DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 069 562 SO 002 732

TITLE The South: Birmingham Case Study, and The South as a Region. Grade Five (Unit IV). Resource Unit. Project Social Studies. INSTITUTION Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis. Project Social Studies Curriculum Center. SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 67 NOTE 69p.

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3:29 DESCRIPTORS *Area Studies; Case Studies;Concept Teaching; Cross Cultural Studies; CurriculumGuides; Elementary Grades; Geographic Concepts;*Geographic Regions; Geography Instruction; Grade5; *Human Geography; Inquiry Training; Map Skills;Resource Units; Sequential Programs; *SocialStudies Units; *Urban Studies IDENTIFIERS *Project Social Studies

ABSTRACT A case study on Birmingham is presented in the first part of this resource unit on regional studies designed forfifth graders. The objective of the sequent occupance unit is to illustrate the impact which the discovery and utilization of a large natural resource, namely, iron ore, can have on the developmentof a city, in the hope that students will then generalize to other areas and resources. In the latter half of the unit studentsexamine the region of the South as a whole, taking note of different characteristicsin different parts of the South, and try to decide what criteria are used to set the South off from other regions of the country. The teacher's guide ED 062 226 provides program descriptions, course objectives, teaching strategies, and an explanation of format. Other related documents are ED 061 134, ED 062 227, and SO 002 732 through SO 002 741. (Several pages may be illegible.)(Author/SJM) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO. OUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG INATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN IONS STATED 00 NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EOU CATION POSITION OR POLICY Grade Five Unit IV:The South a. Birmingham Case Study b. TheSouth as a Region

RESOURCE UNIT

These materialswere developed by the Project Social Studies Center of the University of Minnesota under a special grant from the U.S. Office of Education.(Project No. HS-045)

1967

FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY OBJECTIVES

This unit should make progress toward developing the following:

GENERALIZATIONS

1. Every place has three types of loca- 4. Places in the interior o tions; a position, a site, and a to have greater extremes situation. than places' along the co

a. Locationis a position which sets 5. Naturechanges the face a phenomenon at a speicfic point through physical and bio on the earth's surface usually designated by an abstract grid and 6. Soil in a particular pla describedin terms of latitude and by the type of basic roc longitude. the climate; vegetation; glaciers, and rivers whi b. Site relates a phenomenon to the de- and how man treats the s tailed setting of the area it occupies. a. Erosion of the soil water and wind;it A c. Situation describes a phenomenon in areas where grass an areal relationship with other phe- removed. nomena with which itis associated. 7. Forests can be used to o 2. Precipitationis affected by .factors other timber products su such as distance from bodies o;: warn turpentine, nuts, etc., water, wind direction, temperature, the kinds of treesin th ocean currents, and physical features which force winds to rise. 8. Some things can be produ one place than in anothe 3. Temperature and seasonal differences climate, resources, trap are affectedin part by distance from routes, access to resour the equator; temperature ranges are markets, people's skills smaller near the equator than further awc,-- from it.

3 - i - OBJECTIVES

This unit should make progress toward developing the following:

.+TIONS

place has three types of loca- Places in the interior of continents tend

. a position, a site, and a to have greater extremes of temperatures 'ion. than places'along the coast.

)cation is a position which sets 5. Nature changes the face of the earth phenomenon at a speicfic point through physical and biotic processes.

1 the earth's surface usually :signated by an abstract grid and Soilin a particular place is affected :scribed in terms of latitude and by the type of basic rock in the region; )ngitude. the climate; vegetation; erosion; wind, glaciers, and rivers which move soil; ite relates a phenomenon to the de- and how man treats the soil. 'Med setting of the area it :cupies. a. Erosion of the soil results from water and windy itis more likely in tuation describes a phenomenon in areas where grass and trees have been real relationship with other phe- removed. lmena with which itis associated. 7. Forests can be used to obtain lumber and )itation is affected by .factors other timber products such as paper, is distance from bodies();: warn turpentine, nuts, etc., depending upon

. wind direction, temperature, the kinds of treesin the forest. currents, and physical features force winds to rise. 8. Some things can be produced better in one place than in another because of ature and seasonal differences climate, resources, transportation ffected in part by distance from routes, access to resources, access to quator; temperature ranges are markets, people's skills, etc. r near the equator than further rom it.

2 a. Vegetation and what can be grown a The significance of locat is affected in part, by soil. upon cultural development in and outside of an area b. Differing crops need differing amounts of rainfall and differing 1) A change in situation temperatures and number of frost about a corresponding free days in order to grow; they the use of a site. need water and dryness at differ- ent times during their period of 2) Improved transportati growth. ties make possible i bigger markets as wel c. The growth of factories in a town and less costly acces attract people, stores, etc. which sources. in turn make the area more attrac- tive to new factories and also b. Natural resources are of stimulate the growth of old ones. value until man acquires necessary for their utili d. Factories must have some form of or sees a need for using power to run machinery. c. Man changes the character 1) Power for industry is obtained earth. from a number of sources, in- cluding water power or steam 1) The present landscape and.electricity produced by many remnants of the burning coal. d. Types of agriculture in a e. Costs which must be covered in pend upon man's cultural sales pricesif a company is to and technology as well as survive include assembly costs of mate, soils, and topograpi ingredients, cost of ingredients and labor, and cost of transporting e. A number of factors -- cl goods to markets. face features, natural re! accessibility, and history 9. Man uses his physical environment in settlement patterns. terms of his cultural values, percep- tions and level of technology.

4 sn and 'what can be grown a. The significance of location depends ed in part by soil. upon cultural developments both with- in and outside of an area. crops need differing r rainfall and differing 1) A change in situation brings res and number of frost about a corresponding change in in order to grow; they the use of a site. r and dryness at: differ- during their period of 2) improved transportation facili- ties make possible wider and bigger markets as well as better h of factories in a town and less costly access to re- apple, stores, etc. which sources. ake the area more attrac- cw factories and also b. Natural resources are of little the growth of old ones. value until man acquires the skill necessary for their utilization and/ must have some form of or sees a need for using them. run machinery. c. Man changes the character of the for industry is obtained earth. a number of sources, in- ng water power or steam 1) The present landscape contains lectricity produced by many remnants of the past. 'rig coal. d. Types of agriculture in a region de- ch must be covured in pend upon man's cultural perceptions, ces if a company isto and technology as well as upon cli- nclude assembly costs of mate, soils, and topography. Its, cost of ingredients

, and cost of transporting e. A number of factors -- climate, sur- markets. face features, natural resources, accessibility, and history -- affect physical environment in settlement patterns. cultural values, percep- el of technology.

4 5 10. People in most societies of the world 11. A region is an area of depend upon people who live in other geneous features. The communities, regions, and countries highly homogeneous, but for goods and services and for markets tional zones where boun for their goods. between regions.

a. Specialization of individuals and a. Regions are delimit regions makes for interdependence. ent bases, dependin of the study. Some 1) When a community specializes the basis of a sing upon one industry or crop, it some on the basis o is more likely to be affe-ted na, and some on the badly by economic changes th- tional relationship

in the ountry as a whole .... In are these which have diversi- r'ed their indl)stry. SKILLS

2) D.versificatic of production 1. Sets up hypotheses. makes a company or a region less dependent upon price fluc- 2. Gains information by st tuations for one product or up- on the supply of specific re- 3. Uses encyclopedias. sources. 4. Uses atlas index to loc b. A place needs cheap and rapidtrans- portation in order to carryon much 5.1 Interprets map symbols. trade with other places. 6. Reads distances on maps 1) Towns need means of shipping goods in and out; they are 7. Draws inferences from a likely to grow up where trans- different map patterns portation is good, particular- area. ly where different types of transportation meet. 8. Applies previously-lear and generalizations to 2) Inland water routes provide dheaper transportation for 9. Tests hypotheses agains heavy goods than do railroads, trucks, or planes. 10. Generalizes from data. 6 7 ile in most societies of the world 11. A region is an area of oneor more homo- !nd upon people who live in other geneous features. The core area is iunities, regions, and countries highly homogeneous, but thereare transi- goods and services and for markets tional zones where boundariesare drawn their goods. between regions.

Specialization of individuals and a. Regions are delimited on many differ- regions makes for interdependence. ent bases, depending upon thepurpose of the study. Some are delimitedon 1) When a community specializes the basis of a single phenomenon, upon one industry or crop, it some on the basis of multiple phenome- is more likely to be affected na, and some on the basis of func- badly by economic changes with- tional relationships. in theountry as a whole than are those which have diversi- r'ed their industry. SKILLS

2) D.versificatic of production 1. Sets up hypotheses. makes a company or a region less dependent upon price fluc- 2. Gains information by studying pictures. tuations for one product or up- on the supply of specific re- 3. Uses encyclopedias. sources. 4. Uses atlas index to locate places. A place needs cheap and rapidtrans )ortation in order to carryon much 5. Interprets map symbols. trade with other places. 6. Reads distances on maps. I) Towns need means of shipping goods in and out; they are 7. Draws inferences from a comparison of likely to grow up where trans- different map patterns of thesame portation is good, particular- area. ly where different types of transportation meet. 8. Applies previously-learned concepts and generalizations to new data. Inland water routes provide dheaper transportation for 9. Tests hypotheses against data. heavy goods than do railroads, trucks, or planes. 10. Generalizes from data. 6 7 -1- OBJECTIVES CONTENT

G. Every place has three types of I. We examine the areal location of Birmin. location; a position, a site, and a situation. A. Birmingham is located in the Southeas portion of the United 'States at about 33rd parallel North, in the interior continent.

