DOCSLIB.ORG

Chemical Analysis of Copper and Brass Samples from Christian Island, Georgian Bay, Ontario

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chemical Analysis of Copper and Brass Samples from Christian Island, Georgian Bay, Ontario Jointly published by Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Articles, Elsevier Science S. A., Lausanne and VoL 196, No. 2 (1995) 255-266 Akad~miai Kiadd , Budapest CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF COPPER AND BRASS SAMPLES FROM CHRISTIAN ISLAND, GEORGIAN BAY, ONTARIO R.G.V. HANCOCK', R.M. FARQUHAR", L.A. PAVLISH", W.D. 17ENLAYSON"*~ "SLOWPOKEReactor Facility and Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, M5S 1A4 "Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto Canada, MSS 1AS "*London Museum of Archaeology, London, Canada, N6G 3M6 (Received March 1. 1995) One hundred and eighty-seven metal samples, recovered from tlae fortified mission of Ste. Marie II and nearby villages on Christian Island, include 3 samples of native copper, 22 samples of European copper, 19 samplesof brassy copper (~8% Zn), 141 brass samples and 2 samples of lead. The European copper samples form 5 distinct chemical groups, possibly coming from 5 different copper kettles. The brassy COlrpersamples are more difficultto group, When the brass samples are sorted by Ag and As, they form 2 major groupings:group 1 with high Ag and low As contents; group 2 with similar Ag and As contents through to low Ag and high As contents. Group 1 consisted of 11 chemical sub-groups and 6 outliers, while group 2 contributed 14 sub-groups and 14 outliers. This combines to give a total of 45 potentially unrelated brass chemistries, and leads to the possibility of as few as 20 different brass trading items (mainly kettles) from which the samples were cut. The small sub-sets of samples from the sites away from Ste. Marie lI tended to fit within chemical groups found there, suggesting some possible inter-site contemporaneity. When the first Europeans arrived in south-central Ontario in the early 17th century, the area was occupied by the Hurons, a confederacy of four tribes of lroquoian speaking peoples, who built longhouses and lived in villages, which were often palisaded. The Hurons were slash and burn horticulturalists who grew corn, beans and squash. After earlier documented visits by explorers like Samuel de Champlain (1616), and the Recollet priests, the Jesuits established themselves in Huronia in 1634. In 1639, they created a centrafized mission at the site of Ste. Marie I, on the bank of the Wye River near present day Midland, Ontario. This mission flourished until the mid 1640's when, traditional warfare between the Huron and the League of Five Nations Iroquois, who lived south of Lake Ontario, began to intensify. 1-3 Following a series of Iroquoian raids that had devastating effects on both the economy and morale, the Huron confederacy as a social and political entity began to disintegrate. In 1648, the Jesuits reported that they had set up a mission in a Huron village, whose occupants had recently moved to Christian Island to escape the attacks of the Iroquois. TIle following spring, Father Chaumonot and a number of huron refugees from Ossossone arrived at Christian Island. 0236-5731/95/US $ 950 Copyrioht 1995 Akaddmiai Kiad6, Budapest All rights reserved R. G. V. HANCOCKet al.: CHEMICALANALYSIS OF COPPER AND BRASS In June of 1649, the decision was made to abandon Ste. Marie L Discussions between the Huron chiefs and the Jesuits about a new permanent location for the mission finally resulted in the choice of Christian Island (see figure 1) in southern Georgian Bay rather than the more distant and climatically less favourable, but safer, Mauitoulin Island. Ste. Marie I was stripped of usable goods and materials, which were subsequently transported to Christian Island on a large raft Ste. Marie I was burned to prevent it from falling into the hands of the Iroquois. A new fortified mission with a secure water supply, SI~. Marie IT, was built on the lee shore of Christian Island to house the Jesuits and their lay assistants. A large Huron village was established adjacent to the mission. Historical evidence suggests that this village may have comprised up to 100 structures. Estimates suggest a total population on the island of up to 8,000 individuals in the fall and winter of 1649-50. The Huron refugees had not been able to bring adequate food supplies with them to the island. Consequently, during the winter, thousands of Hurons died of starvation and disease. 