DOCSLIB.ORG

The Jesuit Martyrs of North America

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Jesuit Martyrs of North America UNIVERSITY D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES BWLIOTHIQUES * £, LlSRAKicS $ TO MY BELOVED SISTER MOTHER ST. JAMES LL. D. A TRUE DAUGHTER OF ST. ANGELA WHO GAVE HER LIFE FOR THE EDUCATION OF YOUTH \UMM v^( hrt yLMsAJ^T*- &\ v^\ywM**X^ \ii-iA./v/Vt^c H UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA ~ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES THE JESUIT MARTYRS OF NORTH AMERICA left to «gM Stcmdmg SomH Noel Chabanel, Gabriel Utemcmt, John de Brebeuf, Herat iogm, AnLny olmel ffneefmg John de lata.de, *•»• Goup.J, Ch«J« C«m.*r. 78 UN1VERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES SAIMTE-MARIE- ON- THE-WYE A PROJECT IS EARLY CHRISTIAN CIVILIZATION US THE HEART OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDERNESS "by Sister M. Margaretta, O.S.U. Thesis presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Ottawa through the Institute of History as partial fulfill­ ment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. **^X. LittRAKiLb j» <"•*!> o» cr Ottawa, Canada, 1956 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UMI Number: EC55833 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform EC55833 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 UN1VERSITE D'OTTAWA -- ECOLE DES GRADUES ACKNOWLEDGMEaSTT S To the heroic Jesuit Martyrs, Saint John de Brebeuf and his Companions, on whose help I eontinually relied during the writing of this thesis; to Dr. George Buxton for his encouragement and kindly help; to Dr. Brault for his precious time spent in giving timely suggestions; to Dr.. J. J. Talman, whose kindness and generosity gave me free access to the excellent library at the University of Western Ontario, even to the perusal of valuable books in the library*s Treasure Collection. To Brescia Hall also goes thanks for the use of their library with its valuable set of the Jesuit Relations. Acknowledgments are also due to the Dominion Archives in Ottawa; to Miss Storey in the manuscript library and to Miss Bourque in the reference library, and to all others there who aided me in the use of microfilms and photostats; to the Oxford University Press, Toronto, for the permission to use some cuts from the book, Sainte Marie Among the Hurons, by Mr. W. Jury and Elsie McLeod Jury; to the very Reverend Father McCaffrey, S.J., for permission to use cuts from the Martyrs' Shrine Message, and from Father Devine*s book; to Mr. Herbert Cranston for the picture from his book on "Agriculture in Huronia". To the Reverend Father Dennis A. Hegarty, S.J., renowned archaeologist, who discovered the grave of St. John de Brebeuf, goes special thanks for first hand information given regarding the excavations at Sainte- Marie-on-the-Wye. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA ~ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter page I.-INTRODUCTION 1 II.-LOCATION AND STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF SAINTE-MARIE-ON-THE-WYE 15 III.-A SCHOOL OF RELIGION 22 IV.-A SCHOOL OF SACRED LITURGY 41 V.-A CENTRE OF SOCIAL AND HOSPITAL WORK 63 VI.-THE FIRST EXPERIMENTAL FARM IN NORTH AMERICA WEST OF QUEBEC 92 VII.-A CENTRE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND FORT-BUILDING 109 CONCLUSION 142 BIBLIOGRAPHY 148 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA ~ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UN1VERS1TE D'OTTAWA ~ ECOLE DES GRADUES LIST OF FIGURES Figure page I.-The Jesuit Martyrs Frontispiece II.-Map of Huronia 14 III.-Brief of Pope Urban VIII to Fort Ste. Marie, Dated February 18, 1644. The First Apostolic Document Ever Issued to the Church in Ontario 61 IV.-The Finding of the Grave of Saint John de Brebeuf 87 V.-Indian Agriculture - From Lafitu 1724 98 VI.-The Exodus from Sainte-Marie-on-the-Wye in 1649 106 VII.-The Outlet of the Canal 112 VIII.-Original Stonework Inside Reconstructed Bastions Built with the Original Stones in 1947 -Three and one-half inch Timber under Original Stone Foundation of Bastion .... 117 IX.-Plan and Reconstruction of Sainte-Marie- on-the-Wye 125 X.-Reverend Father D. A. Hegarty, S. J., at the Grave of Saint John de Brebeuf. The Christian Cemetery and the Skeletal Structure of the Algonquin Longhouse are seen in the Background 128 XI.-The Blackrobes Taught the Indians how to Build . 132a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA ~ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERS1TE D-OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES SUMMARY OF CHAPTER I In the introduction of chapter I, Champlain in Huronia, 1615, promised that he wouldi send missionaries to their country. He sent the Recollet Fathers. Then follows a brief resume of Huronia, the derivation of its name, its tribes,"and location. In 1624, Brother Sagard, who had been in Huronia for a period of ten months, is recalled to Quebec by his superiors. He says farewell to the Hurons who plead a second time for missionaries to teach them about the true God. In 1626, Brebeuf comes to the Huron country. He, too, is forced to leave the mission in 1629 because of the cap­ ture of Quebec fby Kirk. Again the Hurons put a pitiful plea for spiritual help. Brebeuf leaves them with a heavy heart, but a determination to return to his beloved neophytes as soon as possible, God willing. He does"return in 1634, from then on he labours in the mission fields of Huronia until his glorious martyrdom. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA ~ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UN1VERSITE D'OTTAWA » ECOLE DES GRADUES CHAPTER I Winter had passed and spring was fast taking hold of the countryside. It was the year of one thousand six hundred and fifteen. Huronia was astir, for this was the time to make the last preparation for the long journey up to the French trading post at Quebec. Peltries had received their finishing touch; bags of maize were already packed up; everything for this important trip had been prepared. In the midst of all this tense occupation, our eyes turned to a group gathered in the chieftain's longhouse. In the group were intermingled white men and Huron warriors. One man in the group stood out above all the others, because of his dis­ tinguished appearance and military bearing. Writers have described him as a gaily clad gentleman of the seventeenth century, his genial face adorned with a mustache and goatee, his long curly hair partly hidden under a broad-rimmed hat. He wore a silken doublet, knee-breeches and long boots turned down at the' top. He was the great Samuel de Champlain, the Commandant of the colony of New France. Near him, and wear­ ing the grey habit of the Re'collets, was a missionary. All listened intently to the Huron chieftain who spoke to Cham- plain. It was the Hurons' farewell to Champlain who had been in Huronia for almost^ a year, and who now was returning to Quebec. Champlain and his Huron allies had fought an unfor­ tunate battle with the Iroquois at Lake Oneida in 1615. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA ~ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES 2 Champlain had been wounded twice by Iroquois arrows, and had been carried back to Huronia to recuperate from his wounds. Since winter had set in he had been forced to remain with his Huron allies until spring time. Let us now listen to the words of this Huron chief­ tain on whom all eyes are turned: You say things that pass our understanding and that we cannot comprehend by words, as something beyond our intelligence; but if you would do well by us, you should dwell in our country and bring women and children, and when they come to these regions we shall see how you serve this God whom you worship, and your mode of life with your wife and children, * your way of tilling ground and sowing, and how you obey your laws and your manner of feeding animals, angL how you manufacture all that we see proceeding from your invention. Seeing this we shall learn more in one year than hearing your discourse in twenty, and if we cannot understand, you shall take our children who will be like your own; and thus judging our life wretched in comparison with your own, it is easy to believe that we shall adopt yours and abandon our own.^ Thus spoke the Huron chieftain. A deep pause followed and Champlain answered through his interpreter, Etienne Brule. Champlain had been deeply touched by the words of this dusky warrior, for these friendly Hurons had won their way to his heart. The Hurons on their part were filled with admiration for this great white Onontio because of his nobility and purity of character- The words of their chieftain had burned themselves into his soul. Champlain promised them that he would help them and would do all in his power to carry out 1 Champlain's Works, vol. iii, pp. 145-146. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA ~ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES 3 their request. Back in Quebec Champlain's thoughts frequently turne to Huronia. He reflected that to bring the Hurons to the knowledge of God, it was not sufficient to send friars, but as the Huron chieftain had suggested, French settlers also were necessary to set an example for an upright and godly life.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Expressions of Sovereignty: Law and Authority in the Making of the Overseas British Empire, 1576-1640
