DOCSLIB.ORG

Sharealike 4.0 International License. How to Cite This

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sharealike 4.0 International License. How to Cite This This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 International License. How to cite this thesis / dissertation (APA referencing method): Surname, Initial(s). (Date). Title of doctoral thesis (Doctoral thesis). Retrieved from http://scholar.ufs.ac.za/rest of thesis URL on KovsieScholar Surname, Initial(s). (Date). Title of master’s dissertation (Master’s dissertation). Retrieved from http://scholar.ufs.ac.za/rest of thesis URL on KovsieScholar Genetic diversity and performance trait analysis of the SA Boerperd N. Breytenbach Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Scientiae in the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Genetics, University of the Free State. Supervisor: H. Bindeman Co-supervisor: Prof. J.P. Grobler 2018 Genetic diversity and performance trait analysis of the SA Boerperd (SA Boerperd Breeders Society) Nadia Breytenbach Department of Genetics University of the Free State 2018 DECLARATION I, Nadia Breytenbach, declare that the Master’s Degree research dissertation that I herewith submit for the Master’s Degree qualification in Genetics at the University of the Free State is my independent work, and that I have not previously submitted it for a qualification at another institution of higher education. _________________ Nadia Breytenbach 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone who made the completion of this dissertation a reality: My supervisors, Mrs. H. Bindeman and Prof J.P. Grobler, for your support and guidance not only throughout the duration of this study, but during my entire academic career. Thank you for allowing me to pursue my passion for horses. The personnel and students of the Genetics Department for their continual encouragement during my project. The SA Boerperd Breeders Society for providing support and necessary information about the SA Boerperd. Special thanks to Mrs. E. Prinsloo for her continual assistance and patience, as well as Dr P. Grové for her enthusiastic conversations and aid in obtaining hair samples. All the breeders and owners who allowed me to sample their horses. Thank you for also sharing your insights and knowledge about the breed. Unistel Medical Laboratories (Dr. Marx and H. Theron) for providing the STR marker data of the registered horses. L.H.P. van de Goor (Dr. Van Haeringen Laboratorium, The Netherlands) and Dr K. Ehlers (University of the Free State) permitting the use of their equine DNA data published in previous works. Lastly, Laetitia and Naas Breytenbach, thank you for always believing in me. To the rest of my family and friends, thank you for your continual support and interest in my project. THANK YOU! Table of contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS i LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE EQUINE INDUSTRY 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Equine breeding 1 1.1.1. Traits under selection 2 1.1.2. Breed studbooks 4 1.2. The South African Boerperd 5 1.2.1. Breed history 5 1.2.2. Breed standard 8 1.2.3. Importance of the SA Boerperd breed 9 1.3. Equine performance 10 1.3.1. Performance traits in horses 11 1.3.1.1. Height in horses 11 1.3.1.2. Gait in horses 12 1.3.2. Genetic analysis of performance traits 13 1.3.2.1. Genetics of height in horses 15 1.3.2.2. Genetics of gaitedness in horses 17 1.3.3. SA Boerperd trait investigations 19 1.4. Equine genetic diversity 19 1.4.1. Factors influencing loss of diversity 20 1.4.2. Measuring equine genetic diversity 21 1.4.2.1. Microsatellite markers 22 1.4.2.2. Single nucleotide polymorphisms 23 1.4.3. Genetic diversity of the SA Boerperd 24 1.5. Aims of the current study 26 References 27 CHAPTER 2: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE SA BOERPERD 2.1. Introduction 38 2.2. Materials and methods 40 2.2.1. Ethics statement 40 2.2.2. Sample collection 40 2.2.3. SNP markers used 41 2.2.4. Molecular techniques 42 2.2.5. Data analysis 44 2.3. Results 44 2.4. Discussion and conclusion 49 2.4.1. Height at withers 49 2.4.2. Gaitedness 52 References 55 CHAPTER 3: GENETIC DIVERSITY OF THE SA BOERPERD 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2. Materials and methods 60 3.2.1. Data collection 60 3.2.2. Statistical analysis 62 3.2.2.1. Data organization 62 3.2.2.2. Genetic diversity 63 3.2.2.3. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 63 3.2.2.4. Genetic differentiation and drift 64 3.2.2.5. Individual assignment 64 3.3. Results 65 3.3.1. Within-breed analysis of the SA Boerperd 65 3.3.2. Among-breed analysis 70 3.4. Discussion and conclusion 78 3.4.1. Within-breed diversity and differentiation 78 3.4.2. Differences between breeds 79 References 81 CHAPTER 4: GENERAL DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1. Performance trait analysis 85 4.2. Genetic diversity 86 4.3. Recommendations 87 References 89 SUMMARY 91 APPENDIX A: SA Boerperd DNA sequence data List of abbreviations and symbols Symbols Meaning °C Degrees Celsius % Percentage ΔK DeltaK ® Registered trademark ™ Trademark Abbreviation Meaning μl Microliter A Adenine ABI Applied Biosystems a.k.a. Also known as AND Andalusian AP-1 Activator protein-1 transcription factor complex APP Appaloosa ARA Arabian BIEC2 Broad Institute Equus caballus version 2.0 BLUP Best linear unbiased prediction bp Base-pair(s) C Cytosine CBP Cape Boerperd i cm Centimetre DMRT3 Double-sex and mab-3-related transcription factor 3 gene DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid EBVs Estimated breeding values ECA Equus caballus autosome / horse chromosome et al. et alli: and others f Frequency F Inbreeding coefficient F Female FEI Fédération Equestre Internationale FIS Population inbreeding coefficient FIT Global inbreeding coefficient FRI Friesian FST Genetic differentiation G Guanine g Gravitational force GBVs Genomic estimated breeding values H2O Water HAC Hackney He Expected heterozygosity hh Hands high Ho Observed heterozygosity HMGA2 High mobility group AT-hook 2 gene ii HWE Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium HZ Unbiased heterozygosity ICE Icelandic Horse ISAG International Society for Animal Genetics K Number of clusters kb Kilo base-pair(s) kg kilogram LASP1 LIM and SH3 protein 1 gene LCORL Ligand dependent nuclear receptor corepressor-like gene LD Linkage disequilibrium M Male MCMC Markov Chain Monte Carlo mg Milligram MgCl2 Magnesium chloride ml Millilitre mm Millimetre MSTN Myostatin mRNA Mitochondrial ribonucleic acid mtDNA Mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid n Number of chromosomes N Sample size Na Mean number of alleles NA Not applicable iii Ne Effective number of alleles PA Private alleles PCR Polymerase chain reaction PF Forward primer PR Reverse primer QTL Quantitative trait loci rpm Revolutions per minute SA South African SAB South African Boerperd SD Standard deviation SNPs Single nucleotide polymorphisms ST Stud STA Standardbred STRs Short tandem repeat markers T Thymine TEN Tennessee Walker TFIID Transcription factor IID gene THO Thoroughbred UFS University of the Free State UML Unistel Medical Laboratories v Version ZFAT Zinc finger and AT hook domain containing gene iv List of figures Figure Title Page Figure 1.1 Size difference between a Shire and American Miniature. 3 Figure 1.2 Icelandic Horse displaying the ambling gait, tölt. 3 Figure 1.3 Transvaal Burgher astride his Boerperd during the Anglo Boer War. 6 Figure 1.4 Example of a SA Boerperd. 8 Figure 1.5 SA Boerperd brand marking. 8 Figure 1.6 Position for measuring equine height at withers. 11 Figure 1.7 SA Boerperd exhibiting the rack gait. 13 Figure 2.1 South African map indicating sampling locations of SA Boerperd 41 individuals. Figure 3.1 South African map indicating the 12 stud localities from which 61 microsatellite data were obtained. Figure 3.2 Graphical representation of the population structure of 363 69 SA Boerperd horses from 12 studs (K=2). Figure 3.3 Plot indicating the number of clusters (K) that best fit the genomic 69 data of 12 SA Boerperd studs. Figure 3.4 Plot indicating the mean likelihood L(K) and variance per K-value for 70 12 SA Boerperd studs obtained from STRUCTURE. Figure 3.5 Number of clusters (K) that best fit the genomic data of 10 equine 75 breeds. Figure 3.6 Mean likelihood L(K) and variance per K-value for 10 equine breeds. 76 Figure 3.7 Clustering output for three values of K in 3,275 horses belonging to 10 76 breeds. v List of tables Table Title Page Table 1.1 Estimated genotype frequencies for the DMRT3_Ser301STOP 18 mutation (C>A) and the closely linked SNP BIEC2_620109 (C>T) in a total of 2,749 horses across different breeds. Table 1.2 Estimates of genetic variability for South African and selected 24 other domestic horse breeds. Table 1.3 Genetic variability at 12 loci in seven horse populations. 