4 In June of 1650, the Jesuits and their assistants and about 300 Hurons left Christian Island and took refuge in Quebec while another 300 Hurons stayed on the island. In 1651, some of the latter sought refuge on Manitouiin Island while the remainder were taken captive by the Iroquois, or fled. Fig. 1 Loe~m map fo~ thearcha~logieal sil~ Today, Christian Island is the home of the Beausoleil First Nation, a population of mostly Ojibwa and a few Potowatomi. Archaeological Investigations: Ste. Marie 1/ was fin-st investigated in the late 19th centur~ '6. The first modem archaeological excavations were conducted within the stone walled fort in 1965. 7 In 1967 and 1968, excavations were conducted in the village north of the fort 256 R, G. V. HANCOCKet ,'d.: CHEMICALANALYSIS OF COPPER AND BRASS and also in the Huron cemetery) Between 1987 and 1989, archaeological investigations were continued on the Christian Island Indian Reserve. Test excavations were conducted in and adjacent to the Fort Ste. Marie II and in the village nearby. Archaeological survey resulted in the investigation of four Huron sites on Christian Island which produced native and European metal artifacts and metallic debris. Limited excavations were conducted within Ste. Marie 11. It was found to be larger than previously thought, with a European compound located to the north of the stone walled ruins visible today on the shore of the island. Electromagnetic and resistivity surveys supported these findings. 9 Middle Woodland ceramics were also recovered, suggesting a much earlier occupation of this portion of the island. North of the fort, the village was investigated and produced a small sampling of artifacts. The Charity site was discovered on the shore of Lake Douglas and is interpreted as the Huron village associated with the Jesuit mission established in 1647 or 1648. It predated the establishment of Ste. Marie II, but was still occupied after the fort was built. The Omand site is located near the southern tip of Christian Island. It is interpreted as a pre-European contact and European contact period Huron fishing camp, which may have been occupied at the same time as Ste. Marie II to protect the island from attack by the Iroquois from the adjacent shore of the mainland. The Little Sand site is located on the eastern shore of Christian Island and appears to be another fishing camp, which produced both native and European artifacts. One hundred and eighty seven metal artifacts were selected for chemical analysis, the results of which are presented below. Analytical Procedure The metal samples, recovered mainly from trade kettles found in Christian Island archaeological sites, were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) at the SLOWPOKE Reactor Facility of the University of Toronto. ~~ Pre-weighed samples were first irradiated serially for three minutes at a neutron flux of 1.0 x l0 n n.cm-2.s1 and assayed for 200 seconds after a delay time of approximately one minute using Ge detector-based gamma ray spectrometers, for Cu, V and A1. Elemental concentrations were calculated using the comparator method. Smaller samples were irradiated with suitably larger neutron doses. After a delay time of about one hour, each sample was re-assayed for Zn, Mn and In. Medium and long half-life radioisotope-producing elements were quantified by batch irradiating between 20 to 30 samples per irradiation container for 16 hours at 2.5 x 10 n n.cm2.s 1. After 6 to 8 days, samples were serially assayed for 1000 to 3000 seconds looking for Sin, Au, La, Cd, As, Sb and Na. A final counting was made after between 10 and 14 days, at which time the samples were counted for 2 to 16 hours each, depending on sample size, to determine the concentrations of Sn, Se, Hg, Th, Cr, Au, As, Sb, Ag, Ni, Sc, Fe, Zn, Co and Eu. This procedure produced replicate measurements of enough elements to guarantee no sampie mix- ups. Analytical precisions ranged from +1% to detection limits. 