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Manchus: a Horse of a Different Color
History in the Making Volume 8 Article 7 January 2015 Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color Hannah Knight CSUSB Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making Part of the Asian History Commons Recommended Citation Knight, Hannah (2015) "Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color," History in the Making: Vol. 8 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making/vol8/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in History in the Making by an authorized editor of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color by Hannah Knight Abstract: The question of identity has been one of the biggest questions addressed to humanity. Whether in terms of a country, a group or an individual, the exact definition is almost as difficult to answer as to what constitutes a group. The Manchus, an ethnic group in China, also faced this dilemma. It was an issue that lasted throughout their entire time as rulers of the Qing Dynasty (1644- 1911) and thereafter. Though the guidelines and group characteristics changed throughout that period one aspect remained clear: they did not sinicize with the Chinese Culture. At the beginning of their rule, the Manchus implemented changes that would transform the appearance of China, bringing it closer to the identity that the world recognizes today. In the course of examining three time periods, 1644, 1911, and the 1930’s, this paper looks at the significant events of the period, the changing aspects, and the Manchus and the Qing Imperial Court’s relations with their greater Han Chinese subjects. -
Hwang, Yin (2014) Victory Pictures in a Time of Defeat: Depicting War in the Print and Visual Culture of Late Qing China 1884 ‐ 1901
Hwang, Yin (2014) Victory pictures in a time of defeat: depicting war in the print and visual culture of late Qing China 1884 ‐ 1901. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18449 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. VICTORY PICTURES IN A TIME OF DEFEAT Depicting War in the Print and Visual Culture of Late Qing China 1884-1901 Yin Hwang Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the History of Art 2014 Department of the History of Art and Archaeology School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 2 Declaration for PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the School of Oriental and African Studies concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. -
Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: the Great Qing and the Maritime World
Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: The Great Qing and the Maritime World in the Long Eighteenth Century Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultüt der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Vorgelegt von Chung-yam PO Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Harald Fuess Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Joachim Kurtz Datum: 28 June 2013 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgments 3 Emperors of the Qing Dynasty 5 Map of China Coast 6 Introduction 7 Chapter 1 Setting the Scene 43 Chapter 2 Modeling the Sea Space 62 Chapter 3 The Dragon Navy 109 Chapter 4 Maritime Customs Office 160 Chapter 5 Writing the Waves 210 Conclusion 247 Glossary 255 Bibliography 257 1 Abstract Most previous scholarship has asserted that the Qing Empire neglected the sea and underestimated the worldwide rise of Western powers in the long eighteenth century. By the time the British crushed the Chinese navy in the so-called Opium Wars, the country and its government were in a state of shock and incapable of quickly catching-up with Western Europe. In contrast with such a narrative, this dissertation shows that the Great Qing was in fact far more aware of global trends than has been commonly assumed. Against the backdrop of the long eighteenth century, the author explores the fundamental historical notions of the Chinese maritime world as a conceptual divide between an inner and an outer sea, whereby administrators, merchants, and intellectuals paid close and intense attention to coastal seawaters. Drawing on archival sources from China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the West, the author argues that the connection between the Great Qing and the maritime world was complex and sophisticated. -
Trapped in a Virtual Cage: Chinese State Repression of Uyghurs Online
Trapped in a Virtual Cage: Chinese State Repression of Uyghurs Online Table of Contents I. Executive Summary..................................................................................................................... 2 II. Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 5 III. Background............................................................................................................................... 6 IV. Legislation .............................................................................................................................. 17 V. Ten Month Shutdown............................................................................................................... 33 VI. Detentions............................................................................................................................... 44 VII. Online Freedom for Uyghurs Before and After the Shutdown ............................................ 61 VIII. Recommendations................................................................................................................ 84 IX. Acknowledgements................................................................................................................. 88 Cover image: Composite of 9 Uyghurs imprisoned for their online activity assembled by the Uyghur Human Rights Project. Image credits: Top left: Memetjan Abdullah, courtesy of Radio Free Asia Top center: Mehbube Ablesh, courtesy of -
The Opium War, 1839–1842
