DOCSLIB.ORG

Cyclotron Resonance in Solid-State Plasma

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cyclotron Resonance in Solid-State Plasma Introduction N THE FACE OF IT, "SOLID-STATE PLASMA" is a O contradiction in terms. How can one have a plasma (a word derived from the Greek, meaning "plastic" or "fluid" and used to describe a collec­ CYCLOTRON RESONANCE IN tion of mobile charged particles) and simultane­ SOLID-STATE PLASMA ously a solid, manifestly a crystalline collection of atoms rigidly fixed in a uniform lattice? The answer T.O. Poehler and J.R. Ape! is to be found in the collective behavior of electrons in the material. Crystals (except for insulators) contain a number of electrons free to wander about between lattice sites. These electrons are largely responsible for the current-carrying properties of the solid; they also contribute to the infrared and optical characteris­ prototype controlled thermonuclear reactors under tics of the material in a way that depends, among study by gas plasma physicists the world over. other things, upon their concentration nco The pro­ In most of these applications, an externally­ gression from a nearly insulating, optically trans­ imposed magnetic field B plays an important role­ parent crystal such as diamond, through the silver­ it establishes in the solid a second characteristic sheened semiconductors like silicon or germanium, frequency, the electron cyclotron frequency We = to the highly conducting metals is best typified by eB/ mc, where B is the magnetic field in gauss and a monotonic increasing electron concentration. At c is the velocity of light. Recall that this frequency any concentration, there exists a characteristic fre­ is the angular rate at which an electron gyrates in quency W p , the plasma frequency, equal to (47rnce2 / a magnetic field; it also causes a striking aniso­ mEL) !, for which the crystal becomes transparent to tropy in the propagation features of any electro­ electromagnetic radiation of angular frequency magnetic wave traversing the sample. It may serve w> Wp. Here e and m are the carrier charge and to control and channel the plasma in somewhat effective mass respectively, and El is the lattice or the same fashion as occurs in a magnetically con­ background dielectric constant. In impure diamond fined gas plasma. It is this magnetic field that lends at room temperature, Wp may be in the radiofre­ much of the interest to the subject, allowing not quency range; in semiconductors, it is in the infra­ only variety and flexibility in the devices that utilize red, while in the alkali metals (Na, K, etc.), it lies it, but introducing, as it does, significant changes in in the near-ultraviolet. The existence of this ubiqui­ the quantum states of a conduction electron and in tous cutoff frequency at which reflection of electro­ its interaction with the other fundamental excita­ magnetic waves occurs is due to a cooperative, tions of the solid-photons, phonons, plasmons, fluid-like motion of the conduction electrons and and the like. It is to the investigation of such inter­ holes in response to the waves; it is this collective actions that the solid-state plasma activity at the response, virtually identical to that existing in Applied Physics Laboratory is addressed. ionized gas plasma, that leads to the name "solid­ state plasma" for mobile carriers. Semiconductor Properties Why is one interested in solid-state plasmas? The majority of the experiments described here Aside from the usual scientific reasons falling under have been conducted in those materials called com­ the heading of Natural Philosophy, there are com­ pound semiconductors.l These materials are gener­ pelling practical motivations well known to tech­ ally binary compounds between elements of groups nologists: Devices. By properly utilizing the plasma II and VI, or groups III and V of the periodic table, characteristics of certain semiconductors, one such as GaAs and InSb. These semiconductors might hope to construct miniaturized microwave crystallize in the zinc-blende or wurtzite structures and infrared sources, magnetically-tuned lasers which are similar to the diamond structure of the and band-pass filters, sensitive infrared and optical detectors and, to a limited extent, small-sized solid­ 1 Physics of III-VI Compounds, Willardson and Beer, Ed., Academic state analogs to the very large (and hence expensive) Press, New York, 1966. 