25 Table 2.1 Investigated SNPs, their chromosomal positions, primer 42 sequences, annealing temperatures and references. Table 2.2 Gender, height, gait-ability and diversity at performance-related 45 SNPs in 100 SA Boerperd horses. Table 2.3 Average height (cm) of each size-associated genotype within the 47 SA Boerperd. Table 2.4 Proportions of 3/5-gaited individuals for the SNP 47 DMRT3_Ser301STOP (C > A). Table 2.5 Contingency table input of the SNP data used to perform the 48 Fisher’s exact test. Table 2.6 Distributions of the genotype and allelic frequencies of the four 48 investigated SNPs in the SA Boerperd. Table 3.1 The conversion of ISAG (alphabetical) nomenclature to the number 62 of repeat nomenclature. Table 3.2 Genetic diversity of 12 SA Boerperd populations based on 17 66 microsatellite markers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • List of Horse Breeds 1 List of Horse Breeds
    List of horse breeds 1 List of horse breeds This page is a list of horse and pony breeds, and also includes terms used to describe types of horse that are not breeds but are commonly mistaken for breeds. While there is no scientifically accepted definition of the term "breed,"[1] a breed is defined generally as having distinct true-breeding characteristics over a number of generations; its members may be called "purebred". In most cases, bloodlines of horse breeds are recorded with a breed registry. However, in horses, the concept is somewhat flexible, as open stud books are created for developing horse breeds that are not yet fully true-breeding. Registries also are considered the authority as to whether a given breed is listed as Light or saddle horse breeds a "horse" or a "pony". There are also a number of "color breed", sport horse, and gaited horse registries for horses with various phenotypes or other traits, which admit any animal fitting a given set of physical characteristics, even if there is little or no evidence of the trait being a true-breeding characteristic. Other recording entities or specialty organizations may recognize horses from multiple breeds, thus, for the purposes of this article, such animals are classified as a "type" rather than a "breed". The breeds and types listed here are those that already have a Wikipedia article. For a more extensive list, see the List of all horse breeds in DAD-IS. Heavy or draft horse breeds For additional information, see horse breed, horse breeding and the individual articles listed below.
    [Show full text]
  • An Historical Perspective on Animal Power Use in South Africa
    An historicalAnimal traction perspective in South Africa: empowering on animal rural communities power use in South Africa by Bruce Joubert Early reports Company to establish a replenishment station The first known reports of animal traction in for their ships, which plied between Europe and South Africa come from the early European the far East. The Dutch, in Holland, used explorers and date back to as early as 1488, mainly draft horses to pull their carts, wagons when Bartholomeu Dias first sighted the Cape and farm implements. Owing to the nature of and named the bay where he made his land fall sea travel in those days van Riebeeck brought Angra dos Vaqueiros, which means `Bay of no horses or carts with him. Furthermore he Cowherds' (Burman, 1988). brought no long-term supplies of food, as the Dutch East India Company expected his people The western and south-western Cape was at to grow their own grain and vegetables and to that time inhabited by the `Khoi-khoi' who barter animals from the Khoi-khoi. For belonged to the same racial group as the bartering purposes they offered copper wire, `Bushmen'. Early Dutch settlers named these copper plates, beads, tobacco and liquor in people `Hottentots' after their language, which exchange for cattle and fat-tailed sheep. The had many clicks. The Khoi-khoi were building of the first European settlement was pastoralists and kept large herds of cattle and achieved largely using human power, although sheep. They were semi-nomadic and moved a few oxen bartered from the Khoi-khoi were about within a large but defined area as the used to pull a carpenter's cart.
