DOCSLIB.ORG

Renewable Energy in Mongolia N.Enebish and Chinese Expert Team 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Renewable Energy in Mongolia N.Enebish and Chinese Expert Team 1 Renewable Energy in Mongolia N.Enebish and Chinese Expert Team 1. General Situation and Fire Power Total population in Mongolia is 2792300 and total territory is 1566000 km2. The average altitude in Mongolia is 1580m and GDP per capita is GDP $424USD. Power sector of Mongolia is currently operated by State-owned enterprises under supervision of Ministry of Fuel and Energy. There are three main power grids: Central Energy System (CES) linking Ulaanbaatar, capital of the country, Darkhan, iron-making city; Erdenet, copper-mining city and Baganuur, coal-mining city. Total capacity of CES is 786.3 MW, the largest one within 3 grids. East Energy System (EES) centered in Choibalsan is the smallest one with 36MW in capacity. Western Energy System (WES) with constant supply from Russia. These three power grids are not interconnected. All of the power plants in the three main power grids are coal-fired using domestic coal and the total capacity is 828.3 MW. 2. Hydro Power In Mongolia hydropower development has been started 30 years ago under the technical and economic assistance of Russia. The first project of the hydropower development was the Kharkhorin hydropower plant built in 1959. Durgun HPP Project (12MW) on the river Chono-Kharaih is under construction supported by China and the commissioning would take place in July 2007. The taishir HPP Project (11MW), supported by Kuveit Fund and Abu Dabi Fund, is to be built on the river Zavkhan and will be finished also in 2007. 100MW and 200MW HPP are in the stage of feasibility study and such feasibility study is supported by Asia Development Bank (ADB). Hydropower resources are mainly distributed at the mountain area in northern part of the country and Fig. 1 shows the situation: Fig. 1：Hydro Resources in Mongolia 1 3. Solar Power In Mongolia there is abundant sunshine and it is typically received between 2500-3000 hours per year equally about 5－6kWh/m2 per day. The solar resources is much better than other Asia countries and 20% higher than the average level in China. Middle and southern part of Mongolia are the best place in solar energy. The solar resources distribution map are shown bellow: Fig. 2：Solar Resources in Mongolia In Mongolia, out of 314 Soum centers (village), 127 with 180,000 households live in smaller rural communities or are herding families have no or limited access to electricity. Solar PV is the ideal solution to provide electricity to the un-electrified Soum and families. In 2002, supported by Chinese government and JICA, National Program of “100000 Solar Ger” was started. Through the implementation of the program, more than 40000 herders received solar home systems. Village power demonstration systems have been built: 4 sets of 5-8KW wind/PV hybrid power systems and one 200KW PV powered village system (financed by NEDO, Japan). The larger national village power program is under consideration and the feasibility study is preparing. It is planed by Ministry of Fuel and Energy that 4-5 village power systems using PV or Wind/PV hybrids shall be built in 2006. The feasibility study of VLS-PV at Sainshand Gobi desert has been finished jointly by Japan and Mongolia. This project will be divided into 3 phases: First phase will be started from 2006 and the total installation will be 1 MWp; the second phase will be started from 2010 and the cumulative installation will be 40MWp; the third phase is from 2020 and the installed capacity will reach to 1 GWp. The electricity produced by this VLS-PV will be feed into CES grid and perhaps also feed into China grid. Now, one 5MWp solar module assembly line is in production and the solar cells should be imported from China, Taiwan or Russia. 2 4. Wind Power A wind potential survey has been conducted in Mongolia within framework of the international cooperation projects supported by USAID and TACIS in order to produce a reliable wind map. This map (Fig.3) has been issued at end of year 2000 by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USDOE. The survey reveals that in almost 40% of the country’s area, mainly in the south-eastern part, the conditions are good for rural and moderate for utility generation purposes, with wind speeds between 5.6 – 6.4 m/s. More than 10% of the total land area (about 160000 square km) has been considered as “windy land” and estimated to have good-to-excellent wind potential for utility scale applications, with wind speeds between 6.4 – 7.1 m/s. Fig. 3：Wind Resources in Mongolia The great majority of stand-along wind turbine units used in Mongolia currently are in the range between 100-1500W and more than 4000 sets of such small wind turbines have been installed. 