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Home , Gao Yaojie, Heshen, Ilham Tohti, Ma Liang (general), Northeastern Army, Prince Chun (淳)

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Adams, Jonathan 9 139–41, 148, 164, 166, 170, 172, 174, Afghanistan 67, 190, 248, 260 177, 182–3, 193, 196, 201, 202, 204, Africa 160, 218, 242; PRC trade and 228–9, 234, 260–267; Beiping 183–4; investment 251 xii, 87, 136, 139, 141, agriculture 27, 28, 30, 31, 35, 45–6, 49, 164–5, 183, 195, 205, 227; Great Hall of 55–6, 59, 63, 66, 100, 110, 116, 117, the People 262, 263; Imperial City 59; 118, 121, 123, 126, 138, 149, 161, 173, Legation Quarter 87; Lugouqiao/Marco 175, 210, 214–16, 223, 225, 227, 237, Polo Bridge 198; Olympics at, 7, 11, 15; 252, 268–9; corn and new crops 49, 50 Qianmen 205; stock market 258; Temple 12 of Heaven 139; Tiananmen 87; Yihe dian Alcock, Rutherford 83, 89 (Haidian) 123, 138; Amherst, William Pitt 70–1, 78 Zhongnanhai 227 anarchism 161–2, 186, 223 Beiyang Intendancy 118, 122–4, 133–54, province 50, 100, 105, 112, 116, 158, 163–5, 166, 172, 181–3, 186, 117, 121, 122, 164, 199, 225–226; Anhui 190, 194 clique 182; Anqing 100, 122; Anhui Belgium 86, 211; legation in 87 army (Huaijun) 112, 122 Bethune, Norman 203, 217 Arrow War () xv, Bianco, Lucien 15, 17 83, 113 Biographies from Our Nation’s Female Australia 80, 102, 211, 267; Sydney 158 World 99 Austro-Hungary 86, 139 Bo Gu 187, 188 COPYRIGHTEDBorodin, MATERIAL Mikhail 168, 170, 171, 172 Babojab 164 Boxers or xv, 10, 138–40, Bai Omar Chongxi 184 147, 164 Banchen Lama 35, 38, 48, 151, 224 Braun, Otto 188 45, 251 Britain xiii, xv, xvii, 39–40, 59, 61, 62, Bao Tong 261, 265–266 71–2, 73–82, 83, 84, 85–6, 89, 91, 92, Baoyun 89 99, 101, 102, 107, 109, 113, 115, 117, Bei Dao 261, 265 120, 121, 137, 147, 152, 153, 162, Beijing xii, xv, xvi, xvii, 7, 9–10, 11, 24, 36, 174, 186, 191, 195, 201, 209, 211, 223, 41, 50, 54, 56, 60, 61–2, 63, 71, 83, 84, 258, 260, 267; British empire 68, 77, 85, 86, 91, 95, 101, 109, 134, 135, 79, 141, 150, 151–2, 158, 160, 174;

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Britain (Cont’d) Democratic League 214, 228–9 George III 41; legation in Beijing 87, (CCP) xvi, 7, 12, 139; London 75, 120, 140, 149, 158; 18, 127, 169–71, 172, 174, 175, 181, Parliament 70–1, 72, 75, 77, 81, 89; 184, 186–8, 190, 191–2, 200, 210, 213, Royal Asiatic Society 70; Queen 220, 222, 230, 236–7, 257, 259, 262–3, Victoria 76, 77, 80 265; 10th Party Congress, xvi; Central Bruce, James (Lord Elgin) 83 Committee 257; Politburo 1, 15, 207, Brunei 38 214, 253, 261–2; Secretariat 214; White Bulwer-Lytton, Victor 195–6 Terror xvi, 181–2, 184, 186, 210; see also Burgevine, Henry 115 Lushan Plenum Burlingame, Anson 88, 89 Chinese Soviet Republic xvi, 185, 186–8, Burma () 21, 25, 34, 38, 68, 91, 195, 196, 207, 214, 233, 257 102, 120–1, 143, 149, 