada: +800 2436 2255 (1-800-CHEMCALL) or call +613 9573 3112 SYNONYMS Cl-Na-O4, Na-Cl-O4, "perchloric acid, sodium salt", Irenat., anti-thyroid Section 2 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION CHEMWATCH HAZARD RATINGS Min Max Flammability: 0 Toxicity: 2 Body Contact: 2 Min/Nil=0 Low=1 Reactivity: 2 Moderate=2 High=3 Chronic: 2 Extreme=4 CANADIAN WHMIS SYMBOLS 1 of 8 EMERGENCY OVERVIEW RISK Explosive when mixed with combustible material. Harmful if swallowed. Irritating to eyes. POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS SWALLOWED ! Accidental ingestion of the material may be harmful; animal experiments indicate that ingestion of less than 150 gram may be fatal or may produce serious damage to the health of the individual. ! Symptoms of exposure to perchlorates include shortness of breath, difficulty breathing and a bluish discoloration of the skin. The effects may be delayed for several hours following exposure. <\p>. ! Nausea and vomiting are almost always apparent after chlorate poisonings usually with upper stomach pain. Diarrhea may also occur. <\p>. EYE ! This material can cause eye irritation and damage in some persons. SKIN ! There is some evidence to suggest that this material can cause inflammation of the skin on contact in some persons. -
Physician Perchlorate Fact Sheet
Physician Fact Sheet PERCHLORATE Environmental Epidemiology and Toxicology Division HIGHLIGHTS: Perchlorate competitively inhibits the uptake of iodide by the thyroid gland potentially affecting thyroid function. Pregnant women and their developing fetus may be more susceptible to the effects of perchlorate because of the stress that pregnancy places on the thyroid gland. Disruption of thyroid function could put pregnant women at greater risk for pregnancy-related complications such as preeclampsia, placental abruption, and low birth weight infants. An adequate iodine intake may negate the potential effects. Exposure levels that affect thyroid function have not been well demonstrated in humans. Currently, a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation for perchlorate does not exist. For more information, call the Texas Department of Health Environmental Epidemiology and Toxicology Division at (800)588-1248. What is Perchlorate? How does perchlorate get into the body? -1 Perchlorate (ClO4 ) is the most oxygenated member of Drinking water contaminated with perchlorate is the a series of compounds made up of chlorine and most likely way that perchlorate can get into the body. oxygen. It can form an acid or a salt in combination Perchlorate is not well absorbed through the skin. with a hydrogen ion (H+) or another cation such as sodium, potassium, or ammonium ion. Perchlorate What health effects are associated with salts, which have been widely used as an oxidizer in perchlorate? solid propellants for rockets and missiles since the mid- 1940s, have a finite shelf-life and must periodically be Perchlorate competitively inhibits the uptake of iodide replaced. As a result, large volumes of perchlorate by the thyroid gland through its effect on a transport have been disposed of since the 1950s. -
Liothyronine Sodium(BANM, Rinnm) Potassium Perchlorate
2174 Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs with methodological limitations. However, a controlled trial of In myxoedema coma liothyronine sodium may be liothyronine with paroxetine could not confirm any advantage of given intravenously in a dose of 5 to 20 micrograms by 3 O additive therapy. slow intravenous injection, repeated as necessary, usu- 1. Aronson R, et al. Triiodothyronine augmentation in the treat- HO I ally at intervals of 12 hours; the minimum interval be- ment of refractory depression: a meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychi- OH atry 1996; 53: 842–8. tween doses is 4 hours. An alternative regimen advo- 2. Altshuler LL, et al. Does thyroid supplementation accelerate tri- NH2 cates an initial dose of 50 micrograms intravenously cyclic antidepressant response? A review and meta-analysis of I O the literature. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1617–22. followed by further injections of 25 micrograms every 3. Appelhof BC, et al. Triiodothyronine addition to paroxetine in I 8 hours until improvement occurs; the dosage may the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Clin Endocrinol then be reduced to 25 micrograms intravenously twice Metab 2004; 89: 6271–6. (liothyronine) daily. Obesity. Thyroid drugs have been tried in the treatment of obes- Liothyronine has also been given in the diagnosis of ity (p.2149) in euthyroid patients, but they produce only tempo- NOTE. The abbreviation T3 is often used for endogenous tri-io- hyperthyroidism in adults. Failure to suppress the up- rary weight loss, mainly of lean body-mass, and can produce se- dothyronine in medical and biochemical reports. Liotrix is USAN rious adverse effects, especially cardiac complications.1 for a mixture of liothyronine sodium with levothyroxine sodium. -
Fate of Sodium Pertechnetate-Technetium-99M
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE 8:50-59, 1967 Fate of Sodium Pertechnetate-Technetium-99m Dr. Muhammad Abdel Razzak, M.D.,1 Dr. Mahmoud Naguib, Ph.D.,2 and Dr. Mohamed El-Garhy, Ph.D.3 Cairo, Egypt Technetium-99m is a low-energy, short half-life iostope that has been recently introduced into clinical use. It is available as the daughter of °9Mowhich is re covered as a fission product or produced by neutron bombardement of molyb denum-98. The aim of the present work is to study the fate of sodium pertechnetate 9OmTc and to find out any difference in its distribution that might be caused by variation in the method of preparation of the parent nuclide, molybdenum-99. MATERIALS & METHODS The distribution of radioactive sodium pertechnetate milked from 99Mo that was obtained as a fission product (supplied by Isocommerz, D.D.R.) was studied in 36 white mice, weighing between 150 and 250 gm each. Normal isotonic saline was used for elution of the pertechnetate from the radionuclide generator. The experimental animals were divided into four equal groups depending on the route of administration of the radioactive material, whether intraperitoneal, in tramuscular, subcutaneous or oral. Every group was further subdivided into three equal subgroups, in order to study the effect of time on the distribution of the pertechnetate. Thus, the duration between administration of the radio-pharma ceutical and sacrificing the animals was fixed at 30, 60 and 120 minutes for the three subgroups respectively. Then the animals were dissected and the different organs taken out.Radioactivityin an accuratelyweighed specimen from each organ was estimated in a scintillation well detector equipped with one-inch sodium iodide thallium activated crystal. -
Package Insert TECHNETIUM Tc99m GENERATOR for the Production of Sodium Pertechnetate Tc99m Injection Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuti
NDA 17693/S-025 Page 3 Package Insert TECHNETIUM Tc99m GENERATOR For the Production of Sodium Pertechnetate Tc99m Injection Diagnostic Radiopharmaceutical For intravenous use only Rx ONLY DESCRIPTION The technetium Tc99m generator is prepared with fission-produced molybdenum Mo99 adsorbed on alumina in a lead-shielded column and provides a means for obtaining sterile pyrogen-free solutions of sodium pertechnetate Tc99m injection in sodium chloride. The eluate should be crystal clear. With a pH of 4.5-7.5, hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide may have been used for Mo99 solution pH adjustment. Over the life of the generator, each elution will provide a yield of > 80% of the theoretical amount of technetium Tc99m available from the molybdenum Mo99 on the generator column. Each eluate of the generator should not contain more than 0.0056 MBq (0.15 µCi) of molybdenum Mo99 per 37 MBq, (1 mCi) of technetium Tc99m per administered dose at the time of administration, and not more than 10 µg of aluminum per mL of the generator eluate, both of which must be determined by the user before administration. Since the eluate does not contain an antimicrobial agent, it should not be used after twelve hours from the time of generator elution. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Technetium Tc99m decays by an isomeric transition with a physical half-life of 6.02 hours. The principal photon that is useful for detection and imaging studies is listed in Table 1. Table 1. Principal Radiation Emission Data1 Radiation Mean %/Disintegration Mean Energy (keV) Gamma-2 89.07 140.5 1Kocher, David C., “Radioactive Decay Data Tables,” DOE/TIC-11026, p. -
