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AREAEA/ Seminar Series No. 1
ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY
THE IRPS-AEA SEMINAR ON CURRENT TRENDS IN RADIATION PHYSICS
Editors M.A. GOMAA A.Z. ELBEHAY G.M. HASSIB A.M. ELNAGGAR
Printed By AEA Information Centre 1993 NUCLEAR INFORMATION CENTRE ATOMIC ENERGY POST OFFICE CAIRO, ARE Seminar Series No. 1
ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORIT iNTERNATIONAL RADIATION PHYSIC SOCIETEY The IRPS-AEA Joint Seminar on Current
Trends in Radiation Physics
21 November !992
Editors
M. A. GOMAA A Z ELBEHAY G. M. HASSIB A M. EL NAGGAR i- y : - r.
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w^--.i,\ nor.) ArjD i' rf - • Y Forward
Ourinc the second ha!f of November .99? two important functions in ••hi.M"-" physu;;. tooK place in Fgyul The fust wau during 15- 19th Novembei at
-.f:f city ;.,f Oena '.vhieM hosted at the Univorstiy campus Tho conference was attended by hundred Radiation Physicists ?tom Egypt, the Arab countries. India. 5- •.)!!•:.• otvji Japan /• who'.o day four of rhe cay of' u
:. Cunr: ;h. O./H .' ,>f rh..-iritni-njiiun,?! Radiation Physics society "IRPS" •-.(.! ••..••ni'vf '.-•: '.•:••;; '-j.i -Kii-no^tir.Q. on Novembpr ?Oth 199? The meebng was
>it:>.::i'.1<'(7 i \ '-'•''!•,* :,' A Gor?iyfj :vi.J Prof G.M Hass'b fiom AEA. Egypt, as o!r-.. >\ •.•:-. •"': s v.',-j-, ii-,\ny.'t--d on rjovtvn!>er 2"-A by a full day 1RPS-AEA joint :"r 'i-i.-i/n .I. me 'Ci! •'• .-'• • •-' •;..' •;..'••-••: .-,.•.. -•ndtK.tec; late 16 orii > on the same days and honouied ••,• --H- •>fiir;c;i'\-.. • ' .; '.>>"<>i!ancy the cn-n.-n^T*:' of Electricity and Eneigy. The ••'•'f1-'1.: •.'/.!•• -..w-'tji..;. ci !••• :.-ay cnbiite to the oiuneeif. of radiation and nuclear : f •-•'••/ ••--.:. :"' c;vp- ,.>.^i. •• •; P'of M'-'K nt •• • .•• '> • ••: IT • '••••\-\nt-:i the co'npk-K: work ot the joint seminal on current : M.-:..r.,-i ;•',•....•:, CaiirOith ••Jov^-rn^t'. !992 We thank fnnds who •i- .1 •••:" :;•• '•••••• ' r"; r;-,.•('.• support in i..ifdc! to cairv out our future plans •:•'!..-i., (. ;/'•;•;!;",ri- • >' wJdi3tion °nysic^ Conference W^ -Vo.riii;i Prof AZEf-Behay f'i M r-iii-.. ..!-. P»of AM Ei-Naggar CCJKO Auyus! 1993 - 1 - AXIAL AND SPHERICAL SYMMETERY IN EXPERIMENTAL RADIATION PHYSICS A.M. Ghose Variable Enerqv Cyclotron Centre, Calcutta Abstract The accuracy attainable in experimental radiation physics often depeds critically on the geometry linking the source, scatterer and detector along with the spectral response of the detector. Some of the recent advances in this field will be described with special reference to: 1. Scatterer optimization problem for time of flight measurement using d-t neutrons. 2. Absolute measurement of energy absorption coefficients for gamma rays by sphere transmission technique. 3. Exact equivalence of modified cylindrical and spherical geometry and its applications. - 2 ~ SYMMETRYJNVARIANCE AND SCALING IN EXPERIMENTAL RADIATION PHYSICS A.M. GHOSE VECC, CALCUTTA.INDIA 1- SYMMETRY, INVARIAHCE, SCALING SPATIAL, TEMPORAL AND SCALE SYMMETRIES 2- BASIC SPATIAL SYMMETRIES r = const., 0 = const., 0 = const., sph. symm, S of R, pot 3- NEED FOR DETECTOR DEVELOPMENT USS.RR.SF 4- EXAMPLES (a) Production of Monoenergetic Neutrons Opmisation of TOF Geometry (b) Measurement of uen (c) Cylindrical Symm. Modified Cylindrical Geometry 5- TEMPORAL SYMMETRY. 6- SCALING SYMMETRY 7- POLARISATION - ESOTERIC EXPTS. 8- CONCLUSION. -3 - Fig (1) S =the effective centre of the source, D =the effective centre of the detector, SD=the symmetry axis of the system, T atypical point on the target2, P -fixed reference plane through SD, 0 =the angle of scattering and Angular coordinates in a typical radiation physics experiment. Spherically symmetric • geometry Phenomenon Spherr i-ansmisston technique independent S = point source of angular T = Infinltesimally thin coordinates target concentric 8 and Fig. 2 Ideal spherically symmetric geometry for processes or phenomena independent of angular corj.'dinates 0 d Axlally •»• symmetric geometry Phenomenon Independent of (b) surface of revolution geometry S =. point source T = taroat, Infinitesimaily thin ring in (a), infinitesimally thin surface of revolution in (b) 8 a direct beam stopper D a dateetor of neglibly small dimensions Fig. 3 (a) Ideal ring geometry (b) Ideal surface of revolution geometry Circular arc geometry Circular arc technique Phenomenon depends on S = point source both the angular D = ideal point detector coordinates 9 and 99 B = direct beam stopper T -J Inflnltesimally thin target Ideal circular arc geometry for angle dependent Fig entities Fig (5) Ideal cyiindrically symmetrical geometry with Infinitely long line source S, infinitely long, infinites!ma!ly thin target T and infinitely long detector D. Fig (6) Fig (7) Energy E of the incident radiation —- tnergy E of the incident radiation -— Uniform spectral sensitivity counter for the measure- Proportional response counter for the measurement of ment of total absorption cross section Fig (8) I 2. o Eo Enargy £ of the Incident radiation — Spectral response of an Ideal detector for sphere trans- mission measurement of non-elastic cross sectionone - 8 - Fig (9) A - Carbon filter B - Aluminium filter C - Copper filter D - Tin filler x 1- w 0,1 CO ^>» b? 2.0 3.0 4.0 Energy of photons (MeV) —- Paraxial efficiency of a 20 g/cm2 Nal/TI crystal fitted with optimum filters of different compositions. - 9 - Fig (10) •''" *.' •'*/*,*' •f Schematic design of the experimental arrangement used in measuring (jj.«n/p).for p.araffin-wax; S denotes the photon source, S1 & H^Q wax spherical absorbing shell and filter respectively, C the detector collimation, D the Nal detector and S1 and S2 the cylindrical Pb detector shielding and composite fluorescence shield respectively. A similar arrangement was employed for cylindrical absorbing shells for detector to source separations in the range 2.5 to 5.0m. - 10 Table 1 Detector - Source (Hen/p) Separation (m) (m2kg-i) x 10-3 2.0 3.8 + 0.02 2.5 3.6 +0.02 3.0 3.3 + 0.02 4.0 3.2 + 0.02 5.1 3.3 + 0.02 Measured values of (jien/p) as a function of source to detector separation. Fig (II) 1.50 Biswas etal Present experiment to __.- .. ideal counter u3 1.00 ^>^0r~ • mm —~ ~* mm ••• *•" ••"» «•• MI — "BBr'*^, o CD s 0.50 / Mitra eta! "53 0.1 0.5 T.o "~ 1.5" Energy E of photons \r. W&V Normalised efficiences of different proportional res- ponse systems. 1 '"' '!72 Rotation for the third reading Schematic arrangement of the ivjunoenergetic secon- dary neutron source for the measurement of activation cross sections. N.G. = d-b neutron generator for ptimary neutron S = tritium target which is the source location of the prim- ary neutrons C =• hydrogenous converter B = direct beam stopper shadow bar T = sample whose cross section for secondary neutrons under study - 13 - - 03> Scattering geometry in the time-of-rlig,ht meJhod. Surface-of-revoluiion configuration in ihc time-of-fiight rnetliod. 14 - Ring or linn cylinder 8000 3000- 4000- 3000- 2000- 1000- 0.980 0.985 0.990 0.99*; 1.00C 1.005 1.010 t' Line tliapc in the lime specira of neutrons clanically rc-aCcrctl !>y pm'oits. ' ,cj"r.;c,:;; the mean val i« of f' for the line. - 15 - Fig(15) OD-J High efficiency polarimeter system proposed for spin half partices. i ,-; - D\_ R2 n< Double interaction polgrlrneter for nucleons. Fig (16) 3 05 CD O c zr a.. Uniform > !Q> activation 8 ° ^—J at source Decay or a" a cooling of OQ O -i CD » the activities CO EL-4 CD Detector 1 o to count o activities o* I Detector 2 »» o <• 5 (0 - IS V Fig (18) Fig (20) Fig (19) a ^ Ai.'-ii~;un- foil b s Sphenca! scintillator c = Light guide (Perspex) d =: Photomultiplier e = Photocatode { -.- Silicone high viscocity fluid g x Black tape. —9 Energy of neutrons — Optical coupling of a spherical scintillator to a photomultiplier Existence of a scale factor m in the relative efficiency curves of biased recoil photon neutron detectors. Fig (21) Fig (22) (12.5, 12.0} G.iV- (12.5, ",i.Q) ,L O2.s. 11.5) 0 ."! i 0.6- E 0.4! o J2 0.4 (13.5. 11.0) I (13.5, 11.0) CO 0.2 0.2 (12.0. 9.0) 0 0 1 1 0.01 13.0 14.0 14.8 13.0 14.0 15.0 Neutron energy (MeV) — Neutron energy. Variation of the scale factor m with neutron energy Accurate values of the scale factor m calculated accor- using the appfoximate eqn. (5.121). ding to the more exact theory showing the validity of eqn. (5.122). - 21 - Fig (23) { 0.31 to 0.30 } £ 1% > 0.29 M 0.28 ,UJ 0.27 0.2 0.6 1.0 '1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.0 Energy of photon (MeV) — Efficiency of a 20 g/cm2 NE 102 detector with 34 g/cm2 aluminjum filter with f = 0.7. Fig (24) Fig (25) E Zj E 1.00 I i—I— ."M _ yi , ? 'o 3 5 o> I Experimental points 0.5 h experimental points "5 "5 —— theoretical curve Theoretical curve E 1 0.3 0.2 tl. M 0.1 1.0 2.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 Energy of photon in MeV- Energy of photon in MeV-~ Comparison of theoretical and experimental paraxial Comparison of theoretical and experimental wide efficiencies of a 2"*13/*" Nal (Tl) crystal with angle, efficiencies of a 2"xW Na! (Tl) crystal with a 9.85 g/cm aluminium filter. 9.85 g/cm* aiuminium fiiier. - 23 - DEVELOPMENT OF PARTICE ACCELERATORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS M.E. Abd Elaziz, The National Center for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control, Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt Abstract This paper presents a review on particle accelerators and limitations in their energy which has lead to developments of higher energy machines and their uses in scientific, industrial and nuclear applications. The paper then considers giant atom smashers and development of superconducting supercolliders and their role in the search for the origin of the univrse. Applications of low and high-energy accelerators are also reviewed. Low energy accelerators have been extensively used in a very wide range of applications in industry, engineering, science, medicine and other fields. Most low energy accelerators are d.c. electrostatic generators. These accelerators developed into higher energy machines, with a limit for the maximum energy which could be reached. The discovery of the phase stability principle resulted in the invention of synchrocyclotrons and synchrotrons, known as synchronous accelerators. In principle, acceleration can bo continued to indefinitely higher energies. Recently, the use of superconducting magnets and storage rings, and the utilization of the alternating gradient (AG) principle open up new avenues for the development of giant high energy machines. L DEVELOPMENT OF PARTICE ACCELERATORS AND THEIR" APPLICATIONS M.E. ABD ELAZIZ, THE NATIONAL CENTER POR~NUCLEAR SAFETY AND RADIATION CONTROL, ATOMIC"ENERGY AUTHORITY ABSTRACT This paper presents a review en particle accelerators and limitations in their energy which lead to developments of higher energy machines and their uses in scientific, industrial and nuclear applications. The paper then considers ginat atom smashers and development of superconducting supercolliders and their role in the search for the origin of the universe. Applications of low and high-energy accelerators are also reviewed. INTRODUCTION Although low energy accelerators have been extensively used in the range starting from few hundred kilo electron volts up to few hundred million electron volts, they have ' rxergy limitations based on engineering or economic factors. Their utilization, however, covers a very wide range of applications in industry, engineering, science, medicine and other fields. Most low energy accelerators are d c. electrostatic generators, like the Van de Graff and the pelletron accelerators, the tandem electrostatic accelerator, the linear accelerator and the batatron. Naturally all these types of accelerators went through a rapid series of developments which led to higher energy machines. However, in each type there was always a limit for the maximum energy which could be reached. Such limit is set up either by physics, engineering or economic limitations. The next important stage of accelerator development was the discovery of the phase stability principle in 1947 independently by Veksler in the U.S.S.R. and McMillan in the U.S.A. This principle which led to the invention of synchrocyclotrons and synchrotrons states that particles accelerated in a series of gaps by an a.c. field will be stable in phase. Machines operating on phase sterility principle are known as synchronous accelerators. In principle, acceleration can be continued to indefinitely higher •energies. Some examples of high energy synchrotrons are : the 28 BeV proton synchrotron built in 1959 at CERN, Geneve, Switzerland whose energy was raised in recent years to 400 BeV using superconducting magnets and storage ring , and the 33 BeV AGS proton synchrotron built, in 1960 at Brookhaven National Laboratory, both accelerators utilize the alternating gradient (AG) Principle - 25 - of magnetic focusing which reduces the size and cost of the magnets for circular machines. Furthermore, the Fermilab Tevatron at Batavia, Illinois in the U.S., which started operation in 1973 with a 500 BeV proton beam has been upgraded to an energy of 2000 BeV. Another machine which is categorized in the series of high energy accelerators, which is also a synchronous accelerator but not a synchrotron, is the Stanford Linear Accelerator (LINAC) which started with an energy of 2 BeV and has been upgraded in 1987 to an energy of 120 BeV. The CERN Large Electron - Positron Collider (LEP) which extends in a 27 Kilometer circle under the Rhone Valley west of Geneva is now the grandest and most costly atom smasher, and maybe one of the most costly undertakings in the history of science. It became operational in 1989 at an energy of 100 BeV to be raised to 200 BeV by 1993 . Still another, more challenging, atom smasher is the superconducting Supercollider whose construction has just started near Dallas, Texas in the U.S. and completion is expected by about the year 2000 with a maximum collision energy of 4000 BeV . LEP and other super high energy colliders have been built to probe the nature of matter on a scale far smaller than that of the atom. The goal is to answer ancient and fundamental questions : What is the universe made of , and what are the forces that bind its parts together. These questions cannot be answered without an understanding of what happened in the Big Bang, the unimaginably hot and dense fireball that 20 billion years ago gave birth to the universe and all it contains. ENERGY LIMITATION OF LOWER ENERGY ACCELERATORS : Particle accelerators represent an area featuring the most advanced applications in various fields. Considering particle accelerators in the energy range from few KeV and up to few MeV, applications in this wide spectrum are numerous in industrial, medical, engineering and scientific fields. Each application will require a certain energy. If we follow the history of accelerator development we see in case of these lower energy accelerators that development of a new type comes with the evolution of new principles that emerge as energy limitation hinders any further progress on the previous accelerator. This is true with d.c. accelerators (see table 1 ) . Thus , the Cockroft Walton cascade generator, Fig 1 can yield a maximum of 6 MV. and any further increase in voltage is limited by engineering and economic -considerations. The electrostatic Van de Graff generator Fig 2, experiences difficulties of voltage - breakdown problems, damage of charging belt and severe problems encountered with the acceleration tube. Such problems limit voltage increase in Van de Graff accelerators to 12 MVs , and led to the evolution of the pelletron accelerator whereby the belt has been replaced by a rugged chain of steel pellets . The acceleration tube is made up from short sections (modules) built of metal and ceramic . Accordingly , it was possible ll) to design pelletron accelerators of 20 MV terminal voltage in a two - stage system to yield 40-MeV protons, Fig 3 and - 26 - hundreds of MeV multiply charged heavy ions. In principle, it is possible (Fig 4) to design pelletrons of aj.y energy, governed by economic and engineering considerations. At this point no further developments have been achieved :>n d.c. accelerators . High energy and super Vsigh energy accelerators are synchronous machines designed on the hhsls of phase stability principle . Linear accelerators , however , use the most widely known high-Q cavity excited by a larye quantity of radio frequency power.It differs from the' other , Sloan and Lawrence linac , in that it has no real limitation on wave length when it is accelerating electrons with velocity close to that of light .