151, 201–2, 251–2 Chonghou 90–2, 118 Bush, George H. W. 261, 266 Churchill, Winston 201 Bush, George W., 249 Colebrooke, Henry Thomas 70 Columbia University 155 Cai E 127, 153–4 Comintern (Communist International) 127, Cai Yuanpei 166 165, 168, 170–1, 172, 181, 182, 184, California Institute of Technology 218 186, 187, 188, 233 38, 45, 200, 248, 251–2; Khmer Communist revolution 68, 101, 190 Rouge 248 compradors 72–3; hong 73, 80, 96 Canada 149, 169, 203, 209, 211; xiii, 16–17, 32, 35, 119, 126, Vancouver 144, 158 127, 136, 157, 159, 161; Confucius 110, Canton (Guangzhou) xiii, 39, 40, 41, 59, 185, 252; New Text 157; anti- 64, 70, 72, 73–8, 79, 80, 82, 86, 89, 93, Confucius 252 102–3, 113–14, 121, 123, 134, 135, 142, constitutions and constitutionalism, 144, 146, 148, 165, 168, 171, 172, 174, including constitutional monarchy 140, 181, 185, 186, 187, 191, 199, 231, 264 145, 146–8, 157–9, 160, 163, 164, 172, 182 187, 214 Carter, James Earl, Jr., 248 contract labor 121–2, 146, 149, 171 Cen Yuying 120–1 Cornell University 155 Central Asia 38, 39, 51, 54, 67, 68, 85, 151 crime, organized 51, 63, 73, 75, 102–3, Chai Ling 263, 264–6 107, 143–4, 163, 181–2, 186, 268; see Chen Baozhen 127, 136, 138, 157 also secret societies; smuggling 168, 169, 170–1, 174–5 Cultural Revolution (GPCR) xvi, 68, 171–2, 184, 186–7 229–38, 252, 254, 257; Red Chen Shui–bien 9 Guards 230–2 Chen Tianhua 141 Chen Xiwen 10 Dai 53, 69 Chen Yucheng 112 Dalai Lama 38, 68–69, 151; Chen Yunlin 9 Fourteenth 191, 224 Cheng Gongbo 169, 175 (Minning) 59, 60–1, (Jehol, Rehe) 35, 36, 60, 83, 86, 75, 78, 82, 93, 105 109, 194, 202 Daoguang reign period xv, 61–3, 107, 137 Chesneaux, Jean 17 Davis, John Francis 74 Chiang Ching-kuo 260 demonstrations 5, 10–11, 13, 14, 17, 55, Chiang Kaishek (Jiang Jieshi) xvi, 165, 171, 136, 153, 166, 173–4, 185, 211, 224, 172, 173, 180, 181–6, 188, 190, 242, 259, 263; Charter 08 xvii; 194–205, 207, 209–11, 219, 249, 260 Democracy Wall (Xidan Street) xvi, 254

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Deng Pufang 232 Europe, including European Union 15, 37, Deng Tuo 229 39, 41, 51, 54, 56, 60, 62, 82, 94, 96, Deng Xiaoping xvi, xvii, 15, 128, 187, 189, 101, 104, 119, 135, 140, 143, 158–9, 226–9, 231, 232, 235, 237, 247, 252–62, 161, 174, 246, 267, 272; Franco-Prussian 266–8, 271 War 135; medieval xiii, 81; Rothschild Deng Yingzhao 171, 233 family 73; weapons 92, 126 Deng Yujiao 12–13 115–16, 119 Dent, Lancelot 76 examinations 16, 26, 29, 30, 103, 136, 142, Dewey, John 155, 167 155; Taiping 110; see also education Ding Ling (Jiang Bingzhi) 167, 220, 221–2, 228 famine 35, 56, 58, 63, 104, 109, 143, 180, disease and medical care 4, 217, 220, 184, 186, 200, 207, 223–6, 257 232–3; HIV/AIDS 69, 243–5 Fang Lizhi 260, 261, 265 Dong Fuxiang 139, 140 Fei Xiaotong 220, 222, 232 Du Wenxiu 120, 124 Feng Guifen 118 Du Yuesheng 182 154 150, 154, 163–4, 165, Feng Yunshan 103, 105 166, 172, 174, 182, 190, 216 182–3, 184, 188, 192, 194, Duke University 143 202–3, 207–8 Dulles, Allen 219 Fontanier, M.