Regional Assessment on Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Biodiversity in Eastern and Southern Africa About IUCN
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Regional Assessment on Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction and Biodiversity in Eastern and Southern Africa About IUCN IUCN is a membership Union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations. It provides public, private and non-governmental organisations with the knowledge and tools that enable human progress, economic development and nature conservation to take place together. Created in 1948, IUCN is now the world’s largest and most diverse environmental network, harnessing the knowledge, resources and reach of 1,300 Member organisations and some 15,000 experts. It is a leading provider of conservation data, assessments and analysis. Its broad membership enables IUCN to fill the role of incubator and trusted repository of best practices, tools and international standards. IUCN provides a neutral space in which diverse stakeholders including governments, NGOs, scientists, businesses, local communities, indigenous peoples organisations and others can work together to forge and implement solutions to environmental challenges and achieve sustainable development. Working with many partners and supporters, IUCN implements a large and diverse portfolio of conservation projects worldwide. Combining the latest science with the traditional knowledge of local communities, these projects work to reverse habitat loss, restore ecosystems and improve people’s well-being. www.iucn.org https://twitter.com/IUCN/ Acknowledgements This Regional Assessment was carried out through the project, “Resilience through Investing in Ecosystems - knowledge, innovation and transformation of risk management (RELIEF-Kit)” led by the IUCN Global Ecosystem Management Programme and implemented by IUCN ESARO in eastern and southern Africa, with financial support from the Japan Biodiversity Fund (JBF) under the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Regional Assessment on Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction and Biodiversity in Eastern and Southern Africa The designation of any geographical entities in this booklet, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. Published by: IUCN, Eastern and Southern Africa Office (ESARO) Copyright: © 2016 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial uses is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Dewald van Niekerk, Michael Murphree, Vicci Prinsloo, Wilfred Lunga, Leandri Kruger, PW Bredenkamp, Livhuwani Nemakonde, Christo Coetzee. 2016. Regional Assessment on Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction and Biodiversity in Eastern and Southern Africa. IUCN, ESARO. viii + 60pp. Cover photos credits: (from top left, read left to right, to bottom right) 1. Midori Paxton (Namibia) 2. Kontra Plan (Madagascar) 3. Earth Rangers (Edwin Kisio - Kenya) 4. Trip Advisor (South Africa) 5. Zimbabwe Park and Wildlife Management Authority (Zimbabwe) 6. Katrin von Enden (Uganda) 7. Piotr Naskrecki (Mozambique) 8. Raul Soler (Ethiopia) 9. The Freshwater Blog (Malawi Design & layout: Gordon Arara (IUCN Publications Unit, Nairobi) Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office P. O. Box 68200 - 00200 Nairobi, Kenya Tel +254 20 249 3561/65 +254 724 256804 +254 734 768770 https://www.iucn.org/regions/eastern-and-southern-africa Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS ...........................................................................................................................................v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1. METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Literature Study ............................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Sampling ......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 3 2. THE PROGRESSION OF VULNERABILITY: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS ................................................. 3 3. REGIONAL OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Demography .................................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Africa’s Agro-Ecological Zones ......................................................................................................... 6 3.3 Biodiversity in Africa ......................................................................................................................... 7 3.4 Africa’s Disaster Risk Profile and Impacts ....................................................................................... 10 3.5 Frequent Hazards in Africa ............................................................................................................. 12 3.6 Disaster Vulnerability ...................................................................................................................... 16 4. POLICIES, FRAMEWORKS AND STRATEGIES ..................................................................................... 17 4.1 Promotion of Eco-DRR in International Frameworks ....................................................................... 18 4.2 Promotion of Eco-DRR in Regional Policies and Frameworks ......................................................... 18 4.3 Incorporation of Eco-DRR in National Policies and Frameworks ..................................................... 20 4.3.1 Ethiopia ............................................................................................................................ 21 4.3.2 Kenya ............................................................................................................................... 22 4.3.3 Namibia ............................................................................................................................ 23 4.3.4 Madagascar ..................................................................................................................... 23 4.3.5 Malawi .............................................................................................................................. 24 4.3.6 Mozambique .................................................................................................................... 25 4.3.7 South Africa ...................................................................................................................... 26 4.3.8 Uganda ............................................................................................................................ 28 4.3.9 Zambia ............................................................................................................................. 29 4.3.10 Zimbabwe ........................................................................................................................ 29 5. ECO-DRR EXPERIENCES IN THE REGION ........................................................................................... 30 5.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF ECO-DRR IN THE REGION ....................................................................... 30 5.1.1 Use of Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) to increase food security under changing climatic conditions (Mauritius, Zambia and South Africa) ................................................................ 31 5.1.2 Marine Protected Area management (Madagascar) ........................................................... 32 5.1.3 Local Action for Biodiversity (LAB) in wetlands (South Africa) ............................................. 33 5.1.4 Ecosystem-based adaptation action in the semi-arid Namakwa District (South Africa) ...... 36 5.1.5 Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for Sustainable Management of the Mara River Basin (Kenya) ............................................................................................ 37 5.1.6 Building resilience to climate change on Mt. Elgon (Kenya and Uganda) ............................ 39 5.1.7 Adapting to climate change through the improvement of traditional crops and livestock farming (Namibia) ............................................................................................... 41 5.1.8 Sustainable management of indigenous forests in Mwanza East, Malawi .......................... 42 5.1.9 Participatory integrated water resources management (IWRM): The Berki Catchment (Ethiopia) .......................................................................................................