(2) linacs can be theoretically built with any energy . The most powerful electron linac is the 2 - mile 20 EeV machine at stanfords (SLAC) which has been modified into the 120 EeV electron-positron collider. APPLICATIONS OF LOW-ENERGY ACCELERATORS The low-energy accelerators considered here are those in the range 1 to 100 MeV. Actually, it: would i>a impossible to enumerate all fields of applications in this energy range. In addition to their use in nuclear physics research, which was; the main objective of particle accelrators, various other applications feature these machines . Each of these applications depends on beam energy, intensity, beam types as whether it is continuous or pulsed and its charge ( singly or multiply charged } . Some of the main applications in the energy range 1 to 100 MeV wi?l be considered in the following . A- INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS A.I Radiation Processing and Coating Industry : Ionizing radiation offers the advantage of rapidly initiating free radical ch&tnical reactions within polymeric materials without tike addition of heat or catalyst. Because the generation of tree radicals is a function of exposure time to the radiation, and is additive, the degree of crosslinking in some polymers can be stopped at any point, and then continued, if desired at a later time. Both "^-radiation and electron - beam radiation are used. Electron - beam irradiation can penetrate up to <=i half inch, and can irradiate products at very fast speeds exceeding several thousand square feet per minute. This type of radiation can match many existing processing line speeds such that it can be more easily integrated into - 2 7 - existing production systems. For this reason more than 90% of irradiated products utilize electron radiation as their source of energy. The machanism of electron radiation processing can be understood by considering what happens when high velocity electrons are absorbed in matter. In this case the energy is transferred to the bound electrons in atoms and molecules raising them to higher states of excitation. Ions and free radicals which are formed can initiate chemical reactions within the material being irradiated; thus changing the physical properties of the material. A.2 Other Fields of Applications of Accelerated Electron Beams: Nowadays, electron accelerators are widely used and operated in the following fields of application: 1. Lonizing radiation can produce cross- linking and grafting in plastic and rubber, wire and cable insulation, thus improving stress craking,abrasion, resistance and service temperature . The same applies to cross- linking of plastic films, tubing and foam . Modification of textiles by grafting chemicals onto web material improves its soil-resistant properties and its ability to be dyed . It is to be expected that more attention will be paid to these energy - saving processes in the future . In cellulose industy, developments are on the way to prepare fire - retardent fabrics and new classes of nonleachable wood preservatives by use of gamma or electron radiation. 2. preservation of foods: A wide variety of food products can be treated successfully with radiation to lengthen their shelf - life or sterilized for undefinite storage . Fj:esh vegetables, meats and fish whose flavour and nutritional values are affected by heat or chemical preservtion, can be preseved with low doses of radiation without sacrifice of product quality.Future work will concentrate on obtaining evidence of wholesomeness for other food items, but these studies will be of a more basic character and deal with radiation effects on general food components to prove that food irradiation as a general process is acceptable to a certain dose level. More effort will center on practical large - scale studies of technological and economic feasibility . 3. Treatment of solid waste and water: Irradiation of garbage for making this waste material available for animal food is another promising approach Sewage treatment by radiation may lead to increased produccion of a fertilizer material rich in organic matter On the other hand, radiation sterilization is us^d for safe disposal of municipal waste waters, and even for possible use in agriculture. 4. Sterilization of pharmaceatical and hospital supplies : Heat sensitive drugs, antibiotics, vaccines,. and enzyme systems can be radiation sterilized without sacrificing potency. Surgical and Hospital supplies, conventionally batch processed, with costly safe handing procedures, can fc-t? continuously sterilized in sealed packages. 5. radiography : Ne1* requirements in radiography of very thick steel sections, sclid rocket propeJlants, unusual structural materials and complex components have greatly increased with advances in nuclear and space technologies and creai.fd an urgent demand for high energy X-ray sources of industrial reliability. Among several methods for producing penetrating X-rays from energetic electron accelerators demonstrate the foJlowing characteristics of primary importance: a) Energy which exeeds that necessary fox" radiography, allowing maximum penetration and minimum scattering effects . b) High intensity allowing high radiographic output and short exposure times . c) fine focal spot size to meet stringent requirements for good definition and radiographic: charity . d) Compactness which is sufficient to permit ease of. mobility of radiographic soources. With standard radiographic linacs, industry can select the "A"-ray source of greatest efectiveness rather than Jn.iv.imj to compromise on quality and efficiency due to eijuiprpo.iV. limitations . With this equipment, manufacturers of rockets, large pressure vessels, heavy castings ar>4 <*eldments can adopt new quality control inethodu which offer distinct competitive and economic advantages . Typically a linac at 8Mev produces 1000 roentgens per minute at. one meter, with a ± mm focal spot, and up to 60C roenlgens with a 5 mm focal spot . Steel thickness up to 20 inches can be successfully radiographed within practical exposure times with a 15 Mev linac having a 300 roentgen output and a i mm focal spot . For spnciaiized application such as flash radiography. X-ray .linacs with unique characateristics - 29 - and up to 30 Mev energy are available . It is also possible to build a 25 Mev machine delivering 25,000 r/min at one meter where such intensity and energy is desired and can be utilized . We have also seen that the 200 - Mev linac proton injector of the 500 - Bev Fermilab atom smasher is uesd for very specialized radiographic applications . • A.3 Accelerator - Produced Radioistopes : The long - lived reactor produced radioisotopes which are commercially available are not often best suited for medical, biolgical or industrial application. Their long half - lives can lead to contamination or destruction hazards, they do not allow repeated tests at short time intervals and emitted radiation can have undesirable physical properties . Cyclotrons, for example, can produce a wide variety of neutron deficient isotopes, with a wide choice in half - lives, many of them being positron emitters, which are of easy detection. Some few examples of the many applications of accelerator - produced isotopes are: detection of tumors and lesions, blood flow measurements, measurements on materials wear, metals diffusion and leak detection. Accelerator - produced radioisotopes are preferred for many medical and biological applications because the ideal half - life is inconveniently short for the transportation from a producer to a remote user . A short half - life is often required to avoid unnecessary Awide irradiation of tissues. A wide variety is also available from a cyclotron increasing the chances of obtaining isotopes with acceptable physical properties. For example emitters of low energy Bor radiations are often avoided as they irradiate the tissues for no useful information . Positron emitters which can be easily detected by coincdence methods are often preferred . A great number of short lived cyclotron - produced isotopes are ideally suited for the above applications . In this way there are no procurement problems and thier cost can be appreciably lower . Some Industrial Applications of Radioisotopes: A typical industrial application is the measurement of wear by incorporating labeled materials in moving parts . In this way vanishingly small amounts of these materials being thus readily, detected in the lubrication oil. - 30 - The intimate mechanism of some processes were inves tigatcri by the use of zadioactive elements as? the migration of fcha support metal in the oxide coating of the cathodes of radio tubes. Very often these techniques have led to considerable improvements . Horeovsi, labelled components are used in fabrication processes where nothing else is available such as the leak detection for encapsulated devices, storge thanks or tanks undez-grourid cables or pipes , Radio!sotopef- Produced By Linear Accelerators : Apart fiorn cyclotrons, linear accelerators give the laboratory worker access to a wide variety of radioisotupes for experimentation and application which may nor be obtainable in any other way. Linear accelerators produce isotoptss ej ther through thermal noutron bombardment (a 25 - Mev, JO - KW 1inear accelerator yields a thermal flux of 2xlOu n/sec/cm') or by direct photon bombardment above 15 Mev. Eighty four isotopes hu e been produced by this method, fifty eight of them canict be produced in a reactor. Applications of linear accelerator - produced radioisot opes include neutron activation analysis, wear and corrosion studies in industry and medicine. In addition, tha techniqua of photon bombardment may be applied to photon activation analysis,, illustrating further verr^tility in the laboratory. For alJ. such applications, short lived radioisotopes are almost always preferred because of thier cost or thier physical properties: Characteristics Of Emitted Radiation Or Storage, Handling Or Disposal Froblercs : Of such short- lived radioisotopes, cyclotron- produced positron, emitters are becoming more availble, and the list of industrially manufactured radiopharmaceuticals is increasing. A most important development, is tcniogiaphic imaging with positron emitters using annihilation gamma radiation. One of the most successful in clinical medicine and biomedicaJ research is radioimmunoassay (RIA). It is highly specific, at least if double antibody techniques are applied. . It has reached picogram level of sesitivity. Accuracy ranges from 10% down to+2% but could certainly be improved in the future'3', preferably by - 31 - automatic sample preparation. Today, more than 80 kinds of RIA have been developed, this figure will undoubtedly increase. A.4 Material's Evaluation The influence of nuclear radiations on electronic components and systems is of particular importance not only for nuclear reactors, but also for missiles, satellites, and space vehicles. What was once referred to as " radiation damage" has become a form of "environmental testing" as the understanding of the phenomena has improved. A minor extrapolation of usefulness is the laboratory simulation of the radiation effects from nuclear explosions; through intense, controlled bursts of X-rays or neutrons from a powerful acelerator. Out of radiation - damage studies has come solid - state research with nuclear particles, leading to improvement of semi-conductor characteristics for transistor applications. Extensive research has been going on in the field of materials evaluation using different techniques. Develop- ment research on scanning transmission ion microscope has revealed the etfect of the specific brightness of the ion source on the attainable resolution. Proton beams are made to scan biological specimens at a resolution of about 2000A(4). An analysis of the damage to biological material caused by proton bombardment indicates that the damage should not exceed greatly that caused by an electron probe for comparable amounts of information obtained . In fact, although electron microscopy has been developed over the past several decades to a high degree of performance that a resolution as small as 2 to 3A has been reached, no persisting efforts have been devoted to the use of ion beams for the purposes of microscopy in the sense of imaging small objects with high resolution. Only recently that the ion microprobe<5) has been used as a powerful analytical tool for measuring elemantal and isotopic abundances in microvolumes of materials like geological samples including oxides, carbonates and sulfides . Activation Analysis : As we have mentioned in the introduction, the analysis of the chemical composition of very small amounts of material or the determination of extremely small amounts of impurities in large samples can often - 32 - most conveniently - or only - be performed by activation analysis. In this procedure the sample is bombarded by particles from accelerators or nuclear reactors and the characteristics of radioactive dacay spectrum from the reaction products are analysed. From this analysis impurities at the level of parts per million, or even parts per billion, may be detected. Neutrons produced form the reaction resulting by bombarding the beam of accelerated particles with the appropriate target can penetrate matter more easily than most other particles. They react with nulei at all energy levels because there is no CouloinD barrier to overcome, but selection of the neutron energy is a powerful means of discrimination of a characteristic reaction from a parasitic reaction. For these reasons neutrora activation analysis is difficult in reactors which produce mainly thermal neutrons, which generally r-:?.ct with nuclei in liberating photons. It is also limited with the simple tritium target generators producing only 14 MeV neutrons. These neutrons ire available from d-t reaction in small (i50-KeV) accelerators and from cyclotrons . However, variable energy neutrons up to 30 Mev are available by bombardment of a beryllium traget with deuterons . The possibility of variation of the maximum energy of the neutrons produced can be used to discriminate parasitic reactions which cannot take place below a given energy threshold which is impossible with deuteron tritium generators. As an example 6 , 7 Mev deuterons bombarding a beryllium target produce neutrons of 12 Mev maximum energy by the reaction 9 Be (d,n) 10 B . These neutrons can be used for the detection of flourine from Oxygen, the reaction 19 F (N,D) 16 N having an energy threshold of 4.6 Mev and the reaction 160 (n,p) 16 N a threshold of 12.7 Mev. Heavy water bombardment with deuterons D (d,n) 3 He yields neutrons of 10.6 Mev which can be used to detect traces of vanadium or phosphorus in copper (thresholds at 1.72-2 and 11.01 Mev). The cyclotron is therefore useful since it can be usod for faster, more sensitive and economic analysis than classical methods. Medical Test : Cyclotron activation analysis has also been used in medical tests, an example of this is the progress in bone direase cbich can be studied by calcium or sodium measurement through irradiation with 5 Mev neutrons obtained by bombardment of a lithium target with protons. Iodine in the thyroid can be measured with fast neutrons in a measurement associated with neutron radiotherapy. On the other hand, in prompt nuclear analysis, the prompt radiar;on emitted during the nuclear reactions is measured. This radiation may consist of charged particles, neutrons or gamma rays, and by using different - 33 - incident particles and energies the number of possible identification criteria may become rather large. As an example the analysis of prompt charged particles from nuclear reactions offers a possibility to investigate for instance the spatial distribution of smallamounts of impurities in surface layers. When fast ions collide with atoms rather intense characteristic X-rays are emitted which may be used to determine the composition of a sample. This method offers a higher sensitivity than excitation belectrons since the background from bremsstrahlung is much lower. This allows the measurement of a large number of elements simultaneously. Activation Analysis With Charged Particles(6): Because of the ' low penetration of charged particles. Surface analysis is impossible by any other means. By repeated analysis and progressive grinding of a surface, it is possible to measure variations in composition with depth (diffussion measurements, etc.). This analysis applies also to all materials used in thin films, for example in the semi - conductor industry. Analyses of traces of light elements in metals are generally easy because thresholds of reactions are generally higher in heavy elements. It is thus poosible to detect traces of oxygen or carbon in metals. It is also possible to avoid errors due to surface pollution by the use of energies higher than the maximum efficiency so that the greater part of the radioisotopes is formed behind the surface. The sensitivity in these analyses is far greater than by any other method. By alpha particle bombardment lead content in meteorites can be measured with a sensitivity of 10"9. The cyclotron seems to be the best suited tool for the semi - conductor industry where measurements of tracers of impurities are extremely important : Boron content of silicium can be measured with 20 Mev protons producing the reactions 11B (p,n) 11C(2O.4 mn) and 30 Si(p,n) 30 P(2.3 mn)(6). The results are easily indentified as the cyclotron beam is not pulsed. These techniques apply in biology where nitrogen, oxygen and carbon can be detected at dilutions greater than one part per million by proton activation. Helium 3 can be very useful for these studies because of its low nuclear binding energy : Oxygen and carbon contents lower than one part per billion in metals or organic matter have thus been measured. - 34 - Petroleum Well Logging Using Neutron Borehole Accelerators : Another application of accelerator - neutrons is petroleum well logging. s^nce the introduction of the borehole neutron accfsltxator in. IV^St . several generations of logging instrument; have beon developed. These tools measure neutrcii lifetime, neutron activation based on half, life and r-ichrif.ion inter.F.