-H. V. 90 Dzungars, 34, 36, 191 Ford, Gerald 248 Four Treasuries (siku chuanshu) 36 East Company 39–40, 42, 63, 70–2, France xiii, 72, 75, 78, 79, 82, 84, 85, 86, 73–6, 78, 79, 80, 102 88, 90, 91, 92–3, 95, 101, 102, 107, 109, education and schools 16, 26–7, 142, 155, 115, 117, 120, 121, 123, 139, 140, 153, 166–8, 173, 175, 182, 183, 186, 209, 160, 186, 195, 199, 209, 211, 246, 251, 210, 214, 219, 220–2, 224, 268; see also 258; Chinese laborers in 166, 167, 171, examinations 187, 267; Paris 93, 158, 226, 266 10, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, Freeman, Charles W., Jr. 1 33, 49, 53–4, 55, 57, 58, 59, 63, 77, 80, province 49, 50, 51, 52, 64, 73, 87, 83, 85, 86, 104, 107, 112, 118, 137, 139, 113, 117, 137, 195, 200, 209; Fuzhou, 148, 149, 152, 164, 177–8; banner 80, 93, 118, 123, 134, 174, 187; livelihood 54; Chinese-martial 53, 177; Xiamen 80, 174, 258 niru 22; see also Manchus Eisenhower, Dwight David 226 Galdan 34 Eldemboo (Eledengbao) 21–2, 35, 36, 37, province 21, 34, 49, 68, 101, 38, 54, 58 119–20, 121, 191, 225–6, 231; Elliot, Charles 75–9 Jinjibao 119; Lanzhou 119 embassy system, “tribute system” Gao Yaojie 244–5 (zhigong) 37–9, 41, 55; 39, 41 Genghis Khan 23, 34 : see Xiaoqin George, Henry 161 environmental deterioration 4, 5, 10, 29, Germany 92, 95, 137, 138, 140, 153, 160, 32, 49–50, 131, 224, 241–2, 243; 164, 166, 171, 187, 199, 201, 257–8, deforestation 50, 56, 223–4; endangering 267; Berlin 158; see also Prussia of African elephant 251 Gladstone, William 77 Epstein, Israel 217 Gorbachev, Mikhail 260, 261, 264 Esherick, Joseph 17 Gordon, Charles 115 Eulenberg, Friedrich Albrecht zu, 86 governors, imperial 30, 57, 64, 88, eunuchs 24, 59, 64, 124 107, 118, 123, 127, 133, 139, 142;

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governors, imperial (Cont’d) province 13, 192; Dingzhou 13; military 150–1, 153–4, 164, Shanhai Pass 24, 66; Tangshan 253; 165, 167, 171, 181–5, 190, 191, Zhangjiakou 192 192, 235 province 85, 147; see also Grand Canal xv, 61–2, 78, 81, 82, Northeast, the 107, 109, 130 province 147, 223, 225–6, 244–5; Great Leap Forward xvi, 222–6, 227, 234, Luoyang 1–2, 3; 109 237, 238, 250 36, 42, 57, 58 Great Wall 23, 68, 196, 198 Himalayan Mountains 34, 68, 251 Greene, Bell d’Acosta 164 Hinton, Joan 217 Gromyko, Andrei 226 Hinton, William 218 province 4, 5, 9, 10, 49, Ho Chi Minh 218 50, 53, 64, 82, 87, 98, 99, 102–3, Hong Renda 113 117, 136, 144, 148, 157, 171–2, Hong Renfa 113 173, 184, 185, 186, 188, 200, 204, Hong Ren’gan 100, 101, 103–4, 112, 215, 231, 246, 257; bendi 102; 113–16, 137 Dongzhou 5–6; Guangdong Hong Xiuquan 98, 103–5, 108, 110, Soviet 186–7; Haifeng 186; 112–16, 124 Huizhou 172; 