    EXPRESSIONS OF SOVEREIGNTY EXPRESSIONS OF SOVEREIGNTY: LAW AND AUTHORITY IN THE MAKING OF THE OVERSEAS BRITISH EMPIRE, 1576-1640 By KENNETH RICHARD MACMILLAN, M.A. A Thesis . Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy McMaster University ©Copyright by Kenneth Richard MacMillan, December 2001 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (2001) McMaster University (History) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Expressions of Sovereignty: Law and Authority in the Making of the Overseas British Empire, 1576-1640 AUTHOR: Kenneth Richard MacMillan, B.A. (Hons) (Nipissing University) M.A. (Queen's University) SUPERVISOR: Professor J.D. Alsop NUMBER OF PAGES: xi, 332 11 ABSTRACT .~. ~ This thesis contributes to the body of literature that investigates the making of the British empire, circa 1576-1640. It argues that the crown was fundamentally involved in the establishment of sovereignty in overseas territories because of the contemporary concepts of empire, sovereignty, the royal prerogative, and intemationallaw. According to these precepts, Christian European rulers had absolute jurisdiction within their own territorial boundaries (internal sovereignty), and had certain obligations when it carne to their relations with other sovereign states (external sovereignty). The crown undertook these responsibilities through various "expressions of sovereignty". It employed writers who were knowledgeable in international law and European overseas activities, and used these interpretations to issue letters patent that demonstrated both continued royal authority over these territories and a desire to employ legal codes that would likely be approved by the international community. The crown also insisted on the erection of fortifications and approved of the publication of semiotically charged maps, each of which served the function of showing that the English had possession and effective control over the lands claimed in North and South America, the North Atlantic, and the East and West Indies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ojibwa: 1640-1840
    THE OJIBWA: 1640-1840 TWO CENTURIES OF CHANGE FROM SAULT STE. MARIE TO COLDWATER/NARROWS by JAMES RALPH HANDY A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts P.JM'0m' Of. TRF\N£ }T:·mf.RRLAO -~ in Histor;y UN1V"RS1TY O " · Waterloo, Ontario, 1978 {§) James Ralph Handy, 1978 I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. I authorize the University of Waterloo to lend this thesis to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further authorize the University of Waterloo to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the pur­ pose of scholarly research. 0/· (ii) The University of Waterloo requires the signature of all persons using or photo­ copying this thesis. Please sign below, and give address and date. (iii) TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1) Title Page (i) 2) Author's Declaration (11) 3) Borrower's Page (iii) Table of Contents (iv) Introduction 1 The Ojibwa Before the Fur Trade 8 - Saulteur 10 - growth of cultural affiliation 12 - the individual 15 Hurons 20 - fur trade 23 - Iroquois competition 25 - dispersal 26 The Fur Trade Survives: Ojibwa Expansion 29 - western villages JO - totems 33 - Midiwewin 34 - dispersal to villages 36 Ojibwa Expansion Into the Southern Great Lakes Region 40 - Iroquois decline 41 - fur trade 42 - alcohol (iv) TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) Ojibwa Expansion (Cont'd) - dependence 46 10) The British Trade in Southern
    [Show full text]
  • THE SILVERMAN SITE and RIVIERE AU VASE PHASE CERAMICS CHRIS WATTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES INC. Chapter Executive
    ISSN 0228-4111 NEWSLETTER OF THE LONDON CHAPTER, ONTARIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OAS 55 Centre St., London, Ontario N6J 1T4 (519) 675-7742; Fax: 675-7777 Summer 1998 98-4 THE SILVERMAN SITE AND RIVIERE AU VASE PHASE CERAMICS CHRIS WATTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES I N C . Thursday, September 10th, 1998, 8 PM London Museum of Archaeology For our September speaker night we are pleased to present Chris Watts of Archaeological Services Inc. in Toronto speaking on his analysis of the Siverman site. Silverman is an extensive Riviere au Vase phase component located near Windsor t h a t was excavated by Meyer Heritage Consultants Inc. and subsequently formed the basis for Chris's M.A. thesis at the University of Toronto. The meeting will be held at THE LONDON MUSEUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY, 1600 Attawandaron Road (near the corner of Wonderland and Fanshawe Park Road in the northwest end of the city) at 8 PM. Chapter Executive President Secretary Chris Ellis (858-9852) Karen Manila (672-6523) 515-1510 Richmond St N., N6G 4V2 26McMahen,N5Y3A2 ANNUAL RATES Vice-President Treasurer Individual $15.00 Neal Ferns (432-2165) Ham Manila (672-6523) Family $18.00 451 Tecumseh St E., N6C 1T6 26McMahen,N5Y3A2 Institutional $21.00 Director Kewa Editors Subscriber $17.00 Christine Nelson (438-4898) Christine Dodd (434-8853) 22 Peter Street, N6B 3A2 Peter Timmins (472-4454) EXECUTIVE REPORT Your Executive reports that our two most recent publications, The Adder Orchard Site, Lithic Technology and Spatial Organization in the Broadpoint Late Archaic, by Jacqueline Fisher, and The Myers Road Site: The Early to Middle Iroquoian Transition, edited by Ron Williamson, are selling briskly.
    [Show full text]
  • Héros D'autrefois, Jacques Cartier Et Samuel De Champlain
    / . A. 4*.- ? L I B RAR.Y OF THE U N IVER.SITY Of ILLINOIS B C327d Ill.Hist.aurv g/acques wartJer et Ôan\uel ae wi\an\plait> OUVRAGE DU MEME AUTEUR Parlons français : Petit traité de prononciation Prix, cartonné 50 sous. J\éros a autrejoiOIS acques wartier et Samuef è» ©&an\plcun JOSEPH DUMÂIS fondateur du j|ouYenir patriotique AVEC UNE PRÉFACE DE J.-A. DE PLAINES QUÉBEC Imprimerie de I'Action Sociale Limitée 1913 PRÉFACE âgé Monsieur le professeur Joseph Dumais, déjà avanta- geusement connu au Canada français et en Acadie, par ^ ses cours de diction française et par ses conférences pa- triotiques sur notre histoire, ne pouvait mieux commencer la série des publications du « Souvenir patriotique )) — une société qu'il a fondée et dont le beau nom dit le but excellent, — que par l'histoire, populaire et néanmoins assez riche d'érudition, des deux premiers héros de notre grande histoire. Il convenait, en effet, que le début de cette série fut consacré aux commencements mêmes de notre histoire, d'autant que ces commencements sont d'un intérêt tou- jours empoignant pour nous, et d'une grandeur de con- ception digne de toute admiration. La grandeur de l'histoire, comme d'ailleurs son intérêt, ne dépend pas en effet principalement des masses d'hom- mes qu'elle peut faire mouvoir dans le récit d'événements ordinaires, elle dépend plutôt de la grandeur morale des héros qu'elle met en mouvement, sous l'impulsion d'un puissant idéal, pour la réalisation d'une œuvre d'autant plus élevée et plus glorieuse qu'elle est plus ardue et plus périlleuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Andrew F. Hunter and the Petun
    1 ANDREW F. HUNTER AND THE PETUN Charles Garrad Abstract The researches of A. F. Hunter in the Petun area and the Beaver Valley are documented Resume Les recherches de A. F. Hunter dans la region Petun et du Vallee Beaver sont ici docume"tees, CONTENTS Introduction Andrew F. Hunter as seen by his Sister 2 Andrew F. Hunter and Peter York, Clarksburg- Thornbury 1886-7 2 Photographs: Gravestone of Uncle Walter Hunter, Clarksburg- Thornbury Union Cemetery; the former Clarksburg School, where cousin Walter jr. found an Indian stone axe. 2a Andrew F. Hunter and Samuel Haney 5 Phelpston Post Masters shown in County of Simcoe Directories 6 Andrew F. Hunter and the Geological Survey of Canada 1904-1908 6 Andrew F. Hunter and Father Arthur E. Jones, S.J. 7 Andrew F. Hunter and the Beaver River 8 Andrew F. Hunter and the Huron Institute 9 Sites Recorded by A. F. Hunter when a University Student 1885-7 9 Sites Recorded by A. F. Hunter through Samuel Haney 10 Sites Recorded by A. F. Hunter probably while with the Geological Survey of Canada 11 Sites Recorded from Ontario Archaeological Reports and other sources 11 A. F. Hunter's end-notes concerning the Petun in the Thwaites' Jesuit Relations' (excerpted) 12 "The Country of the Tionnontates", A Previously Unpublished Manuscript by Andrew F. Hunter 13 References 16 Introduction Andrew Frederick Hunter will forever be remembered as an historian. Among archaeologists he is remembered for his published records of Huron village sites and other remains in a number of Simcoe County townships east of the Nottawasaga River.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hitch-Hiker Is Intended to Provide Information Which Beginning Adult Readers Can Read and Understand