-'ir.y or the activation products, and capture- gar.vn.r cny spectroscopy. Neutron accelerator-:' of such app: ic:'.Uon were develped in the 1950's to distinguish between fresh water and oil, an r&ea. where conventional iocgxna techniques do not work. From this development ::ame the fixst commercial pulsed neutron log (the neutron l.fet.i>ne log) which measures the lifetime of thermal neutrons or the macroscopic thermal neutron absorption capture crosr, section of formation. This occurred in 196 3. The next major commercial application of the neutron accelerator was the carbon/oxygen logging system. This met the goals of oil, fresh water evaluation established in .1959. I ^. was basically the same accelerator as the Neutron Lifetime Log. The carbon/oxygen log was introduced in 1973. B. BLOLOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS B.I BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : The application of heavy particle accelerators in biological investigations are numerous. On3y few examples will be given: 1 . The Yale cyclotron has been used for biophysical studies of large molecules. From these, methods for measuring shapes and cross scetions of phage particles and enzumes have been developed. 2 . Biological studies were made in a proton synshrocyclotron which included measurements of the relative biological effectivensess (RBE of protons slowed down from 460 Mev to a mean of 90 Mev). The measured value of RB2 is found to be 1.75 + 0.23 for a mouse spleen weight change, using 250 Kev X- rays as the base of comparison. 3 . In another sychrocyclotron 340 Mev protons have been used in a human therapeutic investigation involving localized irradiation of the human pituitary gland. Localization was obtained by a combination of multiport and rotational application of the proton beam. Definite evidence of depression in pituitary hormone oxitput was achieved. The - IS - patients undergoing the treatment were advanced cases of metastatic carcinoma of the breast. It has been also possible to produce small brain lesions (of the order of one cubic millimeter) in animals by heavy-particle bombardment. This can serve as a tool for studying the physiological functions of various loci of the central nervous system. 4 , Protons from a 2-Mev Van de Graff have been used to bombard individual living cells with a very small beam current. The mumber of protons per cell involved in these irradiations varied from 10 to tens of thousands. Using the most advanced machine shop and microscopic techniques, it was possible to record on 'motion picture film the life cycle of normal and bombarded cells. From this work, new facts regarding such things as the function of the spindles in cell division have been discovered. 5 * Biological effects of radiation by fast neutrons produced by accelerators have aroused general interest in number of medical research institutions. This is due to the evidence that fast<7> neutrons with energies above 5 Mev may provide a solution to a serious problem confronting radiotherapists. This is the high resistance to X- rays of dormant tumor cells which are deprived of oxygen as the tumor outgrows its blood supply'8'. This evidence, which has been accumulating over the past few years through research with cell cultures and animal tumors, shows that the fast neutrons can kill the anoxic tumor cells almost as easily as the more common, well-oxygenated cells. In contrast, X- rays are much less effective against anoxic cells. B.II Medical Applications : Ever since X - rays were first used for the treatment of cancer, there has been a demand for higher energy and deeper penetration. In contrast to heavy particle accelerators, electron accelerators are used extensively not only as biological research tools, but also as sources for radiation therapy with X - rays and electrons. Numerous accelerators throughout the world are devoted to biological and medical application. Betatrons, linear accelerators and Van de Graffs are the main accelerators which are widely used for radiotherapy. Other types of accelerators are being used as generators of fast neutrons for tumor therpay. - 36 - Advantages of Accelerators in the Field of Radiotherapy: Although there are some disadvantages in using high - energy accelerators in place of conventional low - energy X - rays equipment such as initial cost, maintenace, and developmental problems, these are offset from the physical point of view by the following advantages: 1 . As the energy of an X - ray beam increases, the peak does not remain at the surface, but occurs at a progressively greater depth within the irradiated material. This effect, known as build up, is of value in the treatment of deep - seated lesions by bringing about a reduction of skin reaction. 2 . The penetrating power of radiation is greater at high than at low energies. Thus, for equal dose to a deep - seated lesion, the dose to the overlying tissue becomes smaller for increasing energies. 3 . Also, due to the greater penetrating power at high energies, the ratio of tumor dose to integral dose is lhigher. 4 . When using multiple beams or rotations at high energy, the beam can be directed toward the lesion rather than to a point deeper than the lesion, as the highest dose will always occur in the volume at which the beams are directed. This simplifies the treatment planning. 5 . Lateral scatter is less for high than for low energy. This means that high - energy beams irradiate only a sharply defined region. This is also a contributing factor to item 3 . 6 . The absorption of radiation at high energies is more nearly independent of the atomic numbner of the absorbing material. Therefore, in the treatment of tissues other than bone, bone receives relatively less radiation at high energies. Radiation Therapy with Heavy Ions : Studies have been made on therapeutic ion beams using protons, helium ions, carbon ions and neon ions. The design of the optimal accelerator type is determined by particle species, energy, and * beam intensity. -The energy is determined by the required range, the atomic number Z and the mass number A of the beam. Leemann and co - wordersi9) have expressed this relation in the curves shown in Fig. II. DI. Typical ranges for therapy fall between 2 5 and 32 cm. - 37 - On the other hand, design beam intensities are derived from the required dose rates and treatment volume. An ideal goal is 200 rad/min in a volume of 30 cm x 30 cm cross section and 15 cm depth. Approximate corresponding beam intensities are(21). Particle P °^ C Ne FluxfS1) 2.51010 6.25xlO9 1.0 x 109 5-0 x 108 Different types of accelerators can be used like cyclotrons of conventional or isochronous type, linear accelerators, or sychrotrons. The choice of an accelerator type depends on cost estimates, which take into consideration the possibility for additional capabilities of the accelerator like isotope and / or neutron production. A careful study must be made for the choice and design of a heavy ion accelerator facility for radiation therapy (see for example refernce <9)) . Fast Neutrons from Low Energy Accelerators in Tumor Therapy : In spite of great progress achieved in the development of high energy X - ray and electron therapy equipment, there are many cases for which radio-therapy is not an appropriate treatment since as mentioed earlier a considerable .number of tumors are rather resistant against irradiation with electrons or X-rays because of the bad oxygenation of cells in the center of such tumors which are often cut off from the normal oxygen supply. The oxygen effect shows up very clearly in cell measurements when the probability of survival is plotted against the X-ray dose(8); a quantity is obtained from such plots giving the "Oxygen Effect Ratio" (OER), which is defined as the ratio between doses which reduce the cell populations by the factor e = 2.7. The consequencies of the oxygen effect are extremely serious in clinical practice. Even if the initial concentration of anoxic cells in the tumor is low, they will predominate at the end of the radiation treatment. The total dose will be usually have to be at least twice as great as if there were no anoxic cells and the problem of limiting the damage to normal tissues near the tumor is thereby aggravated. A set of experiments(12) has clearly shown that the lack of oxygen increases resistance to X-rays, and that the tumor cells can be converted from the resistant to the sensitive form by the administration of oxygen. It is found impractical; from various points of view to enclose the patient in a tank pressurized with oxygen. - 38 - HIGH ENERGY ACCELERATORS Cyclic accelerators start with the simple cyclotron whose principle depends on synchronism between rotation frequencyj." of ion injected from an ions source at the center of two semi- circular hollow electrodes (the dees) in a vacuum chamber , and the frequency of a.c. accelerating potential applied to the dees under the influence of a perpendicular magnetic field B, ( Fig 5 ), fr = eB/2-n-M = f„ c , where M is mass of accelerated ions. Energy limitation of the conventional cyclotron results from disruption of synchronism since f, io reduced as energy is increased due to relativistic increase of M and reduction of B (negative gradient of B needed for focusing). Accordingly , a maximum energy of 50 MeV could be achieved in an ordinary cyclotron without disruption of synchronism . ISOCHRONOUS CYCLOTRON A development to meet the contradicting requ i ro.ner:ts in a cyclotron: that B must increase with the reiavistic increase of M to maintain constant f,and that B must decrease with R to maintain particle focusing , was made possible by the use of alternately high and low regions of magnetic field arcunci the orbit obtained with radial sectors of iron fastened r.o the pole faces , Fig 6A , thus yielding the "azimuthally varying field " (AVF) cyclotron . Another development was the design of isochronous eclotron with spiral ridges on the pole faces , Fig 6B . Maximum energy could thus be increased to few hundreds of MeV , especially when high charge state beams are used , as seen from the energy equation : E =k q2 /M , where K = characteristic number of accelerator , q = charge number of ions . THE SYNCHROTRON An accelerator concept without energy limitation has been made possible by utilizing ring-shaped magnets and constant orbit radius in the synchrotron after the discovery of the phase stability prinicple . It states briefly that particles with phase or energy errors will continue to be accelerated with minor oscillations in phase and energy around the correct equlibrium phase and energy , Fig 7A and Fig 7B. A proton synchrotron,(Fig 8), therefore , consists basically of an injector to produce a well-defined beam, and annular-shaped magnet whose magnetic field can be pulsed from a very small value- (needed for injection) to many kilogauss in a short time and resonant cavity whose accelerating r.f. voltage can be produced at a freequency which is kept in synchronism with the particle rotation frequency. Thus , as B begins to rise , protons are injected when B has reached the value at which protons can just go around the machine (Mv = B e R) , then as orbit radius R shrinks protons are allowed to enter the — >'. * _ resonant cavity and receive energy such that R increases . By correctly adjusting the voltage and frequency the position of the orbit of the particles can be kept fixed as B and energy rise . Accordingly , the proton energy keeps in step with B until B reaches its maximum value . Finally , high energy protons can either be extracted from the synchrotron or be directed into a target within the ring to produce secondary particles . There is the weak focusing synchrotron , where the vacuum chamber and size of machine have to be made large , resulting in increased cost , and the strong focusing synchrotrons called alternating gradient synchrotrons (AGS) which have reduced size and cost . An example is the strong focusing AGS at Brookhaven in the USA with energy of 30 BeV and magnet weight 4000 tons , while the weak focusing Bevatron has an energy of 6.2 BeV and magnet , weight 10 000 tons . The zero gradient synchrotron (ZG S)(11) is another type whereby the magnetic field, is uniform which makes magnet design easy . With no limitation on energy increase in the synchrotron it was possible to build a 500 BeV accelerator complex at fermilab in the U.S.A. which started operation in 1972 , and a 400 BeV complex at CERN in Switzerland . The two atom smashers were basically the same with some differences in their injection system . The Fermilab complex (12) , (Fig 9) consists of four accelerators in series the last stage being the main ring synchrotron which is 2 kilometers in diameter to yield a 500-BeV beam whose intensity is 2.5 X 1013 protons/pulse . with these machines research on elementary and subnuclear particle physics , (Fig 10) , have resulted in exciting discoveries of new particles and forumulations of new theories aimed primarily at a better knowledge of our universe , like discoveries of sub-nuclear particles of the quarks , and in particular of a particle discovered in 1977 given the name "Upsilon" whose mass is more than ten times heavier than the proton . The need ardse , therefore , and attempts continued to develop super-high energy machines . For example the Energy Doubler/Saver (ED/S)(13> is a ring in the same tunnel with the main 5000-BeV Fermilab ring, but using superconducting magnets to increase B to a much higher value and reduce the size of vacuum chamber at a great saving in magnet power. The 500-BeV beam was injected into the ED/S ring to ultimately raise the energy to 1000 BeV. The proximity of two accelerated beams in the same tunnel made the prospect of colliding these beams an obviously attractive possibility. Thus, in fixed target accelerators the center-of-mass energy E= \fl .88 W, while for colliding beams E=2 W , (W being laboratory energy of each of the beams in head-on collision . -40- A development in this direction is the POPAE project, (Fig 11)e which aims at the construction of a facility consisting of 1000-BeV on 1000-BeV proton-Proton colliding beams to yield 2000-BeV center-of-mas energy which, if in a fixed-target accelerator, would require a beam of more than 2 x 10* BeV. The Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) : LEP is super high energy accelerator which is thought to be one of the grandest and most costly undertakings in the history of science so far. It is a mammoth particle racetrack residing in a ring-shaped tunnel 27 kilometers in circumference that run 110 meters on the average beneath landscape of villages and farms at CERN, along the French- Swiss border. LEP is built on a pharonic scale, its excavation and that of four huge experimental halls, required the removal of 1.4 million cubic meters of earth, roughly half the volume of the Great Pyramid of Cheops. Operation of the LEP is as follows (Fig 12 ) : 1. Positrons are created in a linear accelerator and then stored in a storage ring, 2. Electrons and positrons are accelerated in synchrotrons, 3. The particles are injectd into the LEP ring, the two kinds then circling in opposite directions, and, 4. The particles collide head-on in one of the four experimental halls. The real work is conducted in the main four experiment halls spaced equidistantly around the 27-Km central loop. They are dedicated to the same research goal : capturing and analyzing the feathery traces left by short-lived collision products in hopes of discovering something new and unexpected. They are monitored by four teams of scientists, each pursuing its own experimental path: Fig 13 ALEPH : a team from 10 countries building a fast , reliable, but fairly simple particle detector hoping to make a major discovery, OPAL : an eight-country collaboration which tried and- tested techniques for measuring the trajectory and momentum of charged particles, DELPHI: a 17-nation team building the most complex detector; a 5.2-meter superconducting magnet packed with sensitive instruments, and L 3, a 13-nation project, the largest and most ambitious of the four experiments is exceedingly sensitive detector which has been constructed to boast the world's most powerful electromagnet . - 41 - LEP has already started operation in 1989 with a maximum energy of 100 BeV to be raised to 200 BeV in 1992 . In the main tunnel, room is left for a proton accelerator, the so- called Large Hardon Collider, to be installed above the loop of LEP . It would be four tines as powerful as the Tevatron and almost half as the proposed superconducting supercollider. The Superconducting Supercollider : Still higher-energy atom smashers seem to be needed in an attempt to make possible an understanding of the development of the universe, the evolution of the elements and the behaviour of atomic nuclei, In this respect accelerators are time machines that recreate the primordial fireball in miniature to unlock its secrets. The collision of two accelerated particles releases enormous bursts of energy . But that energy instantly condensed into a new array of particles, some of wich may not have existed since the Big Bang. But none of the current generation of accelerators are powerful enough to re-create the very earlisest fraction of a second after the Big Bang, where answers to the most intriguing mysteries are thought to lie . U.S. scientists have , therefore, taken the bold decision of building a colossal collider that will dwarf today's accelerators. This is the Superconducting Supercollider which will have a tunnel that will circle for 87 kilometers under the countryside surrounding Waxahachie, Texas. Expected to be completed around the year 2000, it will have a maximum collision energy of 4000 BeV. Being a proton-proton collider, an injector accelerator (Fig 13) injects a high energy proton beam into two rings to be accelerated in opposite directions. The beams will cross at experimental halls. The counter rotating beams of protons which are strongly focused to an extremely small diameter contain quadrillions of particles, will whip around the ring-shaped tunnel 3000 times producing up to 100 million collisions every second. The magnets amount to 10000, using superconducting wire enough to circle the earth's equator 25 times. The cross section diameter of the tunnel is 305 cms, as illustrated in Fig 14 which gives the size cmparison of the SCS with CERN's LEP , Stanford Linear Collider and Fermilab's Tevatron . - L'2 - APPLICATIONS OF HIGH ENERGY ACCELERATORS Before treating the problem of elementary particles and the role of super high energy accelerators, we shall discuss some other applications of high energy accelerators in the following . 