1. ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR ARP IIT KHARAGPUR

Baroque Architecture

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19AR10034- Sharvari Sriram 19AR10035- S Sivavel 19AR10036- Soumya Tarafdar 19AR10037- Sparsh Ruhela 19AR10038- T Kavin 19AR10040- Tapan Kumar Sabar 19AR10041- Udbhav Sinha 19AR10042- Yash Saini 19AR10043- Yashraj Bagaria 2. BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR

Baroque Architecture Baroque Architecture WRITTEN BY: Sharvari Sriram, S Sivavel, Soumya Tarafdar, Sparsh Ruhela, T Kavin, Tapan Kumar Sabar, Udbhav Sinha, Yash Saini, Yashraj Bagaria DESIGNED BY: Sharvari Sriram

aroque style was meant to represent the glory of the Roman B Catholic Churches. It was used to emphasise the grandiose of the churches. Later on, however, it went on to display a more subtle and gentle side rather than its violent and theatrical side. Its evolution portrays how it went from showing the contrast between the ideology of Renaissance amongst both the secular and religious forces, to a more subtle change from god to material exuberance.

As time went by, Baroque style evolved with the changes in colonialism.

Baroque and colonialism

Every colonial power brought in different changes with its own unique perks and styles of architecture. One could diveto understand these colonial psyches, just by looking into their works of architecture.

• Spain controlled much colonial wealth, which is why the Baroque style developed majorly in Spain. • In France, the colonial money led to the construction of palaces and monarchies by powerful people. • In Portugal, the Santa Engracia church was constructed by use of the Baroque style. It was designed by architect Joao Antunes. 3. BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR

As colonies changed, societies changed. Like any other period of architecture, even Baroque architecture changed according to the society‘s wishes. Societal Impact

The architecture reflevted the hierarchy and the patriarchial emotions of the society prevalent at that time.

It portrayed the magnificence and the power of the Church and the aristocracy.

It was theatrical and dynamic. Theatrics were used to overwhelm the visitors and bring them into the Church‘s embrace.

Baroque style portrayed a fascination for exotic, precious materials whose need arose due to the Church‘s and the aristocracy‘s wish of showing off their magnificence.

As the society impacted architecture, particular architectural elements changed too. The report ahead notes down the observations made by our group regarding these architectural changes. Plan Details

The fundamental characteristic of Baroque plan was dynamism (normally a sense of motion). Strong curves, rich decoration, and general complexity are all typical features of Baroque architecture or plans. While the full- blown Baroque style was embraced in southern Western Europe, northern Western Europe struck a classical-Baroque compromise.

Eventually, the age of Baroque was a time when great strides were made in science and mathematics-witnessed the construction of some of the world’s most magnificent buildings.

Most of the plans were derived from basic geometric shapes, an example of which can be seen in the geometrical scheme of Borromini’s Sant ‘Ivo.

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Sharvari Sriram, S Sivavel, Soumya Tarafdar, Sparsh Ruhela, T Kavin, Tapan Kumar Sabar, Udbhav Sinha, Yash Saini, Yashraj Bagaria 4. BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR

Here, we can see a harmony between the sharp including, St Paul‘s Cathedral (his masterpiece). edges and the curves or spheres. And in the Secondly, the Baroque age has witnessed the other plans too we can see a clustering of oval, rise of Palladian style architecture in England, circle and rectangles. which became massively popular during the subsequent Neoclassical period. Domes Tapan Kumar Sabar, Udbhav Sinha, Yash Yashraj Saini, Bagaria Sharvari Sriram, S Sivavel, Soumya Tarafdar, Sparsh Ruhela, T Kavin, PROJECT BY:

The Baroque Empire witnesses a huge variety in the look of their domes. Some of the common types of domes are:

• Onion Domes • Oval Domes • Ottoman Domes Onion Domes:

These domes are shaped in the form of an While analysing the baroque architecture, we onion and became a popular element of the saw that England should also be noted in a Baroque architecture of Central Europe discussion of Baroque architecture, for two possibly inspired by the finials of minarets reasons. in Egypt and Syria. One such example is the Smolney Convent/Cathedral, Russia. Firstly, this period was featured by Christopher Wren, who was considered as the greatest of Oval Domes: all English architects. Wren designed lots of London‘s buildings after the Great Fire, Oval plan churches became a type in the 5. BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR

Renaissance and popular in the Baroque style. Famous example: Santuario di Vicoforte built by Francesco Gallo with major and minor diameters 36 and 25 respectively. This shows the use of perfect square numbers(mathematical precisions) in their architecture. Ottoman Domes:

The first large Imperial Mosque of Istanbul in the imported Baroque style was the Nuruosmaniye Mosque (1748–1755). The muquarnas along the arches of the mosque are Baroque and major form of decoration. This establishes a relationship that the building stands as an architectural fusion between Islamic architecture and Baroque Architecture. Illusion

Baroque architecture used tricks and illusions to portray its magnificence. It used visual and theatrical illusions aimed to surprise the viewers.

