Captain Mission's Libertalia and Pirate Utopias
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Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies English Language and Literature Bára Skorkovská Captain Mission’s Libertalia and Pirate Utopias Bachelor’s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: Stephen Paul Hardy, Ph.D. 2018 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. …………………………………………….. Bára Skorkovská Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor, Steven Hardy, for cheering me up and reminding me that there is still some time left to think about what I want to say. I would also like to thank all those good souls who forced me to stop thinking and start writing and provided a safe haven when I needed it the most. Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 2 Chapter 1: General History in General .......................................................................................... 5 1.1. About the Book .................................................................................................................. 5 1.1.1. Editions and Reception ............................................................................................... 5 1.1.2. Reliability ..................................................................................................................... 9 1.1.3. Intentions .................................................................................................................. 10 1.1.4. Importance ................................................................................................................ 14 1.2. About the Author ............................................................................................................. 16 Chapter 2: Pirate Laws and Misson’s Ship .................................................................................. 20 2.1. The Background for a New Era ......................................................................................... 20 2.2. Turning Pirate ................................................................................................................... 23 2.3. The Ordinary Pirate .......................................................................................................... 29 2.4. Life, Laws and Pirate Codes on Ships ............................................................................... 32 Chapter 3: Pirate Settlements and Libertalia .............................................................................. 44 3.1. Settling on Madagascar .................................................................................................... 44 3.2. Libertalia’s Constitution ................................................................................................... 47 3.3. Pirate Utopia .................................................................................................................... 49 3.4. Pirate Settlements ............................................................................................................ 52 3.4.1. Port Royal .................................................................................................................. 53 3.4.2. Nassau ....................................................................................................................... 54 3.4.3. Baymen of Campeche and Honduras ........................................................................ 55 3.4.4. Salé ............................................................................................................................ 56 3.4.5. Madagascar ............................................................................................................... 58 3.5. Real Utopias ..................................................................................................................... 60 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 63 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 67 Primary Source ........................................................................................................................ 67 Secondary Sources .................................................................................................................. 67 Resumé (English) ......................................................................................................................... 72 Resumé (Czech) ........................................................................................................................... 74 1 Introduction In the second volume of A general history of pyrates titled The history of the pyrates : containing the lives of Captain Mission. Captain Bowen. Captain Kidd...vol. II Charles Johnson, alleged author of the text, publishes biographies of living and imaginary pirate captains and their adventures. The biography of Captain Misson, a French navy officer turned pirate (although Misson’s crew never considered themselves pirates, as Caraccioli [Missons first man, former priest] insisted that they are “no Pyrates, but Men who were resolved to assert that Liberty which God and Nature gave them” (Johnson 14)) contains a story of Misson’s turn to Deism, social critique and his reaction to unfairness of the world by his pursue of “Liberty!” as he sets his own laws and structures at first on his ship and later, continuing in the biography of Thomas Tew, establishes an utopian settlement on the coast of Madagascar and the inhabitants’ struggle to maintain more or less utopian society on the basis of anarchism, democracy, socialistic ideas and anti-slavery – despite the outside and inside forces of the world around. This thesis explores the story from a historical angle – it tries to provide a closer look on its structure in terms of reliability or unreliability in the historical context of modern academic pirate research, drawing on a number of books and articles about piracy to provide information from more sources, as pirate studies are sometimes ridden with biases and exaggeration. The aim of the first chapter is to provide a general overview of the historical background, public demand for pirate stories of the period, publishing history and how it influenced the book itself as well as the biographies in it. It discusses reliability of the work and mentions the possible intentions of the author for writing a collection of pirate biographies. It also provides some discussion of the influence the book had on the general public at that time as well as its influence on the modern culture. The main 2 sources for this chapter are books about piracy written mainly around 2000 (namely and frequently used are Cordingly’s Introduction to General History and Under the Black Flag) some exceptions being written earlier (Schonhorn’s Introduction and Goose’s History of Piracy), first and second volume of the History itself as a reference and primary source and academic journal articles which’s date of publication varies greatly as they are focused on different topics discussed in this chapter. The second part of the chapter discusses the authorship of the book, as there is a heated discussion still pending. It provides broad overview of the opinions of the authors frequently mentioned in this thesis and also states the approach this thesis has to the unresolved question of authorship. The second chapter examines roughly the first part of the story. Firstly providing short overview of the period focusing on the position of privateers and pirates around the turn of the 16th and 17th century to later, in the second part, tie in on it with the reasons to turn pirate in comparison to Misson’s own personal story. In the third part, Misson’s portrayal in the story and his characteristics are discussed in relation to the simplified profile of an ordinary pirate, and the reliability of the information about pirate life in the biography is examined. In the last part, the same thing is exercised with laws Misson establishes on his ship, Victoire. Overall aim of this chapter is to discover the source’s reliability and accuracy as well as to provide an overview of pirate laws and customs to see the resemblance or change in the laws and customs of Libertalia and other pirate settlements. The third and final chapter focuses on the similarities and differences of Misson’s Libertalia laws and other pirate settlements’ laws. The settlements examined here are mainly contemporary, from the Golden Age of piracy or a bit earlier as those are the only one somewhat close to the utopian Libertalia in terms of historical context 3 and ideology. Firstly, the chapter provides a discussion on the definition of pirate utopia and proposes its own definition to make the comparison to other settlements easier and more orderly. In the second subchapter the reasons for setting Johnson’s utopia on Madagascar are briefly mentioned and in the third, Libertalia’s constitution and the changes from Victoire’s constitution are described to be compared, in the fourth subchapter, to the other settlements like Port Royal, Salé or Sainte Marie island. This thesis is trying to establish Johnson’s book as one of the utopian writings of its period as well as a fairly accurate historical record of piracy in the early 18th century and potentially interest the reader