G. Location is a position which sets B. Birmingham is located ina humid subt a phenomenon at a specific point clismatic zone; it is not in the main on the earth's surface, usually growing zone. designated by an abstract grid and described in terms of latitude and 1. It is warm much of .the year. longitude. 2. It has 50-60 inches of rainfallan S. Uses- atlas index to locate places, 3. Red-ypllow lateritic soils have d. S. Aptiprevio- in:. this region. cepts and generalizations to new 4. Birmingham is outside of the main data, growing area. G. Site relates a phenomenon to the detailed setting of thearea it occupies.

S. SetsRaimotheles,

8 9 -1- CONTENT

has three types of I. We examine the areal location ofBirmingham. position,za site, and A. Birmingham is located in theSoutheastern portion of the United'Statesat about the 33rd parallel North, in the interiorof the continent.

a position which sets B. Birmingham is located ina humid subtropical n at a specific point climatic zone; it is not in the maincotton h's surface, usually growing zone. by an abstract grid and n terms of latitude and 1.Itis warm much of theyear.

2.It has 50-60 inchei of rainfall index to locate annually. 3. Red-yellow lateritic soils havedeveloped inn this. region. iously-learned con- eneralizations to new 4. Birmingham is outside of themain cotton- growing area. s a phenomenon to the sting of the area it otheses. -2- TEACHING PROCEDURES MATERIALS

1. If possible, have your music teacher use some of the Record of Steph songs of Stephen Foster the daybefore you plan to in- songs. troduce this unit. As an alternative you might play a Physical-politic record of Stephen Foster's music and have them sing a- the U.S. long. After they have been singing about Alabama, Lou- isiana, and Kentucky, ask your students to point to these states on a large wall map of the United States. Now ask them what part of the United States they are in. Empha- size that Alabama (and Birmingham) are in the South east- ern portion of the U.S. When you later call this region The South" you will need to explain that it was literal- ly the.Southern part of *he U.S. during Colonial days.

2. Have pupils use an atlas index or their student almanac Atlas to locate Birmingham's latitude and longitude. Then have "Student Almanac pupils locate the city on a physical-political map of the United States.

Ask: From what you already know about climate and from Temperature map Birmingham's location, what would you expect to find true region. Rainfal about temperatures and rainfallin the Birmingham area? or region. Or c Why? Have pupils check their guesses against temperatureof U.S. or regic

and rainfall maps or climatic. maps. (Review the use of map of U.S. or r the legend and symbols used to show temperature and rain- tation map of U. fall patterns. ) Agricultural prc U.S. See also n Ask: What kinds of vegetation might you expect to find Borchert and McC in the region? Why?What kinds of soil would you ex- phy of the New V pe,:t to find? Why? What kinds of crops might you find amine the many r griown in this region? Why?Have pupils check their South. guesses against soil, vegetation and agricultural pro- du4:ts maps. Ask: Does Birmingham lie within the big cotton producing area? Do pupils think Birmingham would bea typical city of the cotton South, with cotton mills as .an-important ind "stry? -2- 'OCEDURES MATERIALS

ible, have your music teacher use some of the Record of Stephen Foster's )F Stephen Foster the day before you plan to in- songs.

: this unit. As an alternative you might play a Physical-political wall map of of Stephen Foster's music and have them sing a- the U.S. After they have been singing about Alabama, Lou- and Kentucky, ask your students to point to these on a large wall map of the United States. Now ask 'iat part of the United States they are in. Empha- at Alabama (and Birmingham) are in the South east - 'tion of the U.S. When you later call this region aith" you will need to explain that it was literal- Southern part of the U.S. during Colonial days. pils use an atlas index or their student almanac Atlas to Birmingham's latitude and longitude. Then have "Student Almanac" locate the city on a physical-political map of the States.

rom what you already know about climate and from Temperature map of U.S. or iham's location, what would you expect to find true region. Rainfall map of U.S. emperatures and rainfallin the Birmingham area? or region. Or climatic map ave pupils check their guesses against temperatureof U,S. or region. Soils nfall maps or climatic-maps. (Review the use of map of U.S. or region. Vege- lend and symbols used to show temperature and rain- tation map of U.S. or region. tterns. ) Agricultural products maps of U.S. See also maps in hat kinds of vegetation might you expect to find Borchert and McGuigan, Geogra- region? Why?What kinds of soil would you ex- phy of the New World to ex- find? Why? What kinds of crops might you find amine the many patterns in the n this region?Why? Have pupils check their South. against soil, vegetation and agricultural pro- aps. Ask: Does Birmingham lie within the big producing area? Do pupils think Birmingham would pical city of the cotton South, with cotton mills mportant ind-stry?

4 n -3- S. Interprets map symbols.

S. Tests hypotheses against data.

G. Precipitation is affected by fac- tors such as distance from bodies of warm water, wind direction, temperature, ocean currents, and physical features which force winds to rise.

G. Temperature and seasonal differ- ences are affected in part by dis- tance from t.he equator;tempera- ture range_ are smallc;near the equa' thon further zmay from it.

G. Places in the interiorof conti- nents tend to have greaterex- tremes of temperature thanplaces along the coast.

G. Nature changes the face ofthe earth through physical andbiotic processes.

G. Soil in a particular place is affected by the type ofbasic rock in the region, theclimate, vegetation, erosion, wind, gla- ciers, and rivers whia-Move soil, as well as by how man treats the Sioi I

G. Vegetation and what can begrown is affected in part by soil. 12 -5-

S. Sets up hypotheses. C. Birmingham islocated in a long, valley running in a North-east, S direction with mountains along ei The original site was the JonesV the metropolitan area has spread the surrounding hills.

G. S uation describes a phenomenon D. Birmingham is locatdd areal relationship with at the SouthJ other the Appalachian Mountain regionat :lumen° with which it isasso- the Great Valley. *ed. 1. The Appalachians extend allthe G. Nature changes the face of the New York to Alabama. earth through physical andbiotic processes. 2. The ridgesare formed by the fo layers of material. The plateat lift of these layers and the Pi( the result of erosion.

3. Between the Piedmont and theoc(

coastal plains which have been t ocean at times in our geologic 1

S. Uses encyclopedias. E. The Appalachian region is richin c and iron ore. The Birmingham area mineral resources needed for makinc

13 -5- hypotheses. C. Birmingham is located ina long, narrow valley running ina North-east, South-West direction with mountainsalong either side. The original sitewas the Jones Valley, but the metropolitan area has spreadout over the surrounding hills.

1 describes a phenomenon D. Birmingham is locatdd relationship with other at the Southern tip of the Appalachian Mountainregion at the end of ) with which it isasso- the Great Valley.

1. The Appalachiansextend all the way from langes the face of the New York to Alabama. -ough physical and biotic 2. The ridgesare formed by the folding of layers of material. The plateau isan up- lift of these layers andthe Piedmont is the result of erosion.

3. Between the Piedmont andthe oceans are low coastal plains which havebeen under the ocean at times in our geologic history. clopedias. E. The Appalachian regionis rich in oil, coal, and iron ore. The Birminghamarea has all the mineral resources needed formaking steel.

13 i is -6-

Display a city map of Birmingham. When your students City map of Birmingham. have noticed that it has a North-eastSouth-west orien- Relief map of U.S. or of tation, ask them why this might be so. Then have them Alabama. look at a relief map of the area. Help them visualize the Jones Valley with mountain ridges which runNorth- west and South-east.

Project pictures of the valley and ridges and of present- day Birmingham to help pupils understand the physical re- lief of the area.

-ncralize about the entire Appalachian range from Relief map of the U.S. :rection of the Jones Valley. Point out the phyai- the Blue Ridge, . 1 fen'ures at.:socia'ad with this range: SiLnkey Mt:.., The Columbia Plateau, The Piedmont, aLd ti.c associated coastal plains and the Great Valley of which Jones Valley is a part.

Tell the class about the formation of these features. (If necessary, refer to an elementary geology book for a diagram to use on the chalkboard.)

It would be helpful at this point to have some student or Encyclopedias. group of students report on the geologic formationofsuch , Goode's School Atla:. minerals as coal, oil, and iron ore. Use an economic map of the U.S. to show how many of these minerals are concen- trated in the Appalachian region. (Before pupils prepare reports, it may be wise to review ways of locating infor- mation in encyclopedia.)

15 7-

S. Applies previously-learned con- cepts and generalizations to new data.

S. Draws inferences from a compari- son of different map patterns of the same area.

S. Sets up hypotheses.

S. Tests hypotheses against data.

G. Some things can be produced better (4e Al ace than in another be- (-cause climate, resources, trans- portat' routes, access to re- source!. access to markets, peor pi 's lls, etc.

S. Applies previously-learnedcon- F. Birmingham has some disadvantages cepts and generalizations to new steel-making center when compared data. cago and Pittsburgh.

S. Reads distances on maps. G. Birmingham is located at least 20 from the nearest ocean port; there S. Applies previously-learnedcon- highly dependent upon rail transp cepts and generalizations to new upon barge traffic on a nearby ri data.

c 4 v') 7- previously-learned con- nd generalizations tonew

nferences from a compari- different map patterns of Tie area.

hypotheses.

.ypotheses against data.

!rigs can be produced better dace than in another be- climate, resources, trans- routes, access to re- access to markets, peor Ils, etc.

previously-learned con- F. Birmingham hassome disadvantages for a nd generalizations to new steel-making center when comparedwith Chi- cago and Pittsburgh.

stances on maps. G. Birmingham is located at least200 miles from the nearest oceanport; therefore, it is previously-learned con- highly dependent upon railtransportation and d generalizations tonew upon barge traffic on a nearby river. -8- 7. Have pupils study the materials needed for making steel. U.S. Steel Co Then have them compare U.S.maps which show iron de- posits,coal deposits, and making of ste limestone deposits. Or have For E4 single them look at one map of Alabamawhich slows all of these deposits. Ask: and iron in s Would it be easyor difficult for Bir- Filmstrip: mingham to becomean important steel-manufacturing B tpr? Why? cen- Industrial Ce South, yegat

See map used i Tell the class about theself-fluxing qualities of of the iron in the some Unit. Birmingham area and about theadvan- tages"of dolomiteover limestone. Then describe the vast quantities of dolomite inthe floor of the valley in which Birmingham islocated.