Sodium Chlorate Process Liquor De-Chromed SN
SAFETY DATA SHEET This SDS adheres to the standards and regulatory requirements of the United States and may not meet the regulatory requirements in other countries. 1. Identification Product identifier Sodium Chlorate Process Liquor De-chromed SN Other means of identification De-chromed blend of Crystallizer Feed Liquor and Mother Liquor, NaClO3 Recommended use For internal transfer between ERCO Worldwide sodium chlorate manufacturing facilities for process purposes Recommended restrictions None known Manufacturer/Importer/Supplier/Distributor information Manufacturer Company name ERCO Worldwide Address 335 Carlingview Drive Unit 1 Etobicoke, M9W 5G8 Canada Telephone Information #: (416) 239-7111 (M- F: 8:00 am – 5:00pm EST) Website http://www.ercoworldwide.com E-mail [email protected] Emergency phone number Canada & USA: 1-800-424-9300 (CHEMTREC) Supplier Refer to Manufacturer 2. Hazard(s) Identification Physical hazards Oxidizing liquids Category 2 Health hazards Acute toxicity, oral Category 4 Environmental hazards Not currently regulated by OSHA, refer to Section 12 for additional information. OSHA defined hazards This mixture does not meet the classification criteria according to OSHA HazCom 2012. Label elements Signal word Danger Hazard statement May intensify fire; oxidizer. Harmful if swallowed. Page 1 of 15 Issue Date: 11/18/2020 Sodium Chlorate Process Liquor De-chromed SN Precautionary statement Prevention Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking. Keep away from clothing and other combustible materials. Wear protective gloves, protective clothing, eye protection, face protection. Response IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of water. Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse. In case of fire: Use water to extinguish. -
IRENAT 300 Mg/Ml, Solution Buvable En Gouttes
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT Irenat Drops 300 mg sodium perchlorate, oral drops Sodium perchlorate monohydrate 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION 1 ml solution (approximately 15 drops) contains 344.2 mg sodium perchlorate monohydrate (equivalent to 300 mg sodium perchlorate) For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM Oral drops 4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 4.1 Therapeutic indications For the treatment of hyperthyroidism, for thyroid blockade in the context of radionuclide studies of other organs using radioactively labelled iodine or of immunoscintigraphy to detect tumours using antibodies labelled with radioiodine. For the detection of a congenital iodine organification defect (perchlorate discharge test). 4.2 Posology and method of administration Posology Adults receive 4-5 x 10 Irenat drops daily (equivalent to 800-1000 mg sodium perchlorate) or, exceptionally, 5 x 15 Irenat drops daily (equivalent to 1500 mg sodium perchlorate) as an initial dose for the first 1-2 weeks. The mean maintenance dose is 4 x 5 Irenat drops (equivalent to 400 mg sodium perchlorate) per day. Children between the ages of 6 and 14 are treated throughout with a dose of 3-6 x 1 or 4-6 x 2 Irenat drops (equivalent to 60-240 mg sodium perchlorate) daily. When used for the perchlorate discharge test following administration of the dose of radioiodine tracer, a single dose is given of 30-50 Irenat drops (equivalent to 600-1000 mg sodium perchlorate) or 300 mg-600 mg/m 2 body surface area in children. As pretreatment for radionuclide studies not involving the thyroid itself and using radioactively labelled drugs or antibodies containing iodine or technetium, Irenat drops should be administered at doses of 10 – 20 drops (equivalent to 200-400 mg sodium perchlorate) and, in isolated cases, up to 50 drops (equivalent to 1000 mg sodium perchlorate) so as to reduce exposure of the thyroid to radiation and to block uptake of radionuclide into certain compartments. -