257 R. G. V. HANCOCK et al.: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF COPPER AND BRASS Results and Discussion The analytical results indicate that the distribution of trace elements in copper-based metals from the sites sampled can be used to evaluate the copper and brass distribution. H18 A summary of the general chemical groupings, listed in Table 1, shows that the sample suite consisted of three samples of native copper, 22 samples of European copper, nineteen samples of brassy (.g8% Zn) European copper, I41 brass samples and 2 samples of lead. Table 2 presents the analytical data for the lead and native copper samples. The native copper samples may have come from earlier occupations or may have been brought from Ste. Marie I. The finding of two lead samples was rather surprising, since at the time of sampling, efforts were made to exclude non-copper based metals. Table 1 Distribution of metals from the archaeological sites Site Native European Brassy Brass Lead copper copper copper Ste. Marie II 2 19 18 100 2 Little Sand 1 Omand 2 1 Village 1 7 Charity I 1 32 Table 2 INAA Data for lead and native copper samples from Saint Marie II and the village. Sample Ag As Au Co In Mn Ni Sb Sn Zn Number ppm ppm lYpb ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % Pb08 190 39 270 <1.8 .~0.3 <9 ~'93 200 2700 fill.007 Pb45 980 660 76 <LI _<0.3 4 -<60 310 370 -~.005 79 160 _<4.1 37 2.7 <1-2 if,5 <18 0.45 2/10 fll.003 184 29 ~42 130 5.3 _<0.9 .~ _<73 t.5 <4(10 .~0.010 v130 13 _<4.1 110 3.2 <1.0 _<4 57.6 2.3 _<64 .gl).001 The data for the 22 European copper samples are shown in Table 3, in which they are sorted by their chemistries.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Ojibwa: 1640-1840
    THE OJIBWA: 1640-1840 TWO CENTURIES OF CHANGE FROM SAULT STE. MARIE TO COLDWATER/NARROWS by JAMES RALPH HANDY A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts P.JM'0m' Of. TRF\N£ }T:·mf.RRLAO -~ in Histor;y UN1V"RS1TY O " · Waterloo, Ontario, 1978 {§) James Ralph Handy, 1978 I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. I authorize the University of Waterloo to lend this thesis to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further authorize the University of Waterloo to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the pur­ pose of scholarly research. 0/· (ii) The University of Waterloo requires the signature of all persons using or photo­ copying this thesis. Please sign below, and give address and date. (iii) TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1) Title Page (i) 2) Author's Declaration (11) 3) Borrower's Page (iii) Table of Contents (iv) Introduction 1 The Ojibwa Before the Fur Trade 8 - Saulteur 10 - growth of cultural affiliation 12 - the individual 15 Hurons 20 - fur trade 23 - Iroquois competition 25 - dispersal 26 The Fur Trade Survives: Ojibwa Expansion 29 - western villages JO - totems 33 - Midiwewin 34 - dispersal to villages 36 Ojibwa Expansion Into the Southern Great Lakes Region 40 - Iroquois decline 41 - fur trade 42 - alcohol (iv) TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) Ojibwa Expansion (Cont'd) - dependence 46 10) The British Trade in Southern
    [Show full text]
  • THE SILVERMAN SITE and RIVIERE AU VASE PHASE CERAMICS CHRIS WATTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES INC. Chapter Executive
    ISSN 0228-4111 NEWSLETTER OF THE LONDON CHAPTER, ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OAS 55 Centre St., London, Ontario N6J 1T4 (519) 675-7742; Fax: 675-7777 Summer 1998 98-4 THE SILVERMAN SITE AND RIVIERE AU VASE PHASE CERAMICS CHRIS WATTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES I N C . Thursday, September 10th, 1998, 8 PM London Museum of Archaeology For our September speaker night we are pleased to present Chris Watts of Archaeological Services Inc. in Toronto speaking on his analysis of the Siverman site. Silverman is an extensive Riviere au Vase phase component located near Windsor t h a t was excavated by Meyer Heritage Consultants Inc. and subsequently formed the basis for Chris's M.A. thesis at the University of Toronto. The meeting will be held at THE LONDON MUSEUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY, 1600 Attawandaron Road (near the corner of Wonderland and Fanshawe Park Road in the northwest end of the city) at 8 PM. Chapter Executive President Secretary Chris Ellis (858-9852) Karen Manila (672-6523) 515-1510 Richmond St N., N6G 4V2 26McMahen,N5Y3A2 ANNUAL RATES Vice-President Treasurer Individual $15.00 Neal Ferns (432-2165) Ham Manila (672-6523) Family $18.00 451 Tecumseh St E., N6C 1T6 26McMahen,N5Y3A2 Institutional $21.00 Director Kewa Editors Subscriber $17.00 Christine Nelson (438-4898) Christine Dodd (434-8853) 22 Peter Street, N6B 3A2 Peter Timmins (472-4454) EXECUTIVE REPORT Your Executive reports that our two most recent publications, The Adder Orchard Site, Lithic Technology and Spatial Organization in the Broadpoint Late Archaic, by Jacqueline Fisher, and The Myers Road Site: The Early to Middle Iroquoian Transition, edited by Ron Williamson, are selling briskly.