79; Jiaying 116; Hong Xuanjiao 98–9, 110 Niubailing 98; Pearl River or delta 49, Hongkong xv, xvii, 71, 77, 78, 80, 84, 94, 102; Quanbi 78, 79; Sanyuanli 79; 100, 104, 114, 135, 138, 149, 150, 158, Shantou 246, 258; Shenzhen 258; 160, 172, 195, 209, 260, 264, 266; Taishan 4, 14; Zhuhai 258; see also Legislative Council 250, 260 Canton Hou Dejian 265 province 53, 82, 99, 102–5, household contract responsibility system 107, 114, 116, 126, 172, 184, (HCRS) 255, 267 188, 190, 231; Guangxi Soviet 187 Hsü, Immanuel 101 (Zaitian) xv, 91, 95, Hu Feng ( Mingzhen) 221 119, 123, 124, 136–8, 140, 141, 158, 181, 185 159, 163 Hu Linyi 109, 127 Guangxu reign period xv, 91 155, 164, 166, 167, 168, 185, Guangzhou: see Canton 201, 220 province 5, 21, 36, 49, 53, Hu Yaobang 255, 257, 259, 261–2 58, 64, 120, 190, 228; Hua Guofeng (Su Zhu) 252–3, 259 Zunyi 190–2; Weng’an 5 Hualianbu 118 Guo Moruo 220 Huang Xing 141, 148, 149 127 province 3, 10, 58, 64, 107, 147, Gurkhas 77 153, 184, 188; Daye 10; Hankou 123, 134, 142, 147, 148; Hanyang (Han Ye Hainan 144; Hainan Incident xvii Ping Ironworks) 142, 147, 153; Hakka 53, 102–4, 173, 187 Wuchang 105, 108, 123; Wuhan xv, 181, Hamberg, Theodore 114 184, 199, 216; Yichang 130, 148; Han empire xiii, 14, 45, 51 Xiangyang 58 Hart, Robert 87, 88 Hui (Chinese Muslims) 54, 106, 119, Hatem, George 203, 217 177–8; see also Muslims Hawaii 80, 102, 149, 158, 159; province 6, 10, 21, 57, 58, 64, 105, Honolulu 144, 158 107, 121, 122, 126–8, 140, 157, 170, He Long 186, 188, 190, 192, 196, 172, 190, 199, 211, 215; Changsha 105, 232, 237 107, 116, 126, 127, 134, 136, 141, 173,

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174, 188, 199, 201, 233; Hunan Army 200; and World War I 153, 166; (Xiangjun) 107, 112, 127; Hunan Yokohama 149, 158; see also University 126; Shiwu xuetang 136–7; Massacre; Okinawa; Xiang River 126; see also Yuelu Academy Russo-Japanese War; Sino-Japanese Hundred Days Reforms xv, 127, 137–8, War; Southern Railway 140, 141, 146, 158 Company; Twenty-One Demands Hundred Flowers Campaign xvi, 221–2 Jehangir 61, 82 Hung Taiji 23, 24, 30, 34, 38 Jen Yu-wen (Jian Youwen) 101 Hurley, Patrick 203–4 Jian Bozan 232 Jiang Qing (Li Shumeng) xvi, 227–9, Ignatiev, Nicholai Pavlovich 85 230–1, 235, 252–3; gang of four 252–3; Ilham Tohti 11 Wu Zetian 253 imperialism and anti-imperialism 71, 81, Jiang Zemin 10, 267 96, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 166, Jiangnan Arsenal 101, 122 168, 195, 196 Jiangsu province 110, 117, 121, 147, 199, indemnities and reparations 80, 84, 90, 91, 214; Suzhou 11; 89; 92, 94, 95–6, 107, 121, 139–40, 151 Zhenjiang 79 India xvi, 45, 62, 68, 69, 70, 73, 75, 78, province 50, 113, 121, 185, 186, 149, 151, 190, 202, 224, 251; 189, 191, 200, 215, 232; Jinggang Bengal 195; border conflicts with Mountains 186; Jiujiang 108; China 251; Calcutta 73, 83; Nanchang 186; Ruijin 187; see also Darjeeling 151; Bombay (Mumbai) 39; Chinese Soviet Republic; Lushan Plenum Provisional Government of Free 200; (Yongyan) 21, 36, Punjab 151 58–60, 72 Indian Ocean 49 Jiaqing reign period xv, 21, 60 38, 70, 102, 160, 218; province 57; see also Northeast, the Bandung 218–19, 250 190 Inner Mongolia province 67, 68, 192, 224, Jingdezhen 55 264, 270; Chakhar 192, 194, 196, Jinliang 164 202–3, 231–2; Hohhot 68; see also Johnson, Tim 2–3 Chengde, Mongolia Johnston, Reginald 164 Internet 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 272 Italy 86, 139, 140, 201; Rome 41 Kang Guangren 137, 138 Kang Sheng 227–8, 229, 230, 234 xiii, xvi, 9, 24, 37, 39, 51, 69, Kang Tongbi 145 79, 89, 94, 117, 121, 135–7, 139, 136, 137, 138, 146, 148, 149, 140, 141, 142, 144–5, 149, 150, 157–9, 162, 163, 164, 169, 174, 220 158–60, 163, 165–6, 169, 173, (Xuanye) 25, 26, 30, 34, 186, 209, 212, 220, 247, 257–8; 35, 36, 39, 57, 60 boycott 146, 195, 211, 216; Kawakami Hajime 169 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Kazakh 54, 191; Kazakhstan 68, 85 Sphere 199–200; Hiroshima and Ketteler, Clemens von 139 Nagasaki 202; Meiji emperor 94, 136; Khan, Muhammad Yahya 247 military aggression toward or conflict with Khrushchev, Nikita 220, 222, 226 China 68, 94, 95, 123, 145, 152–4, Kim Il-sung 211, 218 164–6, 169, 172, 173, 174, 180, 188, Kim Ok-kyun 95 192–205, 209, 213, 215, 217, Kimball, Dan 218 225; Tokyo 137, 140, 141, 144, 149, Kirghiz 54, 61 158, 163, 220, 235, 258; Unit 731 Kissinger, Henry xvi, 247

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KMT (Nationalist Party) xvi, 18, 98, 150, Liao empire 36 163, 168, 170–1, 173, 174, 175, 181–92, Liao Mosha 229 194–200, 207, 209–11, 214, 216, 217, 181 220, 221, 225, 254; Blue shirts 197; province 22; see also see also New Life Movement, Republic Northeast, the of China Lifton, Robert J. 236 Korea 37, 38, 71, 80, 81, 89, 90, 94–6, Lighdan Khan 23, 34, 38 122, 124, 159, 166, 195, 199–200, 202, Lin Biao 202, 217, 219, 225, 228, 230, 211–13, 218; Democratic People’s 234, 235, 236, 252–3 Republic of Korea 211; Koreans 22, 37, Lin Liguo 234 200, 204; Donghak movement 95; King Lin Miaoke 14 Gojong 95; March First Movement 166; 64, 75–8, 80, 107, Myeongseong 95–6; Republic of 211, 126, 137 247, 258; Seoul 95 Lincoln, Abraham 88 Korean War xvi, 211–13, 217, 218, 219, Lindley, August and Mary 112 225, 232 Liu Bocheng 219 Kung, H. H. (Kong Xiangxi) 165, Liu Changyou 127 184, 201 127, 140 34 Liu Rong 127 Liu Shaoqi xvi, 127, 170, 171, 173, 38, 45, 200, 251–2; Pathet Lao 248 186, 202, 214, 226–9, 230, 231, law and lawyers 11, 12, 33, 35, 39, 51, 64, 232, 236, 237, 246, 257 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 81, 82, 84, 101, 143, Lolo 53 222; 80–1, 91; Long March xvi, 189–92, 195, 196, 202, international 41, 75, 76, 84; Qing legal 209, 222, 