    CONTENTS: Foreword Acknowledgements Chapter 1: The Southwestern Corner Chapter 2: The Great Northern Peninsula Chapter 3: Labrador Chapter 4: Deer Lake to Bishop's Falls Chapter 5: Botwood to Twillingate Chapter 6: Glenwood to Gambo Chapter 7: Glovertown to Bonavista Chapter 8: The South Coast Chapter 9: Goobies to Cape St. Mary's to Whitbourne Chapter 10: Trinity-Conception Chapter 11: St. John's and the Eastern Avalon FOREWORD This book was written to give students a closer look at Newfoundland and Labrador. Learning about our own part of the earth can help us get a better understanding of the world at large. Much of the information now available about our province is aimed at young readers and people with at least a high school education. The Hitch-Hiker is intended to provide information which beginning adult readers can read and understand. This work has a special feature we hope readers will appreciate and enjoy. Many of the places written about in this book are seen through the eyes of an adult learner and other fictional characters. These characters were created to help add a touch of reality to the printed page. We hope the characters and the things they learn and talk about also give the reader a better understanding of our province. Above all, we hope this book challenges your curiosity and encourages you to search for more information about our land. Don McDonald Director of Programs and Services Newfoundland and Labrador Literacy Development Council ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank the many people who so kindly and eagerly helped me during the production of this book.
    [Show full text]
  • L Vertical Files
    FOLDER/DIVIDER TITLE Date Documentary Artifact Type Title Author Source Description Keywords Labatte Family Undated Chart Descendants of Louis-George Labatte A family tree for the Louis-George Labatte Family: Louis-George Labatte: Labatte family. Undated Chart Descendants of Antoine Labatte A family tree for the Antoine Labatte Family: Louis-George Labatte: Labatte family. October 6, 1984 Letter Untitled Gwen Patterson A letter regarding genealogy of Labatte Family: Ralph Labatte: the Labatte Family. October 7, 1984 Letter Untitled Gwen Patterson A letter regarding genealogy of Labatte Family: Mrs. Devillers: the Labatte Family. Various Letter Untitled A series of letter between Gwen Labatte Family: Patterson and Heather lynn Fellner regarding the Labatte family. Undated Papers Untitled Copies of a Baptism and Marriage Labatte Family: certificate Undated Notes Untitled Hand written genealogical notes Labatte Family: and census information on the Labatte family. Undated Chart Untitled A family tree for the Labatte Labatte Family: Family. L.A.C.A.C. - Midland - Local Wednesday June 21, 1989 Newspaper, Clipping New Committee looks to save Midland's Free Press Article on a new committee in L.A.C.A.C.: Bill Smith: Joni Mitchell: Architectural Conservation history Midland, the L.A.C.A.C. Advisory Committee Sunday September 11, 1994 Newspaper, Clipping A walk into Midland's marine past Murray Moore The Mirror An article on a walking tour of L.A.C.A.C.: Vern Sweeting: Frederick John Burke: 'Arlingotn': James Playfair: Midland in association with the local L.A.C.A.C. February 11, 1996 Newspaper, Clipping Muralist honored at Heritage Week Murray Moore The Mirror L.A.C.A.C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Seventeenth Century Brewhouse and Bakery at Ferryland, Newfoundland
    Northeast Historical Archaeology Volume 41 Article 2 2012 The eveS nteenth Century Brewhouse and Bakery at Ferryland, Newfoundland Arthur R. Clausnitzer Jr. Barry C. Gaulton Follow this and additional works at: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Clausnitzer, Arthur R. Jr. and Gaulton, Barry C. (2012) "The eS venteenth Century Brewhouse and Bakery at Ferryland, Newfoundland," Northeast Historical Archaeology: Vol. 41 41, Article 2. https://doi.org/10.22191/neha/vol41/iss1/2 Available at: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha/vol41/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). It has been accepted for inclusion in Northeast Historical Archaeology by an authorized editor of The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). For more information, please contact [email protected]. Northeast Historical Archaeology/Vol. 41, 2012 1 The Seventeenth-Century Brewhouse and Bakery at Ferryland, Newfoundland Arthur R. Clausnitzer, Jr. and Barry C. Gaulton In 2001 archaeologists