3-5KW wind turbines are also demonstrated at some Soum centers. By now, there has no big wind farm being installed in Mongolia, but the feasibility study and wind resources test have been finished for Salhit 30MW wind farm that located at Sergelen Soum (70 km in the south of Ulaanbaatar). This feasibility study was supported by IFC. The targeted wind turbines of this project are to be selected from3 companies: NEG Micon, GE Wind and Nordex. Feasibility study for Choir 50MW wind farm is also preparing. 3 5. Geothermal Resources and Application There are 43 hot spring at northern part of Mongolia and high temperature of 212-260 ºC has been indicated. Currently, geothermal resources has not been well developed, only for spar and bathing at tour resort. There are 44 Soums nearby are burning coal for space heating during winter, usually 7-9 months, and require a lot of coal. Now, ENEX, a company from Iceland, is preparing feasibility study on comprehensive using of geothermal energy in Mongolia. The Distribution of geothermal resources is shown in Fig. 4. Fig.4：Geothermal Resources in Mongolia 6. Renewable Energy Program in Mongolia The National Program for Renewable Energy was endorsed by the State Great Hural (Parliament) of Mongolia on June 9, 2005. The development targets, activities and final output between 2005-2010 have been described in the program and the targets and activities in middle term between 2011-2020 are also programmed. The National Program for RE calls for ambitious targets: increasing the renewable energy share to 3-5% of total gross energy production by 2010 and to 20-25% by 2020. Near Term Activities： z Establishing of 100MW hydro power plant and finishing the feasibility study of 220MW hydro power plant； z Providing electricity to the un-electrified Soums by grid extension, solar PV and wind power； z Continuing the program of “100000 Solar Ger” and finished by 2010. Electrify all remaining un-electrified herder families, farms tourist camps with 4 solar and renewable electricity by 2020； z Construction of 30－50MW medium sized wind farms and feed the wind electricity into the grid either Mongolia or China. z Promoting development of biomass and geothermal resources. Projects have been on the list of Mongolia government ： z Orkhon 100MWHydro Power Plant； z Choir 50MWWind Farm； z First phase of Sainshand Gobi desert VLS-PV (1MWp)； z 3 hydro power plants ranged 150－470KW； z Geothermal power and thermal co-generation demonstration; z 120KW Village Power by wind/PV hybrid System； z 12 PV Powered Village Systems for Soums； z “100000 Solar Ger” program （continuing）。 All of above projects are looking for financial and technical cooperation. Beijing Jike Energy New Tech Development Co. Oct. 25, 2005 5.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cross-Border Trade and Transport Infrastructure Development In
    CrossCross--borderborder tradetrade andand transporttransport infrastructureinfrastructure developmentdevelopment inin NEANEA By:By: Prof.Prof. GotovGotov Dugerjav,Dugerjav, Dr.ScDr.Sc ContentsContents — NEA and Mongolia cooperation — Mongolia’s Macroeconomic Review — Brief description of the Eastern Mongolia — Infrastructure capacity review — Future Development Potential (on- going/planned megaprojects, traffic forecasts) — Road and Rail Transport corridors — Conclusions and Recommendations Gotov Dugerjav 2 I. NEA and Mongolia cooperation Gotov Dugerjav 3 NEANEA cooperationcooperation Northeast Asia : • 3 of the world’s major powers, • 2 of the 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council, and • 2 of the largest economies of the world • 2 of the BRIC’s countries. It is also a home to one of the world’s hottest flash points. The situation in the sub-region remains fragile, although it is relatively stable. Gotov Dugerjav 4 BasisBasis ofof CooperationCooperation This area of the World includes countries with very diverse political and economic conditions. The basis of an international economic cooperation framework could be a combination of rich mineral resources of Mongolia and investment capital and advanced technology from South Korea and Japan, as well as a considerable pool of workforce from China (PRC) and North Korea. Gotov Dugerjav 5 MongoliaMongolia’’ss foreignforeign tradetrade withwith NEA,NEA, millionmillion USDUSD Export Import 2009 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011 Total 1888 385.1 2 908 502.2 4 780 350.5 2 137 673.5 3 200 053.3 6 526 882.4 NEA 1 414 023 2 499 662.6 4 449 328.7 794 553.8 1 355 282.5 2 851 436.7 DPRK - 25.5 - 47.1 798.5 740.0 ROK 15 458.1 30 519.9 1 896.1 155 102.2 181 781.9 350 648.5 PRC 1 393 906.7 2 466 265.5 4 400 735.7 538 582.6 970 976.0 2 007 572.2 Taiwan 94.0 182.0 10.0 3 768.4 5 238.1 8 966.5 Japan 4 564.2 2 669.7 10 694.6 97 053.5 196 488.0 483 509.5 Source: National Statistical Office, Mongolia Gotov Dugerjav 6 II.
