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Drug Alcohol Studies VOLUME 17 ISSN 1531-4065 NUMBER 2 2018 AFRICAN JOURNAL of DRUG and ALCOHOL STUDIES PUBLISHED BY AFRICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL STUDIES PURPOSE AND SCOPE The African Journal of Drug & Alcohol Studies is an international scientific peer-reviewed journal published by the African Centre for Research and Information on Substance Abuse (CRISA). The Journal publishes original research, evaluation studies, case reports, review articles and book reviews of high scholarly standards. Papers submitted for publication may address any aspect of alcohol and drug use and dependence in Africa and among people of African descent living anywhere in the world. The term “drug” in the title of the journal refers to all psychoactive substances other than alcohol. These include tobacco, cannabis, inhalants, cocaine, heroin, prescription medicines, and traditional substances used in different parts of Africa (e.g., kola nuts and khat). EDITORIAL AND MANAGEMENT TEAM EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ASSOCIATE EDITORS Prof. Isidore Silas Obot Dr Neo Morojele Centre for Research and Information Medical Research Council on Substance Abuse (CRISA) Pretoria, South Africa E-mail: [email protected]; E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Dr Nazarius Mbona Tumwesigye DEPUTY EDITORS Makerere University West Africa Kampala, Uganda Professor Hope Obianwu E-mail: [email protected] Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island, Nigeria Dr Andrew Zamani Psychiatric Hospital Southern & Central Africa Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria Professor Charles J. Parry E-mail: [email protected] Medical Research Council Cape Town, South Africa MANAGING EDITOR E-mail: [email protected] Akanidomo J. Ibanga, CRISA E-mail: [email protected] Eastern Africa Prof. David M. Ndetei EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS University of Nairobi Okokon Umoh Nairobi, Kenya EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD E-mail: [email protected] Dr Reychad Abdool, Nairobi, Kenya Francophone countries Dr O.A. Ayo-Yusuf, Pretoria, South Africa Prof. Baba Koumare Prof. Moruf Adelekan, Blackburn, UK Hopital Point G Dr Yahyah Affinih, New York, USA Bamako, Mali Prof. E. E. O. Alemika, Jos, Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] Dr Pascal Bovet, Seychelles Prof. Layi Erinosho, Abuja, Nigeria Rest of the world Dr Axel Klein, London, UK Prof. James T. Gire Prof. Hope Obianwu, Benin, Nigeria Virginia Military Institute Lexington, VA, USA E-mail: [email protected] AFRICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL STUDIES Volume 17, Number 2, 2018 CONTENTS Roles of Background Characteristics in HIV and Alcohol Use Prevention Among School Learners: The HAPS Project ................................................. 79 Godswill N. Osuafor & Chinwe E. Okoli Psychoactive Substance Use as a Predictor of Road Rage Behaviour in a Sample of Commercial Drivers in Enugu, South-Eastern Nigeria ............................ 93 Philip C. Mefoh, Joy I. Ugwu, & Timothy E. Eze Commercial Tricycle Riders’ Perceptions of Psychoactive Drug Use and the Risk of Road Traffic Accidents in Uyo, Nigeria ................................................ 105 Ediomo-Ubong E. Nelson, Okokon O. Umoh, Nsidibe F. Essien & Aniekan S. Brown Some Neuropsychological Profiles of Cannabis Dependent Users on Long-Term Abstinence in a Rehabilitation Centre in Nigeria .................................. 119 Valentine A. Ucheagwu, Rita N. Ugwokwe-Ossai, Paul D. Okoli, & Jesse P. Ossai Substance Use Among Youths: Roles Of Psychoticism, Social Alienation, Thriving and Religious Commitment ............................................... 133 Steven K. Iorfa, Chinedu Ugwu, Chuka M. Ifeagwazi, & Johnbosco C. Chukwuorji Community Perspectives on Cultural Practices and Belief Systems Influencing Alcohol and Drug Use: A Qualitative Study in Anaang Community, Nigeria ..................................................................................................... 147 Nsidibe A. Usoro, Dorothy N. Ononokpono, Ursula Ette, & Nkereuwem N. James Abstracting/Indexing services: The journal is indexed/abstracted by the following services: Addiction Abstracts, African Journals Online (AJOL), DrugScope, Applied Social Sciences Index, Social Services Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, Scopus, Embasse, and PsycINFO. African Journal of Drug & Alcohol Studies, 17(2), 2018 Copyright © 2018, CRISA Publications ROLES OF BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS IN HIV AND ALCOHOL USE PREVENTION AMONG SCHOOL LEARNERS: THE HAPS PROJECT Godswill Nwabuisi Osuafor1, Chinwe Edith Okoli2 1Faculty of Humanities, North-West University, South Africa; 2Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria ABSTRACT HIV and alcohol prevention programmes to delay sexual initiation and alcohol use by learners