working at the 17th-century English settlement at Ferryland, Newfoundland, uncovered evidence of an early structure beneath a mid-to-late century gentry dwelling. A preliminary analysis of the architectural features and material culture from related deposits tentatively identified the structure as a brewhouse and bakery, likely the same “brewhouse room” mentioned in a 1622 letter from the colony. Further analysis of this material in 2010 confirmed the identification and dating of this structure. Comparison of the Ferryland brewhouse to data from both documentary and archaeological sources revealed some unusual features. When analyzed within the context of the original Calvert period settlement, these features provide additional evidence for the interpretation of the initial settlement at Ferryland not as a corporate colony such as Jamestown or Cupids, but as a small country manor home for George Calvert and his family.
    [Show full text]
  • Lighthouses – Clippings
    GREAT LAKES MARINE COLLECTION MILWAUKEE PUBLIC LIBRARY/WISCONSIN MARINE HISTORICAL SOCIETY MARINE SUBJECT FILES LIGHTHOUSE CLIPPINGS Current as of November 7, 2018 LIGHTHOUSE NAME – STATE - LAKE – FILE LOCATION Algoma Pierhead Light – Wisconsin – Lake Michigan - Algoma Alpena Light – Michigan – Lake Huron - Alpena Apostle Islands Lights – Wisconsin – Lake Superior - Apostle Islands Ashland Harbor Breakwater Light – Wisconsin – Lake Superior - Ashland Ashtabula Harbor Light – Ohio – Lake Erie - Ashtabula Badgeley Island – Ontario – Georgian Bay, Lake Huron – Badgeley Island Bailey’s Harbor Light – Wisconsin – Lake Michigan – Bailey’s Harbor, Door County Bailey’s Harbor Range Lights – Wisconsin – Lake Michigan – Bailey’s Harbor, Door County Bala Light – Ontario – Lake Muskoka – Muskoka Lakes Bar Point Shoal Light – Michigan – Lake Erie – Detroit River Baraga (Escanaba) (Sand Point) Light – Michigan – Lake Michigan – Sand Point Barber’s Point Light (Old) – New York – Lake Champlain – Barber’s Point Barcelona Light – New York – Lake Erie – Barcelona Lighthouse Battle Island Lightstation – Ontario – Lake Superior – Battle Island Light Beaver Head Light – Michigan – Lake Michigan – Beaver Island Beaver Island Harbor Light – Michigan – Lake Michigan – St. James (Beaver Island Harbor) Belle Isle Lighthouse – Michigan – Lake St. Clair – Belle Isle Bellevue Park Old Range Light – Michigan/Ontario – St. Mary’s River – Bellevue Park Bete Grise Light – Michigan – Lake Superior – Mendota (Bete Grise) Bete Grise Bay Light – Michigan – Lake Superior
    [Show full text]
  • City of St. John's Archives the Following Is a List of St. John's
    City of St. John’s Archives The following is a list of St. John's streets, areas, monuments and plaques. This list is not complete, there are several streets for which we do not have a record of nomenclature. If you have information that you think would be a valuable addition to this list please send us an email at [email protected] 18th (Eighteenth) Street Located between Topsail Road and Cornwall Avenue. Classification: Street A Abbott Avenue Located east off Thorburn Road. Classification: Street Abbott's Road Located off Thorburn Road. Classification: Street Aberdeen Avenue Named by Council: May 28, 1986 Named at the request of the St. John's Airport Industrial Park developer due to their desire to have "oil related" streets named in the park. Located in the Cabot Industrial Park, off Stavanger Drive. Classification: Street Abraham Street Named by Council: August 14, 1957 Bishop Selwyn Abraham (1897-1955). Born in Lichfield, England. Appointed Co-adjutor Bishop of Newfoundland in 1937; appointed Anglican Bishop of Newfoundland 1944 Located off 1st Avenue to Roche Street. Classification: Street Adams Avenue Named by Council: April 14, 1955 The Adams family who were longtime residents in this area. Former W.G. Adams, a Judge of the Supreme Court, is a member of this family. Located between Freshwater Road and Pennywell Road. Classification: Street Adams Plantation A name once used to identify an area of New Gower Street within the vicinity of City Hall. Classification: Street Adelaide Street Located between Water Street to New Gower Street. Classification: Street Adventure Avenue Named by Council: February 22, 2010 The S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Place Under Heaven: Amerindian Torture and Cultural Violence in Colonial New France, 1609-1729 Adam Stueck Marquette University