...: Given ,.hatyou already know, how do you think rmingham's costs of producingsteel would v..th compare costs in Chicago and Pittsburgh?Why? (Ask fu;t1 estions as needed to bringout distance of transportation for resources.) gave pupils check a table comparing thecosts of assembling theresources needed in these threecities. Ask: Does this table sOpport your hypotheses?

8. Also ask: Would thiseasy access to resources sarily give Birmingham neces- an advantage over Chicagoand Pittsburgh as a steel-makingcenter? What other fac- tors must be considered beforebuilding steel mills? (Have pupils makesuggestions to check later unit.) in the

9. Have pupils study a map to decide what gulfport would be most useful to Birmingham. Then have them find the latitude of Mobile. How many degrees of latitude frnm Birmingham? is it How far would this be inmiles? (3 x 70) -8- upils study the materials needed for making steel. U.S. Steel Co. kit on the lave them compare U.S. maps which show iron de- making of steel. ,qoal deposits, and limestone deposits. Or have For a single map of coal iook at one map of Alabama which slows all of these and iron in state, see ts. Ask: Would it be easy or difficult for Bir- Filmstrip: Birmingham, fm to become an important steel-manufacturing cen- Industrial Center of the Why? South, Eyegate, frame 2. map used in Overview he class about the self-fluxing qualities of some Unit. iron in the Birmingham area and about the advan- of dolomite over limestone. Then describe the vast ties-of dolomite in the floor of the valley in Birmingham is located.

Given v.hat you already know, how do you think ,,-sham's costs of producing steel would compare costs in Chicago and Pittsburgh?Why? (Ask estions as needed to bring out distance of ortation for resources.) Have pupils check a comparing the costs of assembling the resources in these three cities. Ask: Does this table t your hypotheses?

sk; Would this easy access to resources neces- give Birmingham an advantage over Chicago and urgh as a steel-making center?What other fac- ust be considered before building steel mills? pupils make suggestions to check later in the

upils study a map to decide what gulf port would t useful to Birmingham. Then have them find the de of Mobile. How many degrees of latitude is it irmingham? How far would this be in miles? (3 x 70) , "gr Aft

-9-

G. Some things can be produced bet- ter in one place than in another because of climate, resources, transportation routes, access to resources, access to markets, people's skills, etc.

S. Applies previously-lea:-:led con- II. We examine the Jones Valley in 1815 cepts and generalliitroiitstr, new data, A.It was inhabited by a few Creek I

':31.1 uses his phyrical environment 1. The Indians lived in the surro It ten of his cultural values,. and used the valley for huntin icrcer:iosis nd level of technol- for annual celebrations with t ,,UY. bors the Cherokees and the Cho

2. They showed no hostility to th when he came.

3. They used the iron ores to pat faces.

G. A number of factors -- climate, B. Beginning in 1813, white men bega surface features, natural re- the valley to farm. sources, accessibility, and his- tory -- affect settlement patterns. I. The first group of settlers ca and included a John Jones for valley was named.

2. Later groups of settlers came ford Ct:nty, Tenn., and from S

3. The primary purpose for corning was for farming. ings can be produced bet- Dne place than in another of climate-,resources, rtation routes,access to 35,access to markets, skills, etc.

previously-leer:led con- II. We examine the JonesValley in 1815. Id generairiitiastr.new A.It was inhabited bya few Creek Indians. his phy,ical environment 1. The Indians livedin the surrounding hills of his cultural values, end used the valley for -nd level of technol- hunting grounds and for annual celebrationswith their neigh- bors the Cherokees andthe Choctaws.

2. They showedno hostility to the whiteman when he came.

3. They used the ironores to paint their faces.

of factors-- climate, B. Beginning in 1813, whitemen began coming into features, naturalre- the valley to farm. accessibility, and his- affect settlement patterns. 1. The firstgroup of settlers came about 1813 and included a John Jones forwhom the valley was named.

2. Later groups ofsettlers came from Ruther- ford Cct:nty, Tenn., andfrom South Carolina.

3. The primary purpose for comingto the valley was for farming.

40 -10-

How could people of Birminghamget goods to and from this port? (Note the distanceof,Birmingham to the nearest river.) How could Birminghamget the river today? goods to Before trucks andrailroads were developed? How could theyget goods up the river. day? to-

10. Have pupils read about the Indians whoused the "Seloated Read. valley before the coming ofthe white man. Ask: Why ham," do you think they livedin the hills rather than inthe 1 le ii .^1f? (11(iate to theirways of living on the

how Indians used the red or rainti theirfeces. Ask: Why didn't the h, the rres as we do today?

11, Ask your studentsto try to imagine what like before your town was any white man came. Ask them to describethe area without any signs ofwhite man's culture. Ask them why any white settlermight want tocome to your area. In most cases you can explain that theycame to the local area for the same reason thatthe settlers firstwent to the Jones Valley-- in search of productive land they could raise enough where food for their families,and claim some land that they could calltheir own. Tell pupils a little about the earliest settlersin the area. Point out that iron was used as early as 1813to

29 -10- could people of Birmingham get goodsto and from port? (Note the distanceof. Birmingham ost river.) to the How could Birmingham?et river today? goods to Before trucks andrailroads were loped? How could they get goods up the river.to-

e,. pupilsread about the Indians whoused the "Selectee Readingson Birming- N before the coming of thewhite man. Ask: Why ham," u think they lived in the hillsrather than in the it5-n1f? (Wate to theirways of living on the

how Indians used the red painti. thelF faces. Ask:Why didn't the the ryes as we dotodW

our students to tryto imagine whatyour town was )efore any whiteman came.Ask them to describe !!thout any signs the of white man'sculture. Ask them y white settler mi'ghtwant to come to your .t cases you can eitplain area. that they cameto the local or the same reason that the settlers firstwent to es Valley -- in searchof productive land ould raise enough where food for theirfamilies, and claim and that theycould call theirown. .upils a littleabout the earliest Point out that settlers in the iron was usedas early as 1813to a. Land was productive. Setllers grew garden crops and a littlecotton.

b. Th.. woods .were filledwith deer and turkey.

c. kofly fish could be fcy,.idin the clear waters of the Warrior a.1d Cahabarivers. 4. Essetials, suchas salt, sugar, coffee, and calico were obtained bytaking cotton to the present site of Tuscaloosa.

People in most societies of the world depend upon people who live in other communities,re- gions, and countries for goods and services and for markets for their goods.

111. We examine Birmingham as a boomtown of 1872.

A. The city of Birminghamwas established in 1871; by 1872 the town had grown rapidly.

1. The first lots wenton sale June 1, 1871. By April, 1872, there were 400 houses and many st.7.res. -12-

shoe horses by Jackson's soldiers and that a small fur. nace was built_ in 1818 near Russellville. Read aloud a description of his furnace. Ask: Why do you think thewhite men began to make iron when the Indians did not?Why didn't the white men make even more use of area by building large steel plants?

12. Have pupils read accounts of how these early white sett.- "Selected Rez.C.igson lers used the land. Firmingham."

Have pupils do some "creative writing" based on the facts which they have learned. Let them imagine they are liv- ing with their parents in the Jones Valley in 1815. As!!. them to describe a trip which they took to the falls of the Black Warrior (at the present site of Tuscaloosa) fur supplies. They should let their imagination work, but they should abide by the facts such as the mode of travE. at the time, a proper description of the scenery, and the= right direction for traveling from Jones Valley to Tusca loosa.

13. D.scuss: How did the white settlers compare with the lidians in their use of the land? How did the settlers get goods which they could not produce in the area? To what extent did they have dealings with other parts of the South? Other parts of the U.S.?Other countries?

14. Have pupils read eye-witness accounts of Birmingham in Selected Readings cn 1872 and accounts which describe the growth from the tlhe 3irmingham." of the first building in the new city in 1871. Also have

. upils examine a table showing the growth of Birmingham rom 1871 to 1873. Discuss: What do you think mig,ht c ccount for such great growth within one year?What might a ount for changes in the area from 1815? 2. elrmingham In )872 was very cro had mud street: and few sanitat ties. B. A number of factoisbrought about in the area from 1815.

The significance of location 1. Prior to the Ci tit War a small G. Elyton4 had developed andhad lo depends upon cultural develop- ments both within and outside stage coach stopt- of an area.

G. Improved transportationfacili- ties make possible wider andbig- ger markets aswell as better and less costly access to resources,

S. Sets up hypotheses. 2. People first re:lized theimpo minerals in the area through a G. ketural resources are of little logical survey qhich was made value until man acquires the skill necessary for their utili- ;Olen and/or sees a need for cising them.

3. No one 1144 really interested until it became necessary to pi to make munitions for the Confi during the Civil War. ..13- 2. Birmingham in) 872 was very crowded. 1. had mud street: and few sanitation facir. ties. B. A number of facto; s brought about thecharges 1 in the area from 1815.

ificance of location 1. Prior to the Citil War a small town, upon cultural develop- Elyton. had developed and had bemme a th within and outside stage coach stopt ea.

transportation fact 11- e possible wider andbig- ets as well as better and tly access to resources,

hypotheses. 2. People first rellized the importance of minerals in the area through a state geo- resources are of little logical survey ishich was made in the 1850's: til man acquires the cessary for their utili- /or sees a need for em.

3. No one las really interested in the mineral until it became necessary to produce steel to make munitions for the Confederacy during the Civil War.

4,1.1 Feg -14-

15. Tell pupils about development of the town of Elyton and the stage coach. Ask: How might this development have affected the use of the Jones Valley area?