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Purge
    ᭿ First published in Twentieth Century Mongolia, Cambridge, White Horse Press, 1999 45 THE GREAT PURGE Baabar Chapter Twenty-One: The Great Purge ASS officially expressed its condolences on Demid’s death. In Ulaanbaatar, TChoibalsan mourned the decease of “his only close friend in the world” by taking an oath of allegiance. After the burial ceremony, on September 2, Choibalsan became Commander-in-Chief and Minister for Defense. The next day he issued Order No. 366, which stated: There are indications that among us are individuals and groups whose political conscious- ness has become so dull that they have fallen under the influence of Japanese spies and provocateurs and have become traitors of their native land.1 Creating an impression of the omnipresence of spies and traitors and producing justifications for future arrests was part of the final psychological preparation for the Great Purge. The technical preparations for the massacre were already complete. Many important things had happened in the few days between Demid’s death and the day Order No. 366 was signed by Choibalsan. On August 13, 1937, the Central Committee of the All- Union Communist (Bolshevik) Party chaired by Stalin decided to station the Red Army in Mongolia and to send a Bolshevik delegation there to implement the decision.2 On August 24, 1937, a large delegation of the Soviet government arrived in Ulaanbaatar unannounced. It included Smirnov, Deputy Minister for Defense, Frinovski, Deputy Minister for Soviet Internal Affairs, and Mironov, the newly assigned representative in Mongolia. Apparently the delegation had not intended to meet with Demid in Mongolia, who had just been called to Moscow for the second time, but rather to present to Prime Minister Amar Japan’s plan to take over Mongolia.
    [Show full text]
  • Infrastructure Strategy Review Making Choices in Provision of Infrastructure Services
    MONGOLIA Infrastructure Strategy Review Making Choices in Provision of Infrastructure Services S. Rivera East Asia & Pacific The World Bank Government of Mongolia: Working Group Technical Donors Meeting October, 2006. 1 Mongolia: Infrastructure Strategy The Process and Outputs Factors Shaping Infrastructure Strategy Demand Key Choices to discuss this morning 2 Process and Outcome The Process – An interactive process, bringing together international practices: Meeting in Washington, March 2005. Field work in the late 2005. Preparation of about 12 background notes in sector and themes, discussed in Washington on June 2006. Submission of final draft report in November, 2006 Launching of Infrastructure Strategy report in a two day meeting in early 2007. Outcome A live document that can shape and form policy discussions on PIP, National Development Plan, and Regional Development Strategy….it has been difficult for the team to assess choices as well. 3 Factors Shaping the IS • Urban led Size and Growth of Ulaanbaatar and Selected Aimag (Pillar) Centers Size of the Circle=Total Population ('000) Infrastructure 6% 5% 869.9 Investments ) l 4% ua nn 3% a Ulaanbaatar (%, 2% h t Darkhan w Erdenet o 1% r G n 0% o i -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 at l -1% Choibalsan Kharkhorin opu Ondorkhaan P -2% Khovd Uliastai -3% Zuunmod -4% Share of Total Urban Population (%) 4 Factors Shaping the IS: Connectivity, with the World and in Mongolia Khankh Khandgait Ulaanbaishint Ereentsav Khatgal Altanbulag ULAANGOM Nogoonnuur UVS KHUVSGUL Tsagaannuur ÒýñTes
    [Show full text]
  • Land Use and Land Tenure in Mongolia: a Brief History and Current Issues Maria E
    Land Use and Land Tenure in Mongolia: A Brief History and Current Issues Maria E. Fernandez-Gimenez Maria E. Fernandez-Gimenez is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Watershed Stewardship at Colorado State University. She received her PhD at the University of California, Berkeley in 1997 and has conducted research in Mongolia since 1993. Her current areas of research include pastoral development policy; community-based natural resource management; traditional and local ecological knowledge; and monitoring and adaptive management in rangeland ecosystems. strategies have not changed greatly; mobile and flexible grazing Abstract—This essay argues that an awareness of the historical relation- ships among land use, land tenure, and the political economy of Mongolia strategies adapted to cope with harsh and variable production is essential to understanding current pastoral land use patterns and policies conditions remain the cornerstone of Mongolian pastoralism. in Mongolia. Although pastoral land use patterns have altered over time in Similarly, although land tenure regimes have evolved towards response to the changing political economy, mobility and flexibility remain increasingly individuated tenure over pastoral resources, hallmarks of sustainable grazing in this harsh and variable climate, as do the communal use and management of pasturelands. Recent changes in Mongolia’s pasturelands continue to be held and managed as common political economy threaten the continued sustainability of Mongolian pastoral property resources in most locations, although these institutions systems due to increasing poverty and declining mobility among herders and have been greatly weakened in the past half century. The most the weakening of both formal and customary pasture management institu- recent changes in Mongolia’s political economy threaten the tions.