1. Use Of High-Energy Accelerators as Sources of Intense Neutron Flux : A new trend now with high-energy accelerators, in particular synchrotrons with energy about l BeV, is to bombard the appropriate target with the high energy beam of protons or deuterons to produce spallation neutrons whose flux has an order of magnitude increase over the best steady - state reactors. The applications in this field are significant; groups of researchers are conducting intensive work for utilization of the high spallation flux either to provide a means of gaining a much broader and potentially very rich region of excitations to neutron scattering, or what is regarded as being of more significance is to use the accelerator - breeder as means to solve energy problems, in the first case an intense pulsed neutron source proposed at Argonne National Laboratory*151 uses a negative ion source to inject ions into a linear accelerator which acelerates them to 70 MeV, the negative ions are then stripped to be converted to protons which are accelerated in high intensity synchrotron where the protons come out with an energy of 800 MeV ( Fig 15 ) Protons emerge in bursts of 5 x 1013 protons per burst every 16.7 m. sec upon injection This beam is to be alternately steered to a uranium target for neutron scattering studies. Each incident proton yeilds about 30 fast neutrons at this energy by spallation . These neutrons are then slowed down in a hydrogeneous moderator leading to an effective peak of thermal neutron flux of about 1016 n/cmVSec, the neutron pulse width being of the order of 10 usec in the thermal range. A very important feature of such a pulsed source is the fact that there will also be abundantly productive supply of eipthermal (10.1 eV) neutrons in addition to the very high thermal flux. These higher energy neutrons will be very useful for a wide variety of experiments. There are four general characteristics of an intense pulsed neutron source involved in condensed matter research : 1. Very high intensity throughout the thermal energy range. 2. High epithermal flux (10.1 eV), 3. Pulsed nature of the source and 4. The moderator can be tailored to produce either "Cold" or "Hot" intense beam.1?; of neutrons. 2. The Accelerator Breeders : The rising cost of U 235 and the other fossil fuels, and the schedule for implementing the breeder reactor have renewed interest in the utilization of accelerators for breeding U 233 or PU 2 3S utilizing spallation neutrons produced by a high energy accelerator, e.g. 1-2 BeV protons or deuterons and an appropriate target. The preliminary cost estimates for accelerator - bred fuel indicate costs which are not competitive. However, depending upon assumptions made on future costs, the accelerator breeder can be shown to be either very desirable or completely uneconomical . A proposal was made for the accelerator parameters and choices to be made in order to meet the technical and economic requirements of such facility. (16) Fig 16 shows schematicaly the basic processes of accelerator breeding. A proton, or deuteron, accelerated to a high energy (e.g. 1 BeV) is directed into an appropriate target. Interactions with target nuclei produce many secondary particles in a cascade with ultimate production of anywhere from 40 to 60 neutrons. The available data on spallation eneutron production indicated that the proton energy should be 1 BeV or greater to achieve sufficient neutron production. When we consider a target/blanket of Th 232 or U 238 most of the neutrons are captured producing U 233 or Pu 239- The presence of this fissile material and fast fission of U 238 lead to an additional neutron multiplication in the blanket. The net fuel so produced is therefore given by the breeding capture less the fission of bred fuel. Thus, an accelerator - breeder designed for 1 BeV, 300 mA proton beam directed into a thorium or depleted uranium target would produce more than 1000 kg/year of U 233 or Pu 239 fuel. This would provide enough fuel for the support of 3000 to 6000 megawatt electric conventional reactor capacity depending on fuel cycle and reactor type chosen . 3. Use of Particle Accelerators in Fusion Research Particle accelerators are playing a significant role in the field of thermonuclear fusion . There are various methods by which the energy of accelerated particles is utilized either to heat the plasma or to induce fusion directly. We shall confine ourselves to only one of those applications utilizing high-energy particles, that is inertial confinement by energetic particles, which is similar to the utilization of laser beams. The key idea for ior beam fusion as Martin and Aronldfl7) conceive it, is the use of a storage ring for high energy ions which can be filled to tis space charge limit. Stored beam energies of ir?egajoules can be achieved in the form of pulses of a few nanosecond duration. As a specific example of a facility, a schematic of which is shown in Fig. 17. it is shown that an accelerator capable of accelerating (HI) to 8 Gev/ion would suffice for breakeven ('£n = 10 14 cm"3, s, where n = particle density, ^ = confinement time).If the storage ring ( using superconducting magnets) was filled to space charge limit, it could store 400 KJ of I* beam in the form of 100 circulating pulses of 7 nanosecond duration. A deuterium - tritium pellet of 1 mn: diameter would undergo substantial burn when bombarded with such pulses.The energy yield would roughly equal the stored beam energy. The fusion neutron yield would be 3 x 1017/ pulse. It is suggested that a one - ring system with a rapid cycling synchrotron could operate at a 1 MW output level demonstrating scientific breakeven. SUPER HIGH ENERGY ACCELERATORS AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS. Like all particle acceelerators, LEP functions something like a nuclear reactor in reverse. Rather than generate large amounts of energy from small quantities of matter, LEP generates tiny particles of matter from a mammoth amount of energy - enough to power a city of 200,000 people Its electrons and positrons race around a lead - shielded, water-cooled aluminum vacuum chamber, building up immense kinetic energies. When they collide, they create subatomic fireballs with the intensity of 400 million suns. In a microinstant, the kinetic energy amassed by the particles is transformed into new kinds of matter, the inverse of Einstein's famous equation E = me2. The strange, ephemeral bits of matter that emerge from these collisions - muons, bosons and the residue of the occasional charmed quark - include many of the particles thought to have existed in the very first moments after the Big Bang, before the universe cooled and the early particles changed into the more stable atomic elements. Accelerators are in effect vast time machines, and the larger they get, the nearer scientists can approach the original explosion that formed the universe. Particle accelerators are to physicists what telescopes and space probes are to astronomers. LEP has already started to deliver results, and in few months after its operation in the summer of 1989 it created enough particles to establish beyond reasonable doubt that the universe contains only three families of fundamental matter. It is hoped by LEP scientists, however, to wrap up some of physics more important loose ends, among them detection of the slippery"top" quark, one of the last missing pieces din a so -called standard model of matter, and the as yet undetected Higgs bosson, thought to be the basic carrier of mass. The beams in the superconducting .Supercollider will collide head -on with 4000 BeV of energy. Such extremely high energy will yield bossons, particles smaller than protons, for further study of the fundamental nature of matter and energy, space, time, and the beginning and end of the universe. It is hoped that the supercollider will help to discover the particles that would prove that the four basic forces of nature - electro magnetic, strong, weak, and gravitational- can be combined in a Grand Unified Theory of the universe. The supercollider could also help to confirm the existence of the Higgs Boson particle, which would explain how particles get their mass and why the photon has no mass at all. The layer that theorists most eagerly hope for is a new class of matter called supersymmetric particles, whose existence is predicted on the so-called grand unified theories now being explored by physicists. Some think that supersymmetric particles are the long-sought components of "dark matter," the invisible stuff that is believed to make up 90% or more of the universe. Supersymmetric particles could also give a boost to superstring theory, one of the hottest ideas in theoretical physics. Superstring theory holds that every particle is really a vibrating loop of stringlike material that exists in ten-dimensional space (most of these dimensions are confined to .such a small scale that we never notice them ).Whether the string takes on the role of a quark or an electron or a Higgs boson depends simply on how it vibrates. Before, we had a zoo of particles, but no one knew why they were the way they were. Now, the simple picture presented by the Standard Model is based on a set of theories (Fig 18) that attempt to describe the nature of matter and energy as simply as possible. The model holds that nearly all the matter we knew of, from garter snakes to galaxies, is composed of just four particles: two quarks, which make up the protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei; electrons, which surround the nuclei; and neutrinos, which are fast-moving, virtually massless objects that are shot out of nuclear reactions. These particles of matter are, in turn, acted upon by four forces: the strong nuclear force, which binds quarks together in atomic nuclei, the weak nuclear force, wheih triggers some forms of radioactive decay; atoms electromagneticm, which builds aztoms into molecules and molecules into macroscopic matter; and gravity. An - 46 - entirely separate set of paxticles-the hoscns- ar« the agents that tran smit these forces back ana forth between particles, people and planets. REFERENCES " UfreNew Heavy-ion Accelerator Facility at Qak Ridge ", ?,K. Stelso-n. Proc. of the 3rd Conf. or. Applications of Small Accelerators, North Texas State Univ., 1974. p 2 pp I . " Particle Accelerators ", Me Graw Hill Book Company, 1962, p 315. " future trends in Application of Isotopes and radiation ", Hellmut Glubrecht, IAEA Bulletin - Vol. 19, No. 6. " Development of Scanning Proton Microscopy " , V7,K. Escvity, T.R. Fox, R. levi-Setti, Proceedings of the third Conference on Application of Small Accelerators, Vol II, North texas State University, Denton, Texas, October .19?", p 125. "Geochemical Analysis Using the Ion Microprobe Mass Analyzer", I.R. Hinthorne, the 1st International Symposium on Applied Methods of Local Microanalysis, Belgrade University, February 1978 . Private Communication with the Accelerator Department of the Nuclear and Scientific Instrument group of Thomson CSF, France. " Application of Low-voltage, High-Current Accelerators in Tumor Therapy Research ", M.R. Cleland et al•, Proc. of the conf. on Use of Small Accelerators for Teaching and Research, Oak Ridge, Tenn . , April 1968, p 390 . Relationsphip Between Tuomor Growth and Radiosensitivity ", J.A. Belli et al, Journal of Nat. Cancer Inst., 31, 1963, p 689 . " A Heavy Ion facility for Radiation Therapy ", Ch. Leemann et al., IEEE trans, on Nucl. Sci,- Vol NS-24, No. 3, June 1977 . "The Radiobiology of Kum«n Cancer Radiotherapy ", W.B. Saunders and Co. Phila, Pa., 1968 . A.V. Crew, D-R Getz; R.H. Hilderbranti, L.S. Markheim, D.A. Carlson "High Eno?.gy Physics at Argonne Nattional Laboratory", Book Published by Arg. Nat. Lab., Sept. 1963. G.S. Urban- J-C Gannon, "Operating Experiencxe V7ith the Fermilab 500-C-e^1 Accelerator, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-21, No. 3, June 1977. 13. P. Livdahl, "Status of the Fermijb Energy Doubler/Saver Project", IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-24, No.3, June 197 7. 14. G.Plass, " The LEP project, status and plans" , IEEE tran. On Nucl. Sci., Vol. N5-30, No.4, Aug 193J, p.3978. 15. S.A. Werner, "Applications of Pulsed Neutrons from a Spallation Source", IEEE Trans, on Nucl. Sci., Vol. NS-2f4, No. 3, June 1977. 16. P.Grand, K.Batchellor, J.R. Powell, K. Eteinberg, "The Accelerator Breeder, an Application of High - Energy Accelerators to Solving Our Energy Problem1', IEEE Tran. On Nnucl. Sci., Vol. NS-24, no. 3, June 1977. 17. R. Martin, R. Arnold, "Heavy Ion Accelerators and Storage Rings for Pellet Fusion Reactors, RI.M/RCA-1, Argonne National Laboratory, Feb. 9, 1976. MAXIKUft ACCELERATOR TYPE ENKRGY AVAILABLE LIMITATION A. D.C. ACCELERATORS 1• Cockroft—Walton Cascade Generator 6 MeV Engineering and Economic 2• Van de Graff Electrostatic Generator 12 MeV Voltage Breakdown, Damage of Charging Belt, Engine- ering and Economic 3. Pelletron Electrostatic Accelerator 60 KeV Engineering and Economic B. THE LII.'SAR ACCELERATOR 20 BeV Engineering and Economic C* CYCLIC ACCELERATOR I 1• The Betatron 300 MeV Energy loss by Radiation 2• The Cyclotron 50 KeV Disruption of Synchronisn due to Reduction of Rota- tion Frequency at Relati- viotic lilacs* 3• The Synchrocyclotron 750 MeV Engineering and Economic 4• The Synchrotron 2000 BeV Economic Table 1 Damping Accelerator Resistor Dome Smoothing Column ^—Coupling Column 1 \3JOMJ UUifcr-^ 10 To Rectifier and Anode Voltage To .... Filter F Powtr Ampltf.tr "9- 1fl Supply Seven Stage Symmetrical Cascade Rectifier for Fig. jg Block Diagram of the Symmetrical 600 ^KV Cascade 2,5 Mv, 200 mA Generator (RtftrenCe *)• ( Courtesy of Em f I Haefely & Co. Ltd. ) MAGNET Prossun>ed Tank Voltage Terminal CIHZCL ISMS —' Ion Source »M -ACCELERATION TU»E —Corona rings Acceleration Tube i Motor f'9- 3 SEAM i TRANSPORT SYSTEM For fMttrM Medal 20U0 E DOUBLET VT ANAlVZINO MAOICT Target •nANcl OUAORuroiE OOUIIETS (Courtesy of Electrostatics lntern*tton«l. inc) p',n *% C^K I , .. ,oo... me; rig.2 Schematic of a Van tie graff Electrostatic ^Osclltator Otss Bombardmont Etectrostatic chamber(op«n toairJ Otft*ctor Vacuum Chambtr BEAM ENVELOPE t Fig. 5 Schematic of a Cyclotron Si 41 11 II Sketch of an azipujthally varying field of 3-fold symmetry, with Hills sectors bounded by spirals . ( Courtesy of Philips cyclotron department). Fig 6A- sectors of iron on the pole faces -53 - Particles Arriving Too Soop (gain mora energy) / Particles Stable Phase/Arrivings / /i00 Late ;in less energy) Fig. 7A Phase Oscitlat'or.s Fig. 7B Axial Oscillations -54 - r 8 Schematic c'the Birmingham Synchrotron Linear Acceieraior 200 Mfv Main-Ring Synchrotron (500 Bev) F Linac ingle-arm Booster —ctromettr Muon ^Bubble Spectrometer Chamber 30 Bubble Chamber Internal Primary Beams Target - Area Secondary Beams • Targets Q«, 10 Layout of Facilities at Fermilab (re» 9 ) I o -fc 3 o *> > i / Meso n 1 I* I POPAE \ IA j/ 1 I //Q \ 1 ///Stub Central Laboratory /ll c\ Rg.11 Location of POPAE on the Fermiiab site (Reference 17). £**> % 20° MeV e" l'-t' conv~-te,- •—>. \V—cC3 MeV o* cr g" ?<*tW*J»r * *T. --t% t,% ^ positrox 1. Positrons are created in a linear accelerator and then stored in an accumulator ring '* 2. Electrons and positrons are accelerated in synchrotrons. 3. The particles are injected into the LEP rir the two kinds then circling in different LSSS directions. 4. The particles collide head-on in one of four - experimental halls ...,:"£•••"«* """""•*KcapBi- 20 GeV ri«6 line; •ion ddshed line. Eing ooint 1, LSS • Pig13 schematic of Large-Blectron-Positrori Golliuer (LEP) LINEAR ACCELERATOR STRIPPER M~ ION SOURCE /-70 M*V H " -2*1—1 rPROTON SYNCHROTRON »00M*V PROTO TOSPALLATION TARGET? Protons will be collected in NEUTRON injector BEAM They will be TARGETS into two pipes and will circle* in opposite dir'-' ections '. The beams will cross at, exper— • 1mental halls Fig. 15 .Schematic of the intense pulsed neutron sourcefreference g ). PU 23» U 233 U 23S Evaporation N U 23B U 23( lO Targtt High Erttrgy T h 232 Fast Fit lion Proton From U 211 Ntutront 2.3 M.V Fast Fin ion •o TH112 PU 23 U 231 Fisiili full Capturt Product!) 14 Schematic of Superconducting Proton of U«ut«ron S*/i, Supercollider (SC3) High EiwrsY Caicadi SpallMion j~TOOMtv -• 58 - V-u 3 J.T. 3 c- o 5" > Sou r 2 *Ja r* * i? PARTICLE ROUNDUP MATTER Wi i ^ Trapp'4 T.siJe la;ge' prtrfts they jre never seen by then ELECTRON All ordinary Responsible for mattuf belon(S electricity and tothis roup- chemical reactions. Protons have one It has a charge o!