have been shown to be effective interventions in high schools. However, the interplay of the interventions and the background characteristics of learners in preventing sexual initiation and alcohol use have not been examined. In this study, we examine the contribution of background characteristics of learners in HIV and alcohol prevention programme. Data were drawn at two time points from a cohort of 1259 and 1076 grade 9 learners. Generalized linear mixed models were used to predict the effects of background characteristics on alcohol consumption and sexual initiation. The results show that alcohol consumption increased from 34.6% to 39.9% between the two points among the learners. Between the two time points, prevalence of sexual intercourse rose from 31.1% to 37.7%. Background characteristics such as increasing age, being a male, absenteeism from school, importance of religion and average grade point predicted alcohol use. Sexual intercourse was significantly associated with increasing age, being a male, absenteeism from school and importance of religion. The study concludes that HIV and alcohol prevention strategy targeting learners should take serious consideration of their background characteristics for a more effective intervention programme. Keywords: Alcohol, HIV, sexual risk behaviours, learners, South Africa INTRODUCTION countries have initiated HIV prevention programmes among youth (Morojele & Sub-Saharan African has limited ex- Ranchod, 2011; Sani, Abraham, Denford, periences with alcohol and HIV preven- & Ball, 2016). The most important out- tion programmes among the youth. De- comes of intervention programmes were spite the fact that sub-Saharan African the needs to address a spectrum of in- is the most affected region by HIV, few terpersonal, cultural, structural factors Corresponding Author: Godswill Nwabuisi Osuafor [email protected] OSUAFOR & OKOLI underlying adolescents alcohol use and learners. School environment is perceived HIV risk behaviour (Harrison, Newell, Im- as the most accessible venue for dissemi- rie, & Hoddinott, 2010; Morojele et al., nation of health information and ideal 2013). Of concern is the review of exist- for knowledge exchange network (Flisher ing alcohol and sexual risk prevention & Klepp, 2009). Review of school-based programmes were limited (Morojele & intervention programmes have docu- Ranchod, 2011), and characteristics of mented substantive success in plummet- successful interventions were not docu- ing early sexual initiation and alcohol use mented (Harrison et al., 2010). In addi- (Harrison et al., 2010; Sani et al., 2016). tion, evaluation of intervention content However, researchers have critiqued and characteristics of successful inter- school-based intervention programmes vention programmes on alcohol use and in South African societies on some of the sexual risk behaviour have shown mixed following grounds. South African high results (Scott-Sheldon, Walstrom, Harri- schools have fidelity challenges, high son, Kalichman, & Carey, 2013; Harrison level of staff and students absenteeism et al., 2010; Mukoma et al., 2009). (Karnell, Cupp, Zimmerman, Feist-Price, & Consumption of alcohol among South Bennie, 2006), violence and many school- African adolescents is characterised by level issues (Ahmed, Flisher, Mathews, binge and /or heavy episodic drinking Mukoma, & Jansen, 2009; Burton, 2008; (Morojele & Ramsoomar, 2016; Reddy Human-Vogel & Morkel, 2017) militating et al., 2013; Seggie, 2012), which has im- against learning and programme inter- plications for sexual risk behaviour and vention. In addition, most of the schools HIV infection amongst the youth (Scott- where the intervention programmes Sheldon et al., 2013). The scourge of HIV were rolled out do not have boarding fa- in South African society has necessitated cilities (Cupp et al., 2008). Thus, raising intervention and prevention strategy that a concern in achieving the objectives of targets school learners mainly because school-based interventions programme. alcohol and substance use are the main While the school based intervention pro- drivers of risky sexual behaviour among gramme have been effective to some -ex high school learners in South Africa. In tent, shortfalls due to after-school activi- this era of escalated knowledge of sexu- ties can be augmented through valuable ality, HIV prevention programme has information on background characteris- become the main intervention strategy tics of the learners (Patrick, Schulenberg, focussing on high school learners. Skilled- & O’Malley, 2016). based intervention has been rolled out UNISA Bureau Market Research, (2012) in schools to equip learners to deal with noted that intervention to adolescents’ challenges associated with indulging in alcohol, substance abuse and subsequent alcohol use and risky sexual behaviour. risky sexual behaviour in South Africa These programmes were multifaceted should
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