2 APL T echnical Digest band, or by excitation of free carriers from im­ purity levels in the energy gap between bands. At room temperatures both carrier generation mecha­ nisms contribute to the conductivity, but at low Electrons and holes in a semiconductor form a solid-state temperatures where the thermal excitation of car­ plasma having many unusual features. When cooled to low riers across the band gap becomes negligible, the temperatures and placed in a large magnetic field, such a plasma interacts with far-infrared laser radiation and with free charge carriers are predominantly those excited ionized impurities in a distinctly quantum-mechanical fashion. from impurity levels. Since a given semiconductor material usually has either a large number of donor impurities contributing excess electrons to the con­ duction band, or a large number of acceptor im­ purities leading to holes in the valence band, low temperature conduction is generally controlled predominantly by one type of carrier. The relation between current density and electric elemental semiconductors, germanium and silicon. The energy band structure of these compounds is field, J = nce/J- nE, (for conduction by electrons) is analogous in many respects to that of the elemental not in general a linear one. At high electric fields semiconductors because of the close relationship and low lattice temperatures, electrons may gain of the crystal structures. sufficient energy from the field to ionize previously neutral impurity atoms on collision in the so-called The energy band structure of a semiconductor is impact ionization process. The electrons which have an important factor in determining the movement of charge carriers causing a transport of charge or derived extra energy from the electric field can also energy through the material. Under the influence be considered to be at a higher temperature than the background lattice-these are called hot elec­ of an electric field E, the electrons and holes move trons. Since the mobility is a function of tempera­ in opposite directions along the field leading to a ture, these electrons will have a mobility which current density J, where J = uE = e(nc/J-n + p/J-p)E. depends on the applied field strength. Thus, there Here the conductivity, u, is related to nc and p , the will be increasing deviations from a linear equation concentration of electrons and holes respectively, at high electric fields through variations in both and /J-n and /J-p are the respective mobilities of these carrier concentration and the mobility. charge carriers. The quantity which characterizes charge transport is the mobility, /J-, which is the As a class the III-V compound semiconductors ratio of the average velocity of the carriers to the are typified by a wide range of energy gaps, low electric field strength; further, /J- = eT / m, where m effective electronic masses, high electron mobilities, is the effective mass of the carriers and T the mean and high conductivity. These characteristics are time between collisions. At room temperature the shown quantitatively in Table 1. The number of mobility in relatively pure semiconductors is lim­ charge carriers ni in an intrinsic semiconductor de­ ited owing to scattering of electrons and holes by pends on the energy gap (, y and the temperature T acoustic or optical phonons, the quantized vibra­ in an exponential fashion, that is, ni ex: exp( - (,y / tional excitations of the crystal lattice. In compound 2kBT) where kB is Boltzmann's constant. Most of semiconductors, scattering of carriers by optical the compounds have sufficiently large energy gaps phonons plays the dominant role while at low tem­ that the number of carriers in a pure material peratures the limit on mobility is determined by should be quite small. However, as the temperature scattering by ionized impurities. The mobility at a is reduced the carrier concentration in each of these given temperature and impurity concentration is materials reaches a constant value essentially inde­ then given by pendent of temperature. The cause of this excessive minimum value is the existence of imperfections in 1/ /J- = 1/ /J-impurity 1/ /J-I attice. + the structure of the crystal. The imperfections can The charge carriers contributing to the conduc­ be either in the form of foreign impurity atoms tivity arise either through the creation of an elec­ introduced into the crystal or deviations from tron-hole pair by excitation of an electron from stoichiometry, that is, where the elements in the the uppermost valence band to the conduction compound are present in an improper proportion. May - June 1970 3 TABLE 1 PROPERTIES OF COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS Energy Plasma Debye ~ffective - Mobility Conductivity Compound Electron Gap Frequency Length (cm2 I V-sec) (fl-cm)-I Mass * (eV) (sec-I) (cm) InSb 0.014 0.18 78,000 100 1 X 1012 1. 