Perchlorates
Oregon Department of Human Services Office of Environmental Public Health (503) 731-4030 Emergency 800 NE Oregon Street #604 (971) 673-0405 Portland, OR 97232-2162 (971) 673-0457 FAX (971) 673-0372 TTY-Nonvoice TECHNICAL BULLETIN HEALTH EFFECTS INFORMATION Prepared by: ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY SECTION March, 2004 PERCHLORATES For More Information Contact: Environmental Toxicology Section (971) 673-0440 Drinking Water Section (971) 673-0405 Technical Bulletin-Health Effects Information Perchlorates Page 2 SYNONYMS Perchlorate Ion, Perchlorate Salts, Perchloric Acid. Examples of perchlorate salts are Sodium Perchlorate, Ammonium Perchlorate, Potassium Perchlorate.Do not confuse with chlorates. USES Perchlorate ion and perchlorate salts are used extensively in industry in the production of military explosives, rocket and missile fuels, fireworks, flares, matches, dyes, lubricants, paints, rubber products and pharmaceuticals. Perchlorates are also used in leather tanning and in electroplating.Perchlorate ion, perchloric acid and perchlorate salts are strong oxidizers, but perchlorate ion has a very high activation temperature, so it can persist in products and in the environment for decades. Perchlorates are natural ingredients in some natural soils and mineral formations.Perchlorate salts are present in some naturally mined nitrate and phosphate fertilizers, particularly rock fertilizers from Chile. Historically perchlorate compounds have had some use as medications in treating persons with overly-active thyroid glands, but this use has -
Liothyronine Sodium(BANM, Rinnm) Potassium Perchlorate
2174 Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs with methodological limitations. However, a controlled trial of In myxoedema coma liothyronine sodium may be liothyronine with paroxetine could not confirm any advantage of given intravenously in a dose of 5 to 20 micrograms by 3 O additive therapy. slow intravenous injection, repeated as necessary, usu- 1. Aronson R, et al. Triiodothyronine augmentation in the treat- HO I ally at intervals of 12 hours; the minimum interval be- ment of refractory depression: a meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychi- OH atry 1996; 53: 842–8. tween doses is 4 hours. An alternative regimen advo- 2. Altshuler LL, et al. Does thyroid supplementation accelerate tri- NH2 cates an initial dose of 50 micrograms intravenously cyclic antidepressant response? A review and meta-analysis of I O the literature. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1617–22. followed by further injections of 25 micrograms every 3. Appelhof BC, et al. Triiodothyronine addition to paroxetine in I 8 hours until improvement occurs; the dosage may the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Clin Endocrinol then be reduced to 25 micrograms intravenously twice Metab 2004; 89: 6271–6. (liothyronine) daily. Obesity. Thyroid drugs have been tried in the treatment of obes- Liothyronine has also been given in the diagnosis of ity (p.2149) in euthyroid patients, but they produce only tempo- NOTE. The abbreviation T3 is often used for endogenous tri-io- hyperthyroidism in adults. Failure to suppress the up- rary weight loss, mainly of lean body-mass, and can produce se- dothyronine in medical and biochemical reports. Liotrix is USAN rious adverse effects, especially cardiac complications.1 for a mixture of liothyronine sodium with levothyroxine sodium. -
Australian Statistics on Medicines 1997 Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services