    [Show full text]
  • Maryland Historical Magazine, 1961, Volume 56, Issue No. 2
    MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE VOL. 56, No. 2 JUNE, 1961 CONTENTS PAGE Sir Edmund Plowden's Advice to Cecilius Calvert Edited by Edward C. Carter, II 117 The James J. Archer Letters. Part I Edited by C. ^. Porter Hopkins 125 A British Officers' Revolutionary War Journal, 1776-1778 Edited by S. Sydney Bradford 150 Religious Influences on the Manumission of Slaves Kenneth L. Carroll 176 Sidelights 198 A Virginian and His Baltimore Diary: Part IV Edited by Douglas H. Gordon Reviews of Recent Books 204 Walsh, Charleston's Sons of Liberty: A Study of the Artisans, 1763- 1789, by Richard B. Morris Manakee, Maryland in the Civil War, by Theodore M. Whitfield Hawkins, Pioneer: A History of the Johns Hopkins University, 1874- 1889, by George H. Callcott Tonkin, My Partner, the River: The White Pine Story on the Susquehanna, by Dorothy M. Brown Hale, Pelts and Palisades: The Story of Fur and the Rivalry for Pelts in Early America, by R. V. Truitt Beitzell, The Jesuit Missions of St. Mary's County, Maryland, by Rev. Thomas A. Whelan Rightmyer, Parishes of the Diocese of Maryland, by George B. Scriven Altick, The Scholar Adventurers, by Ellen Hart Smith Levin, The Szolds of Lombard Street: A Baltimore Family, 1859- 1909, by Wilbur H. Hunter, Jr. Hall, Edward Randolph and the American Colonies, 1676-1703, by Verne E. Chatelain Gipson, The British Isles and the American Colonies: The Southern Plantations, 1748-1754, by Paul R. Locher Bailyn, Education in the Forming of American Society, by S. Sydney Bradford Doane, Searching for Your Ancestors: The How and Why of Genealogy, by Gust Skordas Notes and Queries 224 Contributors 228 Annual Subscription to the Magazine, $4.00.
    [Show full text]
  • High Horses Horses, Class and Socio-Economic Change in South Africa1
    Chapter 7 ❈ High Horses Horses, Class and Socio-economic Change in South Africa1 ‘Things are in the Saddle and ride mankind.’ 2 n the first half of the twentieth century there was a seismic shift in the Irelationship between horses and humans in commercial South Africa as ‘horsepower’ stopped implying equine military-agricultural potential and came to mean 746 watts of power.3 By the 1940s the South African horse industry faced a crisis. There was an over-production of horses, exacerbated by restrictions imposed by the Second World War, which rendered export to international markets difficult.4 Farm mechanisation was proceeding apace and vehicle numbers were doubling every decade.5 As the previous chapter has shown, there were doomed attempts to slow the relentless mechanisation of state transport. As late as 1949 the Horse and Mule Breeders Association issued a desperate appeal to the minister of railways and transport to stall mechanisation and use animal transport wherever possible.6 Futile efforts were made to reorientate the industry towards slaughtering horses for ‘native consumption’ or sending chilled equine meat to Belgium.7 Remount Services had been transferred to the Department of Agriculture, a significant bureaucratic step reflecting the final acknowledgement of equine superfluity to the modern military. As the previous chapter discussed, the so-called ‘Cinderella of the livestock industry’ had to reinvent itself to survive.8 A new breed of horses thus entered the landscape of the platteland: the American Saddlebred.9 Unlike the horses that had preceded them, these creatures were show horses. The breed was noted for its showy action in all Riding High 07.indd 171 2010/05/31 12:04 PM Riding High paces, its swanlike neck with ‘aristocratic arch’ and its uplifted tail.
    [Show full text]
  • Norway Country Report on Farm Animal Genetic Resources, 2002
    Norway Country Report on Farm Animal Genetic Resources, 2002 Committee on Farm Animal Genetic Resources Editor: Nina H. Sæther Norway Country Report on Farm Animal Genetic Resources, 2002 ISBN 82-996668-1-3 Published by: The Committee on Farm Animal Genetic Resources (Genressursutvalget for husdyr), 2003 Editor: Nina H. Sæther Layout: Spekter Reklamebyrå AS, www spekter.com Print: Østfold trykkeri Distribution: Norsk Landbruksmuseum, N-1432 Ås, www.nlm.nlh.no NORWAY COUNTRY REPORT ON FARM ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES, 2002 Committee on Farm Animal Genetic Resources Edited by Nina H. Sæther Norway Country Report on Farm Animal Genetic Resources CONTENTS Summary ............................................................................................................................................ 6 The Scope of the Report ................................................................................................................... 7 1 Norwegian Livestock Farming and Aquaculture ........................................................................ 9 1.1 Natural Conditions and Regulatory Framework for Agriculture and the Fish Farming Industry .... 9 1.1.1 Natural Conditions ....................................................................................................... 9 1.1.2 Regulatory Framework for Agriculture and the Fish Farming Industry ........................... 9 1.1.3 Distinctive Features of Norwegian Farm Animal Production and Aquaculture .............. 11 1.1.4 Distinctive Features of Norwegian Animal Breeding ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 01622 633060 Kent Showground, Maidstone ME14
    www.kentshow.co.uk 01622 633060 Kent Showground, Maidstone ME14 3JF KENT COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY Patron: HRH The Duke of Kent, KG President: The Lord Colgrain, DL Chairman: Mr K Attwood OFFICIAL SCHEDULE OF THE EIGHTY NINTH KENT COUNTY SHOW FRIDAY - SATURDAY - SUNDAY 06 07 08 JULY 2018 ENTRIES CLOSE Cattle, Sheep, Wool and Goats - Friday 18 May 2018 Horses and Ponies - Friday 18 May 2018 Show Jumping - Friday 22 June 2018 SHOWGROUND HOLDING NUMBER 20/059/8000 Please send your entries to the Livestock and Equine Department Kent County Agricultural Society Kent Showground Detling, Maidstone Kent ME14 3JF Tel: 01622 630975 www.kentshowground.co.uk This Schedule is issued subject to the Rules, Orders and Regulations of the Department for the Environment, Food & Rural Affairs 1 PRESIDENTS AND DEPUTY PRESIDENTS PAST AND PRESENT 1923 The Right Honourable THE EARL OF DARNLEY, CA, JP, DL 1924-1925 R BRUCE WARD 1926 Capt J I H FRIEND, OBE, MC, JP, DL 1927 The Right Honourable LORD SACKVILLE, CBE, JP, DL 1928-1929 The Right Honourable THE EARL OF RADNOR, KG, KCVO 1930 The Right Honourable SIR PHILIP SASSOON, Bart, PC, MP 1931 Major G WHELER, MC 1932 Col The Right Honourable LORD CORNWALLIS CBE, JP, DL 1933 The Right Honourable LORD PLENDER, CBE, LLD, JP 1934-1935 R BRUCE WARD 1936-1937 W K WHIGHAM, JP 1938 The Right Honourable THE EARL OF RADNOR, KG, KCVO 1939 C TUFF, DL, JP, (Sir Charles Tuff) 1947-1981 The Right Honourable LORD CORNWALLIS, KCVO, KBE, MC 1947-1965 SIR EDWARD HARDY (Deputy President) 1966-1971 SIR LESLIE DOUBLEDAY JP (Deputy
    [Show full text]
  • Ad Alta Journal of Interdisciplinary Research
    AD ALTA JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH THE CREATION OF THE BESTAU FACTORY TYPE OF THE KAZAKH DHZABE HORSE BREED AND A LINEAR BREEDING AS A KAZAKH HORSE BREED PRODUCTIVITY INCREASING METHOD IN THE NORTH EAST KAZAKHSTAN CONDITIONS aTOLEGEN ASSANBAYEV, bALZHAN SHAMSHIDIN, The horse-breeding in the herd as the way of the horse breeding cNABIDULLA KIKEBAYEV, dLEILA KASSYMBEKOVA, and rearing to XXI century set into a well-used technology. eTOLYBEK RZABAYEV, fKULSARA NURZHANOVA More than a one century experience. The only thing is that this technology gave the failures in the time of “dzhuts” when the a,dS. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University, 140000, 64 Lomov horse could not get the feed on the winter pasture because of the Str., Pavlodar, Kazakhstan very deep (50 cm) dense snow or the icy crust on the snow. c“Kazakh Tulpary” LLP, 11, Lenina Str., 111108, Zarechny village, Kostanay district, Kostanay region, Kazakhstan In the productive horse-breeding of Kazakhstan, the important e“Aktobe Agricultural Experimental Station” LLP, 030014, role occupies the Dzhabe Kazakh horse breed. These horses Aktobe, Kazakhstan constitute 34,5% in the structure of the other productive fShakarim State University of Semey, 071412, 20A Glinka Str., direction breeds. The animal development degree of the dzhabe Semey, Kazakhstan is an index of the productive horse-breeding in Kazakhstan. Though the condition and conductive breeding–tribal work with email: [email protected], [email protected], the Kazakh Dzhabe horse breed meet the highest requirements. [email protected] The successful decision of productive horse-breeding problems depends largely on the breeding work efficiency increasing at the Abstract: According to the Kazakh and English scientists’ collective researches, the expense of the introduction in practice the last achievements of Kazakh horse breed has been existed about ten thousand years ago on the modern the population genetics, the selection methods improving, the Kazakhstan territory and is one of the most ancient horse breeds in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Equine Health and Welfare Strategy , File Type
    Equine Health and Welfare Strategy for Great Britain www. equinehealthandwelfarestrategy .co.uk March 2007 EQUINE HEALTH AND WELFARE STRATEGY FOR GREAT BRITAIN Contents Page FOREWORD .............................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 3 VISION ........................................................................................................................................ 5 AIM 1: REVIEW HEALTH AND WELFARE STANDARDS..........................................................11 AIM 2: REVIEW HEALTH SURVEILLANCE ARRANGEMENTS ..............................................13 AIM 3: REVIEW HORSE WELFARE OBSERVATION ARRANGEMENTS ................................15 AIM 4: REVIEW METHODS OF HORSE IDENTIFICATION......................................................16 AIM 5: REVIEW MEDICINES NEEDS AND AVAILABILITY ......................................................17 AIM 6: REVIEW EDUCATION, SKILLS AND TRAINING ..........................................................19 AIM 7: REVIEW RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................20 AIM 8: REVIEW DELIVERY AND FURTHER DEVELOPMENT ................................................21 ANNEX A: EQUINE HEALTH AND WELFARE STRATEGY ACTION PLAN ............................23 ANNEX B: RELATED INITIATIVES ............................................................................................36
    [Show full text]
  • South 4Fric4 (1400-1881)
    Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 7, Nr 4, 1977. http://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za ~ILIT 4RY USE OF 4~1~4LS ~ SOUTH 4FRIC4 (1400-1881) LT ~c:GILL .4.LEX.4.~[)E~* Introduction credibly tough Cape Horse. This new breed was also known as the 'Hantam'.1 The extent to which military operations de- pended on animals prior to the gradual From the Cape Horse two indegenous breeds mechanisation of armed forces which has were developed as the horse, with the white \ taken place this century, is seldom fully settlers, spread further east and north. These' appreciated by the soldier in a modern army. were the 'Boerperd', which accompanied the In South Africa, with its relatively short Voortrekkers on the Great Trek, and the Ba- history profusely studded with bellige- suto Pony.2 rent actions ranging from internecine tribal squabbles through riots, rebellions, civil Responses of the non.white races to horses wars, invasions and conquests to inter- national conflicts, animals have played a sig- The introduction of mounted soldiers into nificant role in the conduct of military affairs. South Africa had an electrifying effect on the The varied topography and climate of the non-white races. Together with their use of sub-continent has enabled animals to be guns, it was this factor which gave the utilized under many conditions which have whites almost constant military superiority taxed their capabilities in various fields to over them. Yet, curiously, it was only the the utmost. Basuto who, in later years, adopted the horse on a large scale, and even then not as a com- It is the aim of this paper to examine bat animal.
    [Show full text]
  • Polymorphisms in Ten Candidate Genes Are Associated with Conformational and Locomotive Traits in Spanish Purebred Horses
    J Appl Genetics DOI 10.1007/s13353-016-0385-y ANIMAL GENETICS • ORIGINAL PAPER Polymorphisms in ten candidate genes are associated with conformational and locomotive traits in Spanish Purebred horses Natalia Sevane1 & Susana Dunner1 & Ana Boado2 & Javier Cañon1 Received: 18 July 2016 /Revised: 11 November 2016 /Accepted: 24 November 2016 # Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 2016 Abstract The Spanish Purebred horses, also known as reinforces the role that these mechanisms have in the aetiology Andalusian horses, compete to the highest standards in inter- of OC, as well as their reflection on the general conformation national dressage events. Gait and conformation could be used of the individual. These polymorphisms could be used in as early selection criteria to detect young horses with promis- marker-assisted selection (MAS) programmes to improve de- ing dressage ability. Although the genetic background of sirable conformational traits, but taking into account their pos- equine size variation has been recently uncovered, the genetic sible detrimental effect on OC prevalence. basis of horse conformational and locomotive traits is not known, hampered by the complex genetic architecture under- Keywords Equus caballus . Morphology . Association . lying quantitative traits and the lack of phenotypic data. The Single nucleotide polymorphism . SNP aim of this study was to validate the loci associated with size in 144 Spanish Purebred horses, and to seek novel associa- tions between loci previously associated with the development Introduction of osteochondrosis (OC) lesions and 20 conformational and locomotive traits. Ten loci were associated with different con- The Spanish Purebred horses, also known as Andalusian hors- formational and locomotive traits (LCORL/NCAPG, HMGA2, es, have been bred for classical dressage since the 15th century USP31, MECR, COL24A1, MGP, FA M1 84 B, PTH1R, KLF3 (Lenoir 1998), and compete to the highest standards in inter- and SGK1), and the LCORL/NCAPG association with size in national dressage events.