    [Show full text]
  • Andrew F. Hunter and the Petun
    1 ANDREW F. HUNTER AND THE PETUN Charles Garrad Abstract The researches of A. F. Hunter in the Petun area and the Beaver Valley are documented Resume Les recherches de A. F. Hunter dans la region Petun et du Vallee Beaver sont ici docume"tees, CONTENTS Introduction Andrew F. Hunter as seen by his Sister 2 Andrew F. Hunter and Peter York, Clarksburg- Thornbury 1886-7 2 Photographs: Gravestone of Uncle Walter Hunter, Clarksburg- Thornbury Union Cemetery; the former Clarksburg School, where cousin Walter jr. found an Indian stone axe. 2a Andrew F. Hunter and Samuel Haney 5 Phelpston Post Masters shown in County of Simcoe Directories 6 Andrew F. Hunter and the Geological Survey of Canada 1904-1908 6 Andrew F. Hunter and Father Arthur E. Jones, S.J. 7 Andrew F. Hunter and the Beaver River 8 Andrew F. Hunter and the Huron Institute 9 Sites Recorded by A. F. Hunter when a University Student 1885-7 9 Sites Recorded by A. F. Hunter through Samuel Haney 10 Sites Recorded by A. F. Hunter probably while with the Geological Survey of Canada 11 Sites Recorded from Ontario Archaeological Reports and other sources 11 A. F. Hunter's end-notes concerning the Petun in the Thwaites' Jesuit Relations' (excerpted) 12 "The Country of the Tionnontates", A Previously Unpublished Manuscript by Andrew F. Hunter 13 References 16 Introduction Andrew Frederick Hunter will forever be remembered as an historian. Among archaeologists he is remembered for his published records of Huron village sites and other remains in a number of Simcoe County townships east of the Nottawasaga River.
    [Show full text]
  • L Vertical Files
    FOLDER/DIVIDER TITLE Date Documentary Artifact Type Title Author Source Description Keywords Labatte Family Undated Chart Descendants of Louis-George Labatte A family tree for the Louis-George Labatte Family: Louis-George Labatte: Labatte family. Undated Chart Descendants of Antoine Labatte A family tree for the Antoine Labatte Family: Louis-George Labatte: Labatte family. October 6, 1984 Letter Untitled Gwen Patterson A letter regarding genealogy of Labatte Family: Ralph Labatte: the Labatte Family. October 7, 1984 Letter Untitled Gwen Patterson A letter regarding genealogy of Labatte Family: Mrs. Devillers: the Labatte Family. Various Letter Untitled A series of letter between Gwen Labatte Family: Patterson and Heather lynn Fellner regarding the Labatte family. Undated Papers Untitled Copies of a Baptism and Marriage Labatte Family: certificate Undated Notes Untitled Hand written genealogical notes Labatte Family: and census information on the Labatte family. Undated Chart Untitled A family tree for the Labatte Labatte Family: Family. L.A.C.A.C. - Midland - Local Wednesday June 21, 1989 Newspaper, Clipping New Committee looks to save Midland's Free Press Article on a new committee in L.A.C.A.C.: Bill Smith: Joni Mitchell: Architectural Conservation history Midland, the L.A.C.A.C. Advisory Committee Sunday September 11, 1994 Newspaper, Clipping A walk into Midland's marine past Murray Moore The Mirror An article on a walking tour of L.A.C.A.C.: Vern Sweeting: Frederick John Burke: 'Arlingotn': James Playfair: Midland in association with the local L.A.C.A.C. February 11, 1996 Newspaper, Clipping Muralist honored at Heritage Week Murray Moore The Mirror L.A.C.A.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Lighthouses – Clippings