Chapter 8 The Opium War, 1839–1842 At the end of the great opium debate, the Daoguang Emperor appointed the morally-upright Lin Zexu (1785–1850) as imperial commissioner to sup- press the opium trade. Lin arrived in Canton in March 1839. Within months, Commissioner Lin arrested thousands of opium smokers, destroyed tens of thousands of opium pipes, and confiscated large stockpiles of opium from Chinese smugglers. His foremost concern, however, was to force the British firms to surrender their supplies and sign a bond guaranteeing never to deal in opium again. When the British traders refused, Lin ordered soldiers to sur- round the Thirteen Factories, where the British and other foreigners lived, and demanded the opium. To the surprise of everyone, Superintendent of Trade Charles Elliott promised the traders that the British crown would indemnify them for their losses; within weeks they surrendered more than 20,000 chests, weighing approximately 2.6 million pounds, with a value of some £2 million. The British refused to sign the bond, however. Minor military clashes followed shortly thereafter, in September and November, that started what became known as the Opium War. There are many scholarly debates about the origins of the Opium War. Was it the culmination of a cultural clash between China and the West because of the incompatibility of their different systems of international relations? Was it a moral and economic crusade by the Qing government to end the “great scourge” of opium and relieve the financial pressure on the population from the “silver famine”? Was it a war to secure free trade for British merchants? A war to defend the honor and prestige of the British flag? The answer to this question depends in large part on the perspective being adopted. -
Resisting Chinese Linguistic Imperialism
UYGHUR HUMAN RIGHTS PROJECT SPECIAL REPORT Resisting Chinese Linguistic Imperialism: Abduweli Ayup and the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education Rustem Shir, Research Associate Logo of the Ana Til Balilar Baghchisi (Mother Tongue Children’s Garden) May 2019 Contents Acknowledgement 4 Introduction 5 1. CCP language policy on education in East Turkestan 6 Foundations of CCP ethnic minority policy 6 Eras of minority language tolerance 9 Primary and secondary school ‘bilingual’ education policy 12 The Xinjiang Class 20 Mandarin as the language of instruction at Xinjiang University 22 Preschool and kindergarten ‘bilingual’ education policy 23 Suppression of the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education 26 The Hotan Prefecture and Ghulja County Department of Education directives 28 Internment camps 29 Discussion 32 2. ABduweli Ayup and the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education 36 Upal: Why couldn’t we study Kashgari? 36 Toquzaq: Oyghan! (Wake Up!) 38 Beijing: Our campus felt like a minority region 41 Doletbagh: My sad history repeating in front of me 50 Urumchi: Education for assimilation 55 Lanzhou: Are you bin Laden? 60 Ankara: Ethno-nationalism and a counterbalance 67 Urumchi: For the love of community 72 Lawrence: Disconnected 77 Kashgar: Rise of the Movement for Uyghur Mother Tongue-Based Education 81 Urumchi: Just keep silent 89 Kashgar: You’re going to be arrested 93 Doletbagh Detention Center: No choice, brother 98 Urumchi Tengritagh Detention Center: Qorqma (Don’t be afraid) 104 Urumchi Liudaowan Prison: Every color had disappeared 109 Urumchi Koktagh Prison: Do you want to defend yourself? 124 2 Urumchi/Kashgar: Release and return 127 Kashgar: Open-air prison 131 Ankara: Stateless and stranded 138 Paris: A new beginning 146 3. -
The Evil Trade That Opened China to the West
CHARM 2007 The Evil Trade that Opened China to the West Shirley Ye Sheng, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA Eric H. Shaw, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA CHINA’S PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE This paper examines the effects of the Opium Wars on the opening of trade with China during the mid 1800s. Also Having risen to the heights of a great civilization, examined are the economic, social and political believing her self the celestial center of the earth—the consequences of these wars. The lessons learned from the Middle Kingdom—with nothing to learn from foreigners, opium trade still shapes China’s world view and dealings China went into a self imposed isolation. This false sense of with the West. superiority was shattered by the Opium Wars of the nineteenth century, started by foreigners under the guise of trade who were anxious to steal the fabled riches of the INTRODUCTION Orient. These wars exposed China’s weak social, economic and political structures. The humiliation suffered in losing the Opium Wars forced China to learn from the West. Until the opium Wars, most Chinese believed that Subsequently, China has moved from a peasant economy to heaven was round and produced a circular projection on a a brief bout with capitalism in the early twentieth century, to square Earth. This circular projection on earth was China. political and economic communism at mid-century, to its Outside the circle, other countries made up the corners of current state—a mixed communist polity and capitalist square earth. People living in these foreign countries at the economy. -
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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscrq>t has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in Qpewriter face, while others may be from aiQf type of computer printer. The qnaliQr of this reproduction is dependent upon the qnali^ of the copy snbmltted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard tnargins, and in^xroper alignment can adverse^ afiect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photogrzq)hs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher qualiQr 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directfy to order. UMJ A Bell & Howell Informaiion Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 POLITICS AND THE NOVEL; A STUDY OF LIANG CH'I-CITAO'S THE FUTURE OF NEW CHINA AND HIS VIEWS ON FICTION DISSERTATION Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Chun-chi Chen, B.A., M.A. -
China's 1911 Revolution