16. Tell the class about the survey which showed the value of iron ore in the Jones Valley. Ask: Suppose you had lived in the U.S. in the 1850's. How might you have reacted to the news of this survey? (Pupils will probably say that they might wish.to go to the area, since they will not realize that there was less demand for steel at that time.) Then ask: Why do you think no town grew up in Birmingham until the 1870's? (Ask further questions as needed to bring out the need for a market for steel before people would build a steel plant.) Now tell your students about the need for steel which was brought on by the Civil War. Ask: Now that yo4 know iron ore has been found in the Janes Valley and that the need has arisen fer this iren ore to be made into steel, what changes would you expect to find in the valley?

28 -15-

G. The significance of location de- 4. "am yvv=rnment 11:ied John pends upon cultural developments Milner to build a railr-,ad from Montgomery both within and outside ofan to the Jones Valley but the war wasover area. before the railroad was finished. G. improved transportation facili- ties make possible wider and bigger markets as well as better and less costly access to re- sources.

. The growth of factories in a town attract people, stores, etc. which in turn make the area more attractive to new factories and also stimulate the growth of old mines.

Tests .h 'otheses aainst data. . Under reconstruction many new railroad prijects were started. When it became eviden, two railroads wceAd near Elyton ifi c:f the miners: country, some men formed the Elyton Land Company, bought four thew:and acres, and laid out a new city they calit..2 Birmingham.

29 4v, -16-

List on the ekalkboard without comment theirsuggestions. Hopefully they'will include such things as: More people moving in to work Houses for them to live in Stores for them to buy their supplies New transportation routes into the valley The construction of steel mills

17. Leave the above list on the board.Now tell the class about the coming of the railroads, the effectsof re- construction, and the establishment of Birmingham. (Some of this will serve as a review of the introduc- tory material to this section of theunite) Compare the reasons for this development of housing inBirming- ham to reasons for starting housing developmentsin their own area today. (e.g. expectation of demand be- cause of increased population;transportation possible to area). Ask: What things are built besides houses in housing developments which you know about?

"Selected Readings on 18. HaVe pupils read descriptions of thegrowth of the town of Birmingham after 1873. Ask: How did these facts coo- Birmingham." pare with the causeswhich we listed on the board? (Note especially anything appearing on thepupils' list that was not true orsubstantiated by the facts.) -17- 6. Many people came to Birmingham w thought a steel mill would be bu

G. People in most societies of the C. The next few decades saw uneven but world depend upon people who live growth in Birmingham and the surrou in other communities, regions, and countries for goods and ser- 1. Before the first steel mills wer vices and for markets for their the pnn!,-; of 1873 hit the new ci goods. a cholera epidemic struck the in Almost half of the population le G. Specialization of individuals and the ::;.0 of that yeAr regions makes for interdependence.

G. Man uses his physical environment 2. Soon after the depression, men a in terms of his cultural values, to build steel mills in the Jone perceptions, and level of technol- Around each mill were company-ow ogy. and stores. Instead of one cont developing, many small communiti throughout the valley. However, were needed before steel mills c cheap steel from local iron ore -17-

. 6. Many people came to Birmingham when they thought a steel mill would be built.

most societies of the C. The next few decades sawuneven but rapid )end upon people who live growth in Birmingham and the surroundingarea. communities, regions, ries for goods and ser- 1. Before the first steel millswere built,. for markets for their the pn-!-: of 1873 hit the new city. Also a cholera epidemic struck the inhabitants. Almost half of the population left before ation of Individuals and the of that year akes for interdependence.

his physical environment 2. Soon after the depression,men again began of his cultural values, to build steel mills in the Jones Valley. ns, and level of technol- Around each mill were company-owned houses and stores. Instead of one continuous city developing, many small communitieswere built throughout the valley. However, new inventions were needed before steel mills could make cheap steel from local ironore and coal.

31 3d -18-

19. Have pupils examine figures which show the growth of "Selected Readings on population in Birmingham frum 1371 to the beginning of Birmingham." 1873 and the end of 1873. Ask: What miytit have caused cs.rh a d. ;11 population? Tell pupils what happened.

20. Ask: If you had had a good deal of money after this "Selected Readings on period of bad business was over, why might you have Bir.ningharA." been tempted to use itin this area around Birmingham? How would you have user)it?

Have pupils study Lavers which show the great increase in the population and the workers engaged in manufac- turing from the 1870's to the 189C's. Have pupils com- pare the population in 1890 with that of some town in their own state with which they are familiar. Compare the number of workers in manufacturing in 1890 with the number of pupilsin the school or population of their -..wn community.

Have pupils examine the list of businesses in and around Birmingham in 1887. Where were many of the steel mills in relationship to Birmingham? What would you ...xpect to have grcw up around the mills? Why?

NOW have pupils read about the problems of developing suc- cPssful steel mills in the area. -19-

People in most societies of the D. The Birmingham area became much more depPn- world depend on people who live Aent upon other parts of ;Lk in other communities for certain the U.S. than it had been in 1815. goods an: 6erv:ces and for mar- kets for goods.

Interprets pictures. :V. We examine Birmingham today. A. Birmingham today is one of the largest Indus, trial cities in the South.

1. By 1960 the population had grown to 340,887.,

2. By 1969 the number of employees in nit-nu- facturIng had grown to 60,450.

The present landscape conta;ns 3. The many little villages had incorporated many remnants of the past. into the larger city.

Sets up hypotheses. B. A number of factors have been important in bringis,y about this growl.% in Birmingham. -20-

21 Discuss: How would the Birmingham area's contactswith other parts of the South and of the U.S. havechanged since 1815?Why? (What would be _needed for the growing city? Whiz the :ii! do with all of the steelit producAdr,

Birmingham, 22. Project pictures show:_j BirminghaL : mills and Filmstrip: the city today or in v..ry recent years. im.cuss in Industrial Center of the terms of changes which have obviouslytaken place since South, Eyegate. the 1870's.

23. Have pupils examine figures for the presentpopulation "Selected Readings on of Birmingham and the number of workersemployed in Birmingham." manufacturing. Compare with population figures for the 1870's and 1890's. Also compare the the populationof a large city In the pupils' own state.

Have pupils use a fairly detailed map ofBirmingham to Map of the metropolitan area find the city limits. Then have them look for the mAny of Birmingham. neighborhood clusters within these limits. Point out that these represent the remnants of themill villages. Show that there are also many of thesesmall villages still outside the city limits.

this . Discuss: What must have happened to bring about great increase in Birmingham'spopulation since we looked at it in the 1890's? Have pupils list possible factors. Use questions to brine out such things asthe invention of the auto and the airplane.How might these inventions have affected Birmingham? Al

-2;

G. The significance of location de- pends upon cultural developments both within and outside of an area.

u. A change in situation brings about a corresponding change in the use of a site.

G. The significance of location de- pends upon cultural developments both within and outside of an area.

G. Factories must have some form of power to run machinery.

G. Power for industry is obtained from a number of sources, in- cludih ..1mter power or steam and electrici:- produced by burning coal.

36 -22-

. Point out that during World War 11, the U.S. neLued much Time, Nov., 25,1940. pp. steel for war industries,, What effect would this have ZEF-89. upon Bitmingham?Now tell pupils something about what did happen.

27. Show the class figures for increased industrial production in the U.S. as a whole from the 1870's until today. Ask: How might this growth have affected Birmingham? Why?

28. Show the class a film or filmstrip on the TVA. Hove them locate some of the big TVA dams on the map. Discuss: How might TVA have affected Birmingham.

hwlp your students look up the word "monopoly." Use some Dictionary slimple illustrations to explain the word. Now explain how U:S. Steel obtained a monopoly in the steel industry in Birmingham. Ask: What might be the advantages and dis- advantages of having one company hold a monopoly? Show the class how their different views represent the views of different groups of people-- labor, management,etc.

37 -23-

. Tests hypotheses against data.

Costs which must be covered in C. Birmingham is nut as ior:.ent a sales prices if a company is to steel cent: .s Chicago, Piti.sburgh, or survive include assembly costs Younvtown because it too far fr,m of ingredients, cost of ingred- ::red big markets ofLile north and,east. ients and labor, and cost of transporting goods to rr'rkets.

. People inmost societies in the D. Birmingham has becmaa much more depenJent world depend on peons -c....who live upon other parts of the South, the nation, (the co outsir:e and the world both for markets, o%4 mr-

ire i ( . ; cc.. goo& and terials and finished goods. cry' a) f.lr ma fsts for h-!, ow-

Man changes the character of the earth.

. A place needs cheap and rapid transportation in order to carry on much trade with other places.

. Inland water routes provide cheaper transportation for ht.;.:vy hoods than do railroads, trucks, or pins,zs,

. A place needs cheap and rapid transportation in order to carry on much trade with other places. -Z14- 30. Now have pupils check their list of hypotheses in activity #24 against what they have found out about changes.

31. Have the class Tist.once againzthe materials needed to pro- duce steel and the sources of such materials for Birming- ham, Pittsburgh, and Chicago. Have them check figures for steel production in these cities. Ask: Can you think of any reason why Birmingham produces less steel? Show pupils a population map of U.S. and ask this question again.

32. Discuss: How dependent do you think Birmingham would be for goods from other parts of the South? the U.S.? other parts of the world? Why? Why isit dependent upon other parts of the U.S. and the world? (Bring out need for markets for steel, etc.) Why would it be more dependent upon these places today than in.1815 and 1870?

33 Have pupils locate once more the nearest river which light be used to carry products from Birmingham to the 'Aulf. How close isit to Bitmingham? Now tell pupils something about the way in which this river has been made more useful for transportation purposes and the way in which the government has set rates which help Birmingham producers.