-: of them, while :u£!i you: body every s=cond. neutrons have two. MUON * ! MUCN'NEUTRINO STRANGE '.'.- A heavier reUtiva _-.Y.ih A heavier relative . of tf» electron. muw.s wJien^jf.'-e of the down. existed in H» Mrty moments after the Bit Bang.- TAU T4li KEUTRSNO BOTTOM NM they ire found, Heavier stil. Heavier sbL cnty'* tosmic nyj and accelentori* bil belined li !ce»s). BOSONS PHOTONS GLUONS INTERMEDIATE- /—. ' GRAVITONS FiMdimental Thi particles that ! VECTOR BOSONSAjr) Not vet discovered (articles Kilt nukt up Kght.. I Heavy Larrieis cf !he /—/—\\ ' but believed to they carry f'sr jjai«s carry the forca transmitt t thtll | w»ak low. whicn is J** / y forces«(nature- Buelectro- responsive lor sorae of gravity, ^v. forms ol radioactive decay Each particle also has? ANTIMATTER counlcrpart-iprt'olitB Pig. 18 CYCLOTRON LABORATORY AT TOE NUCLEAR RESEARCH CENTRE, ATOPMJC ENERGY AUTHORITY M.N. Comsan, and F.I. Asfour Nuclear Physics Department, Nuclear Research Center Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt Abstract Circular-orbit accelerators, which until recently have merely been tools for fundamental research, are now finding ever increasing use in chemistry, biology, medicine and engineering. The demand to establish a cyclotron laboratory in Egypt started at the begining of seventies for scientific research and multidisciplinary applications. During 1988, the NRC, A.E.A. Egypt applied for assistance under the IAEA regular programme of technical co-operation. In 1989, a pre-project mission was provided to Apparaise the proposal from the N.R.C. The main findings of the mission were that the infrastructure, both technical and manpower, was ndequate for the transfer of cyclotron-based technology, and that the proposed programme would be beneficial to the scientific and economic development of Egypt. The IAEA input to the project is to make provision in 1991 and future years to purchase a compact cyclotron for light ions acceleration. The national input is lhat the A.E.A. is responsible for the design and construction of the building, allocafing substantial funds to the project and providing related equipment, such as data aquisition systems, induced activity measuring equipment, and a solid-state laboratory. The contract for project was signed on September 27, 1991, between the IAEA (supplier) TECMSNABEXPORT, (RUSSIA) (manufacturer) and A.E.A., EGYPT (end user). The main features of the cyclotron will be reviewed. The project is high amongst the priorities of the A.E.A. Egypt, and is expected to add an important facility to the infrastructure. The long-term aim is to exploit the considerable benefits for research, training and application in agriculture, ecological studies, industry, nuclear physics and the production of radioisoKopes. - 60- CYCLOTRON LABORATORY AT THE HUCLEAR RESEARCH CENTRE ATOMIC SNERGY AUTHORITY M.ff.H. COMSAF, F.I. ASFOUR Nuclear Pixyfiioe Department, N.R.C., A.E.A. , Cairo Introduction Circular-orfcit accelerators,which until recently have merely been toola ft>r fundamental research are now find- ing use in chanifjtr^, biology, medicine and engineering. The demand to eoiablish a cyclotron laboratory in Egypt arised in the tegining of seventies for scientific research and aultidieciplinary applications. In 1988, the N.ll.C. A.E,A» Egypt applied a request for assistance under the I.A.S.A. regular programme for technical cooperraUo.n. In 1989, a pre-project mission was provided to appraise the proposal from the N.R.C. The main findings of the mission were that the ifra- structure, botb teohrioal and manpower, was adequate for the transfer of cyclotron based technology and that the proposed proer^jriie would be benifical to the scien- tific and economic- development of Egypt. The IAEA Input to the project is to make provision in 1991 and future ^e&rs to parchase a compact cyclotron for ligjlf ions acaetl^.ration. The national input is that the A.E.A. is reapoAgible for the design and construc- tion of the building, allocating substantial funds to the project, and providing related eq'if.-txszat, such as date- aquisition systems* Induced activity aeaauring equipment and a solid-state laboratory. The contract for the project w^e signed on September 27, 1991 in Vienna, between the IAEA (supplier), TECHSHAB- EXPORT - RUSSIA (manufacturer) and A.E.A, - EGYPT ( end- user). The project will be bawd on a ocxnpact cyclotron of type MGC-20 with the main technical para- meters: Accelerated ions; proions, deut^rons, helium-3, helium-4. Ions energy in the beam (exteraal/icternal), MeV : protons 5-18/2-20 , deuterons 3"10/l-ll helium! 8-2J/4-27 , he3.ium~4 6^20/2-22 Ion beam current (externfel/lnteraaX)juA : protons 200/50 , Aeuterons 3JOO/5O helium-3 50/25 , helium-4 50/25 Electromagaet; pole diemeter, cai 103, mass, ton 24 Accelerating system: double-dee 2 x 140°, Accelerating voltage KV 25 , Operating frequency range, MHg P~£>4 Iqn^source J with hot cathode Extraotion system: electrostatic deflector and mag- netic channel. - 62 - The project la high aaoongei the priorities of Egypt's A.E.A.. and is expected t^ •ic'-i &z\ important facility to the infra- structure • Main features of scientific and multidiaciplinary activities It is hopwcl fch.s.t ths JUGC-20 accelerator will be put Into operation ia 1995. The long-terre «.im of the project is to exploit the considerable ben«£:!ts for research, application and train- ing in nuclear aad etoitic phyaice, nuclear data programme, biological, Rfcdica} $$£ Bjrittultvu'al researches, materials science and &xt*ilyti«el applications. lor that, the ^voject is planned to cover the follow- ing activities; (1) Huclear pbygl c/7 rgflearch a) Having a Tj>£»jj>ii*?tic aii?.lyaer to Improve the charged particlee su^ergy resolution (up to 0.01 %), the nucJeiai' /"eie.c1 «ionn mechanisio at the available in- cident energies will he studied on enriched iso- topee I'eir'g f.dvajiced and precise measuring equi- pments. b) The in-fceezr; ruclear opectroscopy is of great interest trs the available energy range of acce- ierat?d pavticies, to study decay schemes, level 8tru«fc**r& Bod interne! conversion electron spec- trosocpy i'or different enriched isotopes. -63 - Hyperpure Ge(HPGe)» Lew Energy T>ftotoa Spectro- meters (LEPS) and Superconducting Magnetic Lens Puls Si (Li) electron Bpectrc»«-«,«re (SMLS) are planned to be used in these experiments. The following activities are planned! - SingleY-spectrum with (HPGo) ana (LEPS) spectrometers, - Y -excitation function, - Y -T coincidence, f -a/igUj&r distributions, - t -polarization, - Lifetime by electronic Doppler shift attenuat- ion and, recoil distance methods, - Internal conversion electros spectrum, - e~Y -coincidence, - Coincidence with charged particles, - Single internal conversion electron spectra using SUHS - e~-e~ coincidence - e"-e+ internal pair spectrum. - e~-charged particle-coincidence, c) Nuclear data, play an important role in different applications of charged particle and secondary neutron beams of cyclotron. Usually for the practical application, the decay dttia are meas- ured with sufficient accuracy, -64 - The reactios data, however are not so well known and tfaera is an Increasing demand for standardi- zation. Por that & nuclear data collection prog- in planned in traditional direction of £ particle induced nuclear reactions **& nwuisur sweats of neutron induced reactions to cover the following activities: - Heaterssjjt?nte of excitation functions for isotope production for nuclear medicine, biology and ecology. • Meaaiu^mects of excitation functions for moni- tori?:.5 charged per tide becomes. - Calculations of cross-sections. - Data compilation and evaluation. oa Induced data. Atomic pbyerlcg reaesrch Tfc# etud;' of the electron capture and electron cusps ;« of iiitsrsiit. The observed unexplained disrrfrp&icy betweeja the velocity of the projectile ant t,'(\&t of the cusp electron lost to the continuum of tlir projectile caused some excitment,and initia- ted fvurthsT studies in this field. (3) Biological £?Ti medio&l research. The Ifoliowl.rtg, ieotope§(Table 1) are planned to be produced i?n ibe MGC-20 cyclotron for medical uses in the let pbasr**; s -65 - Table 1 Particle energy Isotope Reaction MeV j68Zn(98%)(p,2n)67Ga E - 18 MeV 66 67 \ Zn(99S&)(d,n) Ga Ed » 10 MeV 123 123 V = 15 MeV Te(73%)(p,n) I P 202 201 Hg(9W(p,2n) Tl E « 18 MeV Slrn^ B-T -28 MeV 11:LCd(95%)(p,n)li:LIn Eo « 16 MeV In the second phase of the isotope production project the production of short lived PET-isotopes (1:*C, 13N, 150,18F) is planned. Other isotopes used in biology ecology and agriculture will be produced according to the demand of the users. (4) Materials science and analytical applications The modern trends in material analysis demand an increasing use of accurate nuclear analytical methods. The most important methods which are planned to be used are: PIXE, HIXE, CPAA, RBS, Channeling and PHAA. • The energy and intensity range of the MGC-20 cyclotron make it especially applicable for the CPAA, which a suitable tool for determination of several elements in one sample, with sensitivities of ppm-ppb. -66 - Table 2 shows s. matrix materials Investigatable by 10 MeV proton activation: Table 2 cooling time no cooling (la 1-15 days Ko,Ta,Bi Ey,Ir,Au,Tl For the abovs mentioned analytical purposes special analytical chambers ere to be prepared. Surface Icr^s of different materials caused by mecha- nical wear, eorru«ioc or erosion can be measured by means of thin layer activation. The investigated surface is irradiated vlth. dlffeveait c^i&rged particles beams, and knowing the dipt.?liratios of the produced activity, the quantitative aj&ap-u.f« of the wear can be determined from the change of sample activity during the wear. (5) Fast neutron renawah and applications It is planed also to produce fast neutrons induced by accelerates protons and deuterons bombarding thick Be-target* T»ible Z ahov.a the main parameters of the expected neutror>. "ke&m at the MGC-20 cyclotron. Table 3 1 1 Jo{Energy; En(0°)MeV ( 0° ) ,n. ^ . S" n p(16 MeV) 3.7 1.8 x 1010 d (10 3£e"V} 3.9 1.0 x 1010 -• 67 - The planned applications of the fast neutrons are: - Past neutron activation analysis (FNAA) for industrial purposes, - In vitro and in vivo activation analyses of biological samples, - Dosimetry and shielding investigations of mixed {n-f )-fields. - Radiobiological and encologicel researches. - Mutation • induction and stimulation by neutron irradiation in agricultural samples. (6) Training An interregional training centre is planned to be established based on the MGC-20 cyclotron project at N.R.C. A.E.A. It is expected to serve much in training young scientists froT9,A?ab and African countries in the cbove mentioned fields and others^ in cooperation with the I.A.E.A. and other home and international institutions. - 68 - CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ACCELERATOR BASED SYSTEM FOR IN VIVO ALUMINIUM MEASUREMENT IN PERIPHERAL BONE 1 1 1 1 2 S.Green , D.A.Bradley , PJ.Mountford , W.D. Morgan , D.R.Chertle a~d D.R. Weaver3 !Dept of Medical Physics, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre., and 3School of Phvsics and Space Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston. Birmingham. U.K. 2Depc of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Introduction In healthy individuals, renal clearance maintains tissue and plasma concentrations of aluminium at very low levels. Elevated levels are found in patients on renal dialysis, with dialysis solutions (dialysate) containing trace levels of Al; a further risk results from an associated long term use of Al-based phosphate binders. Amongst dialysis patients A3 has beer. implicated as the causative agent of encephalopathy, osteomaiacia, osreodystrophy. anaemia and general malaise1. There is no easy, non-invasive, method of investigating Al overload. Measurements of Al concentration in plasma give oniy an estimate of recent exposure, while estimates of long term exposure can be derived from analysis of iliac crest biopsy samples which are obtained by a painful procedure, not suitable for serial measurements. The favourable neutron cross-section and energy of the gamma emission of the reaction 27A1 (n,y) 28A1 enables the technique of in-vivo neutron activation analysis to be contemplated for detecting AL Previous studies have been undertaken at East Kilbride2 using 14MeV neutrons, at Brookhaven3 using a reactor-based source, and at Swansea4 using a 252Cf scarce. with emphasis being on the measurement of either total body Al or Al in the bone of the hanu. In all of those systems a particular problem concerned the interfering 31P(n,cc)28Al reai don. The ^Cf system additionally suffered from a problem of low thermal neutron production and consequently of low useable dose-rate. In contrast, the University of Birmingham Dynamitrcn accelerator is capable of producing an intense source of fast neutrons from the reaction 3H(p,n)3He with a neutron energy that is lower than the threshold (2MeV) for 31P(n,cc) 28A1. System Design The fundamental requirement is to produce an intense thermal neutron flux for irradiation of the hand. Particular importance has been placed upon obtaining maximum thermal neutron fluence per unit source output, with uniform irradiation of the hand and minimum dose to the rest of the body. Irradiation, transfer and counting times were ail governed by the 2.3min half-life of 28A1. It was also clear that efforts to restrict dose to the hand were intimately associated with the shortest possible irradiation time, and the optimum incident proton energy (Ep) and irradiation cavity design. For a largely unmoderated source, measurements on foils for a range of incident proton energies have been used to determine Al sensitivity in terms of observed activation counts per mg Al per Sv. Evaluations of dose equivalent were obtained by making measurements of beam quality (QF) using microdosimetric techniques5. The results were as expected, showing a trend of increasing Al sensitivity with reduction of incident proton energy and therefore of neutron energy. The important point is that meaningful evaluation of Al sensitivity was obtained in terms of biologically relevant dose in that the beam quality was experimentally determined from the microdpsimerric measurement for each proton energy. All subsequent measurements on the Dynamitron were made using Ep=1.2 MeV, with the reaction providing sufficient yield to allow further thermal neutron optimisation by moderation. Using a very simple irradiation cavity, consisting of a large (60cm x 60cm x 30cm thick) wax reflector positioned behind the target, a measurement was made of the neutron energy spectrum using a 3He spectrometer placed at 50cm from the target along the proton - 69 - beam axis. The results of this measurement are shown \:x figure i, where the two distinct peaks represent the source energy and a peak dus to interactions within the wax shieid. The widths of the peaks reflect the neutron energy distribution, wiih 3 much smaller effect due to limitations of detection resolution. The maximum neutron energy from the reaction is represented by the end-point of the spectrum and corresponds to estimates which can be obtained from considerations of reacthn kinematics. 