232, 257; Zunyi code 70 conferences 190 League of Alliances (Tongmeng hui) 144, Lu Xun (Zhou Shuren) 166–7, 220 149–50, 158, 161, 163, 165, 169, Luce, Henry 201, 217 171, 187 Luo Zenan 127 League of Nations 195–6 Lushan Plenum xvi, 207, 225–6 Lee Teng-hui 260 Lenin, V. I, 169, 186 Hualong 119 169, 171, 173, 174, 182 Ma Ying-jeou 9 Li Hengsong 115 Macao 39, 70, 72, 76, 78, 144 90, 93, 94, 95, 96, Macartney, George 40, 70, 71, 78 112, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, magistrates (imperial government) 27–31, 122–5, 133, 135–7, 138, 139, 141, 39, 46–7, 51, 56, 57–8, 59, 64, 142, 151, 196, 235 89–90, 104 Li Lisan 174, 186, 187, 233 Major, Ernest 134 Li Na 227 49, 70, 160; Penang 144 Li Peng 259–60, 261, 262, 264, 266 Malthus, Thomas 46 Li Rui 225 Manchukuo xvi, 195–6, 199, 200, 202 Li Xiucheng 112, 113, 114, 115–16 Manchuria: see Northeast, the Li Xubin 127 Manchus 21–2, 24, 25, 30, 32, 35, 36, 51, 148, 163–4, 172 58, 61, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 104, 107, 112, Li Zicheng 14, 24, 25, 56, 58, 194, 215 117, 126, 137, 140, 141, 148, 149, Liang Afa 103 158–60, 164, 177–9, 232, 235; see also Liang Qichao 127, 136, 137, 138, 148, Eight Banners, Jurchens 149, 157–64, 168, 169, 174, 220 Mao Anying 212

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Mao Zedong 127, 170, 171, 173, 185–92, Nanjing xv, xvi, 82, 84, 86, 89, 92, 99, 100, 195, 196, 197, 202, 203, 204–5, 207, 209, 108, 110, 113, 114, 116, 136, 146, 149, 212–15, 217–27, 246–8, 252–4, 271, 272; 150, 165, 172, 181–4, 186, 188, 190, and First Emperor (Qin shihuang) 235–6 193, 195, 198–200, 204, 207, 209; Martin, W. A. P. 86, 88 wartime regime 199–200 Marx, Karl or Marxism 15, 71, 169, 173, Nankai University 171, 228 186, 203, 214, 221, 233, 235 Nanyang Intendancy 118 xvi, 165–75, 229 Napier, William 72–3, 74, 76, 78 May Thirtieth Incident xvi, 173–4 Naquin, Susan 17 Meadows, Thomas Taylor 112 Nasser, Abdel Gamal 251 Mekong River 34 National Minorities University (Minzu Miao (Hmong) 21, 38, 53, 58, 69, xueyuan) 261 87, 102, 104–5, 120, 126, 177, nationalism 127, 140, 158–63, 174, 270–2 187, 190 Nationalist Party: see KMT migration 48–50, 52, 53, 55, 63, 68, 117, Nationalist revolution (1911–12) xv, 18, 131, 143, 222, 256; huiguan (provincial 127, 148–9, 179 associations) 49; see also population Naxi (Nakhi) 177 Mill, John Stuart 162 Nehru, Jawaharlal 218 Ming empire xii, 16, 22–5, 26, 27, 31, 33, 79, 151, 251 36–8, 39, 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55–6, Netherlands 37, 39, 40, 49, 72, 86, 211 58, 60, 62, 63, 66, 68–9, 86, 102, 110, New Life Movement 185, 199 194, 209, 228, 270 New Zealand 211 mining and miners 4, 6, 14, 15, 25, newspapers or publishing 133–5, 136, 144, 32, 55, 60, 62, 120, 147, 186, 216, 146, 149, 154, 160–1, 163, 166, 167, 223, 237, 240–2 171, 174, 195; Beijing News 12, 