5 X 10-5 InAs 0.022 0.33 33,000 50 8 X 1012 1. 5 X 10-6 InP 0.067 1. 25 4,600 10 4 X 1012 5 X 10-6 GaSb 0.047 0.67 4,000 25 6 X 1012 7 X 10- 6 GaAs 0.068 1.4 8,800 10 1 X 1012 1 X 10-5 HSI_",Cd",Te 0.005 0.13 60,000 100 1. 5 X 1013 1 X 10-6 (x=0.18) * In units of the free electron mass mo. At room temperature, carriers are thermally excited or holes. With these, the neutralizing charges are from these defect or impurity levels into the con­ fixed ions of opposite sign and the plasma proper­ duction or valence bands causing an excess of ~ar­ ties are established by one type of mobile charge riers above the intrinsic concentration.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Glossary Physics (I-Introduction)
    1 Glossary Physics (I-introduction) - Efficiency: The percent of the work put into a machine that is converted into useful work output; = work done / energy used [-]. = eta In machines: The work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input (<=100%); in an ideal machine, where no energy is transformed into heat: work(input) = work(output), =100%. Energy: The property of a system that enables it to do work. Conservation o. E.: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. Equilibrium: The state of an object when not acted upon by a net force or net torque; an object in equilibrium may be at rest or moving at uniform velocity - not accelerating. Mechanical E.: The state of an object or system of objects for which any impressed forces cancels to zero and no acceleration occurs. Dynamic E.: Object is moving without experiencing acceleration. Static E.: Object is at rest.F Force: The influence that can cause an object to be accelerated or retarded; is always in the direction of the net force, hence a vector quantity; the four elementary forces are: Electromagnetic F.: Is an attraction or repulsion G, gravit. const.6.672E-11[Nm2/kg2] between electric charges: d, distance [m] 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (q1q2/d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] m,M, mass [kg] Gravitational F.: Is a mutual attraction between all masses: q, charge [As] [C] 2 2 2 2 F = GmM/d [Nm /kg kg 1/m ] = [N] 0, dielectric constant Strong F.: (nuclear force) Acts within the nuclei of atoms: 8.854E-12 [C2/Nm2] [F/m] 2 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (e /d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] , 3.14 [-] Weak F.: Manifests itself in special reactions among elementary e, 1.60210 E-19 [As] [C] particles, such as the reaction that occur in radioactive decay.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasma Physics I APPH E6101x Columbia University Fall, 2016
    Lecture 1: Plasma Physics I APPH E6101x Columbia University Fall, 2016 1 Syllabus and Class Website http://sites.apam.columbia.edu/courses/apph6101x/ 2 Textbook “Plasma Physics offers a broad and modern introduction to the many aspects of plasma science … . A curious student or interested researcher could track down laboratory notes, older monographs, and obscure papers … . with an extensive list of more than 300 references and, in particular, its excellent overview of the various techniques to generate plasma in a laboratory, Plasma Physics is an excellent entree for students into this rapidly growing field. It’s also a useful reference for professional low-temperature plasma researchers.” (Michael Brown, Physics Today, June, 2011) 3 Grading • Weekly homework • Two in-class quizzes (25%) • Final exam (50%) 4 https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sdo/overview/ Launched 11 Feb 2010 5 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sdo/news/sdo-year2.html#.VerqQLRgyxI 6 http://www.ccfe.ac.uk/MAST.aspx http://www.ccfe.ac.uk/mast_upgrade_project.aspx 7 https://youtu.be/svrMsZQuZrs 8 9 10 ITER: The International Burning Plasma Experiment Important fusion science experiment, but without low-activation fusion materials, tritium breeding, … ~ 500 MW 10 minute pulses 23,000 tonne 51 GJ >30B $US (?) DIII-D ⇒ ITER ÷ 3.7 (50 times smaller volume) (400 times smaller energy) 11 Prof. Robert Gross Columbia University Fusion Energy (1984) “Fusion has proved to be a very difficult challenge. The early question was—Can fusion be done, and, if so how? … Now, the challenge lies in whether fusion can be done in a reliable, an economical, and socially acceptable way…” 12 http://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil 13 14 Plasmasphere (Image EUV) 15 https://youtu.be/TaPgSWdcYtY 16 17 LETTER doi:10.1038/nature14476 Small particles dominate Saturn’s Phoebe ring to surprisingly large distances Douglas P.