    GREAT LAKES MARINE COLLECTION MILWAUKEE PUBLIC LIBRARY/WISCONSIN MARINE HISTORICAL SOCIETY MARINE SUBJECT FILES LIGHTHOUSE CLIPPINGS Current as of November 7, 2018 LIGHTHOUSE NAME – STATE - LAKE – FILE LOCATION Algoma Pierhead Light – Wisconsin – Lake Michigan - Algoma Alpena Light – Michigan – Lake Huron - Alpena Apostle Islands Lights – Wisconsin – Lake Superior - Apostle Islands Ashland Harbor Breakwater Light – Wisconsin – Lake Superior - Ashland Ashtabula Harbor Light – Ohio – Lake Erie - Ashtabula Badgeley Island – Ontario – Georgian Bay, Lake Huron – Badgeley Island Bailey’s Harbor Light – Wisconsin – Lake Michigan – Bailey’s Harbor, Door County Bailey’s Harbor Range Lights – Wisconsin – Lake Michigan – Bailey’s Harbor, Door County Bala Light – Ontario – Lake Muskoka – Muskoka Lakes Bar Point Shoal Light – Michigan – Lake Erie – Detroit River Baraga (Escanaba) (Sand Point) Light – Michigan – Lake Michigan – Sand Point Barber’s Point Light (Old) – New York – Lake Champlain – Barber’s Point Barcelona Light – New York – Lake Erie – Barcelona Lighthouse Battle Island Lightstation – Ontario – Lake Superior – Battle Island Light Beaver Head Light – Michigan – Lake Michigan – Beaver Island Beaver Island Harbor Light – Michigan – Lake Michigan – St. James (Beaver Island Harbor) Belle Isle Lighthouse – Michigan – Lake St. Clair – Belle Isle Bellevue Park Old Range Light – Michigan/Ontario – St. Mary’s River – Bellevue Park Bete Grise Light – Michigan – Lake Superior – Mendota (Bete Grise) Bete Grise Bay Light – Michigan – Lake Superior
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/76W700 800/521-0600 NOTE TO USERS The original manuscript received by UMI contains pages with slanted print. Pages were microfilmed as received. This reproduction is the best copy available UMI AN ETHNOHISTORIC PERSPECTIVE ON IROQUOIS WARFARE DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY (A.D.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Simcoe County Region Indigenization Column: May 17, 2017
    History of the Simcoe County Region Indigenization Column: May 17, 2017 If anyone has been to the Simcoe County Museum on Highway 26, they will have seen the beautiful Huron-Wendat artifacts and replica longhouse they have on permanent display. With all the discussion around Anishnaabeg (Ojibwe people) and the Anishnaabemowin (Ojibwe language) program, many may be confused as to why there are different nations in the same region. Hopefully, I can shed some light on this question. This region was once inhabited by the Huron-Wendat nations, until about 350 years ago. The Huron- Wendat are a confederacy of five Haudenosaunee-speaking (Iroquois) nations. They are the; Attinniaoenten ("people of the bear"), Hatingeennonniahak ("makers of cords for nets"), Arendaenronnon ("people of the lying rock"), Atahontaenrat ("two white ears" i.e., “deer people”) and Ataronchronon ("people of the bog"). These nations had once been as far south as the Virginias and Ohio Valley, but had settled in this region pre-contact. These nations came into contact with the French settlers in the early 1600s, and it was this contact that caused a great deal of epidemics such as measles, influenza, and smallpox amongst the nations. The term ‘Huron’ comes from a demeaning nickname for the nation, which means ‘boar’s head’ in French and was used in reference to ruffians. The Wendat were enemies of the five Haudenosaunee nations (later joined by the Tuscarora in 1722 and became the Six Nations we know today). By the mid-1600s the Wendat population had been reduced by half, from approximately 20,000 to 9,000 by the epidemics brought by the French settlers living in close quarters with the nations.