Australian Statistics on Medicines 1997 Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services Australian Statistics on Medicines 1997 i © Commonwealth of Australia 1998 ISBN 0 642 36772 8 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be repoduced by any process without written permission from AusInfo. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be directed to the Manager, Legislative Services, AusInfo, GPO Box 1920, Canberra, ACT 2601. Publication approval number 2446 ii FOREWORD The Australian Statistics on Medicines (ASM) is an annual publication produced by the Drug Utilisation Sub-Committee (DUSC) of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee. Comprehensive drug utilisation data are required for a number of purposes including pharmacosurveillance and the targeting and evaluation of quality use of medicines initiatives. It is also needed by regulatory and financing authorities and by the Pharmaceutical Industry. A major aim of the ASM has been to put comprehensive and valid statistics on the Australian use of medicines in the public domain to allow access by all interested parties. Publication of the Australian data facilitates international comparisons of drug utilisation profiles, and encourages international collaboration on drug utilisation research particularly in relation to enhancing the quality use of medicines and health outcomes. The data available in the ASM represent estimates of the aggregate community use (non public hospital) of prescription medicines in Australia. In 1997 the estimated number of prescriptions dispensed through community pharmacies was 179 million prescriptions, a level of increase over 1996 of only 0.4% which was less than the increase in population (1.2%). -
Chemical Specific Parameters May 2019
Regional Screening Level (RSL) Chemical-specific Parameters Supporting Table April 2019 Contaminant Molecular Weight Volatility Parameters Melting Point Density Diffusivity in Air and Water Partition Coefficients Water Solubility Tapwater Dermal Parameters H` HLC H` and HLC VP VP MP MP Density Density Dia Diw Dia and Diw Kd Kd Koc Koc log Kow log Kow S S B τevent t* Kp Kp Analyte CAS No. MW MW Ref (unitless) (atm-m3/mole) Ref mmHg Ref C Ref (g/cm3) Ref (cm2/s) (cm2/s) Ref (L/kg) Ref (L/kg) Ref (unitless) Ref (mg/L) Ref (unitless) (hr/event) (hr) (cm/hr) Ref Acephate 30560-19-1 1.8E+02 PHYSPROP 2.0E-11 5.0E-13 EPI 1.7E-06 PHYSPROP 8.8E+01 PHYSPROP 1.4E+00 CRC89 3.7E-02 8.0E-06 WATER9 (U.S. EPA, 2001) 1.0E+01 EPI -8.5E-01 PHYSPROP 8.2E+05 PHYSPROP 2.1E-04 1.1E+00 2.7E+00 4.0E-05 EPI Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 4.4E+01 PHYSPROP 2.7E-03 6.7E-05 PHYSPROP 9.0E+02 PHYSPROP -1.2E+02 PHYSPROP 7.8E-01 CRC89 1.3E-01 1.4E-05 WATER9 (U.S. EPA, 2001) 1.0E+00 EPI -3.4E-01 PHYSPROP 1.0E+06 PHYSPROP 1.3E-03 1.9E-01 4.5E-01 5.3E-04 EPI Acetochlor 34256-82-1 2.7E+02 PHYSPROP 9.1E-07 2.2E-08 PHYSPROP 2.8E-05 PHYSPROP 1.1E+01 PubChem 1.1E+00 PubChem 2.2E-02 5.6E-06 WATER9 (U.S. -
Extra Info for Chlorates
Extra info For Chlorates 1 Electrochemistry I INTRODUCTION Electrochemistry, that part of the science of chemistry that deals with the interrelationship of electrical currents, or voltages, and chemical reactions, and with the mutual conversion of chemical and electrical energy. In the broadest sense, electrochemistry is the study of chemical reactions that produce electrical effects and of the chemical phenomena that are caused by the action of currents or voltages. Sodium Chlorate sodium Chlorate is the Chlorate that is mass produced by industry in tonnage quantities. Its main use is in the making of ClO2 (Chlorine Dioxide gas) for bleaching in the paper industry and others. Industrial setup's use a continuous method of making Chlorate as opposed to a batch process. The amateur will always use a batch process. The starting material is NaCl (Sodium Chloride or common salt). Sodium Chlorate is very soluble. About 330 grams NaCl per liter of water is the starting solution. A saturated solution is OK, which can be made by heating the water and adding excess salt. When no more salt is dissolving, cool, and you will then have a saturated solution. Getting the NaCl to dissolve can be difficult but heating helps, not because the solubility of NaCl increased much with increase in temperature, but rather the heating stirs the solution. Exactly what procedure you follow when making Sodium Chlorate is up to you. It really depends on what you want to do ultimately. If you are going on to make Sodium Perchlorate you may decide to separate the Chlorate and Perchlorate steps by separating out the Sodium Chlorate and then using this Chlorate in another cell to make Perchlorate.