    [Show full text]
  • Call Numbers
    Call numbers: It is our recommendation that libraries NOT put J, +, E, Ref, etc. in the call number field in front of the Dewey or other call number. Use the Home Location field to indicate the collection for the item. It is difficult if not impossible to sort lists if the call number fields aren’t entered systematically. Dewey Call Numbers for Non-Fiction Each library follows its own practice for how long a Dewey number they use and what letters are used for the author’s name. Some libraries use a number (Cutter number from a table) after the letters for the author’s name. Other just use letters for the author’s name. Call Numbers for Fiction For fiction, the call number is usually the author’s Last Name, First Name. (Use a comma between last and first name.) It is usually already in the call number field when you barcode. Call Numbers for Paperbacks Each library follows its own practice. Just be consistent for easier handling of the weeding lists. WCTS libraries should follow the format used by WCTS for the items processed by them for your library. Most call numbers are either the author’s name or just the first letters of the author’s last name. Please DO catalog your paperbacks so they can be shared with other libraries. Call Numbers for Magazines To get the call numbers to display in the correct order by date, the call number needs to begin with the date of the issue in a number format, followed by the issue in alphanumeric format.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works
    UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title Astrophysics in 2006 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5760h9v8 Journal Space Science Reviews, 132(1) ISSN 0038-6308 Authors Trimble, V Aschwanden, MJ Hansen, CJ Publication Date 2007-09-01 DOI 10.1007/s11214-007-9224-0 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Space Sci Rev (2007) 132: 1–182 DOI 10.1007/s11214-007-9224-0 Astrophysics in 2006 Virginia Trimble · Markus J. Aschwanden · Carl J. Hansen Received: 11 May 2007 / Accepted: 24 May 2007 / Published online: 23 October 2007 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract The fastest pulsar and the slowest nova; the oldest galaxies and the youngest stars; the weirdest life forms and the commonest dwarfs; the highest energy particles and the lowest energy photons. These were some of the extremes of Astrophysics 2006. We attempt also to bring you updates on things of which there is currently only one (habitable planets, the Sun, and the Universe) and others of which there are always many, like meteors and molecules, black holes and binaries. Keywords Cosmology: general · Galaxies: general · ISM: general · Stars: general · Sun: general · Planets and satellites: general · Astrobiology · Star clusters · Binary stars · Clusters of galaxies · Gamma-ray bursts · Milky Way · Earth · Active galaxies · Supernovae 1 Introduction Astrophysics in 2006 modifies a long tradition by moving to a new journal, which you hold in your (real or virtual) hands. The fifteen previous articles in the series are referenced oc- casionally as Ap91 to Ap05 below and appeared in volumes 104–118 of Publications of V.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasma Physics and Advanced Fluid Dynamics Jean-Marcel Rax (Univ. Paris-Saclay, Ecole Polytechnique), Christophe Gissinger (LPEN
    Plasma Physics and advanced fluid dynamics Jean-Marcel Rax (Univ. Paris-Saclay, Ecole Polytechnique), Christophe Gissinger (LPENS)) I- Plasma Physics : principles, structures and dynamics, waves and instabilities Besides ordinary temperature usual (i) solid state, (ii) liquid state and (iii) gaseous state, at very low and very high temperatures new exotic states appear : (iv) quantum fluids and (v) ionized gases. These states display a variety of specific and new physical phenomena : (i) at low temperature quantum coherence, correlation and indiscernibility lead to superfluidity, su- perconductivity and Bose-Einstein condensation ; (ii) at high temperature ionization provides a significant fraction of free charges responsible for in- stabilities, nonlinear, chaotic and turbulent behaviors characteristic of the \plasma state". This set of lectures provides an introduction to the basic tools, main results and advanced methods of Plasma Physics. • Plasma Physics : History, orders of magnitudes, Bogoliubov's hi- erarchy, fluid and kinetic reductions. Electric screening : Langmuir frequency, Maxwell time, Debye length, hybrid frequencies. Magnetic screening : London and Kelvin lengths. Alfven and Bohm velocities. • Charged particles dynamics : adiabaticity and stochasticity. Alfven and Ehrenfest adiabatic invariants. Electric and magnetic drifts. Pon- deromotive force. Wave/particle interactions : Chirikov criterion and chaotic dynamics. Quasilinear kinetic equation for Landau resonance. • Structure and self-organization : Debye and Child-Langmuir sheath, Chapman-Ferraro boundary layer. Brillouin and basic MHD flow. Flux conservation : Alfven's theorem. Magnetic topology : magnetic helicity conservation. Grad-Shafranov and basic MHD equilibrium. • Waves and instabilities : Fluid and kinetic dispersions : resonance and cut-off. Landau and cyclotron absorption. Bernstein's modes. Fluid instabilities : drift, interchange and kink. Alfvenic and geometric coupling.