    [Show full text]
  • Ontario History Scholarly Journal of the Ontario Historical Society Since 1899
    Ontario History Scholarly Journal of The Ontario Historical Society Since 1899 Papers and Records [called Ontario History after 1946] Volume XI, 1913 Published by The Ontario Historical Society, 1913 The Ontario Historical Society Established in 1888, the OHS is a non-profit corporation and registered charity; a non- government group bringing together people of all ages, all walks of life and all cultural backgrounds interested in preserving some aspect of Ontario's history. Learn more at www.ontariohistoricalsociety.ca. ®ntario 1DistoricaI Society PAPERS AND RECORDS TORONTO PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY 1913 (lDntarin fiiatnriral Svnrivtg. PAPERS AND RECORDS VOL. X1. TORONTO: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCKET‘! I913 OFFICERS, 1912,13 President Honorary : THE HONORABLE THE MINISTER or EDUCATION or ONTARIQ. President : JOHN i)EARNEss, M.A., London. lst Vice'President: CLARANCE M. WARNER, Napanee. i Vice’ President 2nd : SIR EDMUND WALKER, Toronto ; Secretary and Acting Treasurer: ALEXANDER FRASER, LL.D., LiTT. D., Toronto. Auditors : J. J. MURPHY, Toronto. FRANK YEIGH, Toronto Councillors : A. F. HUNTER, M.A. W. STEWART WALLACE. B.A. J. STE-‘.\\'ART CARSTAIRS, B.A. W. L. GRANT, M.A. ALEXANDER FRAsER, LL.D.. LXTT. D.. F.S.A., SCOT. (Edin.) The Ontario Historical Society does not a:~sume 1'espu11sibilit)' for the statements of its contributors. Place/Names in Georgian Bay (Including the North Channel) BY JAMES WHITE, F.R.G.S. For convenience and on account Of the historical connection, the North Channel names have also been included in this compila- tion. Place—names in the area covered by this paper can be assigned to three distinct periods first.
    [Show full text]
  • Georgian Bay
    Great Lakes Cruising Club Copyright 2009, Great Lakes Cruising Club INDEX Port Pilot and Log Book INCLUDES The Great Lakes Cruising Club, its members, agents, or servants, shall not be liable, and user waives all claims, for damages to persons or property sustained by or arising from the use of this report. ALPHABETICAL INDEX — PAGE 3 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX — PAGE 17 Page 2 / Index Note: all harbor reports are available to GLCC members on the GLCC website: www.glcclub.com. Members are also encouraged to submit updates directly on the web page. The notation NR indicates that no report has yet been prepared for that harbor. Members are asked to provide information when they NR visit those harbors. A guide to providing data is available in Appendix 2. A harbor number in brackets, such as [S-14], following another report number indicates that there is no individual report for that [ ] harbor but that information on it is contained in the bracketed harbor report. The notation (OOP) indicates that a report is out-of-print, with OOP indefinite plans for republishing. The Great Lakes Cruising Club, its members, agents, and servants shall not be liable, and the user waives all claims for damages to persons or property sustained by or arising from the use of the Port Pilot and Log Book. Index compiled and edited by Ron Dwelle Copyright Great Lakes Cruising Club, 2009 PO Box 611003 Port Huron, Michigan 48061-1003 810-984-4500 [email protected] Page 2 ___________________________________________________________________ Great Lakes Cruising Club — Index
    [Show full text]
  • The Iroquois: a Brief Outline of Their History
    THE IROQUOIS: A BRIEF OUTLINE OF THEIR HISTORY By PAUL A. W. WALLACE THE Five United Nations of the Iroquois called themselves "the Longhouse," a name that well describes both their geographical relationship to one another, and the government of their Con- federacy. The Longhouse was composed of five independent peoples, each speaking a dialect of a common root language, seated in a line of villages on a trail stretching across northern New York from beyond Schenectady to the Genesee River. From east to west- as the names of rivers and lakes in that region remind us-they were the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca na- tions. The Mohawks were known as "Keepers of the Eastern Door," the Senecas as "Keepers of the Western Door." The Onondagas tended the central council fire. These were the three Elder Brothers. The Younger Brothers were the Oneidas (affiliated with the Mohawks) and the Cayugas (affiliated with the Senecas) later also the Tuscaroras and Delawares' when they were received into the Confederacy "on the cradle-board." They had a federal council that met at Onondaga (Syracuse), presided over by the head chief of the Onondagas, Atotarho; but the political bond that held them was light. As in the typical dwell- ing of the Iroquois-a long frame house with roof and sides of bark and a corridor down the middle, inhabited by several related families, each group with its own separate fire-the nations of the League, though they sent representatives to the Onondaga Council, retained each its own sovereignty virtually intact. An ingenious system of checks and balances, together with a modified 'William N.