13–14, Mongolia xii, 23, 34, 37, 38, 49, 51, 53, 24; China General Publishing Company 54, 55, 57, 67, 81, 85, 133, 151, 152, (Zhonghua yinwu zongju) 135; China 154, 166, 191–2, 194, 267; Jebsumdamba Mail 134; China Reconstructs 217, 219; Khutukhtu 152; Mongol Military Commercial Press (Shangwu) 135; Government 199; People’s Republic 191, Foreign Languages Press, 217; 223, 234, 251, 260; Republic of 68, Guangming Daily 13; Liberation 267; theocratic state, Bogd Khaan 152, (Jiefang) 229, 235; Jingbao 134; New 191; Urga 151, 152; see also York Times 10; New Youth (Xin Inner Mongolia Qingnian) 169; Newsweek 9; North xii, 32, 35, 38, 55, 58, 61, 68, 69, China Herald 134; Pearl River Evening 80, 85, 87, 107, 148, 159, 164, 178, 200, News 12; People’s Daily (Renmin 235; Khalka 85 ribao) 13, 235; Red Flag (Hongqi) 170, Morgan, J. P. 164 235; Shenbao 134; South China Morning Morrison, Robert 103 Post 10; Southern Daily 13; Southern Mujangga 78, 107 Weekly and Southern Weekend 12; Mukden: see Subao 141, 158; Time Magazine 201; Muslims and Islam 8, 21, 34, 54–5, 68, Wenhuibao 229 69, 87, 90, 91, 101, 119–21, 139, Nian rebels 99, 106, 108, 109, 117, 119 159, 164, 177, 184, 190, 191, Nineteenth Route Army 195 231, 236, 260, 261; Hor 190; Nixon, Richard xvi, 247 Sufis 34, 119; see also Hui; Uighurs Northeast, the (Manchuria) 22, 25, 30, 36, 37, 53, 54, 55, 57, 63, 67, 96, 108, 137, Nakamura, George 203 140, 145, 151, 152–3, 165, 166–7, 174, Nanjing Massacre 198–9, 204 177, 179, 183, 188, 192, 194, 204, 212,

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Northeast, the (Manchuria) (Cont’d) 226; agricultural producer’s 213, 215–16, 223, 226, 258; Amur cooperatives 215; Common Program xvi, River 34, 67, 85, 195; Fort Kumarsky 85; 213–16; exports 249–50, 254; First Five Changbaishan 85; Changchun 2, 3, 195; Year Plan 215, 219, 223; investments in Evenks, Nanai, Orochens 85; foreign countries 250; joint venture Fengtian 153; Fengtian clique 172, 182; companies 257; mutual aid teams 215; Harbin 200; Lüshun (Dairen, Port one-child policy 254, 178–9; Public Arthur) 95, 137, 204, 217; Shenyang Security Bureau (Gong’an ju) 2; (Mukden) 23, 183, 194, 204; see also purchasing power 270; Socialist Heilongjiang province; Jilin province; Education Campaign xvi, 228, 229; Liaoning province; Southern Manchuria special economic zones (SEZs) 257–60, Railway Company 268–9; State Council 68, 214; state- Northern Expedition xvi, 175, 180–1, 184, owned enterprises (SOEs) 255–6, 268 190, 210, 219 Perry, Elizabeth 17 Northern Grand Battalion 108, 112 24, 39, 49, 51, 149, 159, 196, Nurgaci 22–3, 30 209, 211; Manilla 144 piracy 39, 42, 73, 77, 78, 80, 209; see also oil 68, 147, 251 crime, organized; smuggling; secret Okinawa 38, 94, 209; Liuqiu (Ryûkyû) societies 38, 94 population 44–8, 50, 55; “floating Olympics xvii, 7, 15, 217, 248 population” 49, 63; see