314. Have pupils look at a map to locate once more the port which would serve to bring supplies to Birmingham and ship Birmingham's steel to bther parts of the U.S. and abroad. Have pupils examine this map and a railroad map of the U.S. Where would they expect Birmingham to sell most of its steel?Why?

Afr. -25- E. Birmingham's industryhas divers! that it is not as dependent onit steel as previously.

G. When a community specializes upco one industry or crop,it is more likely to be affected badly by economic changes within the coun- try as a whole than arethose which have diversified their industry.

G. Man uses his physical environment in terms of his cultural values, percep- tions, and level of technology.

The changes which have S. Genetalizes from data. V. Conclusion: about in Jones Valley havebeen the different men occupying thtvalley w G. Man uses his physicalenvironment the utilization of I in terms of his cultural'values, ent ideas about perceptions, and level of tech- resources. Some of these ideas were conditions withi noloaw. social and economic United States and theworld. G. The significance of location.de- pends capon culturaldevelopments both within and outside of an area.

40 -25- E. Birmingham's industry hasdiversified so that it is not as dependent oniron and steel as previously.

ommunity specializes upon stry or crop, it is more o be affectedbadly by changes within the coun- whole than are those which ersified their industry. his physical environment in his cultural values, percep- 4 level of technology.

The changes which have beenbrough .zes from data. V. Conclusion: about in Jones Valley have been theresult of valley with differ- his physical envinonment different men occupying the ent ideas about theutilization of Its natural of his cultural Values, molded by ons, and level oftech- resources. Some of these ideas were social and economic conditionswithin the United States and the world. lificance of locatIonde- on culturaldevelopments :hin and outside of an

40 41 -26-

35. Tell pupils that today Birmingham steel mills buy iron ore from South America, eastern Canada, andAfrica. How would it get this ore? (Have pupils trace routes on map.) Why would it want to buy ore when it has grown up around iron ore resources?.

.. Use an illustration which will be understood by your students to explain diversification. Ask them which grocer would be hurt the most financiallyby a sudden frost which killed all the garden vegetables -- one which dealt only in fresh meats and vegetables, or one which carried a full line of groceries.

Read aloud a prediction made in 1919 in The Nation that "Selected Readings on "There 'appears to be no way...in which Birmingham can Birmingham." greatly diversify its industry." Then tell pupils the See Appendix for arguments. arguments used by the author to justify this statement. Have pupilsread a description of the plantsbuilt to use formerly waste products. Ask': Has this prediction proved true? Discuss reasons why Birmingham has been able to diversify its industries.

37. Have pupils make a list showing changes in the Birmins- ham area over time. What physical advantages did the area have for growth? Were the natural resources really of advantageuntil men saw a use for them? Hold a general discussion to summarize the reasons why people have used this area differently in different periods. Also ask: How has the significance of the location of Birmingham changed over the years?

42 -27-

. Man uses his physical environment in terms of his cultural values, i.,:xr!aptinpr, and level of tech- nology.

VI. Birmingham and its dive part of the larger rezilpil of th.:: Sooth. The South is rich in af-j.i(A..1:w.ii,'oref.;t: en6 mineral resources.it is sir. ;mpo.-tart cultural region is rapidly and :Ivwftg

. A region is an area of one or A. The South can ..sT aiviJe-. Into the more homogeneous features. The ,rea ,-aa is highly homogeneous. hoalachians ,;irAmoitt e9ior., but there transitional z(..its into the CO2-ir: where boundaries are drawn be- tween regions.

. Regions are delimited on many dif- ferent bases, depending upon the purpose of the study. Some are delimited on the basis of a single phenomenon, some on the basis of multiple phenomena, and some on the basis of functional relation- ships. Sets up hypotheses. -28- 38. Now discuss:What factors might bring changes to Bir- mingham in the future? (Among other things, discuss possible exhaustion of resources in locality, changes in demand for steel, etc.)

. Tell the class that they are now going to look at the Borchert and McGuigan, South as a whole. They should try to decide how typical Geography of the New World, the Birmingham area is of the South. They should also p. 185.. compare the region with the other regions which they have studied. What criteria separate it from the Mid- west and the Northeast?How might the South be broken up into sub - regions? Have pupils examine a map to iden- tify the area included by Borchert and McGuigan in the South.

Have pupils look at a physical map of the South. Ask: Borchert and McGuigan, What physical differences do you notice in the South? Geo._ caphy of the New World, Suppose you wished to regionalize the Southon the basis INT)-T-TZE:1 87. of physical terraine. How would you do so? Ask: What possible influences might these physical characteristics have upon how people use the land? -29-

G. Types of agricuiture in a region B. The South is an impor:..mt depend upon man's cultural per- which provides.prodv:.ts neeJed ceptions, and technology as well of the country. as upon climate, soils, and to- pography. 1. The South has a long growin

G. Differing crops need differing a. The lenni-6 sf,asco amounts of rainfall and differ- ,,al conditions in F ing temperatu-es and number of the southern portion of frost free days in order to grow 120-180 days in the Appa they need water ..;id dryness az region. different times during their period of growth. b. ThP S,,,,Ln has long been auction of crops which n S. Draws inferences from a com-. :- growing season. son of different m:p patterns of Thre7Fame area.

G. People in most societies of the world depend upon people who live in other communities, regions, and countries for goods and serv:--, and for markets for their goods.

G. Specialization of individuals and regions makes for interdependence.

G. Man changes the character of the 2. Erosion and soil e;:haustion earth. problems in the South.

G. Nature changes the face of the a. The rtroblem of erosion is earth through physical and biotic by the St:',1:.h ,AtiVatiC processes. crops.

4G -29-

:s of agriculture in a region B. The South is an impor;.:int ind upon man's culturalper- are=! which provides prodv-.-ts neededin other part: :ions, and technologyas well of the country. pon climate, soils, and to- aphy. 1. The South hasa long growing season. ering crops need differing a. The lenntl-z.F sftkisco it.: nts of rainfall and differ- ..; ,,a conditions in Florida and in temperatu-es and number of the southern portion of Louisiana t free days in order to to grow 120-180 days in the AppalachianMts. need water -nd dryness region. erent times during their od of growth. b. TIP has long been noted f.pro- duction of crops which neP1 long s inferences from a co; .- growing season. of differentm7,p patterns or same area.

le in most societies of the d depend upon people wholive ther communities, regions,and tries for goods andsere;,.,., For markets for theirgoods,

;alization of individualsand )ns makes for interdependence.

.hanges the character of the 2. Erosion and soilexhaustion are major problems in the South.

e changes the face of the a. The 7roblem of erosion is aggravated through physical and biotic by the Sti,,i'6W' ..J1tivation sses. of row crops.

46 -30-

Prepare a bulletin board display of some of the.main crops Encyclopedias. Geography grown in the South. Divide the class into groups to find texts. information on the requirements of soil type, length of growing season, and moisture for the different crops.

Have pupils examine a physical map, a moisture map, a map of growing seasons, and a population map.Ask: Given the information you have gathered about crops, where would you expect to find each of these chops grown? Why? How might the population distribution affect agriculturalproduction? Why? Have pupils check their hypotheses against a mapof agricultural production in the South.

Ask: What other factors affect he choice of crops to be grown in an area?What would happen if many more people in this country were to stop smoking because of the health hazard?What would happen if people decide they prefer other types of cloth than cotton cloth for clothes?

2. Review the diagram "Spring Travels Northward" which was used in the Overview Unit. Ask: What is the significance of early spring in the South? What does it mean to us in the Midwest?

Show pictures of serious erosion in the South. Demonstrate why erosion is especially a problem in this area. tbtain trays of equal size. Place a piece of sod in one and fill the other with black dirt. Place both trays at about 'a15 angle and sprinkle both trays with equal amountsof water. What happens? Explain why much of the soilis bare in the

4" -31- Erosion of soil results from water and wind; itis more likely in areas where grass and trees have been removed.

Soilis affected by...how man b. The intensive cultivation of cotton uses the soil. and tobacco has frequently exhausted the soil.

. Man uses his physical environment 3. Fc.rmers have developed new animal breeds in terms oF his cultural values, and new seeds to.trect the needs of their perceptions. and level of tech- region; they have also adopted other nology. techniques to reduce their costs.

. Diversification of production 4. Farmers have adjusted their crops to makes a company or a region less markets and have diversified so that dependent upon price fluctuations they are not so .dependent upon one for one product or upon the sup- crop. ply of specific resources.

. Man'uses his physical environment in terms of his cultural values, perceptions, and level of tech- Tiology.

48 N111111111 -32- South because of the stress onplanting row crops. Rein- force the idea withpictures of row crops and contour plowing.

Show pictures of poor crops growing on exhausted soil. Read aloud a description of the effects of growing the same crop year after year on the samesoilif itis a crop which exhausts the soil.

45. Have pupils read and discuss the article, "Does the South Need Cattle That Can Sweat?" (The essence of this article is that the cattlemen. could not change their land and climate, but they did develop a strain of cattle which were suited to it.) Ask pupils to think of other in- stances where a similar adjustment has been made.

46. Have a pupil give an illustrated report on "Modern Methods Goodwyn and the Editors of Cattle Raising in Texas." Ask: How do these techniques of Time-Life Books, The compare with your picture of cattle raising in the past? South Central States, pp. Why do you think ranchers have adopted them since they 135-95. require expensive equipment?

. Prepare a chart of samples of the many new synthetic fab- rics available. If possible include the year in which each was developed. Ask: What does this indicate about the market for cotton?

Tell the story of why people of Enterprise, Alabama erected a bronze statue of the boll weevil. (NOTE: The boll weevil caused so much destruction to their cotton over a period of years that they switched to other crops and the raising of livestock and now enjoy a more prosperous life.) 49 -33--

. Generalizes from d7:t.a. 5. Southern agriculture differs from that in the Midwest in terms of kinds ofcrops produced. The emnhaElf,is upon '.on-foof.:; crops except. fo. iluit End ...c.:;.:!tabl.A rice which o .1r.47: qrow;ng

. Forestb u:ied to obtcsn C. Thc; 1.;ony ore:A: products. lumber ald products

such 4J . etc., depending upon -he kinds of trees in the for:.at.

usea his physical environment D..Historicrl :-.1tur.71 deveio7wents help d!s- in terms of his cultural values, tinguish :;nuth From the Midwest: anl the perceptions, and level of tech- Northeast. nology.

Kan uses his physical environment E. The South is inc.oroing more urbanized. 'to -;4: his cultural values, perceptions, and level of tech- 1.Cit!(.-s ore or ten located on important nology. transporta;:ion routes. -34-

48. Have pupils make a chart comparing the kinds of agricul- tural activity in the South with those in the Midwest and Northeast. Discuss reasons for differences.

49. Project the map in Borchert showing the main forested areas Borchert and McGuigan, of the South. Ask: Why do you think these areas haven't Geography of the New Woric been used heavily for agriculture? Let pupils make guesses p. 190. based upon what they remember of the physical features of the region. Then show them a physical map once more. What kind of physical features are found in the areas of these forests? Discuss the relationship.

50. Now have a pupil report on the lumbering and related for- Geography textbooks. est industries in the South. Discuss: Why are these for- est products so important for the rest of the country?

51. Undoubtedly, pupils have heard a good deal about the Civil War even though they have not studied it. Project a map showing the Confederate States during the Civil War. How did the extent of the Confederacy compare with thearea in- cluded by Borchert and McGuigan in the South? Why might this Civil War help distinguish the South from the other parts of the country?

. Plot several service stations on a map ofyour immediate Community. Where are they located? Why have they chosen Crossroads locations?Have pupils look at a map and find southern cities which are located at crossroads of main avenues of transportation. Ask: Can you find any exam- ples of cities whichare not located in such places? Why do you think they may have developed? -35-. G. Towns need means of shipping goods a: The converging of routes of transp in and out; they are likely to tat ion spurs the growth of a.cittj. grow up where transportation is good, particularly where differ- b. Natural features such as passes c ent types of transportation meet. mountains, often encourar ment of cities.

G. A number of factors-- climate. 2. Cities in the Southare growing rapid surface features, natural re- sources, accessibility, and his- tory -- affect settlement patterns..

G. Some things can be produced better in one place than in another be- cause of climate, resources, trans portation routes, access to re- sources, access to markets, peo- ple's skills, landforms, etc.

Sets up hypotheses. F. The South is becoming more industrialize

S. Gains information by studying 1. The South has adequate supplies ofra fiTETUres. materials needed for industrializatio S. Tests hypotheses against data.

G. Some things can be produced bet- ter in one place than in another because of climate resources,

transportation routes, access to . resources, access to markets, people's skills, landforms, etc.

53 ans of shipping goods a. The converging of routes of teanspor- ley are likely to tation spurs the growth of a.cit9. transportation is larly where differ- b. Natural features such as passes throus Lransportation meet. mountains, often encouracF. th..! dLiv(;lop- ment of cities.

. .**

4 lctors.-- climate. 2. Cities in the Southare growing rapidii. -es, natural re- ;sibility, and his- : settlement patterns, in be produced better han in another be- te, resources, trans- es, access to re- s to markets, peo- landforms, etc.

eses. F. The %o-uth is becomingmore industrialized.

Ion by studying 1. The South has adequate supplies ofraw materials needed for industrialization. es against data.

n be produced bet- ce than in another mate resources, routes, access to ess to markets. s, landforms, etc.

53 -36-

Divide the class into groups to do research on why each Dederick, et. of the Following cities developed-- Memphis, New Orleans,People and Min Mobile, Richmond, Jacksonville,Dallas, Houston, Miami, and Atlanta. 1U. What geographical advantage dideach have? Goodwyn and the Is this advantage still important? How rapidly has the city grown in recent years? Time-Life Books Why? Central States.

5/!, Ask: Given what you know about theagri.aatural and See Borchert an forest products of the'South,whatkind pf processing industries would Geography of th you expect to find in the South?Pro- TOT reaUTF41-711F a map showing some of these induttries or a chart (PP: 204-205 2 showing production of someof these'Orocessingindustries. Or have pupils readto check hypotheses.'Or show photos Borchert to illustrate. Have pupils study pictures figure out type of industry. to

55 -36-

the class into groups to do researchon why each Dederick, et. al., Your ;;ollowing cities developed-- Memphis, New Orleans, People end Mine, chr.M,16. Richmond, Jacksonville, Dallas,Houston, Miami, 10. onta. What geographical advantage dideach have? Goodwyn and the Editors of advantage still important? How rapidly has the Time-Life Books, The South own in recent years?Why? Central States.

iven what you know about theagricul:tural and ;7=e- and McGuigan, )roducts of the' South, what-kind of processing World ies would you expectto find in the South ?. Pro- TOi-eaargier nap showing some .of these industries or a chart (pp:204-205: 229, 235. ) production of some of these'Oroctssingindustries. pupils read to check hypotheses.'Or show photos iert to illustrate. Have pupils study picturesto ,ut type of industry. -37- S. Draws inferences from a compari- son of different map patterns of the same area.

S. S.a-s up hypotheses..._..___

G. Some things can be produced bet- 2. Technology is freeing farmers to. do te in ore place than in another other tasks.. because of climate, resources, c-'-,1-! ^n routes, access 3. The SopthAlas: great potential for water LO*:-..scu.-ces, access to markets, people's skills, landforms, etc. . 4.. Projects such as the TvA Furn;sh cheap sources of power.

G. Improved transportation facilities 5.Its transportation system promotes the make possible wider and bigger development of industry. markets as well as better and less costly access to resources.

56 -38-

and gas resources in the South. Borchert and McG 55. Project a map showing oil Compare with a map ofpopulation density and a map of Geography_of the pp. -219;-117, 22 transportation facilties. What advantages are there for the South in terms of thelocation of these resources? Goodwyn and the Where would you expect tof;nd oil refineries? Why are Time-Life Books, these resources important tothe U.S.? Now project a Central States, chart showing the amount ofoil refined in specific southern states or cities. Or have pupils read about refineries. Also show pictures of suchrefineries.

Project a map showing other mineral resourcesin the Borchert and McG 56. Geography of the South. Where are most of them found?Do they seem to provide adequate resources forindustry? Given this dis- pp.-n-4-n-57 tribution of minerals, how would you expectBirmingham to rank in industrialproduction as compared with other Southern cities?Why? Have pupils check their guesses against production figures.

Borchert and McC 57. Discuss: What is needed besides raw materials forin- dustrialization? Use questions to bring out the needfor Geography of the laborers end for power. Then ask: What has been happen- pp. 1813-1119. in on farms which might make possible asupply of labor- ers industry in the South? What possible sources of power are there in the Southbesides coal? quote Borchert on the water power potential. Review what pupils learned earlier about the TVA and its effects on the South.

58. Project several maps showing changing transportationfa- cilities in the South. Ask: Why are these changes impor- tant for industry?

57 56. -38- a map showing oil and gas resourcesin the South. Borchert and McGuigan, with a map of population density and a map of Geography _of the New World, rtation facilties. What advantages are there for PP. ,--117,7723.2797 th in terms of the location of these resources? Goodwyn and the Editors of ould you expect to find oil refineries? Why are Time-Life Books, The South esources important to the U.S.? Now project a Central States, pp. 77TT7. nowing the amount of oil refined in specific n states or cities. Or have pupils read about ies. Also show pictures of such refineries.

a map showing other mineral resourcesin the Borchert and McGuigan, Where are most of them found? Oo they seem to Geography of the New World, adequate resources for industry?Given this dis- PP.TIT-11-57 1737754,-7777 on of minerals, how would you expectBirmingham in industrial production as compared with other n cities? Why?Have pupils check their guesses production figures.

What is needed besides raw materials for in- Borchert and McGuigan, lization? Use questions to bring out the need for Geography of the New World, s and for power. Then ask: What has been happen- pp. 111Z-1U9. Farms which might make possible a supply of labor- ihdustry in the South? What possible sources of re there in the South besides coal?luote Borchert water power potential. Review what pupils learned about the TVA and its effects on the South.

several maps showing changing transportation fa- s in the South. Ask: Why are these changes impor- r industry? -39-

G. The significance of location de- . 6. The increase in per-capita income over pends upon cultural developments the past two decades has furnished a both within and outside of an greater market for southern products. area.

S. Generalizes from data.

G. A region is an area of one or more homogeneous features. The core area is highly homogeneous, but there are transitional zones where boundaries are drawn between dir- ferent regions.

G. Regions are delimited on many dif- ferent bases, depending upon the purpose of the study. Some are delimited on the basis of a single phenomenon, some on the basis of multiple phenomena, and some on the basis of functional relation- ships. 59 -40- increase in per capita income . Project a chart showing the in the South over the pastdecades. Be sure that pupils understand the meaning of percapita income. Relate to what they have learnedabout averages. Now ask: How would this increase in incomeaffect industry in the South? How would industry affect percapita income?

the rise of industry in . Conduct a review discussion on the South. Focus attention on change inthis area. A good lead-in might be to havethe youngsters furnish you with a list of advantagesthat the South has for develop- ment of industry. Have tie class separate theseadvan- tages into two categories: Those the South has always had, and those that it developedrecently.What caused the change?

in Borchert and Borchert and McGuigan, . Use the set of 16 pictures which appears McGuigan for reviewing the South. They have worked out Geography of the New World, an interesting set ofexercies to go along with the pic- pp. 742-246. tures1

which they began . Have pupils add to the chart on regions in the unit on the Midwest. Discuss: What criteria can be used to distinguish the South fromother regions you have studied so far?What sub-regions might be identified? What basis would you use in regionalizingthe South in this way? (Perhaps have pupils check the class'region- alization of the South with that in Borchertand McGuigan. To what extent do they agree? If they do not agree, what criteria were used by Borchert andMcGuigan for re- gionalization which the class did not use? -41- BIBLIOGRAPHY ON BIRMINGHAM

Borchert, John and Jane McGuigan, Geog- Goodwyn, Lawrence and the Edito raphy of the New World.' Chicago: Life Books. The South Centr Rand McNally, 1961. New York: Time Incorporated

Dederick, Nelle, Josephine MacKenzie, Time, Nov. 25, 1940, pp. 88-89. Ernest W. Teigs, and Fay Adams. Your People and. Mine. Boston: Ginn, 1.5;5 ed.