    [Show full text]
  • Minorities and Women in Television See Little Change, While Minorities Fare Worse in Radio
    RunningRunning inin PlacePlace Minorities and women in television see little change, while minorities fare worse in radio. By Bob Papper he latest figures from the RTNDA/Ball State Uni- Minority Population vs. Minority Broadcast Workforce versity Annual Survey show lit- 2005 2004 2000 1995 1990 tle change for minorities in tel- evision news in the past year but Minority Population in U.S. 33.2% 32.8% 30.9% 27.9% 25.9% slippage in radio news. Minority TV Workforce 21.2 21.8 21.0 17.1 17.8 TIn television, the overall minority Minority Radio Workforce 7.9 11.8 10.0 14.7 10.8 workforce remained largely un- Source for U.S. numbers: U.S. Census Bureau changed at 21.2 percent, compared with last year’s 21.8 percent. At non-Hispanic stations, the the stringent Equal Employment minority workforce in TV news is up minority workforce also remained Opportunity rules were eliminated in 3.4 percent. At the same time, the largely steady at 19.5 percent, com- 1998. minority population in the U.S. has pared with 19.8 percent a year ago. News director numbers were increased 7.3 percent. Overall, the After a jump in last year’s minority mixed, with the percentage of minor- minority workforce in TV has been at radio numbers, the percentage fell this ity TV news directors down slightly to 20 percent—plus or minus 3 per- year.The minority radio news work- 12 percent (from 12.5 percent last cent—for every year in the past 15.
    [Show full text]
  • Precise Radioactivity Measurements a Controversy
    http://cyclotron.tamu.edu Precise Radioactivity Measurements: A Controversy Settled Simultaneous measurements of x-rays and gamma rays emitted in radioactive nuclear decays probe how frequently excited nuclei release energy by ejecting an atomic electron THE SCIENCE Radioactivity takes several different forms. One is when atomic nuclei in an excited state release their excess energy (i.e., they decay) by emitting a type of electromagnetic radiation, called gamma rays. Sometimes, rather than a gamma ray being emitted, the nucleus conveys its energy electromagnetically to an atomic electron, causing it to be ejected at high speed instead. The latter process is called internal conversion and, for a particular radioactive decay, the probability of electron emission relative to that of gamma-ray emission is called the internal conversion coefficient (ICC). Theoretically, for almost all transitions, the ICC is expected to depend on the quantum numbers of the participating nuclear excited states and on the amount of energy released, but not on the sometimes obscure details of how the nucleus is structured. For the first time, scientists have been able to test the theory to percent precision, verifying its independence from nuclear structure. At the same time, the new results have guided theorists to make improvements in their ICC calculations. THE IMPACT For the decays of most known excited states in nuclei, only the gamma rays have been observed, so scientists have had to combine measured gamma-ray intensities with calculated ICCs in order to put together a complete picture known as a decay scheme, which includes the contribution of electron as well as gamma-ray emission, for every radioactive decay.
