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Strong Coupling and Magnetic Field Effects in Microcavity Light Sources Strong Coupling and Magnetic Field Effects in Microcavity Light Sources by Ayan Das A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Electrical Engineering) in The University of Michigan 2012 Doctoral Committee: Professor Pallab K. Bhattacharya, Chair Assistant Professor Hui Deng Professor Stephen R. Forrest Associate Professor Jamie D. Phillips © Ayan Das 2012 To my mentor, Swami Sivapradananda (Saikateshda), who taught me the essence of 'simple living and high thinking' and used to quote: "manifest plainness, embrace simplicity, reduce selfishness, have few desires" and to my parents, for their unconditional love and support ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Prof. Pallab Bhattacharya for his constant support and guidance throughout my PhD years. He was extremely patient with me, gave me the leeway to work on new and crazy ideas, and cared for me like a parent. He was always available to discuss my research and I will miss our long discussions on science. He set an example of a great educator and will remain as a source of inspiration throughout my life. It has truly been an honor to work with Prof. Bhattacharya. I am grateful to my committee members, Prof. Stephen Forrest, Prof. Jamie Phillips, and Prof. Hui Deng, for devoting their time to review this dissertation and for providing valuable suggestions and comments to improve the quality of this work. I specially thank Prof. Deng for the many valuable discussions we had on exciton-polaritons that enriched my understanding of the subject. I am thankful to Dr. Debashish Basu and Dr. Junseok Heo, my mentors in this group. They taught me the basics in the lab, helped me out during any research problems, improved my experimental skills, and were always available for discussion. I would thank Marc Jankowski, for the precious time we spent over three years through difficult measurements and analysis that had never been embarked upon in our group. I thank Sishir Bhowmick, Adrian Bayraktaglu, and Prof. Wei Guo for the samples that gave me excellent results. I thank Animesh Banerjee for being my roommate and my best friend in the group. We shared some excellent time together and I wish him success and glory in the years to follow. I would like to express my gratitude to my other past and present research group members, Dr. Dipankar Saha, Prof. Wei Guo, Dr. Guan Huang, Dr. Meng Zhang, Dr. Chi-Sen Lee, Dr. Hyun Kum, Shafat Jahangir, Saniya Deshpande, Thomas Frost, Allan Xiao, and Ethan Stark - they are extremely talented and diligent, yet iii friendly and supportive. Ethan and Allan deserve special mention for correcting my thesis. Special thanks to Ritesh Parikh and Vivek Joshi, for their support and friendship and making my life outside research fun and my stay in Ann Arbor memorable and enjoyable. Finally, I would like to thank Tanusree, my fiancé - the one other most significant person in my life who cared more for me and for this thesis than I do. I thank her for her love and care throughout the three years we have been together, for adding another layer of meaning to my life. I greatly appreciate all the Lurie Nanofabrication Facility staff for their constant support in and out of the cleanroom, especially Matthew Oonk, Edward Tang, Greg Allion, and Dennis Schweiger for their expertise in thin film deposition, lithography techniques, and lab management. I am also grateful to the DCO department for their excellent support and assistance. I thank Lisa Vogel, Melanie Caughey, Denise Oscar, Laura Jarels, Frances Doman, Deb Swartz, Karen Liska, and Beth Stalnaker for excellent administrative support throughout my graduate career. I wish to acknowledge the University of Michigan Rackham Graduate School for providing partial fellowships to support my education, the Office of Naval Research (ONR), the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the KAUST grant for funding this research. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.........................................................................................................iii LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................ix LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................................xvii LIST OF APPENDICES..........................................................................................................xviii ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................xix CHAPTER 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background........................................................................................................1 1.2 Motivation for Present Work.............................................................................3 1.3 Dissertation Overview.......................................................................................4 1.4 Thesis Organization...........................................................................................6 2. Microcavity Exciton-Polaritons....................................................................................7 2.1 Excitons in Semiconductors...............................................................................7 2.1.1 Bulk Excitons......................................................................................7 2.1.2 Excitons in Quantum Wells................................................................8 2.1.3 Excitons in Quantum Dots.................................................................9 2.1.4 Excitons in GaN/ZnO Nanowires.....................................................10 2.2 Cavities: Light Confinement............................................................................11 2.2.1 Distributed Bragg Reflectors............................................................11 2.2.2 Microcavity.......................................................................................12 2.2.3 Photon Dispersion.............................................................................13 2.3 Strong Light-Matter Coupling in Microcavities..............................................14 2.3.1 Principles..........................................................................................14 2.3.2 Hopfield Coefficients.......................................................................17 2.3.3 Strong Coupling Conditions.............................................................17 2.3.4 Polariton Mass..................................................................................18 2.3.5 Experimental Signatures of Strong Coupling: Anti-Crossing..........19 2.3.5.1 Momentum Space anti-crossing.........................................19 2.3.5.2 Temperature Tuning...........................................................19 2.3.5.3 Anti-crossing through real space cavity mode tuning........20 2.3.6 Strong to Weak Coupling Transition................................................21 v 2.4 Condensation of Microcavity Polaritons........................................................21 2.4.1 Validity of Bosonic Nature of Excitons............................................21 2.4.2 Kinetics of Polariton Condensation..................................................22 2.4.3 Lifetime Variation in Momentum Space..........................................23 2.4.4 Bottleneck Effect..............................................................................24 2.4.5 Bose-Einstein Condensation of Microcavity Polaritons...................25 2.4.6 Polariton Laser..................................................................................26 2.4.7 Thermodynamic Picture: Critical Density........................................27 2.4.8 Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Regimes: Role of Detuning..................28 2.5 Conclusion.......................................................................................................28 3. Experimental Techniques............................................................................................30 3.1 Materials Investigated.....................................................................................30 3.2 Fabrication Techniques....................................................................................32 3.2.1 Fabrication Procedure for a Single Nanowire Dielectric Microcavity.......................................................................................32 3.2.2 Fabrication of GaAs-based Microcavities........................................35 3.3 Measurement Techniques................................................................................37 3.3.1 Micro-photoluminescence.................................................................37 3.3.2 Angle-resolved photoluminescence..................................................38 3.3.3 Time-resolved photoluminescence...................................................39 3.3.4 Output polarization measurements...................................................40 3.3.5 Measurement of circular polarization in a magneto-optic cryostat..41 3.3.6 First-order temporal coherence.........................................................42 3.3.7 Second-order temporal coherence.....................................................44
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