    [Show full text]
  • Researching the Petun by Charles Garrad
    Garrad Researching the Petun 3 Researching the Petun Charles Garrad More than a century of research has led to the present state of knowledge of the Petun occupation of the Petun Country, in the former Collingwood, Nottawasaga, and Mulmur townships. Many individuals, with different skills and interests, have contributed to the study of the Petun between ca. AD 1580 and 1650. This paper outlines the history of investigation of the Petun, describing the work of the more notable contributors. Introduction identification, and interpretation of at least the principal archaeological sites there. This was done The area of Ontario between the Nottawasaga withs a little damage to the resource as possible River and the Blue Mountains, south of andn i co-operation with Petun descendants. Nottawasaga Bay, part of Georgian Bay of Lake The f story o how we arrived at our current Huron, has been occupied intermittently since understanding of Petun history involves the Ice Age. It was occupied historically by the documenting the contributions of many several Iroquoian tribes that were collectively individuals. It is presented here mostly in nicknamed “Petun” by the French.1 The Petun chronological order, while acknowledging thematic were present for only about 70 years (ca. AD trends. Owing to the long-lasting nature of the 1580–1650) but left abundant evidence of their workf o certain researchers, the story at times presence, their role in the fur trade and of the jumps ahead or returns to the work of earlier destructive diseases of the period. Because of the researchers. This history also indicates in the absence of large-scale archaeology, not one Petun footnotes the current locations of many of the house, let alone a village, has been completely notes and collections discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Forked Three-Awned Grass (Aristida Basiramea) Stands About 15 Cm Tall and Is Quite Unremarkable
    Saving the ice age grass: First Nation community involvement in managing species at risk The forked three-awned grass (Aristida basiramea) stands about 15 cm tall and is quite unremarkable. The people of the Beausoleil First Nation had lived with the plant for thousands of years and they didn’t distinguish it from other grasses. But now the First Nation residents are active stewards for this endangered species. Living at the limit An annual grass that is more common in parts of the United States, forked three-awned grass is at the northern limit of its range in Canada, where it occurs at only a few restricted locations in Ontario and Quebec. “Awns” are bristles, which help protect the plant’s flowers. The grass’s sand Georgian Bay Islands National Park of Canada barren habitat is very restricted and shrinking in area. It is naturally maintained by phenomena such as fires, storms and drought. Land development has eliminated much of this habitat. In the absence of natural disturbance factors, particularly fire, what remains is steadily being lost. A large concentration of forked three-awned grass is found on Christian Island in Georgian Bay, on Beausoleil First Nation territory. The species also occurs in Georgian Bay Islands National Park of Canada, so Parks Canada has taken the lead in preparing a federal recovery strategy for the species. A close call A recent proposal by the First Nation to build a community centre fell within an area where three-awned grass occurs, without anybody realizing the species was there. If not for a chance encounter, construction could have proceeded with serious consequences for the endangered plants.
    [Show full text]