    [Show full text]
  • Experience, Prospects and Social Implications of Solar PV in Mongolia
    ERINA REPORT Vol. 50 Small-Scale Energy Development in Northeast Asia: Experience, Prospects and Social Implications of Solar PV in Mongolia D. Nachin Visiting Researcher, Research Division, ERINA The priority for small-energy development in many are under consideration. cases is economic growth and the alleviation of poverty. As Smaller 50W windmills manufactured by the domestic of today, one-third of the world's population has no access company Monmar Co., Ltd. are available for 167,000 to commercial energy. Many live in low-income developing togrog (MNT)2, for use in pastoral livestock farming, but countries, including some in Northeast Asia. not in sufficient quantity. 3-5 kW windmills have been Small-scale energy development may play a key role approved for use in activities involving greater in the eradication of disparities in standards of living, per consumption, such as water pumping and powering some capita electricity consumption, access to information and facilities at summer settlements. Winter settlements are modern communications, and medical and educational usually established on windless, sunny sites. The services. On the other hand, it is necessary to develop publication of the Wind Energy Atlas of Mongolia by the renewable energy resources. The development of small- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2001) of the U.S. scale energy systems may play a part in increasing social Department of Energy will be very useful for designing stability. Government subsidies, incentives encouraging the wind power generators. utilization of renewable energy sources and the inclusion of Solar energy: Mongolia, the "Land of Blue Sky", these in the national energy policy portfolio are needed.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Development Outline for Economic Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and Mongolia
    STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OUTLINE FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND MONGOLIA (PROJECT AREA: XINGANMENG PREFECTURE IN THE INNER MONGOLIA AUTONOMOUS REGION OF THE PRC AND THE PROVINCES OF DORNOD, HENTIY, SUHBAATAR OF MONGOLIA ) i This publication was prepared by Asian Development Bank consultants under the guidance of Bank staff. The findings, interpre- tations, and conclusions expressed in it do not necessarily represent the views of the Bank or those of its member countries. The Asian Development Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data in- cluded in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequences of their use. @ Asian Development Bank 2002 ISBN No. 971-561-412-4 Stock No. 110501 Published by the Asian Development Bank P.O. Box. 789, 0980 Manila, Philippines For more information on ADB, visit http:\\www.adb.org ii STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OUTLINE FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND MONGOLIA (PROJECT AREA: XINGANMENG PREFECTURE IN THE INNER MONGOLIA AUTONOMOUS REGION OF THE PRC AND THE PROVINCES OF DORNOD, HENTIY, SUHBAATAR OF MONGOLIA ) iii Message from the People’s Republic of China n line with the open door policy, the Government of options for economic cooperation in a specific project the People’s Republic of China regards promotion area covering Xinganmeng Prefecture of Inner Mongolia Iof economic cooperation with neighboring coun- Autonomous Region and the three eastern provinces in tries as a special means to accelerate growth and eco- Mongolia. As revealed by the strategic study, the two nomic development of the local economy in the provinces countries have good opportunity to cooperate in the and autonomous regions that share border with other project area in the sectors of agriculture, mining, tour- countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Civil Aviation Sector in Mongolia
    A38-WP/324 International Civil Aviation Organization EC/37, TE/142 12/9/13 (Information paper) WORKING PAPER English only ASSEMBLY — 38TH SESSION ECONOMIC COMMISSION TECHNICAL COMMISSION Agenda Item 38: Other issues to be considered by the Technical Commission Agenda Item 43: Aviation Data — Monitoring and Analysis OVERVIEW OF CIVIL AVIATION SECTOR IN MONGOLIA (Presented by Mongolia) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This information paper outlines the aviation sector activity of Mongolia by presenting the major developments and accomplishments in the sector and related actions taken by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) of Mongolia in addressing the challenges during the past triennium. Strategic This working paper relates to the Safety, and Environmental Protection and Sustainable Objectives: Development of Air Transport Strategic Objectives. Financial Not applicable. implications: References: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 This information paper outlines the aviation sector activity of Mongolia by presenting the major developments and accomplishments in the sector and related actions taken by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) of Mongolia in addressing the challenges during the past triennium. 1.2 The adoption of the State Policy on Civil Aviation in Mongolia up to the year 2020 for the first time was a major milestone for the civil aviation sector of Mongolia. The State Policy has outlined major objectives for the development of Mongolia civil aviation. 1.3 Mongolia remains committed to the strategic objectives of ICAO with respect to its goal of enhancing the global aviation safety and security, improving efficiency of aviation operations, minimizing adverse environmental impacts from air transport and strengthening the laws governing civil aviation. A38-WP/324 - 2 - EC/37, TE/142 2.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Create Efficient, Reliable and Clean Electricity Markets: a Regulatory Design for Mongolia and Northeast Asia
    MASTER’S THESIS HOW TO CREATE EFFICIENT, RELIABLE AND CLEAN ELECTRICITY MARKETS: A REGULATORY DESIGN FOR MONGOLIA AND NORTHEAST ASIA Working title: Beyond Mining: Barriers to Renewable Energy Investments in Mongolia Paul Maidowski International Relations (B.A.) University of Dresden, 2010 Thesis Advisor: Professor William Moomaw SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE: MASTER OF ARTS IN LAW AND DIPLOMACY THE FLETCHER SCHOOL OF LAW AND DIPLOMACY SEPTEMBER 13, 2012 Version history V 1. Original: September 13, 2012 V 2. Updated: December 7, 2012 V 2.1. Slightly edited: December 8, 2012 Abstract This paper develops a comprehensive proposal for how Mongolia’s domestic power sector could be made more efficient, reliable and sustainable. The analysis is based on inter- views in Ulaanbaatar. It reviews the literature on power sector reforms in small developing countries and regional electricity markets. In a second step, a framework is proposed for a re- gional electricity market between Mongolia, Russia and China. In principle, this framework is applicable also to South Korea and Japan. The findings include that inadequate regulation has contributed to performance prob- lems in every aspect of Mongolia’s power sector, which remains a horizontally integrated monopoly. A lack of generation capacity was ignored for decades; as a result, supply is ex- pected to fall critically short of demand for the coming 3 to 5 years. Mongolia possesses rich coal resources, but water scarcity, harmful emissions, high vulnerability to the effects of cli- mate change, social constraints and the need for economic diversification will limit the future role of conventional technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • January 22, 1944 Stalin's Conversation with Choibalsan
    Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified January 22, 1944 Stalin’s Conversation with Choibalsan Citation: “Stalin’s Conversation with Choibalsan,” January 22, 1944, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Lkhamsurengiin Bat Ochir, “Stalin, Choibalsan naryn 1940-uud ony uulzaltuud”, ? Khudulmur?, No 148. pp. 166-167. Original Translated by Sergey Radchenko https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/209765 Summary: Conversations between Joseph Stalin and Khorloogiin Choibalsan about Mongolia and efforts to defend against possible Chinese attacks during World War II. Original Language: Mongolian Contents: English Translation Choibalsan departed Ulaanbaatar by car on January 7, 1944 and arrived at the Moscow train station on the 14th of the same month… On [January 22, 1944] Choibalsan and Ivanov met with Stalin and Molotov in Stalin’s Kremlin office. After Choibalsan introduced the situation on Mongolia’s western frontier Stalin asked about the numbers and the organization of the Mongolian military, and said: “Are you afraid of China? Why don’t you strike a good blow? What are your border troops doing? What will happen if the Chinese invade again?” Ivanov inserted: “They are holding themselves back.” Choibalsan: “There is no reason for us to fear China or to hold back. If the Chinese invade again, we can certainly give them an appropriate blow in response. As for the specifics of the situation, it is true that our border troops are not at the border but, in some places, 15-60 kilometers on the inside. As the conversation proceeded, Choibalsan talked freely about his opinion concerning Ospan. The content of what he said was: “One needs to help Ospan, first and foremost, with the needed weapons.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Analysis Paper <Mongolia>
    Fourth Regional 3R Forum in Asia “3Rs in the Context of Rio+20 Outcomes – The Future We Want” Ha Noi, Viet Nam, 18-20 March 2013 Country Analysis Paper (Draft) <Mongolia > ------------------------------------- This country analysis paper was prepared by Mongolia as an input for the Fourth Regional 3R Forum in Asia. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations. MONGOLIA: Waste Management Country Report The Government of Mongolia attaches a high priority to sustainable development and low carbon green growth. About 2 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) is allocated annually for the environmental protection including energy efficiency, sustainable use of resources, and reduction of environmental pollution and promotion of environmental public education programs. In 2011, GDP was 10.8 billion USD. Even with a population that accounts for only 0.04% of the total world population, Mongolia is a leader in economic growth. Mongolia experienced the highest growth rate in GDP in 2011 recording over 17%. This is a reflection of the growing demand for commodities like coal, copper and gold, all of which are abundantly available in Mongolia. Currently 58% of the total of Mongolian revenue comes from the natural resource sectors. Mongolia is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world with 1.67 persons per square kilometer. Yet, the population is also remarkably urbanized. According to 2010 population census, the total population is 2.7 million. About 60 percent of the population lives in urban areas. The Capital city of Ulaanbaatar alone has over 1 million people. There are few cities including Darkhan and Erdenet have large number of population compare to other major cities.