These illusions were created in the following ways:

• Usage of convex and concave archs, curved walls to give an illusion of increased area. • Usage of light and shadow to trick the eyes of the users to make them believe that they are looking at a bigger area. • Through paintings which gave 3D illusion. • Through usage of opulent colour to give an illusion of magnificence. Light and shadow

Certain specific characteristics were seen with respect to the use of light and shadow in Baroque architecture:

The use of movement like a curving wall like a fountain with jets of water, a figure portrayed as making a vigorous action; to suggest infinity like a fresco giving the illusion of a boundless sky, a trick of mirrors; light and its effects even through art and the tendency to disregard the boundaries between the various forms of art and to mix together architecture, PROJECT BY:

Sharvari Sriram, S Sivavel, Soumya Tarafdar, Sparsh Ruhela, T Kavin, Tapan Kumar Sabar, Udbhav Sinha, Yash Saini, Yashraj Bagaria 6. BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR

painting and sculpture. Other prominent features

It meant to emphasise on drama and Incomplete architectural theatricality by using certain elements of illusion and certain meaning. It played with elements light and shadow, stairs and columns, paintings, Incomplete architectural elements, such as sculptures, materials etc in both the interiors frontons with sections missing, were used which Udbhav Sinha, Yash Yashraj Saini, Bagaria Sparsh Ruhela, T Kavin, Tapan Kumar Sabar, Sharvari Sriram, S Sivavel, Soumya Tarafdar, and the exterior. It is interesting to see how the PROJECT BY: caused sections to merge and disoriented the architects then merged illusion with geometry eye. to create fantastic elements within their structure. The geometry was maintained by Ornaments larger elements such as plans, columns, domes on the exterior and disrupted by different Ornaments, plaster and marble finishing was sculptures, paintings etc. given to give it a decorative look.

Certain elements of these illusions were Naves discovered by the Greats then, namely Bernini, The churches of this era, were characterized by Borromini, Caravaggio amongst few. One oval forms broad naves i.e. the central part of a such method used was the Chiaroscuro effect church where services were held. meant to produce high contrast in certain paintings and the materials used in the interiors to maintain the interplay of light and dark. Not only this but the careful positioning of windows and use of glass in areas such as the domes on the roof created geometrical illusions making the naked eye perceive them as structural elements until they changed with the passage of the day. 7. BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR

Columns and Stairs

Columns in this era were twisted in nature to give it a dynamic feel. Sprial columns give an illusion of motion.

The dynamic rhythm of columns and pilasters , central massing, and the protrusion and condensed central decoration add complexity to the structure.

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Sharvari Sriram, S Sivavel, Soumya Tarafdar, Sparsh Ruhela, T Kavin, Tapan Kumar Sabar, Udbhav Sinha, Yash Saini, Yashraj Bagaria 8. BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR

Paintings, frescoes and sculptures

Baroque art reflected the religious tensions of the time, especially the Catholic Church in Rome’s desire to reassert its authority. Baroque painting is associated with the Baroque Tapan Kumar Sabar, Udbhav Sinha, Yash Yashraj Saini, Bagaria Sharvari Sriram, S Sivavel, Soumya Tarafdar, Sparsh Ruhela, T Kavin, cultural movement, which began in Italy in the PROJECT BY: 17th century. It encompasses a great range of styles , as most important and major painting during the period beginning around 1600 and continuing into the early 18th century is identified today as Baroque painting. In its most typical manifestations, Baroque art is characterized by great drama, rich, deep color, and intense light and dark shadows.

Baroque sculpture attempted to capture dynamic movement of human figures, spiraling around an empty central vortex or reaching outwards into the surrounding space Baroque sculpture was meant to be viewed from all angles and displayed centrally, rather than against a wall.Gian Lorenzo Bernini was the most important Italian sculptor during the Baroque Period, both in Rome and throughout Europe. 9. BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR

Materials is a stylistic period in Italian history. Carving was the preferred method of decorative furniture, Since Baroque was an architecture of power, it while walnut was the primary furniture wood, was often used for religious buildings and royal the furniture or art was ornamented and highly residences. In period After detailed, with mermaids, nymphs, cherubs, the fire in 1666, architect Christopher Wren, angels and mirrors took the lead and began to rebuild numerous churches using the Baroque style. Baroque In French baroque period Domes were architects decided to cast wood aside and use incorporated in many buildings to emphasise brick and stone in the construction of new their importance. The dome and dormer buildings. Limestone and slate were often used windows are clad in copper, which develops a for the exteriors, and more noble materials, like coating of green Verdigris as it weathers. The red and gray granite, were often used for the copper is purely decorative and conceals a interiors. Structure systems were made of red reinforced concrete structure. brick, Chilmark stone. Other materials like Portland stone were used to build St Paul’s The chapel by mansard uses a marble tiled floor cathedral. & a gilded entablature to pop out the plaster In the period of Russian baroque constructions ornament. Paintings, Sculptors, columns and were made of red brick and abundant white other decorations in the Hall of Mirrors were stone embellishments on the facades. Nobel made of using rich marbles, polychrome stone, materials were used for interiors. For example, bronze, Mirrors and gilded stucco. Interior the Elizabethan baroque known for decoration was highly ornamental, with many style, golden splendor decorations, the use of architectural elements like mouldings in walls two to three shades of color for the facades, and ceilings, wood carvings, brass applications the refinement added by their gliding, give the and mirrors. Silk & velvet wall covering along building a particular style. The Elizabethan with plaster entablature with both glided & Baroque style is also found in the works of painted ornamentation mimics the style of the Muscovite architects of the mid-eighteenth French Baroque in Versailles. century.

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Sharvari Sriram, S Sivavel, Soumya Tarafdar, Sparsh Ruhela, T Kavin, Tapan Kumar Sabar, Udbhav Sinha, Yash Saini, Yashraj Bagaria 10. BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR

Interior Design

Glamour, luxury, and dramatic impression dominates this interior style. The luxuriousness of Baroque style can be seen in the materials used like gold, silver, ivory color, or any precious stones. Baroque style is also very, very detailed Tapan Kumar Sabar, Udbhav Sinha, Yash Yashraj Saini, Bagaria Sharvari Sriram, S Sivavel, Soumya Tarafdar, Sparsh Ruhela, T Kavin, work. We observe that one from the wood PROJECT BY: carvings, ornaments, curved furniture, carved details, gilding, frame moldings, etc. They use a lot of luxurious textiles like velvet or silk for furniture, floor to ceiling window coverings, even wall coverings. Baroque style also has a lot of natural patterns, like birds or flowers. As a decoration, so often we found crystal chandelier, large mirrors, door knobs, sculpture, large paintings, and hand woven rugs in this style. And the materials which used for the floor is also the high end one like wood or marbles. We can found many buildings, especially houses, that adapt Baroque style in the Europe, especially the Royal Family house. Expensive materials which used to build and decorate Baroque style doesn’t make everyone could adapt this style. Only the noble one who can adapt it very very detailed. Even though many people trying to design their house with Baroque style, the detail isn’t as much shown as the real ‘Baroque’ in its era. They only adapt the shapes, colors, decorations, but doesn’t pay much attention to the materials. They change the materials to the look-alike one to save the budget. characterized by great drama, rich, deep color, and intense light and dark shadows.

Baroque sculpture attempted to capture dynamic movement of human figures, spiraling around an empty central vortex or reaching outwards into the surrounding space Baroque sculpture was meant to be viewed from all angles and displayed centrally, rather than against a wall.Gian Lorenzo Bernini was the most important Italian sculptor during the Baroque Period, both in Rome and throughout Europe. 11. BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR

Baroque Vs Rococo Baroque style used a lot of curves and theatricals which showed ceremony and formality whereas rococo style represented informality and The latter part of baroque style of architecture comfort. was called Rococo. This part of the report deals with the differences between baroque and rococo style of architecture to understand what makes baroque and rococo style unique.

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Sharvari Sriram, S Sivavel, Soumya Tarafdar, Sparsh Ruhela, T Kavin, Tapan Kumar Sabar, Udbhav Sinha, Yash Saini, Yashraj Bagaria 12. BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ARP IIT KHARAGPUR

Baroque architecture represented boldness In Baroque style, two story salon was common which could be seen in its colours, use of light, which showed grandeur. In rococo, a single use of ornamentation and furniture. Whereas style salon represented intimacy. rococo was gentler. It can be seen in its soft white, gold and pastel colours, use of light1to make a cozy space, use of asymmetrical ornamentations, and its delicate furniture. Tapan Kumar Sabar, Udbhav Sinha, Yash Yashraj Saini, Bagaria Sharvari Sriram, S Sivavel, Soumya Tarafdar, Sparsh Ruhela, T Kavin, PROJECT BY: