Den Tidlig-Moderne Duellen: Et Elitefenomen Med Lange Røtter Og Stor Kraft

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Den Tidlig-Moderne Duellen: Et Elitefenomen Med Lange Røtter Og Stor Kraft Den tidlig-moderne duellen: Et elitefenomen med lange røtter og stor kraft Marius A. Rafoshei Masteroppgave i historie Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie (IAKH) Universitetet i Oslo Vår 2017 Takk til: Min veileder gjennom prosjektet, Erling Sandmo, for å holdt meg vekk fra å gi opp og gitt meg uvurderlige tips, råd og lærdom. Min nærmeste vennekrets for å ha holdt meg i live, mat er ikke gratis. Hannes Draude, for å ha tatt seg bryet med å sjekke for skrivefeil. Polina Kulikovskikh, for å ha tatt bilder. Nabokatten, Zelda, for å jevnlig ha kommet på besøk og fungert som stum medkonspirator å kaste ball / ideer med. Forsvarsmuseet, ved de hyggelige bibliotekarene og rustmester som slapp meg inn i magasinene. Oppgaven som helhet har sitt opphav i det internasjonale miljøet for historisk fekting, og er dedikert til dette. Innholdsfortegnelse Introduksjon og problemstilling .......................................................................................................... 2 Teori og metode ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Hvordan kan jeg forstå og forklare duellen? ....................................................................................... 4 Allment kildemateriale .................................................................................................................... 6 Teori og metode, antropologi og biologi ............................................................................................. 6 Hvorfor duellere? – Instinkt mot kultur ............................................................................................... 7 De innledende tankene oppsummert. ............................................................................................ 12 Ære ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 Æren og duellen, ulike former for ære og definisjoner av disse. ................................................... 14 Konklusjoner om ære .................................................................................................................... 18 Duellens historie .................................................................................................................................. 19 Opprinnelsen ..................................................................................................................................... 19 Middelalderens juridiske og offentlige dueller .............................................................................. 21 Den senmiddelalderske juridiske duell som beskrevet i Hans Talhoffers kampbøker .................. 23 Den tidlig-moderne perioden, med sine illegitime og private, æresdueller ....................................... 29 Trykte duellnormer ............................................................................................................................. 37 Europas kampsystemer. ...................................................................................................................... 47 Fektekunsten etter Liechtenauer, et eksempel på kampkunst i senmiddelalder og tidlig-moderne periode ............................................................................................................................................... 55 Danmark-Norge og fektingen. ........................................................................................................... 63 Tycho Brahe .......................................................................................................................................... 65 Tordenskiold. ......................................................................................................................................... 73 Sammenfatning. ............................................................................................................................. 86 Tycho Brahes og Tordenskiolds dueller – en sammenlikning ......................................................... 89 Hoptons tre aspekter .......................................................................................................................... 89 Tordenskiold ...................................................................................................................................... 91 Tycho Brahe ...................................................................................................................................... 92 Tycho Brahe og Tordenskiold sett mot hverandre. ........................................................................... 93 Kulturen ......................................................................................................................................... 93 Endelig konklusjon. ............................................................................................................................. 97 Duellanten og Hobbes. ...................................................................................................................... 97 Egen erfaring. ................................................................................................................................ 98 Duellens historie, kort oppsummert. ............................................................................................... 101 Kilder og litteratur ............................................................................................................................ 103 Vedlegg – et utvalg våpen fra Forsvarsmuseets samlinger. ................................................................ 113 1 Den tidlig-moderne duellen: Et elitefenomen med lange røtter og stor kraft Introduksjon og problemstilling Glimt av Tycho Brahe og Petter Wessel «Tordenskiold» Landsbyen Gleidingen, sør for Hannover den 12. november 1720: En mann ligger døende på bakken, en mann står triumferende ved siden av ham med et blodig våpen og rundt dem står det en rekke vitner fra den lokale overklassen. Kun øyeblikk forut har den norske admiral Peter Wessel "Tordenskiold "møtt sin skjebne på kårdespissen til den baltiske adelsmann og tidligere oberst i den svenske hær Axel Staël von Holstein. 1 Ut fra kildene kan de skjebnesvangre minuttene forut ha utspilt seg på følgende måte: Etter en kort diskusjon ble de to partene enige og trakk sine våpen. Med faste, men nervøse, trinn steg de mot hverandre. Tordenskiold ble først presset tre, fire steg bakover av den langt dyktigere motstanderen sin, han sprang frem i et utfall som hans motstander satt til side med eget våpen mens han i samme bevegelse gjorde sitt motstøt, Tordenskiold var for nær, hans våpen for høyt, og han ble truffet av kontringsstøtet. Han segnet om mens han på tysk ropte ut «Ich habe genug, mein Arm ist ab!» Våpenet til von Holstein hadde truffet inn under armhulen, og stukket så dypt at den kun ble stoppet av admiralens ryggrad.2 Kort tid etterpå ble liket til Tordenskiold hurtig lastet opp på den hestetrukne vognen som tok ham til plassen og i all hast ført tilbake til Hannoversk territorie og landsbyen Reten. Nesten to hundre år tidligere, en desemberaften i 1566 De to astronomer har kranglet før, nå krangles det igjen, og det må avgjøres. Den ene ber den andre med seg ut for å avslutte det hele med dragne våpen, noe motparten sier seg enig i. Ute i skogen, med kun måneskinnet som lyskilde går de løs på hverandre med sine sverd. Kampen 1 Olav Bergersen, Viceadmiral Tordenskiold: Bind II, (Trondhjem: Forfatterens Forlag, 1925) 2 Bergersen, Viceadmiral Tordenskiold: Bind II. 2 ender i det den ene parten har fått et brutalt og skamferende sår: Deler av hans nese er kappet av. Hans navn var Tycho Brahe og denne episoden er en av de sentrale i mytene og historiene om den danske astronomen som levde et fascinerende renessanseliv. Kampformen de to var med på har et navn som enda er kjent, og det vekker sterke følelser, gjerne romantiske, hos den moderne leser: Duell. Og det er duellen denne masteroppgaven skal handle om. Av hensyn til plass er det duellen i den tidlig-moderne perioden vi skal se på, men for å forstå denne må også middelalderen og duellens opphav her dekkes. Dette for å gi det historiske bakteppet, med evolusjonen og argumentene rundt denne, som alle hadde innvirkning på den senere tidlig-moderne duellen. Ethvert fenomen som varer over lengre tid har en rik historie, hvor flere aspekter må tas med for å forstå. Duellen var en avtalt kamp mellom to parter, noen ganger med døden til følge – vel så ofte ikke. Dette er et emne vi alle har et forhold til den dag i dag: ordet "duell" dukker opp i dagligtale, og tvekampen mellom protagonist og antagonist er et velkjent grep i film og litteratur. Det er mulig å se duellen som en kulminasjon av ritualisert voldsbruk i konflikter innenfor en sterkt mannspreget samfunnssfære, og duellen kan benyttes av historikere, antropologer, sosiologer og samfunnsforskere for å forsøke å forstå et vidt spekter av problemer: Fra selve duellen i seg, til menn i møte med vold, æreskonflikter, eller siviliseringen av samfunnet. Siden det ofte er de samme årsakene som ligger til grunn for en duell eller en moderne nevekamp er det på samme tid både nyttig og lett å sammenligne disse liknende fenomenene og adferd på tvers av kultur og tid, mens definisjoner og vidt trekkende konklusjoner er en overhengende fare. Tycho Brahe og Tordenskiold levde og duellerte med snaue to århundrer mellom seg, allikevel deltok de begge i den
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