    [Show full text]
  • Borders, Territory and Nationalism in Mongolia, 1943-1949
    Carving up the Steppes: Borders, Territory and Nationalism in Mongolia, 1943-1949 Sergey Radchenko (U. of Nottingham, Ningbo, China) In August 2005 the Mongolian government resolved to take down the red-marble mausoleum in front of the Government Palace in Ulaanbaatar, which had since the 1950s housed the remains of the hero of Mongolia’s revolution Sukhbaatar and its long-time ruler Choibalsan, rebury both at the Altan-Ulgii cemetery on the outskirts of town, and build a massive complex in honor of Chinggis Khaan in the mausoleum’s place. The complex, complete with a larger-than-life statue of Chinggis Khaan upon a throne, was hastily built to coincide with the 800th anniversary of the Mongol Empire, becoming one of the most visible manifestations of the Chinggis craze, which has swept Mongolia in recent years. Marshal Khorloogiin Choibalsan, whose sour, determined appearance in a military tunic adorned with rows of medals, was once familiar to just about every man and woman within the borders of the Soviet-dominated Mongolian People’s Republic, had now been crossed out of public memory, and blotted out by the long shadow of Chinggis Khaan. Yet Choibalsan shared a trait with Chinggis: both wanted to unite the Mongol peoples. Still, Choibalsan failed where Chinggis Khaan succeeded. So Chinggis was placed on the throne in the central square, while Choibalsan’s remains were shelved away out of sight and, for most Mongols, out of mind. Choibalsan’s unrealized dream was to bring all the peoples of the Mongol stock under one roof. The tides of history had carried these peoples far, so that by the middle of the twentieth century most Mongols lived outside of what was properly Mongolia: hundreds of thousands dwelt in China, from Manchuria in the East to the Tibetan plateau and the arid deserts in the Southwest (as subjects of China), and fewer, but still thousands, in the Soviet Union.
    [Show full text]
  • January 12, 1946 Excerpts from a Report by the Head of the Soviet Mission in Mongolia I
    Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified January 12, 1946 Excerpts from a Report by the Head of the Soviet Mission in Mongolia I. Ivanov to Moscow Citation: “Excerpts from a Report by the Head of the Soviet Mission in Mongolia I. Ivanov to Moscow,” January 12, 1946, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, AVPRFF: fond 0111, opis 28, papka 197, delo 3, listy 51-58. Translated by Sergey Radchenko. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/122506 Summary: Ivanov reports on conditions in the Mongolian People's Republic and the possibility of "reunification of Mongol tribes and territories as one state." Original Language: Russian Contents: English Translation […] Unrealized dreams about Great Mongolia The ideas of reunification of Mongol tribes and territories as one state under the banner of the Mongolian People’s Republic with Ulaanbaatar as the capital of the unified state are spread widely not only in the circle of the leadership of the republic but also among other segments of the population. The preparation for war with Japan, by the way, included as one of the incentives for war [the notion] of territorial acquisitions as a result of the war. True, the ideas of the creation of a Great Mongolian state were not voiced openly [and] preparation of accession of new people and territories to the MPR was not being backed by any kinds of organizational activities but in all practical work both in the period of preparation for war, and especially in the course of war itself, very trasparent hints to this effect were being made.
    [Show full text]