    [Show full text]
  • March 21–25, 2016
    FORTY-SEVENTH LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE PROGRAM OF TECHNICAL SESSIONS MARCH 21–25, 2016 The Woodlands Waterway Marriott Hotel and Convention Center The Woodlands, Texas INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT Universities Space Research Association Lunar and Planetary Institute National Aeronautics and Space Administration CONFERENCE CO-CHAIRS Stephen Mackwell, Lunar and Planetary Institute Eileen Stansbery, NASA Johnson Space Center PROGRAM COMMITTEE CHAIRS David Draper, NASA Johnson Space Center Walter Kiefer, Lunar and Planetary Institute PROGRAM COMMITTEE P. Doug Archer, NASA Johnson Space Center Nicolas LeCorvec, Lunar and Planetary Institute Katherine Bermingham, University of Maryland Yo Matsubara, Smithsonian Institute Janice Bishop, SETI and NASA Ames Research Center Francis McCubbin, NASA Johnson Space Center Jeremy Boyce, University of California, Los Angeles Andrew Needham, Carnegie Institution of Washington Lisa Danielson, NASA Johnson Space Center Lan-Anh Nguyen, NASA Johnson Space Center Deepak Dhingra, University of Idaho Paul Niles, NASA Johnson Space Center Stephen Elardo, Carnegie Institution of Washington Dorothy Oehler, NASA Johnson Space Center Marc Fries, NASA Johnson Space Center D. Alex Patthoff, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cyrena Goodrich, Lunar and Planetary Institute Elizabeth Rampe, Aerodyne Industries, Jacobs JETS at John Gruener, NASA Johnson Space Center NASA Johnson Space Center Justin Hagerty, U.S. Geological Survey Carol Raymond, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Lindsay Hays, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Paul Schenk,
    [Show full text]
  • Girls' Elite 2 0 2 0 - 2 1 S E a S O N by the Numbers
    GIRLS' ELITE 2 0 2 0 - 2 1 S E A S O N BY THE NUMBERS COMPARING NORMAL SEASON TO 2020-21 NORMAL 2020-21 SEASON SEASON SEASON LENGTH SEASON LENGTH 6.5 Months; Dec - Jun 6.5 Months, Split Season The 2020-21 Season will be split into two segments running from mid-September through mid-February, taking a break for the IHSA season, and then returning May through mid- June. The season length is virtually the exact same amount of time as previous years. TRAINING PROGRAM TRAINING PROGRAM 25 Weeks; 157 Hours 25 Weeks; 156 Hours The training hours for the 2020-21 season are nearly exact to last season's plan. The training hours do not include 16 additional in-house scrimmage hours on the weekends Sep-Dec. Courtney DeBolt-Slinko returns as our Technical Director. 4 new courts this season. STRENGTH PROGRAM STRENGTH PROGRAM 3 Days/Week; 72 Hours 3 Days/Week; 76 Hours Similar to the Training Time, the 2020-21 schedule will actually allow for a 4 additional hours at Oak Strength in our Sparta Science Strength & Conditioning program. These hours are in addition to the volleyball-specific Training Time. Oak Strength is expanding by 8,800 sq. ft. RECRUITING SUPPORT RECRUITING SUPPORT Full Season Enhanced Full Season In response to the recruiting challenges created by the pandemic, we are ADDING livestreaming/recording of scrimmages and scheduled in-person visits from Lauren, Mikaela or Peter. This is in addition to our normal support services throughout the season. TOURNAMENT DATES TOURNAMENT DATES 24-28 Dates; 10-12 Events TBD Dates; TBD Events We are preparing for 15 Dates/6 Events Dec-Feb.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasma Descriptions I: Kinetic, Two-Fluid 1
    CHAPTER 5. PLASMA DESCRIPTIONS I: KINETIC, TWO-FLUID 1 Chapter 5 Plasma Descriptions I: Kinetic, Two-Fluid Descriptions of plasmas are obtained from extensions of the kinetic theory of gases and the hydrodynamics of neutral uids (see Sections A.4 and A.6). They are much more complex than descriptions of charge-neutral uids because of the complicating eects of electric and magnetic elds on the motion of charged particles in the plasma, and because the electric and magnetic elds in the plasma must be calculated self-consistently with the plasma responses to them. Additionally, magnetized plasmas respond very anisotropically to perturbations — because charged particles in them ow almost freely along magnetic eld lines, gyrate about the magnetic eld, and drift slowly perpendicular to the magnetic eld. The electric and magnetic elds in a plasma are governed by the Maxwell equations (see Section A.2). Most calculations in plasma physics assume that the constituent charged particles are moving in a vacuum; thus, the micro- scopic, “free space” Maxwell equations given in (??) are appropriate. For some applications the electric and magnetic susceptibilities (and hence dielectric and magnetization responses) of plasmas are derived (see for example Sections 1.3, 1.4 and 1.6); then, the macroscopic Maxwell equations are used. Plasma eects enter the Maxwell equations through the charge density and current “sources” produced by the response of a plasma to electric and magnetic elds: X X q = nsqs, J = nsqsVs, plasma charge, current densities. (5.1) s s Here, the subscript s indicates the charged particle species (s = e, i for electrons, 3 ions), ns is the density (#/m ) of species s, qs the charge (Coulombs) on the species s particles, and Vs the species ow velocity (m/s).