www.hoddereducation.co.uk/historyreview Volume 23, Number 1, September 2020 Revision China’s 1911 Revolution Nicholas Fellows Test your knowledge of the 1911 Revolution in China and the events preceding it with these multiple-choice questions. Answers on the final page Questions 1 When did the First Opium War start? 1837 1838 1839 1840 2 What term was used to describe the agreements China was forced to sign with the West following its defeat? Unfair Treaties Unequal Treaties Concession Treaties Compromise Treaties 3 Which dynasty ruled china at the time of the Opium Wars? Ming Qing Yuan Song 4 When did the Second Opium War start? 1856 1857 1858 1859 5 What event started the war? Macartney incident Beijing affair Dagu Fort clash Arrow Incident 6 Which country destroyed a Chinese fleet in Fuzhou in 1884? Britain Germany France Spain 7 Which country took Korea from China in 1894? France Japan Britain Russia 8 Which country occupied much of Manchuria? Russia Japan Britain France 9 Which country took the port of Weihaiwei? Russia Japan Britain France 10 When did the Boxer rising start? 1899 1900 1901 1902 11 What provoked the start of the Boxer Rising? Loss of land Increase in the opium trade Western missionaries Development of railways Hodder & Stoughton © 2019 www.hoddereducation.co.uk/historyreview www.hoddereducation.co.uk/historyreview 12 Whose ambassador was shot at the start of the rising? German French British Russian 13 Who wrote 'The Revolutionary Army' in 1903 Sun Yat-sen Zou Rong Li Hongzhang Lu Xun 14 Who organised the Revolutionary -
Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual
CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2007 ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION OCTOBER 10, 2007 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.cecc.gov VerDate 11-MAY-2000 01:22 Oct 11, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6011 Sfmt 5011 38026.TXT CHINA1 PsN: CHINA1 2007 ANNUAL REPORT VerDate 11-MAY-2000 01:22 Oct 11, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 6019 Sfmt 6019 38026.TXT CHINA1 PsN: CHINA1 CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2007 ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION OCTOBER 10, 2007 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.cecc.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 38–026 PDF WASHINGTON : 2007 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 01:22 Oct 11, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 38026.TXT CHINA1 PsN: CHINA1 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 01:22 Oct 11, 2007 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 38026.TXT CHINA1 PsN: CHINA1 CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS House Senate SANDER M. LEVIN, Michigan, Chairman BYRON DORGAN, North Dakota, Co-Chairman MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio MAX BAUCUS, Montana TOM UDALL, New Mexico CARL LEVIN, Michigan MICHAEL M. HONDA, California DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California TIM WALZ, Minnesota SHERROD BROWN, Ohio CHRISTOPHER H. -
Restrictions on AIDS Activists in China
Human Rights Watch June 2005 Vol. 17, No. 5(C) Restrictions on AIDS Activists in China I. Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 1 II. Case Study: The Closure of Orchid Orphanage ................................................................. 3 III. Introduction............................................................................................................................ 5 Methodology............................................................................................................................ 11 IV. Continuing Crackdown in Henan Province..................................................................... 12 Detention and harassment of Henan AIDS activists........................................................ 17 The mistreatment of activists helping AIDS orphans....................................................... 22 V. Harassment of Activists Working with Persons at High Risk of HIV Transmission................................................................................................................................ 29 Activists working with injection drug users and sex workers .......................................... 31 Restrictions on AIDS information for men who have sex with men............................. 36 Internet censorship................................................................................................................. 37 VI. Institutional Barriers to AIDS Organizations................................................................. -
Japanese Rule Over Rural Manchukuo: Strategies and Policies
JAPANESE RULE OVER RURAL MANCHUKUO: STRATEGIES AND POLICIES A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY MO TIAN September 2015 DECLARATION I, Mo Tian, declare that, except where otherwise acknowledged or noted, this thesis is entirely my own work. Mo Tian iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study is the outcome of a frustrating intellectual trajectory. It started as an enquiry into the political ideology of Manchukuo, but later on switched its direction to the examination of the political institutions of Manchukuo, and finally landed on the area of Japanese rule over rural Manchukuo. On the path towards completing this thesis, I have incurred debts to many individuals and institutions. This thesis would have never been possible without their assistance and support. First, I would like to thank my family for carrying me through this PhD journey. I dedicate this thesis to my mother Huang Wei. Her unceasing love has supported me in various ways. I dedicate this thesis to my father Tian Shubin who died prematurely in 2001. He was a great father who taught me to pursue excellence and to become a man of integrity. I dedicate this thesis to my grandfather Huang Kexuan who grew up in Manchuria under the Japanese rule. In my early childhood, he strongly cultivated my genuine interest in Japan. His stories of the various aspects of the Japanese rule in Manchuria are the sources of inspiration for my work on Manchuria. My mentors and colleagues in Australia have greatly facilitated the process of my writing. The three members of my examination panel have been tremendously helpful for my thesis writing.