APPENDIX

"The geographical situation of Birmingham is peculiar. The city is ringed ab practically shut in by great mining properties all privately owned, and contr practically inexhaustible wealth of coal and iron. As the business or financ of the northern Alabama district, the future of Brimingham is assured. Of of is development, however, the future appears to hold less promise. The mounta which confine the district on the east and west are rugged, and offer little of important agricultural development; the mountain population is thin and sc and the towns are small. One finds in Birmingham, accordingly, no important distributing trade, and no likelihood of such, for the obvious reason that, o the mining camps, there is no considerable or growing population of consumers ton belt is 50 or 60 miles away, and nearby truck-farming is stillin its inf appears to be no way, accordingly, in which Birmingham can greatly diversify Its future, like its past, is bound up with the fortunes of coal,iron and st

From William MacDonald, "Marking Tittlein Alabama," The Nation, Feb. 10, 1919, pp. 318- 319.

fig -41- BIBLIOGRAPHY ON BIRMINGHAM

John and Jane McGuigan, Geoq- Goodwyn, Lawrence and the Editors of Time- of the New World. Chicago: Life Books. The South Central States. dally, 1961. New York: Time Incorporated, 1967.

Nelle, Josephine MacKenzie, Time, Nov. 25, 1940, pp. 88-89. (For teacher. W. Teigs, and Fay Adams. Your and. Mine. Boston: Ginn, 1965

APPENDIX raphical situation of Birmingham is peculiar. The city is ringed about and ly shut in by great mining properties all privately owned, andcontrolling a ly inexhaustible wealth of coal and iron.. As the business or financial centre rthern Alabama district, the future of Brimingham is assured. Of other econom- ment, however, the future appears to hold less promise. The mountain areas fine the district on the east and westare rugged, and offer little possibility ant agricultural development; the mountain population is thin and scattered, awns are small. One finds in Birmingham, accordingly,no important jobbing or ing trade, and no likelihood of such, for the obviousreason that, outside of 1 camps, there is no considerable or growing population ofconsumers. The cot- is 50 or 60 miles away, and nearby truck-farming is still in its infancy. There ) be no way, accordingly, in which Birminghamcan greatly diversify its industry.. like its past, is bound up with the fortunes of coal, iron andsteel....!'

From William MacDonald, "Marking Tiime in Alabama," The Nation, Feb. 10, 1919,pp. 318- 319.

