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About the Presence and Abundance of Beneficials in Overwintering Sites of Anarsia Lineatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Peach Orchards of Northern Greece

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About the Presence and Abundance of Beneficials in Overwintering Sites of Anarsia Lineatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Peach Orchards of Northern Greece Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms IOBC/wprs Bulletin Vol. 35, 2008 pp. 44-50 About the presence and abundance of beneficials in overwintering sites of Anarsia lineatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in peach orchards of northern Greece Petros Damos and Matilda Savopoulou-Soultani Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, 54 124, Thessaloniki, Greece, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: A report is given about the presence and abundance of beneficials in overwintering sites of Anarsia lineatella Zeller (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). The study was conducted in two important regions of peach production in Northern Greece (Veria 40.32oN and Velvendo 40.16oN). For 3 years (2005-2007) hibernacula of overwintering larvae were collected from conventional and IPM peach orchards and transferred to the laboratory in order to ascertain the level and type of beneficial activity. The presence of two Braconid parasitoids was high, causing a significant high larval mortality. In some cases almost 57% of inspected samples were parasitized. In addition, a comprehensive number of beneficial mites were also observed inside the hibernacula. Despite the fact that some of them are not directly linked to the predation of A. lineatella, they had a high presence during the years. Moreover, most of the observed species belonged to the families Phytoseiidae, Pyemotidae and Tydeidae. The observations attest the fact that the overwintering sites of A. lineatella constitute an important microenviroment of beneficial activity. Considering the increasing interest in biological control and that all the above-mentioned beneficials are subjected to mortality induced by pesticides, the different strategies for the control of A. lineatella in Northern Greece peach orchards are discussed. Key words: Anarsia lineatella, parasitoids, hibernaculum, Braconidae Introduction Sustaining biological diversity has become one of the principal goals of conservation and gradually the goals have moved from concern for specifically threatened species to the broader desire to protect different types of ecosystems (Lewis and Whitfield 1999). In particular for agroecosystems, the identification and conservation of native species potentially important as bio-control agents, along with the development of protocols to test side effects of pesticides on non target and beneficial organisms, are considered as a corner stone when enhancing biological control in integrated pest management (IPM) (Carl 1996, Norris et al. 2003). The peach twig borer Anarsia lineatella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the major economic pests of stone fruits in the Old and New World (Balachowski and Mesnil 1935, Jones 1935, Summers 1955). In Greece, A. lineatella has 3-4 generations per year (Damos and Savopoulou-Soultani 2007). The species overwinters in bark crevices as 2nd or 3rd instar forming hibernacula. These tiny instars become active in spring and they are able to cause early season injury burrowing into new twigs. Later during summer, new hatched larvae originating from next generations, feed mainly on fruits causing significant injury on yield (Balachowski 1935, Jones 1935, Bailey 1948, Summers 1955, Balachowski 1966). 44 45 In Northern Greece peach production is considered to be essential for economy and during the past few years efforts are made to improve pest control using IPM in order to qualify high standards of products. Moreover, A. lineatella has been increasingly damaging to some peach varieties, and along with the oriental peach moth Grapholitha molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), they are key pests for implementation of effective control strategies in terms of IPM (Kyparissoudas 1989, Damos and Savopoulou Soultani 2007, Damos and Savopoulou-Soultani 2008). This study reports the presence and abundance of a number of beneficial species, inside of hibernacula of A. lineatella in IPM and conventional orchards. In addition, the substantial mortality caused by the parasitoids on the overwintering larvae is also recorded. Finally the effects on the abundance and diversity of the observed beneficials are outlined in respect to IPM. Materials and methods The faunistic survey was conducted in two important regions of peach production in Northern Greece (Veria 40.32oN and Velvendo 40.16 oN). For 3 years (2005-2007) hibernacula of overwintering larvae were collected randomly from conventional and IPM peach orchards. Commercial orchards (4 plots of 1.5 acre each) were treated according to local pest