Christianity Through the Thirteenth Century a Volume in the DOCUMENTARY HISTORY of WESTERN CIVILIZATION CHRISTIANITY THROUGH the THIRTEENTH CENTURY

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Christianity through the Thirteenth Century A volume in THE DOCUMENTARY HISTORY of WESTERN CIVILIZATION CHRISTIANITY THROUGH THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

edited by MARSHALL w. BALDWIN

MACMILLAN CHRISTIANITY THROUGH THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

First published in the United States 1970 First published in the United Kingdom by Macmillan and Co. Ltd. 1971 Published by MACMILLAN AND CO LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in New York Tor onto Dublin Melbourne Johannesburg and Madras

SBN 333 00226 1 (hard cover)

ISBN 978-1-349-00028-9 ISBN 978-1-349-00026-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-00026-5 Contents

Preface

PART I THE PATRISTIC HERITAGE

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE EARLY CHURCH 10 I. St. Clement of Rome, Letter to the Corinthians I o 2. St. Ignatius of Antioch, Letters I 3 3· St. Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies I8 4· Canons of the Early Ecumenical Councils 20

STATEMENTS OF FAITH 24 5. The Creed of Nicea 24 6. Pope Leo I, Letter to Flavian, Bishop of Constan- tinople 25 7. The Creed of Chalcedon 27 SACRAMENTS AND LITURGY 28 8. The Didache 28 9· Justin Martyr, The First Apology 30 Io. Hippolytus, On the Apostolic Tradition 34 1 1. The Apostolical Constitutions 36 I 2. Gregory the Great and the Liturgy 40 I 3· Liturgical Hymns of the Patristic Period 42 I4. Sermon of St. John Chrysostom 47 THE RESPUBLICA CHRISTIANA 50 I 5. St. Augustine, The City of God 50

MoNASTICISM 68 I6. The Rule of St. Benedict 68

THE BISHOP AS PASTOR 95 I 7. Gregory the Great, The Pastoral Rule 9 5

PART II THE CAROLINGIAN AGE 109 EccLESIASTICAL 0RGANIZAnoN UNDER RoYAL I I 5 AuTHORITY CONTENTS

I 8. Charlemagne, Admonitio generalis, Letter to Pope Leo III, Letter from Alcuin I I5 I9· Theodulf of Orleans, Precepts and Hymn for Palm Sunday no zo. Ardo Smaragdus, Life of Benedict of Aniane and Inda I3 I 2 I. Halitgar's Roman Penitential I 34 CAROLINGIAN LITURGICAL DocUMENTS I44 22. Charlemagne, Epistola generalis I44 23· Alcuin, Preface and Additions to the Roman Mass I45 24- Latin the Exclusive Liturgical Language of the West I49 25. Liturgical Interpretation: Symbolism and Allegory I 52 THE RE-EMERGENcE oF THE PAPAcY I 58 26. Pope Nicholas I, Letters I 58

PART III THE CENTRAL MIDDLE AGES (9oo-I I 5o) I64 MoNASTIC REFORM I70 27. Ulrich, Customs of Cluny I70 28. The Cistercian Exordium 177 PAPAL REFORM 181 29. Pope Gregory VII, Dictatus papae I81 3o. Pope Gregory VII, Letters 183 CANON LAW I88 3 I. Gratian, The Concord of Discordant Canons 188 THE THEOLOGY OF THE SACRAMENTS 205 32· Peter Lombard, Four Books of Sentences 205 PoPULAR RELIGION 2I7 33· Rodulfus Glaber, Five Books of Histories 2I7 34· Reports of Urban II's Speech at Clermont 225 35. The Book of the Pilgrim 229

THE LITURGY: SEQUENCE, TROPE, AND DRAMA 2 37 36. The Sequence 2 37 37· The Quem quaeritis Trope 240 38. The Quem quaeritis "Play" 24I ST. BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX 2 43 39· Sermons on the Virgin Mary 2 43 40. On Consideration 247 CONTENTS

PART IV THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES (I I5o-qoo) 276 PoPE INNOCENT III 283 4 I. Letter to Archbishop Hubert of Canterbury 28 3 42. Letter to the Bishop of Ely 287

THE FouRTH LATERAN CouNCIL ( 12 I 5) 292 43· Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council 293 44· Canons of the Council 299 45. Implementation of the Decrees: Robert Grosseteste 32 3 46. Eudes Rigaud's Record of Visitations 334 FRANCISCAN WRITINGS 344 47· The Rule of 1223 344 48. The Rule of the Third Order 350 49· The Canticle of Brother Sun 356 so. The Stabat mater 357 51· Jacopone da Todi, Donna del paradiso 358 DoMINICAN DocuMENTS 363 52. Raymond of Peiiafort, Constitutions 363 53· Provisions for the Friars Preachers at the Univer- sity of Paris 367 54· Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologica 369 55· Thomas Aquinas, Pange, lingua 379 THE LITERATURE OF PROTEST 380 56. Robert Grosseteste, Memoranda 38I 57· Humbert of the Romans, Passage from the Opus tripartitum 384 58. Bruno of Olmiitz, Memorandum to Pope Gregory X 385 59· The Gospel According to Marks of Silver 389 6o. Protest in Vernacular Poetry 39 1 PRIESTS AND LAYMEN 39 5 61. Sermon Literature 395 62. Jacobus de Voragine, The Golden Legend 397 63. The Lay-Folks' Mass-Book 400

Chronology 413 Index 416 Preface

The selections included in this volume have been chosen to illus trate the features most characteristic of Christianity in each of four periods: the early patristic age to the pontificate of Gregory the Great (d. 6o4), the Carolingian age, the period of European recovery from the tenth to the mid-twelfth century, and finally the period from about 1150 to 1300, sometimes called the High Middle Ages. Partly because of limitations of space, and partly because they are well covered by readily available translations, certain categories of Christian documents have been left out or given scant treatment. Such, for example, are the theological treatises which deal with controversies between the temporal and spiritual jurisdictions and the literature of Byzantine Christianity. What is offered here, therefore, might best be described as a selec tion of documents illustrating Christian life, largely in the West, in its varied and changing aspects. I have attempted to be as inclusive as possible, but often only one or two typical examples could be presented. To those who miss a favorite selection or to those who would like to have more, I can but suggest the only remedy appro priate to such frustrations, a wide and deep reading in the vast field of Christian literature. Except where otherwise indicated, the translations have been prepared by the editor. For expert assistance in this task I am most grateful to Dr. Sara Sindel of the Department of Classics of Emory University. M.W.B.