    [Show full text]
  • Digitalcommons@UTEP
    University of Texas at El Paso DigitalCommons@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2017-01-01 Her Alessandra Narvaez-Varela University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the Creative Writing Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Narvaez-Varela, Alessandra, "Her" (2017). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 509. https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/509 This is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HER ALESSANDRA NARVÁEZ-VARELA Master's Program in Creative Writing APPROVED: Sasha Pimentel, Chair Andrea Cote-Botero, Ph.D. David Ruiter, Ph.D. Charles Ambler, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School . Copyright © by Alessandra Narváez-Varela 2017 For my mother—Amanda Socorro Varela Aragón— the original Her HER by ALESSANDRA NARVÁEZ-VARELA, B.S in Biology, B.A. in Creative Writing THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF FINE ARTS Department of Creative Writing THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO December 2017 Acknowledgements Thank you to the editors of Duende for publishing a previous version of “The Cosmic Millimeter,” and to the Department of Hispanic Studies at the University of Houston for the forthcoming publication of a chapbook featuring the following poems: “Curves,” “Savage Nerd Cunt,” “Beauty,” “Bride,” “An Education,” “Daddy, Look at Me,” and “Cut.” Thank you to Casa Cultural de las Américas for sponsoring the reading that made this chapbook possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Season 6, Episode 4: Airstream Caravan Tukufu Zuberi
    Season 6, Episode 4: Airstream Caravan Tukufu Zuberi: Our next story investigates the exotic travels of this vintage piece of Americana. In the years following World War II, Americans took to the open road in unprecedented numbers. A pioneering entrepreneur named Wally Byam seized on this wanderlust. He believed his aluminium-skinned Airstream trailers could be vehicles for change, transporting Americans to far away destinations, and to a new understanding of their place in the world. In 1959, he dreamt up an outlandish scheme: to ship 41 Airstreams half way around the globe for a 14,000-mile caravan from Cape Town to the pyramids of Egypt. Nearly 50 years later, Doug and Suzy Carr of Long Beach, California, think these fading numbers and decal may mean their vintage Airstream was part of this modern day wagon train. Suzy: We're hoping that it's one of forty-one Airstreams that went on a safari in 1959 and was photographed in front of the pyramids. Tukufu: I’m Tukufu Zuberi, and I’ve come to Long Beach to find out just how mobile this home once was. Doug: Hi, how ya doing? Tukufu: I'm fine. How are you? I’m Tukufu Zuberi. Doug: All right. I'm Doug Carr. This is my wife Suzy. Suzy: Hey, great to meet you. Welcome to Grover Beach. Tukufu: How you doing? You know, this is a real funky cool pad. Suzy: It's about as funky as it can be. Tukufu: What do you have for me? Suzy: Well, it all started with a neighbor, and he called over and said, “I believe you have a really famous trailer.” He believed that ours was one of a very few that in 1959 had gone on a safari with Wally Byam.
    [Show full text]