manage- ment guidelines (all chemical treatments conducted using broad spectrum conventional pesticides), while IPM peach orchards (3 plots of 1.5 acre each) followed pest management practices under the guidelines of public IPM companies’ specialists. Decision making for pesticide application in IPM orchards was based on male moth flight monitoring with pheromone traps (Pherocon®) and degree-days heat accumulation. Environmentally sound pesticides, mostly Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) and insect growth regulators (IGR’s), were used for the IPM orchards. Finally, peach orchards (4 plots of 1 acre each) where no chemical treatment was applied were used as control. Each hibernaculum was considered as a sampling unit and the day of sampling all the collected material was transferred to the laboratory and examined. Each sampling unit was split open under a stereoscope and inspected in order to ascertain the level and type of beneficial activity. Larval mortality caused by parasitoids or predators was also recorded. Data analysis Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to test the effects of year and management practices on the different dependent variables of abundance. Frequency data were transformed to meet assumptions of normality and variance homogeneity if necessary. Means were compared using the Tukey multiple range test (a = 0.05) (Sokal and Rohlf 1995). Statistics were performed using SPSS 1.14. software (SPSS 2006). Results Two parasitoid species were reared from the overwintering larvae of A. lineatella. These species belong to the Braconidae family (Hymenoptera) and caused, in some cases, a significant mortality of A. lineatella larvae. 46 Conventional IPM Control 2005 25% 36% 38% 41% 58% 40% 17% 21% 7% 14% 3% 2006 40% 45% 29% 34% 63% 40% 8% 18% 3% 18% 2% 0% 2007 14% 46% 40% 24% 40% 40% 57% 5% 12% 7% 13% 2% Braconidae Tydeidae Phytoseiidae Pyemotidae Fig 1. Relative abundance (proportion) of beneficials inside of hibernacula of A. lineatella in relation to orchard management in Northern Greece (2005, 2006 and 2007). In addition, the overwintering larval parasitization was especially high during the winter of the year 2006-2007. Moreover, the mortality of A. lineatella, which was due to Braconidae parasitization was significantly higher in the peach orchards, where no chemical treatment was applied (control). Parasitization level was also higher in most of the IPM orchards (10- 23%), when compared with the conventional orchards, where the usual conventional plant protection guidelines were applied (~ 10%) (Table 1). A comprehensive number of predatory mites was recorded inside of the hibernacula. The mite species belong to the Tydeidae, Pyemotidae and Phytoseiidae families. In addition, the mean number of individuals belonging to the Tydeidae family was higher when compared to those of the families Phytoseiidae and Pyemotidae (Table 1). 47 Table 1. Hibernacula (n) of overwintering larvae of A. lineatella and corresponding number of beneficials from Conventional, IPM and Control peach Orchards Beneficial Activity (mean number of individuals) Larval Orchard Parasiti- Family Manage zation ment Year (n) df Tydeidae Pyemotidae Phytoseiidae Braconidae (% ) 2005 143 3 4 0 2 8 11 a1 Conven- tional 2006 187 3 7 0 0.3 7.4 10 a 2007 141 3 3 1 4 9 21 ab 2005 140 2 5 0 2 7 16 ab IPM 2006 190 2 16.8 0.3 0.6 9 10 ab 2007 140 2 11 0.5 3 10.3 23 b 2005 143 3 12 1 4 12 28 bc Control 2006 145 3 11 2 3 2 57 c 2007 142 3 11 2 3 12 28 bc 1 Percentages followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly different (p<0.05, Tukey HSD test) The type of orchard management had no effect on the relative diversity of the beneficials that were recorded. During all years and under all different management strategies, beneficials belonging to all the above four families were collected (Fig.1). Discussion The lower number of beneficials recorded in the conventional peach orchards contrasted with higher populations of some IPM orchards and indicate that the present orchard pest management practices may interfere with the establishment and diversity of beneficials, although differences were not significant in all cases. A current theory suggests that the highest species diversity should be found in relatively undisturbed to moderate disturbed habitats (Petraitis et al. 1989), but if the disturbance is too severe or too frequent, species may be lost from the community (Lewis and Witfield 1999). Daane et al. (1993), demonstrated that dormant-season sprays with an organophosphate insecticide (diazinon) for the control of A. lineatella leads to a significant decrease on the related parasitoid microfauna. Consequently, the status of a pest in relation to its natural enemies within an agroecosystem is not fixed and it depends on a number of factors, among them type, time and frequency of pesticide treatments (Easterbrook et al. 1985). Braconidae, in general, constitute one of the most species-rich families of insects, estimated by the taxonomists
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