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects A Place Under Heaven: Amerindian Torture and Cultural Violence in Colonial New France, 1609-1729 Adam Stueck Marquette University Recommended Citation Stueck, Adam, "A Place Under Heaven: Amerindian Torture and Cultural Violence in Colonial New France, 1609-1729" (2012). Dissertations (2009 -). Paper 174. http://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/174 A PLACE UNDER HEAVEN: AMERINDIAN TORTURE AND CULTURAL VIOLENCE IN COLONIAL NEW FRANCE, 1609-1730 by Adam Stueck A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Milwaukee, Wisconsin May 2012 ABSTRACT A PLACE UNDER HEAVEN: AMERINDIAN TORTURE AND CULTURAL VIOLENCE IN COLONIAL NEW FRANCE, 1609-1730 Adam Stueck Marquette University, 2012 This doctoral dissertation is entitled, A Place Under Heaven: Amerindian Torture and Cultural Violence in Colonial New France, 1609-1730 . It is an analysis of Amerindian customs of torture by fire, cannibalism, and other forms of cultural violence in New France during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Contemporary French writers and many modern historians have described Amerindian customs of torturing, burning, and eating of captives as either a means of military execution, part of an endless cycle of revenge and retribution, or simple blood lust. I argue that Amerindian torture had far more to do with the complex sequence of Amerindian mourning customs, religious beliefs, ideas of space and spatial limits, and a community expression of aggression, as well as a means of revenge. If we better understand the cultural context of Amerindian torture, we see more clearly the process of cultural accommodation in New France.
    [Show full text]
  • THE JESUIT MISSION to CANADA and the FRENCH WARS of RELIGION, 1540-1635 Dissertation P
    “POOR SAVAGES AND CHURLISH HERETICS”: THE JESUIT MISSION TO CANADA AND THE FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION, 1540-1635 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Joseph R. Wachtel, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Professor Alan Gallay, Adviser Professor Dale K. Van Kley Professor John L. Brooke Copyright by Joseph R. Wachtel 2013 Abstract My dissertation connects the Jesuit missions in Canada to the global Jesuit missionary project in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries by exploring the impact of French religious politics on the organizing of the first Canadian mission, established at Port Royal, Acadia, in 1611. After the Wars of Religion, Gallican Catholics blamed the Society for the violence between French Catholics and Protestants, portraying Jesuits as underhanded usurpers of royal authority in the name of the Pope—even accusing the priests of advocating regicide. As a result, both Port Royal’s settlers and its proprietor, Jean de Poutrincourt, never trusted the missionaries, and the mission collapsed within two years. After Virginia pirates destroyed Port Royal, Poutrincourt drew upon popular anti- Jesuit stereotypes to blame the Jesuits for conspiring with the English. Father Pierre Biard, one of the missionaries, responded with his 1616 Relation de la Nouvelle France, which described Port Royal’s Indians and narrated the Jesuits’ adventures in North America, but served primarily as a defense of their enterprise. Religio-political infighting profoundly influenced the interaction between Indians and Europeans in the earliest years of Canadian settlement.
    [Show full text]