Ar) Ue(.4 TEACHING THE GEOGRAPHY OF '4 r BIRMINGHAM- Edwin L. Groenhoff in our butpopulationtioncurriculum generalizations of a center.major is to natural demonstrate can be resource made the to can The major purpose for the In the case of Birmingham inclusion of a unit impacton Birmingham which the discoveryother areas and and otherhave 'esources. on the development of a the resource is iron ore, utiliza- large Unitedingearly the States political generally and economicreferred historyto as It is important thatin the the relative unit. Point out that it is locatedofthe locationwithnn this"South': regionthe of regionBirminghamSpend as bothsome havebetime a established discuss-of the bear- Theregion.ing onmore the level coastal plains were Prior to the Civil War, the South was Its major products development of Birmingham. were tobacco, rice, cotton, divided into large plantations primarily an agricultural and sugar cane. utiliz- South.theoning small Unionslave family bylabor, the farms. formingbut in theof themore This was followed by the Civil The slavery issue finally Confederacyhilly in 1861 areas by tobaccothe states and corn were War which ended in victory Following the war there was a led to the division of forof the the raised theberebuildperiodNorth completelySouth and ofthe turnthe"Reconstruction" South, emancipationreconstructedmore butand themore ofoldin to the Southan without slavery, so itwhich became the U.S. government slaves. industrial economy.with its plantation system attempted to imperative that could never groupstheThe advancingfew began miles to Northernwhich invest had inarmies. been At the close of the war, the Southern railraod projects.built were almost completelyUnder reconstruction NorthernSouth had very few miles of The state legisla- destroyed railby lines. financialrailroad. economicofbecauseThistures dollars led voted ofscandalsto werefraud thelarge wasted. building andweresums misuse exposedof of money ofmany funds new During the national election of which finallyfor ledthe todevelopment the defeat of new milesby the of staterailroad governments, lines; many 1872 a series of however, of many millions Northerncpaitalofficiallyofficials troopsinto who over.For the hadwere South backed withdrawn a numberfor the the fromof purpose years industrialization before 1900 had to reconstruction policies. the South and reconstruction followingwasof industrialization this, the flow was of In 1876 the last be financed virtually Northern bythestopped local United and States much ofwhich the pertain Review with your students the capital.1 to the South. physiographic and climatic patterns Talk about the coastal plain, of 1947) . 'William B. Hesseltine, The South in American History (Prentice-Hall, the piedmont, and the Appalachian mountains. Use a physical map of the U.S. Helpthesefoundthisand pupils pointrange. mineralsin various outsee thathow sections theBirmingham climate of the isand Appalachians. soil factors permitted It should be mentioned that oil,are coal,formed and might iron also ore becan helpful as part of located at the extreme Southern tip of Elementary accounts of how the South tothe be-introduction. be Southeast.ofcome land the protected great A map. "cotton ofby thea mountain present rangecity ofto Birminghamthe NorthwestThe oriiinal site of the city was Jones Valley, a long narrow kingdom." will reveal a general and another to the strip Northeast,Southwestfeatures of the landscape. orientation which is a reflectionThe of the changes which the development of a natural resource can in 1815 at the time of physical bring will Abe industry,daysthecomparison demonstrated firstunder local white Reconstruction,at theseby government,settlement, first points looking andinandthen time finallyattransportation a thesecoBdshould JonesBirmingham look Valley whichin show changes in population, at1872 mid-twentieth during the firstcentury. boom have resulted from man's occupation and, utilization of the site. I. TgE JONES VALLEY IN 1825 aCherokeeshunting few Indians,Indians ground. and the whoand Choctaws. livedthese inshowed no Until 1815 the only inhabitants of the present site of It was used by the Creeks and also their the nearby mountainsWhen and the used first the whitevalley men as camea they found only hostility. neighbors the l'irmingham were i;=4omps present maw: of the valley. The first settlers included a John Jones County, Tennessee, and enother from South Carolina.These first settlers were followed shortly who left his legacy in .the by werefamilies.a party filled from with Rutherford deer and turkeys. These The land wasnew productive inhabitants and found the woodsno :.on Some panthers,difficulty bears, inand providing many rattle- food for their both si..7.es of the valley woodedsugar,theiressarysnakes areas cotton weretocoffee,and get andalso to supplies a the reportedlittle calico. present from cotton in:the siteoutside was area.of groW3Tuscaloosa in of the 7allo.y the settlers would take C?...-Ale and horses were raised in..the the openings. When itand was exe:..ange nec- it for salt, paradise:andof Cahabawater. Rivers, claiming they were These early pioneers talked of the beautiful The following quotation will help clear enough to see fish in to feet visualize this fisherman's clear waters of the Warrior The fisherman in his canoe, dug out of a -44- poplar tree, with waterinifgig festoonshe inwith should hand their from andventure clusters histhe rifletopsin sight,of oflying black, the with besidetall delicious trees the muscadine vines hanging him, ready for a deer that overhung the fruit, and the with their anddegree northers....2 of Northandbeautifulsilver healthful latitude, sides redhorse climateand almost redfish infins entirely sportingthe and United tails, freebeneath States,from in his the canoe, the most desirable thirty-third cyclones buttonswhichings reachedon on Saturdays each from side. theto There playankles aalse gameto arethe called descriptionships and wereThe writer of the above lines also tells "fives" which was "much more of wearing buckskin leggins of community-widefastened meet-with brass manlythatvalleys and someday interesting" contained the valley great than wouldstoresbaseball. be of hematite ore No one could realize at this time filled with thousands of people and that the surrounding mountains and and bituminous coal, and the CoriCt. air filled with the smoke of blast II. BIRMINGHAM -- A BOOM TOWN OF furnaces. 1872 Elytonvillage.Civil developedWar. and became a stage stop As more settlers drifted into the Jones By the end of the War, Elyton was during the years prior to the Valley, a smallstill town essentially named a farm Tuamey,Geologist.through a aprofessor stateJ Few geologicalpeople of Geology were survey interestedat the mdde in The public became widely aware of mineral University intheof Alabama 1850's and by StateProfessor Michael this mineral resourceduring until the it war. The Confeder-resources in the valley Confederacyatwayacybecame Selma fromgranted necessary toMontgomery fellmakea subsidy andmunitions;to tofindthe tothe waransteel site however,was for ofover. munitions Alabama engineer, Joan Milner, to build a this mineral. before the railroad was completed, the An iron works was set up rail- 1887.(Teeple and Smith Publishers), p. 59..3'..efferson This book of County 595 pagesand Birmingham, Alabama, and geography of Jefferson County and Historical and Biographical, contains manyJonesInc., accounts Valley. Brooklyn, of A thecopy New early York,is locatedhistory4 3Mary Georgein the Powell Leighton, Crane, America's The Life Growing of James Pains, R. Powell 1930), p. 228. Minnesota Historical Society Library. (Harper, New York,1939),p108. (Braunworth and Company, help froa-the reconstruction Whenofanothergovernment theit becamemineral railway began evidenc country was again being that nearto builtpushthese the his townacrosstwo Alabama Following the war, Milner with financial railroad to:the North.of Elyton) railraodsa number ofwank: enterprising cross in the heart to Chattanooga, Tennessee. At the same time menwentfirstacres formed onlotsnear sale the werethe JuneElyton junction,sold 1, Landeven1871. laidbefore Birmingham out the a grew Company.' city, and startedrailroads to wereThissell completed.companylots. purchased The first four lots thousand rapidly. Within a year tell of The .thegoodsomecrowdedthere morning sleep. drinkingwere boardipg that water.'others houses who where had beenone ,set of some twelveThey hundred alRo tell people of mud streets, bOard aatting all night for aliving b,..A!.&1604 tn the town.. ACcou guests wsi; pulled out earlyin sidewalks, and a lack of get aspeople yet hadno majorcome byiron the and hundreds, a fairly By 1872 the railroads were there, the steel mill had been built would be built because the new city impressivemineral town hadhad teenbeen discovered,:buiA, but the In fact, it was to be had backinghardlytotheseveral less city begunfor than yearswss the when 2,000.7estimated beforemills the didpanicthe at notfirst of materialize. one 4,000, but by tInt end of the yeer, this had 1873 hit tie country and thy; promised Early ln 1873 the population of financial dropped Ctt ofindustrialist, Birmingham promoters,11,:nry Debardenleben, capital set up a With the revival of business ths NW Orleans Cotton Exposition again beganafter to came into the area. crash, andmill aided and bya whalethe publicity town by buying and erecting them One EachallCheapona number awaswithin sitelabor composed of hea wasbuildingsfewcalled availableofmiles some fromof shacks thefrom mills. the Bessemer.' Company tovss sprang up thrown togetber, a Alabamarommissery, farms and and a the needed mineralsUnder conditionswere like these the produc- throughout the val]ey. mill.. U.S.tion $7,:t.asus of iron durIngore began these in formative earnest. years The rise in number of employees fi53res are for all of Jefferson in manufacturing as recorded by the shows a phenomenal growth.County inThe which Biraingham is located: 1890188018701860 3,247 employees 301 employees44 employees6 employees Powell,op. flit., p.233. 65The John articles R. Hornady, of incorporation The Book of Birminghamcan be (Dodd,Mead, of the earlyfound days. in The A Lifecopy ofof James.the R. 1921),p.12. This bookbook is contains found in many the eye-witiriess Minnesota87 accountsMary Powell Crane.Leighton, The Life OD.of Jamescit., R.p.113. Powell,. op.cit., Historical Society library. p.261. of'Jae 1873 population to 3,086 had in a1880, corresponding and to rise 26,179 in 1890. from an ettimated 2,000 at the end economyexperiencedthe whole can economy abe major illustreted of financial a nation. through recession. Some a of us forget thatYou willour need to help your students understand how a study of the effect of the panic of The interdependency of our nation's pupilsdepression have neveraffects Birmingham.1873 and also the depression of the 1930's . on the economic growth of III. BIRMINGHAM AT MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY metropolitanpondingto a population growth area. of of industry. 340,887 with almost twice thatBy many the middle of the twentieth century our little boomtown Along' with the populationBirmingham growthhad became there the was leading a corres- industrial in the standard had grown numberbutcity byof of1958the employees South.this had had risen risen to from$587,027,000. 44 to 60,450. Value added by manufacturing was only During the same period the concentrated in urban $18,000 in 1870, areacenters. of the state, contains one-sixth of theIn the Thedevelopment population of ofthe Alabama city two had types become of increasinglyconsolidationJefferson county, while containing only two percent of the land population.9 have taken U.S.SteelCompanyearlyplace. as and 1907still gained the owns Uniteda themonopoly largestStates in Steelmillsthe iron Corporationand andretains steel purchasedalmost industry theof The first has been a consolidation within the steel industry. complete monopoly. TennesseeBirmingham. from the As controlledU.S.CensusIt is difficult bybecause one tocompany. it get does figures not:list on thevalue steel added industry inThe an secondindustryof Birmingham consolidation which is has been political in nature. We have already companypointedibleincorporate to ownedout pick that thesehousesout little some many and of settlementslittlecompany these villages settlementsstores. developed into on therround the larger present the steel day millsmap of with 11 Gradmlly it became necessary to city.1° It is poss- their trywouldBirmingham. to bepoint interesting out that tothe locate more dependentsome of these a city neighborhood is onIt onemay majorcenters.be too industry, sophisticated the for a fifth grade class, but you might if you have available a fairly detailed map of Birmingham, it harderone industry it is usiutrly is basic hit to by the a 9Wildondepression.nation's Cooper economy. Metropolitan County A Survey of Government in the Birm This is especially true when that When the depression of the p.78.ingham area. (Bureau1110 ofSee Ibid.,, Public Stuart Administration, Queen and Lewis University Thomas, The of CityAlabama, (McGraw-Hill, 1949),p01. New York11935 The19301s result came, of theBirmingham financial was crash still could highly still be seendependent in 1939 upon when the the steel number industry. earlierpopulationof employees in 1929. was and onAt value the addedheight in of the relief.12 manufacturing were both lower than ten years depression about one-third of the city's but her key withininindustry the a fewUnited stillmiles. State remains4'.) iron and steel. It Today's Birmingham has a much more diversified economy, which contains all threeOn theraw Eastmaterials is the for Hematite iron-making ore -- some of it self- is the only iron and steel district bottom is the lime- rivaledfluxing.industryinvolvedstone. either growsin marketing Pittsburg to the placethe or pigChicago where iron it inand cansteel steel Even with this advantageOn thein assemblyWest is coakingcoats, Birminghamcoal, and in the valley absorb the products of Birmingham making.in the OneNorth. reason is the expense Until Southern has never purposelysteelthis rateis controlled highdisadvantage to help by U.S.thewill Northern Steel,continue. a mills.Northern Some have company, suggested the rates greatare kept strides towardthat since Birminham At mid-Jerseyindustrializationlit century and ofPennsylvania.. thedollars) total still wasvalue $117,212.At lags addedthe behind sameby time many otherAlthough Birmingham and the entire South have made Of this amount $30,403 was from New York, New manufacturing in the U.S. (in themillions industrial output of Kentucky, parts of the United States. AlabamaTennessee,of New was York $1,319.Alabama alone andwas Mississippi$14,141 was Some generalizations which may be made from a (still millions of dollars) while that for $4,702. The total output for the state Ltudy of Birmingham are: 1. It is only after a natural thislinesresource natural built has to resourcebeen it, and becomes financial .a majorbacking factor obtained in for to be found in one major resource discovered, transportation change in the use of site.. its development that 2.3. When EVen the after economic a number base of of small ations communitysuch communities ofas theiron is entire ore, itnation. is most susceptible to changes have been brought together under in the economic condi- 4. Production costs of major metalsseveralone metropolitan are small directly communities. government, related to it the is assembly costs The final costs to the manufacturer involves assembly possible to locate on the landscape the it is recommended that the teachercostsof the ofavailaingredients. the originalSince materials, the study plus of laborBirmingham and involves some himself of a good economic geography highly sophisticated transportationconcepts, costs. industryin the Unitedstiii remsinsState whichiron anacontains all three raw is is tne only iron ana ateei district materials for iron-making rivaledfluxing.withinstone. aeither few miles." Pittsburg or Chicago in steel making. Even with this advantageOn thein assemblyWest is coalingcosts, Birminghamcoal, and in the valley bottom is the On the East is the Hematite ore -- some of it self- North. One reason is the expense Until Southern has never lime- purposelythisindustrysteelinvolved rate is grows highdisadvantagecontrollddin marketing to helpthe by place thewill theU.S. Northern pigcontinue.where Steel, iron it aand can SomeNorthern steel have in company,suggested the the mills. absorb the products of Birmingham that sincerates Birminham are kept At&rimy mid-centuryindustrializationlit and ofPennsylvania. dollars)the total was stillvalue $117,212. lagsadded behind by manufacturing many Although in Birmingham and the entire South At the same time the industrialOf this amountoutput $30,403of Kentucky, was from New York, New other parts of the Unitedhave madeStates. great strides toward the U.S. (in millions AlabamaTennessee,of New was York $1,319.Alabama alone andwas Mississippi$14,141 (still was millions$41702. of dollars)Some generalizations while that for which may be made from a Ltudy The total output for the state of Birmingham are: 2.1. WhenIt is the only economic after abase natural of a thislinesresourcecommunity natural built has is to resourcebeen toit, be discovered,and found becomes financial in oneatransportation major backingmajor factor resource obtained in change in for its development that the use of site. 3. Even after a number of smalltions suchcommunities ofas theiron entire haveore, itnation. is most susceptible to changes in the economic condi- to locate on the landscapebeen brought the together under 4. Production costs of major metalsofseveralone the metropolitanare ingredients. smalldirectly communities. government,related to theit isassembly possible costs The final costs to the manufacturer involves assembly Ct textit isas recommendeda reference. that For theexample, teachercosts see avails ofNels the A himself originalBengston Sinceof materials, anda good theWilliam studyeconomic plus Van of laborRoyen,Birminghamgeography and transportation involves some costs.highly sophisticated concepts, Fundamentals(Prentice-hall, of Economic Englewood Geography Cliffs,13 C.Langdon (Prentice-Hall,1954), p.White 151. and Englewood Edwin J.Leighton, Cliffs,1956).Foscue, Regionslop, cit., Geographypc132. of Anglo-America