2 2000 1 '5 •I IOOO - 0 E 100 200 300 400 Energy (keV) Figure 1: Neutron spectrum determined with the 3He spectrometer. Thermal neutron fluence within the irradiation cavity was monitored using a small 235U fission chamber (Centronics, Type FC4A). Proton beam charge was monitored via an electrometer, and the variation in thermal flux with different pre-moderator and reflector configurations was obtained as the ratio of fission counts per unit beam charge. The results indicated that the combined use of a wax reflector and beam moderator significantly increased the thermal flux in the cavity. It is planned to further optimise rhe cavity design through both measurement and Monte Carlo simulation. The photon counting system was based on two 'argc Nal(Tl) detectors, one of dimensions 12.5 x 12.5cm and the other of dimensions 15 x J5cm built into a Pb shielded environment. Data capture and analysis was via a PC-based data acquisition system and peak fitting was performed using the non-linear least-squares optimisation method first developed by Marquardt6. Dosimetry & Microdosimetry The only accurate way of evaluating neutron dose in this neutron energy region is by measuring the neutron fluence and applying tabulated ftuencc to dose conversion ratios7. Tne response of conventional neutron film dosimeters falls off significantly below approximately 600keV and were therefore unsuitable for present applications. More reliable estimates of dose (both neutron and photon) can be obtained using,rnkrodosimetric techniques, although this method becomes less accurate at neutron energies below approximately 500keV as the approximation to a Bragg-Gray cavity breaks down. Initial investigation of the system has been made using a commercial (Far West Technology, Goleta, CA, USA, Type No SW1/2) single wire A-150 tissue-equivalent plastic walled counter, allowing simultaneous measurements of neutron and photon dose components and the estimation of dose equivalent via standard conversion factors8. The procedure was used to measure dose equivalents both in and around the irradiation cavity and the data obtained were used to estimate an effective dose (ED) of approximately 22uSv for a local dose of 20mSv to the hand. Phantom Studies A comparison was made of detection sensitivity for two independent sets of phantoms, one from Birmingham and one from Swansea. The Birxmngham phantoms were simple 130ml A1C13 solutions containing varying amounts of Al (approximately 0 to 100 nag) in polythene bottles. The Swansea phantoms consisted of 400ml saline bags containing physiologically realistic quantities of Ca, P, Cl and Na with amounts of Al ranging from 0 to 30mg. Two phantom runs were performed, one at a "low-dose" and another at a higher dose. The lower dose regime required a 30s irradiation period, whilst the higher dose irradiations - 70 - required a 60s irradiation period. In both cases a 30s transfer time and a 300s countins time were used. Results are shown for the higher dose run (figs 2 & 3), while ihe overall performance in termerms of minimum ce:ec:ab't levei (MDL) achieved, for both dose regimes and both sets of 1SQ00 - H 12000 - — 8000 - < e 3000 [o] Birmingham phantcrns n Swansea Dnan:c:ris -2000 -r 20 40 60 80 100 Al content (mg) Figure 2: Variation of fined aluminium peak area with aluminium content (summed of both detectors) for the Birmingham and Swansea phantom sets and -± local dose of 46mSv. 0.8 - 0.7- 0.6- a OJ- 0.4- a 0.2" ratio = 0.1163 + 0.0209 Al(mg) R = 0.99 o 0-1" 0.0 0 10 20 30 40 Al content (mg) Figure 3: Variation of the ratio of the fitted peak area for the Al and Ca peaks in the Swansea phantoms, with aluminium content (variation in the calcium content of these phantoms is < 1%) The physiologically realistic quantities of Ca in the Swansea phantoms enabled the ratio Al/Ca to be estimated (figure 3) which is an important parameter for actual patient measurements since it allows determination of aluminium levels per gram of calcium. Studies on the Swansea phantoms also indicate thar. phosphorous does not present a significant interference. Preliminary measurements showed that lg of phosphorus provides a signal of less than that from O.lmg of Al. Table i: F*norrr.ar.v:: 01 ;h;*. Birmiritjham, Swansea .ind Brockhaven systems. bite sour Hur.d l^s Phantom Sf_ V..D.L. Brookhaven Rescicr <20mSv(QF=i0) 0.4mg Swansea 20mS/(QF=10) 3.4mg* Birmingham 50mSv (QF=20) Birmingham 2.0mg (previously reported^) p(1.05MeV)3H 50mSv (QF=20)" Birmingham 1.2mg Birmingham pi.l.2MeV)3H 13mSv (QF=20) Swansea 3.6mg (this work) p(1.2MeV)3H 46mSv Acknowledgements The help of the Dynamitron operating staff, of Dr. HTagziria for the neutron spec-rum £i3v;ni, jjjd of Dr. £ JvicNeii for experimeiiiul assistance are all gratefully acknowledged. References l.ME.DeBroe and F.L. Van de Vyver (eds), Aluminium: a clinical problem in nephrology. Gin. Nephrol, 24 suppl 1: (1985) 2.E D Williams, A.L. Elliott, K.Boddy, J.K. Haywood, IS. Henderson, T.Harvey and A.C.Kennedy. Whole body aluminium in chronic renal failure and dialysis encjpiialopathy. Clin Nephrol 14:198 (1980) j.K.J.Eliis t-nd S.P.Kelleher. In-vivo bone aluminium measurements in patients with renal disease, in Proc. of Int. Symp on in vivo body composition studies (Chapter 73) K J.Hilis, S.Yiwraua & WJDiMorgan BNL (1986), publ. by IPSM (York) (1987) •i.W D Morgan, E.A.McNeil, R.M.Wyatt, S.J.S.Ryde, CJ.Evans, J.Dutton, A.Sivyer and A .L Williams. Development of a technique to measure bone aluminium in vivo using a Of-/5'2 neuffor. source, in Proc. Int Symp. on in vivo body composition studies, S.Y.isurnur.'.. J.E.Harrison, K.G.McNeil, AJXWoodhead & F.A.Dilmanian . Plenum '-revs, NY, 437-438. (1990) 5.ICR\l 19S3 Report .:6, Microdosimerxy, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (Washington DC:"lCRU) 6.D. VV.M ;rc:u.;i;fiL \n algorithm for least squares estimation of non- linear parameters. J.Soc. h;di.iST. Anpi Math, II: 431 (1963) 7 j.R.V/'isnet, iVCrosswendt. J.R.Haxvey, A.J.Mill, HJ.SeUback, B.R.L.Siebert.Unified <:-onvr.i-'-\Qi\ functions for the new ICRU operational radiation protection quantities. Radiat. ?rot. Dos. 12: 231 (1985). 8. JCRP 1973 Publication 21, Data for Protection Against Ionising Radiation from external sources (Suppl to Publication 15) (Oxford: Pergamon Press) 9.5.Giesn and D.R.Chettie. A feasibility study of the in vivo measurement of aluminium in peripheral bone. Phys. Med. Biol (In Press). - 72 - RADON MONITORING FOR EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION: A PROSPECT FOR USE IN EGYPT 6.M. Hassib and F.H. Hammad NAUTIONAL CENTRE FOR NUCLEAR SAFETY AND RADIATION CONTROL. ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY P.O. BOX 7551, NASR CITY, CAIRO, EGYPT ABSTRACT The technique of passive radon monitoring has been used as a tool to study earthquake related changes in radon concentration prior and after the event. In this work, a review Is given about the measuring technique, the applicability and the possible range of prediction. In Egypt, the public concern about earthqiuakes has been grown-up suddenly after Oct. 12, 1992 when a 5.9 M earthquake hitted Cairo extensively. The origin of this earthquake was in Ouatrani Mountain, 70 km southwest from Cairo. Therefore, it is proposed to install a radon monitoring network in Quatrani Mountain which represents potential earthquake threat to Cairo region. -73- I INTRODUCTION: Sadovsky et a\ (1972) observed a long-term increase in radon concentration just prior to a major earthquake at Tashkent. Since then, many studies of radon in earthquake rones have been reported and a striking set of observations of radon anomalies that correlate with earthquakes is shown in Table-1 CFIeischer, 19813. These studies have shown that, underground radon monitoring provides a sensitive signal for recognizing subterrestriaI disturbances. Concerning the measuring technique for such application, the passive radon monitoring with nuclear track detectors was found to be the most appropriate because of its negligible background of spurious signals, ruggedness and its nature as an integrating technique CMogro- Campsro and Fleischer (1977) and King (1978)3. 1 r, this report, a review is given about the reliability of the underground radon signals for earthquake prediction and the world-wide measuring technique applied for this task. In Egypt, the public concern about earthquakes has evolved extensively r. aften the event of Oct. 12,1992 and the question of earthquake prediction has become or radiation objective. In view of the Egyptian experiences in rgrjon monitoring for different applications; such as subsurface uranium exploration (Hassib, 1996) and radon in Egyptian dwellings U-iassib et al, 1992). a proposal is given to extend these experiences to earthquake prediction. RANGE OF PREDICTION: The question of how long time lift before the earthquake is actuated is stil! an international issue However, radon monitoring networks in regions affected by great earthquakes may measure the size of the . - 74 - affected region and hence both the location and size of the expected earthquake. In this respect, Schotz et a! (1973) presented data showing that premonitory signals gave (onger warnings for iarger quakes. On the other hand, Fleischer and MNogro-Campers (i981), have shown the progress of radon signals in a weekly basis at Blue Mountain Lake, New York during which two major earthquakes were happened In Alaska and Mexico. 1 Flg.^. Shows the results of these measurements. In this figure, a significant increase in the weekly radon concentrations was observed one month before the events inspste of the long distances between the measuring point and the origin of the earthquakes. From this analysis one can state that the range of prediction Is very dependant on the site characteristics, nature of underground events and frequency of measurements. THE MEASURING TECHNIQUE: Measurement of integrated radon concentrations in the subsurface soil gas by nuclear track detectors is a well proven method for subsurface uranium exploration CFIeischer et a| (1980) and Hassib (1986)3. The principle is to collect many simultaneous measurements over an area. This principle contrasts with that which has been used for earthquake- related radon, where changes in radon concentrations are sought and hence many sequential measurements can be made at each site of interest. In this case the changes are generally ascribed to effects of the stress and strain build-up, which act either by altering the amounts released into the pore spaces or by redistributing the free gas within the pore spaces. Both mechanisms will result In Increasing the amount of gases which can be released up wards Ctowards low pressure areas]. A typical measuring device for such techniques as shown in FIg.Jp, is a cup containing a nuclear track detector in the bottom and the mouth cup is closed with on air filter to a Mow only for the gas to diffuse in and keep the dust and aerosals outside CPiesch et al, 1981H. This device is sensitive specifically to radon gas. For fiefd applications, these cups have to be installed in holes in the ground at fixed depth to avoid atmospheric radon as shown in Fic.z. A widespread network of monitoring stations in the region of interest is highly needed to characterize the underground condition in -terms of signal distribution in the form of Jsodose contour map at given period of time. A typical control map Is shown in Fig.J^CHassib, 19863. Bv comparing these maps at different periods, one can evaluate the progress of the signals which can be interpretted in useful i nf orrnat ion. RECOMMENDED APPLICATION IN EGYPT: The genera! public concern in Egypt about earthquakes has suddenly ivo)v.:d af-"er the earthquake of 0c+., 12,1992 which affected Cairo region extensively. Seismic analysis has shewn that the origin of this evrnt *aa in Qua+rani Mountain about 70K.m south-west of Cairo and its :n-?qni tud'.; •••-as about 5.9 on Richter scale. >*••:> tone, as Quatrani mountain is consideral as a seismic area and it "threats more than \5 milion inhabitance in Cairo, so, it is vitally if •£ or Tint fo ccllec!" as much data as we can to characterise this area. A'TK ivj z.Qvere{ indicators used In earthquake prediction, passive '-fidcr. monitoring Is the most convenient technique to be applied in Fgypt due to its simplicity, reliability and low coast. Therefore It is highly recommended to install a radon monitoring network in Quatran - 76 - Mountain to co'/ect r?6oti signals in regular times and to analyse the date with otf.er Geophysical tfc!chni ques. The monitoring stations in this network hD\/e ^o be selected carefully in view of the geological and topographies? characteristics of the area. REQUIRED FACILITIES (n the first stage: 1- A network of st (.-"af-^ 500 monitoring stations has to be installed in such a way t'.--at placing and collecting radon dosimeters are practical end iimpM. 2- A track etching 'sbo-ofory with the necessary equipments and materials to etch 100 radon .^•:;?metef per day. 3- A track counting and processing laboratory with automatic counting system on-line w'th a microprocessor for analysis and graphic representat ic^.s. 4- Transport means to ri.ange the radon dosimeters once every weeks. 5- Training of 10 pet'sonn in experienced institutions in USA or Japan. N.B: The existing t a network with 100 monitoring stations. With this facilities an exploratory ?tud:' cs:i be made. - 77 - REFERFNCF.S: Fleischer, r?.L, and Vogro-Ca.-iipero, A. C1980). ;'•'••:. cv.-ec'i nus -jf N'^t.-.-ai Raiiation Environment Mi, T.C. Geself, W.M. ; c:w:Jer, i'jrid Jf. Me (s _,cjr, I Jm, eds., WasningTofi, D.C, Department of i:'.•••'•!";.- ;;•::•<, rerre: :.fa~ "P.'."^? . PP.b'7-71 . F:e;sv fier, P.L. -jfJ '^ogro-r.dmpero, A. (1931). .Solid St=j ^e Ni:;iear "Track Detec+ors, Pergamon Press, PP. 501-512. H3i,c.'D, G.M. , (1986J. Nbc^iar T.-achs, Vol. 12, Pp, 709-"/12. Hassifa, G.M., Hussein, M,I,, Amer, H.A. and Piesch, E., (1992). f-.:iJC i £•?•(' Tracks ' tc 0-3 piJL't I shfxj'• Kir, •., C-Y. f iV7S;. Nat,,r.--. 27!, c.'6-31y. "•••••-•-, c-Caopcru. /-. :vid :•'Ic i-icher, R.L. (1977). tar:!! Plant I. \z\ . Let,-., 34, 321-325. P:H!-cr,. F... Vrtar-, M. -•ncj1 Hjssib. G.M., (19S1) ?-'}••:. }• f. Co-if on I??.H itttio'i i-fa7drrJs in Mining: i" 'M.o', .-?r•-••,-,?':•'.•••; .-.-,-d f'.")ic.^i Aspects, Colorado, '.rii\., ??. 84b-t!r;:. Sadcv -•'.., f«'., ":'i--:-3?.cv, •'.[.., '.'] gmatu 1 !aev, S.K., Latynina, L.A., Lukk, •''..'.. . •'-,&•• i •,-r.'.., .-. v , • j.i-hi.-ev.:, Tftctonophyysics, 14, 295-307. TABLE 1 Some Radon Anomalies Associated with Earthquakes Observation Magnitude Earthquake Distance Reference Site M SiU- (km) i Anshan 4.3 Liaoyar.::, PRC 32 Raleigh et ai (1877) t 7 '* Anshan i > t .•7 i < /« V.8 Vengsh&n, PEC 1S00 Loin nils -5c Lomnttz (1978; Gazli 1 • A Uv.beKistan, SSR 400 O'Neil(1976) 1 '. Oazli 7.3 Uzbekistan, SSR 790 00 1 Tashkent 7.3 Gauii, USSR 500 P-~\-«" et. al(l979) i USSR 7.0 USSR 600 S " ^ v (1980) Pasadena, CA 6.6 imperial Valley, CA 300 Anderson (1980) blue Mountain 3.9 Raquette Lake, NY 14 Mogro-Campero and Lake, NY Fleischer (1977) 1.5 Blue Mtn. Lake, NY 1 Fleischer (1981) Lake Jocassee, SC 2.2 Lake Jocassee, SC 2.3 Taiwani et al (1980) 2.1 3.5 II 2.0 II 5.0 II San Andreas Fault 4.3 Hollister, CA 80 King (1980) CA 4.3 Briones Hills, CA 65 it u 4.0 Bear Valley, CA 80 " II 4.0 San Jose, CA 65 M=7.7| 17.6 !0 I Cf- UJ O 1 o o 1 1 10 01 N 1 D 1978 HE 1979 Fig. | Weekly readings at Blue Mountain Lake, New York during late 1978 and early lPJ The increasing fluctuations subsided following an M = 7.7 earthquake in Alaska, arid a 7J> Mexico, distances of 4960 and 3775 km, respectively. COVER FIBREGLASS FiUER .- A typical psssjv.-. radcr: M / '">* Fi9- 3- Experimental set-vp G. M. HA3SI3 5 u h V ( 11 u 8 & q 1S u it 18 e e 7 •X C1 if- Uraolo. mapping by using the Karlsruhe Radon Diffusion ChamDer. - 82 " Use of Ionizing Radiations in Killing Cancer Cells Anas M. El-Naggar Nat. Centre for Nuclear Safety and kadiation Conlro! Atomic Energy Authority Egypt Radiosensitivity of cancer cells depends on various biological and physical factors. The phase of the cell cycle, and the energy of radiation are the most determining factors. The mechanisms of cancer transformation, the various parameters influencing killing cancer cells, and the effect of high energy radiations are reviewed as the central theme of this discussion. THE USE OF SMALL ACCELERATORS FOR MATERIAL ANALYSIS D.B. Isabelle C.E.R.I. - C.N.R.S. 3A, rue de la Ferollerie - 45071 Orleans Cedcx 2-France Abstract Many of the small accelerators (Cyclotrons or Electrostatic Generators) formerly used to perform research in nuclear physics have had a second youth as analytical tools. Techniques such as charged particle activation, Rutherford scattering, PIXE, PIGE,... have been developed over the years and are now commonly used in the field of material science. Describing the work done in our laboratory, we will show the advantages and limitation of such analytical techniques. We will also mention the use of accelerators to simulate the effects of space radiations on spacecraft components. ft* ''• ' : - • ^ '• :i :- fT~- L '• '• '• '• •;r» : — •.•••-.*• :•••.- •.• • • I w Mv 5? " In : T-TT. : ~: ; ; ; -• • --- — -;•• • -.'•--- • : :— qjstisrk:1;: Salfti _: -—-. _ '• 'V' (^ (* !"^ : : : i . —i—!~ ~~— - --- ; ;- ...Sim- T ir • r ;CiW; !W^....i l_-J :.__: 1_ ^! P* : : F« ; : H ! ; ; J ! : : i j ! i ! i i ! i i i ' I I i j i ! I T * 1 "• Ix T ~T TJM " r r-f-rT!" i'T'Pi" Pf T i ' T — -86 - - 8? r iTviiz _j • ' j_ j p4-4-i .L.j-i-M--- ,—(..-.j—L_i : _i__)_' : -Ut&d j | ^__j •_ I ; '• _; II I j j^_ j ! j j I j I Mil Z • "T [ :_i.-i _.'.,._!._ _+__.• .4-I.-4.J. '4-4.4_.I ^Sac1 4J i i -T—P tirh -T--H-[ rpxn —•—T—i—'—r—7 —T'~ r -~ i— 7—I—i :•-•? j j-—j 1—-i—•! f-—r -!•—— t—; 1 r- -'. Z¥~H)TZ v^-t-i t-t-H-r-H I • emitters "C.X'O.-F \l C(d,a) no -90- Cross section n /1 Stopping power ! / I > \ E=0 Contamined surface layer Sample Analysed volume E=0 - no l\ depends on : - maVrtM - other imtt»rSties Cft.ftS* ^ to*aht«tfw*** 0.0! USES o^ CHfiR<4£D PAftTt'ciE - ft t. l-«.v ^.»>. c C. Ke.** ^ r. -92 - \ Cou < ( ) io iu '3. ^ 3. U> '* ^ U. lo 3. to 12" ( .) Cr •- 93 - Rh Mn Sn In Sb Sc Nd ' • Cd Sr • Ru 10 Ca Ti Zn Ni • Br Mo • Ga A J • A As •" Zr CU ^ % • Ge Y PROTONS • A S« w ALPHAS 0 • IDENTICAL Q Cr Co 0,1 I f 10 20 30 40 50 z - 94 - < 100> Oeutons de 2/7 Mev. ATOMS DE GALLIUM OU D'ALUMINIUM ATOMS D'ARSENIC ATOME DE CARBONE SUR SITE SUBSTITUTIONNEL ATOMS DB CARBONE SUR SITE INTERSTITIEL OCTAEDRIQUE ATOME DE CARBONE SUR SITE INTERSTITIEL TETRAEDRIQUE 6000 r—i f ECHANT1LL0N GoAJAs 5000 IRRADIE PAR HEUONS 3 DE 1.4 MeV 4000 3000 2000 1000 f- 1 200 400 eoo"" ' ^800 1000 canaux FIGURE 3-14 Spectre de renrodiffusion d'un ichantillon de GaAlAs irradie avec des helions3 de 1.4 MeV en position d'aligneaient suivaat I'axe < 100 > et en posinoa aieatoire -96- TWO KINDS OF IRRADIATION RANDOM ORIENTATION: OXYGEN CONTENT "RANDOM" 18F YIELD: R ORIENTATION ALONG THE <10O> AXIS "CHANNELED" 18F YIELD; C IFC/R>1 PRESENCE OF INTERSTITIAL OXYGEN (TETRAHEDRAL) IFC/R = IFC/R< 1 PRESENCE OF SUBSHTUTIONAL OXYGEN OR OCTAHEDRAL INTERSTITIAL. < 110 > IRRADIATION FOR CONFIRMATION - <•)! - A, -98- (b) (d) Corrosion in coolmej loopo^noclesir j. ^on barrel V: 1 m/a V: 2 ro/s V: 3 rr.'s V:4 m/3 O Corrosion rate (mm/100 OOOh) '«.ib«s 6mm I.D. 60 100 120 140 160 180 220 240 260 Temperature (*C) Sprterica! or battle -shaped pitting i . 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I M 1 : M • {'• ••:;{::;;:::!::!; ! : • : • • i : i • ! j 1 M :::::•:;••••••:•:::: :::::::::•;••••; i : j i j j | j i i i i i : • • • : • • : : : f i • : : : : • : • : : r ? 