    [Show full text]
  • THE HANOVERIAN No 01| January 2012
    01|2012 THE HANOVERIAN No 01| January 2012 Breeding- values Balance is important Stallion Performance Test Every stallion has a chance Sport Desperados awarded Sport Perigueux is not only a top-class producer but he also proves his abilities in international jumping competitions. photo: Frieler Balance is important With the onset of a new year the time has come to plan and ponder over whom to breed the mares to; which are the suitable stallions? A valuable tool in this planning phase is the breed value estimation. By Dr. Ludwig Christmann 2 The Hanoverian 01|2012 SportBreeding oung sires are often the the focus; the new Current top producers Ystars from the stallion performance tests and The charts reflect the current top producers in Stallions that fulfill the following the moving and jumping acrobats that are placed other words the best 10 percent of the Hanoverian conditions are considered in the in the limelight in the first months of the New Year breed. The graphical illustration is based on a re- top lists for dressage and jum- on stallion exhibitions. In respect to breed progress commendation of the FN task-force. The stallions, ping: it is certainly good for breeders to be willing to dressage as well as jumper producers, are divided give young sires a chance. This becomes questio- by the accuracy of their breed values. This accuracy – Registration in the Hanoveran nable at the time when too many discover the depends on the amount of available data and the Stallion Book I for the bree- same favorites before information on heritability is heredity of various attributes.
    [Show full text]
  • Complaint Report
    EXHIBIT A ARKANSAS LIVESTOCK & POULTRY COMMISSION #1 NATURAL RESOURCES DR. LITTLE ROCK, AR 72205 501-907-2400 Complaint Report Type of Complaint Received By Date Assigned To COMPLAINANT PREMISES VISITED/SUSPECTED VIOLATOR Name Name Address Address City City Phone Phone Inspector/Investigator's Findings: Signed Date Return to Heath Harris, Field Supervisor DP-7/DP-46 SPECIAL MATERIALS & MARKETPLACE SAMPLE REPORT ARKANSAS STATE PLANT BOARD Pesticide Division #1 Natural Resources Drive Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 Insp. # Case # Lab # DATE: Sampled: Received: Reported: Sampled At Address GPS Coordinates: N W This block to be used for Marketplace Samples only Manufacturer Address City/State/Zip Brand Name: EPA Reg. #: EPA Est. #: Lot #: Container Type: # on Hand Wt./Size #Sampled Circle appropriate description: [Non-Slurry Liquid] [Slurry Liquid] [Dust] [Granular] [Other] Other Sample Soil Vegetation (describe) Description: (Place check in Water Clothing (describe) appropriate square) Use Dilution Other (describe) Formulation Dilution Rate as mixed Analysis Requested: (Use common pesticide name) Guarantee in Tank (if use dilution) Chain of Custody Date Received by (Received for Lab) Inspector Name Inspector (Print) Signature Check box if Dealer desires copy of completed analysis 9 ARKANSAS LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY COMMISSION #1 Natural Resources Drive Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 (501) 225-1598 REPORT ON FLEA MARKETS OR SALES CHECKED Poultry to be tested for pullorum typhoid are: exotic chickens, upland birds (chickens, pheasants, pea fowl, and backyard chickens). Must be identified with a leg band, wing band, or tattoo. Exemptions are those from a certified free NPIP flock or 90-day certificate test for pullorum typhoid. Water fowl need not test for pullorum typhoid unless they originate from out of state.
    [Show full text]