1 1 I I 1 ::::::::':::::: ;•:;:;:: :••;::• -- Jfti - d^ft'ei^e par - 102 - 44-Pf TT £.5. aw }J—! . • , ;._.,.. •. — -— V »• : _ : :—-j—— : 1 i ^ ._.:— « j •. • - • S^ .. . .-.... r 'N.S \^s K^ ^/" .i •— ; —i—>—j : •- • ; • i : •-. \ \ ; • : • de: "M— —____J—L \..£.o!tiJf"..fc*<;.:..sHd..l»!v.r.. il.;....:. .,...^. oc : ••••;-:-|-- rrrnii; L~—i ...... r Ct -i. 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H.H....U.. -:-—j—;—i—;—;—) (T' .5" »'' v ,.: •—:—i ...i. _—; —; •~ : i r—: ~~~ —:——••••" .--"• -r - -'. - ' •• - • • •• ; :—: ?~~: . • ". •'.' - .—- ... ;...... „.„;. : —-._i..,.;—j-_;.- •:--.••; -:- ,-r .-•:- .—.—;—.-—•;—•—:—:—r—•-. —| :— •.— •— ..;-.-. ..; - ...:...;„..;~j-..•...^....; .-. _ .; L-,.: : : : •t i - • -•-' '': ;--•;—:—;—1—I—\—I—f -H—;—•:•—>• •: • • •••• - ,.-T .-.• . : —._...; > _-..-.:...-.: :~4-.-j - - •- •• • •••••.- •:- -4-4-—!—•—i—i~~- 4- - 104 - Proportion de cetlules intactes Proportion de cellules intactes a o 1/1 Proportion de cellules intactes Proportion de cellules tntactes o o y > o 13 3 y o E" VI c (/I 3 s 8 70c c z z_ g r~ IT o m to z —4 z IO N o m z o —i m -1 33 —cH O 5 z o z z RAYONS-X de 300 kV NEUTRONS d« 15 MeV S 10 DOSE ABS0R8EE (Gy) Courbes de survie cellulaire pour differentes souches de cellules de mammiferes irradies par rayons X de 300 I neutrons de 15 MeV : — courbe 1 : cellules souches hematopoietiques chez la souris ; — courbe©: cellules leucemiques L5178Y chez la souris ; — courbe ®: cellules renales T-l g d'origine humaine ; — courbe (3): cellules de rhabdomyosarcorae chez Ie rat ; — courbe ®: cellules des cryptes intestinales chez la souris. Lorsqu'on remplace les rayons X par les neutrons, on observe une reduction des differences de radiosensit (D'apres [3]). Neon (with sec.) Neon (with sec.) PENETRATION DISTANCE,g/cm2 U . 3 r rT"TTTT T-rTTTTTj 1 i I I I i 111 ! 1 1 I I II.| 1 1 I 1 1 1111 > . { I | , j,, Photons y"% /Neutrons de haute 6nergi? ^du Cobalt 60 - \^p(34)+Be ORLEANS 0.4 o •o c 0.3 c o h 0.2 - Q B 0.1 - 0.0 i » i i ml i i i t i 10 -2 10° 10 10 10 10 Electrons 1 \- Protons Alpha Ions lourds Energie lineale y keV.pm"1 - 106 - Dr. additional filter 30mm rate 65-^0 K«AT pro Von. :::•::•.•'::• J. 1 1— :—•" 1_ : ! : • -I T~l : : 1 pia.yV\e\e, i i i ! i M 1 ; '• '• JAbVI i i i i ; i i ; ; . ; ; ; ; i ; • . ; : i ; ; ; ; •:•:•:••:•;; ; • •: .J....I....L*.!... I....L...:....;. ..=....;....L..i.. .;.^j* ..!....i.«.u.i-... =....•;....•;...... — : • i-^i 'r'rrr \: _j i i i I : : I—i J i.—L_ ~— —-:- 4— I »J4IJ i : •: i ; : ; : •|-|-r^"g-;-|-;--:- •r|-|-|-y-|-i •••;••;••••:-•;••••.•• : : ; : : ; : : . • : : : : : =. GIC'V^'M/ = i i : i ; i i : • • j. •• i .fo^.jra^rici\i ^ ' : _i , • : '• • i : ' • *• • •' | fv£?3 : \ pv « : 1—< 1 7—k\ !....|....[...|...!....!...|..|..p : icj. ir\ Et'TWk *A : i : • O%;tl : i : i i ; l> 4>L|» jib ; 4 ! ! ,il*.*fc,.,..,... ^.LCiliT.:.,..,,..!...:...] -J— •: : i : : ; : V* \ £» ^Skj : ; : ; i : j : : : : : :fe . : r—: ....i....;....i-J....i...!....i....L..!....;....L.i ...I....!. ...i....I....!....!....!....;....;....; : : ; f : w • w«^ •;...;....: .;.;.:.; • 4&f •M:«-: ->•:;-: : : ; 1 j rP : t ; :»:.•::::: ....:,..,: 1....!.,..j.,..i....:....!.... J....J....1 ...3Mv|..:...L.|....i....:...|..|...|* . ...;....;....:. ..:. ..!....[....;....: ...;....;. • ! • :' : - 110- Future Activities Future activities include the followings:- (1) The organization of radiation physics network (RPS)- the current means of groping radiation physicists in Egypt to Form the nucleus of physicists. (2) The second radiation physics seminar shall be held in Cairo in November I993. It will be two days seminar 20 and 21 of Nov. The theme of the seminar is the role of governmental and non governmental organi2ation in Education and Developiment of radiation Physics (3) The 6th International radiation physics conference shall be held in Morocco (Rabat) during July 1994. (4) The second radiation physics conference will be held at Shebeen El-Kom, onganized by the Atomic Energy Authority and Mounfia University during the scond half Of November, 1994. (5) The 18th International Nuclear track conference shall be held in Cairo in 1996. Such outstanding radiation physics activities are coupled with radiation physics teaching and training programmes. The Atomic Energy Authority of Egypt is aware of the potential Hazards of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation and safety in order to enhanse the peaceful use of ionizing radiation for the benefit of mankind wealth and prosiprity. Oncemore it is our pleasure to forward the complete work of the joint seminar as current trends in radiation physics - Cairo - 21th November I992. We thank Friends who support us and looking for, more support in order to car- rty out our future plans. AEA Organizing Committe of Radiation Physics Conference. Prof. M. A. Gomaa Prof. A.Z. El-Behay Prof. G. M. Hassib Prof. A.M.EUNaggar Cairo August I993 - Ill - IRPS • NEWS Newsletter of the International Radiation Physics Society Vol 7 No. 3 September 1993 Qena and Cairo Editorial Board of IRPS November 1992 Editor Prof.A.M.Ghose Variable Energy Cyclotron Cenur Late 1992 n a difficult period in Egypt. Cairo was just VAF Bidhan Nagar beginning to recover from i devisuting earthquake; " Terrorists Calcuha 700 064 target foreigners" screamed the international press, INDIA sensationalising recent happenings in the area of Qen>. Apparently circumstances could htrdly have been verse for the holding of a meeting in either location, let alone both. However, Joint Editor the reality was that this was exactly what wa« to happen. Long and deuiled planning had gone into preparations for The First Dr. David A. Bradley Egyptian Radiation Physics Conference, hosted by the Qena Asia Lab (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd Branch campus of Assuit University, immediately followed by No 6, Jala* 4/91 a one day Seminar and IRPS Council meeting in the Heliopolis Taman ShameUn Ptrkasa district of Cairo. This was no foolhardy exercise in the face of 56100 Kuala Lumpur overwhelming conm-indications. It was a statement of MALAYSIA commitment towards engaging science in the funhrtance of the nations' progress. Associate Editors Life along the San Andreas fault continues to run its course. The Japanese go about their business although earthquakes ProfSCRoy Dr. G. Muthukrishnan remain an ever present threat. Acts of violence, perpetrated DtpL of Physics VECC against individuals, ostensibly to register discontent with Base Institute l!AF Bidhan Nagar Government and policy are just as likely lo occur in London. Calcutta 700009 Calcutta 700 064 New York. Florence, or in any number of other cities. INDIA INDIA In the event, the meetings went smoothly. (.Although, in Cairo, the hotel receptionist wis reassuringly unshaken when I informed Editorial Assistants him that I'd just noticed my bathroom door swaying. "Hmm. must be the heavy traffic outside", he opined. Kmmmi Anyway, Mr. Raja* Kundu Mr. T. Yahaya Mohmud there were no untoward occurrences, only plenty of healthy VECC Asia Lab (M) Sdn Bhd scientific discourse. Let 'Ji share the optimism of Professor 1/AFBidhan Nagar No. 6. Jalan 4/91 Hammad, Chairman of die Egyptian Atomic. Energy Authority, Calcutta 700 064 Tamax Shametin Ptrkasa and allow ourselves to look forward to the bcnefiis that such INDIA 56100 Kuala Lumpur meetings can bring. MALAYSIA Professor R.H. Pratt fir Stcrttary of IRPS and Editor-in-Chiefof Ut News.- Enquiries regarding the Society or IRPS-Newt should b* dim to Prof. Pratt at: Dtpt of Physics & Astronomy, Vnbmuy ofPkabur Pittsburgh PA IS260, USA. IRPS-News b produced by Asia Lab (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd on behmifof asia lab iHUrnatbmal Radktkm Phytks Society -XCEUENCE IN RADIATION INSPECTION. MSTRUMENTATION Tel: (603) - 983-3000 Fax: (603)-983-6080 AND CONSULTANCY SERVICES - 112 - Chengdu Council Meeting For IRPS On the occasion of the holding of the Firrt Egyptian fadimion Pbysjcs Conference, it honuurz me to bear greet-ings from Engineer Mohamed Mur Abaza. Ministitr of Hlectr.^ity and 3y the tune renter* receive- Ibis tons-of KPS-Newi, Energy. It ix atso * pleasure aod *n he aiiin for mr to welcome will probably haw completed theit planted inettmg m Cbergdu you to the historical towm of Qen*. Welwrens abo to our gusvK i.Aug 3 In - Sept 4th). The meeting u hosted by Professor Luo irom other Arabian .:ounmcs, from Frsctc. Uidia aa& .'ap&o. Zhengmmg from (he Centre of Radiation Physics. Lisututc of Welcome, one accl all. to Qen* , h*i! tjent iaA l:n* ind nail the Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan Univenity. Neat These are the wores of Ihe poet, RJay Nasef. '.vt-.c cariser this century greeted Qen» tad as iiil lop reaij^nu. ' Tic secret The agenda items include preparation of the slate of candidates of life is heal", continued Hifcy Niaef ihhough iu "JMth he for office bearers in [RPS. Election is due to take place in 1994. arrived in banishment In our currently ruore tsvounbie • The ejection! committee consists of Bradley, Crfagh. Ghose and circumstancei these greeungs are assuredly tvrc v«aimer than Isabelle. those of the poet. Below Regulatory Concern Qena today differs a great deal frota lhc plact descr-.bec by HLsnv Nasef. A wwc of great vitality, it has been iraaiformed What happens in your neck of (he woods wnen it monies to from an igncutturjj community into one :n which indiatry, regulatory control of radioactive materials asd their emissions? science and lounsra aM now play in increasingly isriporsan; rotf. Dose the de minimis concept apply? Are annual doses of lOuSv '•Ve must be proud of these Ueveio!jty.er.u anii idticfc Vi ihe -IOIOW regulatorv concern? Similarly are contamination, leveis of progress we have seen. QetiA novvaoays boasu a n'^xnbrr at I Bq g ' or 1 Bq cm ' of bet»gamm» emitters beiow regulatory successliif industries. incJ'Jdmg those or" sugar icliiung, lerro- joncem?. Is averaging permitted and if so, nvcr whit mass, lg, siiica and aluminium manufacture II aiso hoiucs .'. beacon ot 1 tonne ?. scientific knowledge-Assuit Universitv/Qena w?>:ch lodav hosts The First Egyptian Radiation Physict ConJerence. Mcrnorr* ol There is genuine concern regarding the «Meni to which 'Jie Physics Department of the Kacuitv of Science togeiher with regulatory control may tighten up m the wake of ICRP-60. their colleagues from the Atomic Energy Authority •, ALA), have Companies involved in the by-production of materials at elevated exerted considerable effort in organising this Conference. levels of natural radioactivity may wish to resist labelling these materials as radioactively contaminated waste. After all U-238 We have sought, in coming to this quite bf autiful ares ot Egypt, and Th-232 chain radionuclides have half lives that extend well to participate in and benefit from Uus Conferepice. '.Ve also aim. beyond thousands of years and once it is admitted that materials during these scientific deliberations, to itrengihen cur relations are radioactive then this means taking a responsibiii'v for their with Assuit University and to form a framework of bilateral management. If you have no national radioactive wn-.te facility igreemenls with the AEA. Once again, welcome one and all and •Jian how long do you accept management of C.impanv waste. hail Qena. '.n either situation, whether Companies look to pay for trie serviceJ of a national disposal centre or whether the" offer to Honourable Guests and Colleagues, on Ui;s verv fame day manage their own licenced facilities the economics of their mother international Conference is due to begin in Chicago. The begins to look a lot less attractive. Chicago meeting celebrates the 50ih Aiijiiversarv ot' Fermi's famous nuclear pile Cp-l experiment at th: L'mversitv of !t 's interesting to note, in a related sinuiion. '-hat 'he US. Chicago; Cp-l became the first nuclear reactor made bv man. As Nuclear Regulatory Commission has adopted the view that we hail this pioneering scientific experiment and 'Jis opening of material designated as clean for the purpose of d-sposal must new horizons for science and technology, let us aiso hail our show no detectable activity above background. Apparently NKC colleagues who now awembie in Chicago for the same purpose. jtlemps to promote the concept of " below regulatory concern" As a matter of fact, as a member of the Consulting Committee >vas defeated by the public as unacceptable. for the Chicago Conference, 1 was due to travel to Chicago However. I have sent my apologies to the organisers, preferring that I might be with you todav. On behalf of this Conference. I The First Egyptian Radiation Physics would like to cable our colleagues m Chicago and wish them Conference - Opening Address well in their deliberations, with the hope that peaceful applications of nuclear energy may be futhcr strengthened for the The following is the text of a speech given by Professor Dr greater benefit of humanity. Here perhaps we should recall that Fawzy Hussein Hammad. Chairman of the Board. Egyptian the greatest number of mankind art to be found in the Third Atomic Energy Authority, at the Opening Ceremony of The First World. We in the developing world also encourage the strongly Egyptian Radiation Physic* Conference, Qena branch campus. emerging trend towards nuclear disarmament. We hope that this Assuit University, 15-19 November 1992. may be achieved on an international level and in particular in the Middle East, realising President Hosni Mubank'i vision of Major General Yehia El Bahjjasawy, Governor of Qena; making4he Middle East a region of nuclear disarmament. Piofesaor Dr Awad Ibrahim Sajeh. Vice President of Assuit University, representing Professor Dr Ragsiy El Tahlawy, Brother* and sisters, Fermi's experiment was an important Chairman of Assuit Univenity, Professor Cr Abdai Hsdy £1 turning point for the world and a beginning for nuclear energy. Kamei, Vice President of Auuit Umver»*y/ Qeot. Professor Dr Tfie reiutti of tfus experiment were aiso to bring a terrible Mohuned ShiUby, Detn of the Faculty of Scieo.-*. Auuil conclusion to World War II. It also enabled the beginnings of a Uoivenity/Qeni; Dear Colleague* : technological and scientific revolution. This has lead U> the of many peaceftii u.te» of nuclear energy in the fields - 113 - of energy production, industry, agriculture and medicm*. Adding the coopitu ave ute of wienufic facilttiea. The extent to which to thii has been the development of Societies which have w« are ibl • to ,'or&e cuch development will ultimately be a beneficially used such technology sad managed atomic entrgy mtxsuTt; cf ht iixceu Thii uf Deir Coi'sagues, *e nerd to make use of this Conference to -nnc new scientific schools, lo increase tsaaa spirit, to mcrease ihe levc! of scientific enicrprist udto plan scientific cooperation between organiMlioa*. The A£A encourages lucb enfrprtse and *. MS- OM, ixSa-. Tahs: O*. «5»Tu : 91 » M «?l - 114 - The project has high pnotity in Egypt* A.E.A. programme =.cc A Cyclotron Laboratory At The is expected to add an important ffciiity to the EjubujiiiTvnt. Nuclear Research Centre Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority* Main features of scientific and multidisciplinary acciviiies M.N.H.COMSAN, F.I.ASFOUR It is hoped that the MGC-20 accelerator *ili be pul into Nuclear Physics Department, N.R.C.A.E.A.. operation in 1995. Egypt, Cairo The long-term aims of the project an. to exploit 1-hs considerable benefits for applications u-A trnirun;; in iracleAi asd Introduction atomic physics, for development of i nuclear rfati for biological, mediuu and agricultural res?arch isi for Circular-orbit accelerator*, which until recently have rcjincjveiy science and analytical applications. been tools for fundamental reseuch an now finding uje m .•hemislrv, b-ology, medicine ami engineering In particular, the project is planned to :ovef the following activities : The demand for establishing a cyclotron laboratory tor scientific research and raunidisciplinary applications, first arosr in Egypt (1) Nuclear physics research toward the beginning of the seventies. a) To establish a magnetic analyzer to improve rn-3.-^ed paniries In 1988. the N.R.C. A.E.A. applied for assistance under the resolution (up to 0 01 °iV N'uciear reaction mechanisms ai -In I.A.E.A. regular programme for technical cooperation, 'n 1989 available incident energies will he studied in enr.^hed 'sciopes j pre-projeet mission was approved in order to evaluate the usuig advanced and precise me&sunng equip'.n:nc N.RX. proposal. The main findings of the mtssion were that [he infrastucture. technical ablity uid manpower, were adequate for the transfer of cyclotron based technology and the proposed b) In- beam nuclear spectroscopy is of greai uiierest witiiin the programme would be benefical to the scientific and economic available energy range of accelerated panicles. Study will be development of Egypt. made of decay schemes, level structure and intern xi conversion electron spectroscopy for different enriched isotopes. Hyperpure IAEA input to the project has been to make provision, from Ge (HPGe), Low Energy Photon Spectrometers vLEPS* and 1991, for the purchase of a compact cyciotron for light ;oni Super-conducting Magnetic Lsns Pulsed Sifl.i'i electron acceleration. National input is thai the A.E.A- ;s responsible for Gpectrometers (SMLS1 are planned io be used in these the design and construction of the building, allocating substantial experiments. funds to the project, and providing related equipment. si'C.i as data aquisition systems, induced activity measuring equipment The following measurements and studies are planned : And a solid-state laboratory. - Single y - spectrum wth (HPGe) and (I.EPS) spectrometer;. - •' - excitation functions. The . oniract for the project, between Die IAEA - ' • •; coincidence, y - angular distributions. supplier),TECHSNAB-EXPORT-RUSSIA (manufacturer! and • •' - polanzalion, A.F...V - EGYPT (end-user), was signed ir. Vienna en SrjHrmber - i /:time by electronic Doppler shift attenuation and, recoil 27. 199' distance methods. - Internal conversion electron spectra. The project wiii be based on » compact isochronous cvcloir-.n of • e-r - coincidences, the typs MGC-20 with the following maul technical psuimertry. • Coincidence with charged particles. Accelerated ions: protons, druterotu. helium-i. - Single internal conversion electron spectra using SMLS helium-*. - e • t coincidences inn energies in the beam (extemalArtfiTjii), <\n • -. • e~ internal pair spectra. .MeV): - e - charged particle-coincidences. protons 5-18/2-20 , deuterocs 3-10/1-li. helium-3 8-27/4-27 , helium-4 6-20/2-22. c) Nude v data play an important role in applications of charged Ion beam current (external/internal) (in uA.): particles and secondary neutron beams from the cyciotron. For protons 200/50,deuterons 300/50 practical applications the decay data have usually been measured helium-3 S0/23,helium-<* S0/25 with sufficient accuracy. The reaction data are not so well known Electromagnet : pole diwneter. 103cm, mass I* wi there is increasing demand for sundardtzation. A nuclear tonne. data collection programra* is planned along traditional lines, Accelerating system : double-4ee 7 < E40' studying charged particle induced nuclear reactions and making Accelerating voltage 23 KV, measurement* of neutron induced reactions to cover the Operating frequency range, S-2* MR?. following activities : too source : with hot cathode. Extraction system : electrwiMio deflector wt 'V\nx orrsee>»-4 at a One day Joint A£A-IRPS Seminar, 21 magnetic channel, No* im - 115 - Measurement of excitation functions for isotope ietenuinasjon of «V (2) Atomic physics research. coottBCttae The sudy of electron capture and electron cusp* is of interest. no coottif (laviM*Ei> t-IS dayi The observed and unexplained discrepancy between the velocity of the projectile and that of the cusp electron lost to the Be, C N«, Me At Si, M*. Ca, Sc, Nl. Af, Nb, continuum of the projectile has caused some exciuoent, and Ba.Ce. initiated further studies in this field. Co, TKH« Tm, Bi Pr, Dy, Ir% An, Te. (3) Biological and medical research, in the 1st phase of this programme the following radionuclides .Table 1) are planned to be produced for medical uses using the For the above merr.ioneii analytical purposes special analytical MGC - iQ cyclotron . chambers are \o t>e prepared. Table 1 Surface loss of different m»ltnals caused by mechanical wear. co'rojion or erosion can be measured by means of thin layer activation. The investigated surface is irradiated with different charge panicles beams, And knowing the distribution of the Isotope Reaction Particle produced activities, a. quanutive measure of the wear can be Energy determined from the change of sample activity during the MeV lp-l«M»V process of wear. (5) Fast neutron research and UJ, applications 'p-UM.V I; >s also planned u-> produce fast neutrons induced by making ""Kr decelerated protons and deuterons impinge on a Be target. The mam parameters of the expected neutron beam at the MGC-20 cyclotron are shown in Table 3. Table 3 Target partkje Yn((P) %rx T.n the second phase ot the radionuclide production project the s'.uA' production of a number of short lived PET- isotopes i"C. "N 'O. '*F) are planned. Be p<18WeV) 3.7 li X 10" OUierradionucHdes used in biology, ecology and agncuiuire w!' Be d{10MeV) 3.9 1.0 X tO" be produced according to user demand. (4) Materials science and analytical applications. Plumed applications for frst neutrons include :- Modem trends in mawrials analysis reveal an increasing demand Fart neutroc activition analytit (FNAA) for industrial for use of accunie nuclear analytical methods. purposes In vitro and in vivo activation analyses of The most important methods which are planned to be us«d tre: biological samples, PfXE. HDCE, CPAA. RBS. Channeling and FNAA. DosimeOy and shielding investigation of mixed (n,r> The energy and intensity range of the MGC-20 cyclotron make fields. it especially applicable for CPAA. which is a suitable too! for Pjuliobiological snd ecological research. - 116 - Mutation induction and stimulation by pcjtron tanhouake prediction ha* been reviewed and Ihe worid wide irradiation for agricultural sample*. application of this mctsuring technique di»euis«d. la Egypt, public concsra about earthquake* considerably he The question of hew n*uch warning i-s Available bei'ore ^n Radon Monotoring For Earth- eaithquake is actuated, given an nbferved cringe Jt ruloo emanation from subsurface soil, remind.' an inieiTiau^niJ tuue. quake Prediction : Frospeets For Radon mon:torjig networks JO regicr.1 atfectrd by great Its Use In Egypt* earthquakes do however also provide a rneamre of the iiie of thj uTected regwn, the, tocauon ar,d the roa?tv!tiidt of vhe expec«t'i G.M. Hasstb and F.H. Hanunad National Centre For Nuclear Satety And Schoiz et ;J (1973) presented data showing that changed leveis Radiation Control, .)f ndon gave longer warnings in the case ot I3ftj«i quakes. C*rv Atomic Energy Authority he other hand, Fleischer and Mogro-Campers (19S1). have POBox 7551, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt recorded the weekly progress of radon signals ax Blue Mountain Lake. New YoHc. during which two major earthquakes occured in Alaska and Mexico. Fig. 1 shows the results of these Abstract netturements. In this figure, a significant increase in weekiv radon concentration was observed one month before ihe events The techr. Introduction This methodology contrasts with that which has been used for earthquake-related radon releases, where changes in radon Som* twenty years ago Sadovsky et ai (I''72) cb>erv?d » long- concentration are sought and many sequential measurements term increase in radon concentration juit pnor re a major need to be made at each site of interest. In this case changes are earthquake at Tashkent. Since then many studies of ruion ievels generally ascribed to effects of the stress and strain build-up, in earthquake zones have been reported, yielding & striking set which act either by altering the amounts released into the pore of observations of radon anomalies Uial comiaic wi>k unhquiae spaces or by redistributing (he free g«s within the pore spaces. events, as shown in Table-1 (Fieisehfr, 198?). Th«e studies Both mechanisms will result in an increase in the amount of have shown that subsurface radon monitoring provides a g»a that are upwardly released (towards low pressure areas). sensitive signal for recognizing suWerrestnal uisturbudcc*. A typical measuring device for such techniques, shown in Fig.2, Passive radon monitoring with nucleir C*ck drlec^n his b«*n a a cup conuuning a nuclear track detector with the mouth of found to be the most apprornate meihcc! of detti-t^o by virtue la& cap closed by an air filter which only allows gas to diffuse of its negligible background. Hi gener»4 ruBg'J'iSii »d tl« in ud whi.-h keeps dust, and aerosol* out (Piescb et al 1981). m'xgmunj nature [Mogro-Compero ad Fisis.-de; (1*77) aud Tliii device is specifically sensitive tt> radon gas. Kinf (1978)1. •Prrt frntAttui %t • one day Joint AEA.-IRPS Seminar, 21 UJ thit rjport, ifeu reliability of »ub« • •'-• FT 1 1 7 1.1/ ~ For field applications these cup* have to be installed in hold in References : the ground at a fixed depth to avoid atmospheric radon as shown in Fig. 3. A widespread network of monitoring stations in the Fie-schcr, R.L and Mogro-C«npetn, A. (1980). region of interest is demanded in order to characterize Preceding* of Natural Rirliaiiuts Environment HI, T.C, Gesell. underground condition in terms of signal distribution. The WM. Lovrder. and J.E. Mclaughlin, ecu... Washington. D.C. distribution may then be given in the form of an isodote contour Department Of Energy Co3ferene*-780422, 57-71. map at a given period of time. A typical contour map is shown Fleischer, R.L. ami Mogra-Campero, A. (1981). Solid Slate in Fig. 4 Passive radon monitoring, among the several possible techniques to be used in earthquake prediction, has been identified as ihe most convenient technique for application in Egypt due to its simplicity, reliability and low cost. It has been highly recommended that a radon monitoring network be insulted in the Quamni Mountains region and that radon signals be collected at regular intevals of time, allowing the time course lo be analysed together with the results of other geophysical techniques. The monitoring stations in this network will need to be carefully selected in view of the geological and topographical characteristics of the area. Required Facilities L?JJ! i °Ji ; F |M i a j M jj| Ln the Oral sU(r : I lj7a * ..r " '9?9 ; 1) A network ot ai least 500 monitoring stations will need to be \:\%. 1 Weekly reading', at Blue Mountain Lake, New York installed in such a way that the placing and collection ot radon during late 1978 and esriy I9"9. The tncieasmg tluctuauons dosimeters will be both practical and simple. subsided following an \< -7.7 earthquake in Alaska, and a 7.6M earthquake in M-x'co. ai Jisunccs of 4960 and 3775 km. 2) A track etching laboratory will need to be rslabluhed together respectively. with trie necessary equipment and materials to etch 100 radon dosimeter per day. CCVE3 F1UE3 HOSER RING 3) Likewise a track counting and processing laboratory 4) Transport arengemenls will be required, allowing the change of radon dosimeters once per week. FlSFiEOLASS FllIER \ 5) There will also be a requirement for Ihe training of 10 MAKR0FOL personnel, in institutions experienced in this field. Such tenbes DETECrOR are to be found in the USA or Jrtpac. 0-1AMBEH H N.B: Existing facilities in the Ate true Ftiergy Authority already allow for the handling of a network of 100 monitoring staiioas. With these fuilities an exploratory study is to be made. Fig. 2 -A rypicaJ passive radon dosimeter. S:Siy:::; - 118 - Tibie 1 Some Radon Anomalies Auoc:aicd With i Observation Magnitude Kanhquake 1 Ouumve Site M Site (l:sa) Aoshan 4.8 Liao>ang. PRC Ansban 7.3 Haicfceng, PRC .6 Shenyang 13 Haicceog, PRC - Lungling 7.8 Tangshaa, PRC 1SC-5 U-.mrc: .i Gazli 7.1 Uzbexivun. SSR -P0 Gazti 7.3 Uzbekistan. SSR 'hY) - Tashkent 7.3 Gazli. USSR 500 AfUUC- « USSR 7.0 USSR OCW Sobai«v (i Pasadena. CA 6.6 Imperial Valiey. CA IOC Aadcrenn 31ue Mountain 3.9 Raqueue Laxe. NY Lake. NY ..;.•••') l.J Blue Mtn. !jke. NY 1 Lake Jocassee. SC. 1.2 Lake Jocissee, SC 2.3 T^l'wani el •• .'Si - 5 0 San Andreas FaultCA 4.3 Hollisler. CA SO 4.3 Briones HilU, CA 65 4.0 Bear Valley, CA SO 4.0 San Jose. CA art u, 1 Fig. 4. (''raniura by using the Dt&tuioa Chamber. International Radiation Physics Society 7. Die IWS has no enounce fee requirement, only innuai mtu.bcrjbjp dues (or 3-y,:ar dues payment option, with saving): Membership Due* (stated in 'JS dollars : circle equivalent- The primary objective of (he [ntcrnattonal Physics Society amount sent); (IRPS) is to promote the global exchange and integration of scientific information pertaining to the interdisciplinary subject of radiation physics, including the promotion of (i) theoretical Full Voting Stadtmt ^;s 3yrs and experimental research in radiation physic*, (ii) investigation Member 1 yr y MeniBer 1 >T S 40 Developed So $15 of physical aspects of inunctions of radiation wrji living Developed S 15 systems, (iii) education in radiation physics, and (iv) utilization country couatry j S5 of radiation for peaceful purpose*. Developing S ? n.to Developing S2 country country The Constitution of the IRPS define* radiation physics as "the Acceptable modes uf !?i"t menib^rsbjp dues payment, to Stan Branch of science which deals with the physical aspects of or to continue IRTS membership, are listed below. Please checlc interactions of ionizing radiatinns (both electromagnetic and piyrneat-mude used, entei isnioiint (ia currency type used), and paniculate) with maaer. It thus differs in emphasis both from fallow instrucaon in fletn S below (for currency conversion, atomic and nuclear physics and from radiation biology ana ple*.te consult newspaper financial pages, at the lime of medicine, instead focusmg on the radiations. payment) The International Ratliaiion Physics Society (IRPS) was founded All check.1: sh?uid be made payah\t 'xt Inemational Radiation m 1985 in Ferrsra. Italy at the 3rd lnumationai Symposium oo Rad-ation Phvsics (ISRP-3, 1985) following Symposium in Fhvsics Sociew. Calcuoa. India(iSRP-l. 1974)ind in Penang. Malaysia i !SRP-2. • in V S. dollars, Jrawr. on L'S bank) Send to Prof. 1982) Further Symposium have been held in Sao Paolo. Brazi! u H.Piatt. IRPS ScciP.tary, DepL of Physics and • 1SRP-4. 1988) and Dubrovmk, Croatia (1SRP-5. 1991V [SRP-6 Richard Astroncmy, Universi'y of Pittsburgh, PA 15160 L'SA. 11994) will be in Rabat. Morocco The IRPS also sporaora Amountpaid(indoll»rs>. regional Radiation Physics Symposia. [] (in Swisj IIUKS): Send lo IRPS Account No: C7- A. newsletter, IRPS-News. is published quarterly and sent to all • 11.4410. Swiss- Ssiix Corporation N. CH-1.211 Geneve 11, !RPS members. SwiCerland. If you firefer. you rn&y autead send a Eurocheck in '.^ia fram.-si to: Prof. Ant* Ljubicic (1RPS Treasurer), [nsutute The IPPS Secretariat is (c.o Prof R.H Pratt, 1RPS Secretary) . Rudjer Uosicovic. PC 3o [] (in 'U.K. pounds): Send to Prof. Malcolm J. Cooper, The iRPS welcomes vour participation ui this "global radiation Physic? DepC University jf Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL. U K. physics family" 3ank transfer deuil-Account number : S0527440. Bank, and Branch code: Barclays, code 20-88-65. Eurochecks in U.K. Membership Registration Form: pounds, are also acceptable. Amount paid (in U.K. pounds): ' Nszne: !] (in Hungarian forints) Send '.o Prof. Denes EJerenyi, Dir. Institute of Nucleus Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Bern ter 18/C, I'F 51. H-1001 Debrecen, Hungary. -•.Business .Address' Ari'ounl Paid (in Hungarian lonntsl. S Send thss Membership Registration Form and copy of Bank Telephone: _ i-ax: 'j-amfer >eceip'. (or copy of your check) to the Membership Secretary. Prof. S C.Roy, Department of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1 indicate if Mr, Mrs or Ms.) Achsrya Prafulla Chajidra Rii, Calcutta - 700 009, India. Telex OJt-2646 BI IN, FAX : 91-33-34-3886. ?.Field (s) of interest ui Radiation Physics (Please Miiil mukhopad (& genes, icgeb. theste. it ormr.b a list of your publications, if any, ir the Field): 6.Please lis*. any national or inlnnational organization (s) involved is one or more branches .>f Radiation Physics, of which you ire a meraber, also your status (e.g., Student member .member, fellow, emerrtus): (signature) (Date) '. "rjiiiiirtiii.lTn' ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY The IRPS - AEA Joint Seminar on Current Trends in Radiation Physics Egyptian Contemporary Pioneers of Radiation and Nuclear Physics Curriculum Vitae 101 KasrEl-Eini Street Cairo, Egypt. 21 November 1992 - J22 - Atomic Engery Authority "Current Trends in Radiation Physics Seminar* Curriculum Vitae of Egyptian Radiation and Nucler Physics Pioneers Part -1 1- Prof. M. Mokhtar 2- Prof. M El-Nadi 3- Prof. S. Hadarah 4- Prof. F. El-Bedewi 5- Prof. I. Hamouda * In association v/ith TRPS. ATOMIC ENGERGY AUTHORITY Joint AEA / IRPS Seminar on "Current Trends in Radiation Physis" PREFACE Scientists all over the world celebrate the lOOih anniversary of the discovery of X-rays and Radioactivity O;-. this occasion, the Atomic Energy Authority celebrates the pronuient rck played by Egyptian Scientists of radiation and nuclear physics. The biography of the contemporary physcists will be published in series. In the first part, the curriculum viiue of five physicists is presented. Prof. M. Mokhtar, and Prof 3.R. Hadarah played an important role in the field of radiation physics reseav*. h and technology, In addition to the prominent roles played by Pi of. M. El-Nadi, Prof. F. El-Bedewi and Prof. I. Hamouda in Sh~ f;e)d of nuclear physics; science and technology. Our celebration with the pioneers is a par! of the joint "Atomic Energy Authority and International Radiatioii Physics Society" Seminar. This Seminar will be held at the Bu;on Hotel in Cairo at: 5.00 P.M., Saturday 21st Nov. 1992 Best Wishes to the Egyptian pioneer scientists. Prof. F. H. Hammad Chairman, Atomic Energy Authority - 12 4- /.I. —v -0 JU£ -V -A /. . JU>I (JJJ»J JU^b* / . Z* /.i.J -t - 125 - SLi^i /.,». -r /•*• —V JU^wt /.A. -A -\r 14*!! ^j-ktf /. i. .l-w ,f->A - 126 - LUi oUj/j^i o>UUll ILJJJ Lj^JI ILJJJI JJM JJ y> CJ^'J fJUII f Lj J^ J-^. . UUfj ZJUd! i-JU/l C - V • - S - 127 •- US' ilsJ i+j j \4i\4j *~*M1 oljl I ^JUw ^-iLej A4JUM If^jj 2J±)J)\ i^LJI i^J-lj - YV) iiUJI I LJ.I o%jJI I^Ul! ^JjjJI oi/^i! o^ -129- • frt 4> &3U . W j, <^^v^) L^JA Joiiiaudf ZJ>JJIauyi (^^'VV) J.X)- ; oLAJ &* J SJJ, tti JULJ oi)j . 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Sews. :.">rnyuL;ng "uwcr, '^forriianon technology, new substances, 4M1U-. engme-nn?, ;p*ce vehicles a/id the expluralion of spact "he nower of teener now allow? uj to investigate ihe smallest or" panicles cr ihr. realm* of cosmic expanse. To mernxu* ta II(d-Nm tlu Collo»n« S.S or tqsmJtit)