also migration opium 42, 62–4, 70, 71, 73–8, 80, 84, 92, porcelain 37, 39, 55, 73, 121 101, 102, 113, 120, 142, 143–4, 181, Portugal 37, 39, 86 185, 187, 243 Pottinger, Henry 79 Opium War xv, 61, 69, 71, 77–80, 107, Pound, Ezra xi, xiv 124, 126; see also Arrow War Price, Frank and Harry 201 Ottoman empire 61, 79, 81, 90, 160 Princeton University 167, 266 Oxford University 157 Prussia 86; German Customs Union (Zollverein) 86; see also Germany 45, 247, 251 xv, 141, 150, 152, 153, 163, 164–5, Palmerston, Viscount (Henry John 183, 195–6, 204, 232 Temple) 72, 75–7 Panthay sultanate xv, 90, 92, 102, 106, Qian Xuesen (Tsien Hsueh-shen) 217–18 120–1 Qian Zhongshu 220, 232 Parker, Peter 72, 89 (Hongli) 34, 35–6, 41, Peel, Robert 77, 80 49, 54, 57, 58 137, 164, 166, 169–70, Qianlong period 37, 57, 60 228, 230, 232, 252, 260, 261 Qincheng prison 222, 225 Peng Dehuai 211–12, 217, 219, 225, 219, Qing empire xiii, 10, 16–42, 44–63, 225, 229 68–150, 155, 159, 160, 161, 165, 177, Peng Pai xvi, 173, 174, 186–7, 215 179, 189, 192, 193, 194, 195, 200, 209, Peng Zhen 229, 230, 237 212, 267–8, 270; baojia 31, 33, 110; People’s Liberation Army 6, 186, 188, Board of Punishments (xingbu) 28; 211–12, 216; air corps 212, 216, 219, budget or treasury 29, 36, 55, 57, 58, 253; navy 217, 219; People’s Volunteer 101; court xiii, 50, 105, 118, 123, 135, Army 212; Red Army 188–9, 196, 202, 151, 152, 158, 164; Foreign 204–5, 210 Ministry 142; Frontier Administration, People’s Republic of China xvi, 1–12, 67, Department of () 38, 81; 69, 177, 205, 207–48, 265; budget 215, granaries 27, 63, 110; Grand

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Council 137; Green Standard Armies 26, antiforeign 93–4, 195; see also 27, 33, 112; 87; Imperial demonstrations Maritime Customs Service 87, 102; Roberts, Issachar Jacox 103–4, 110, lijia 31; officials 26, 27, 41, 42, 52, 55, 114–15 63–4, 72, 73, 118, 138–40, 152; political Rong Hong: see Yung Wing reforms 141–3; 86, 117 137–8, 139, 140 province 10, 34, 194, 227, 231 Roosevelt, Franklin 201 qingyi 14, 61, 136 Roosevelt, Theodore 88 78, 79 Russia 67, 79, 81, 152, 161, 169, 191, Qiying 78, 79, 82 200, 216; Commonwealth of Independent States 267; Maritime Province, railroads 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 140, Vladivostok, Ussuriysk 85, 195; 142, 146–8, 151–152, 153, 166, 174, Moscow 96, 186, 187, 195; St 198, 200, 209, 214, 251, 268; rights Petersburg 91, 92; revolution 165; recovery 147 Russian empire xiii, 26, 34, 38, 39, rebellion (imperial era) 14, 17, 21, 24, 61, 68, 83, 84, 85, 86, 90–1, 92, 95–6, 25, 33, 35, 47, 52, 57–9, 60–1, 82, 101, 117, 120, 122, 137, 139, 140, 90, 91, 98–9, 100–19, 191, 194; 144–5, 151, 160, 212; see also USSR Autumn Harvest Uprising 127; Eight Russo-Japanese War 144–5 Trigrams 59, 60, 80; Jinchuan 35, 36, 57, 58; military 141, 148, 149; Small Sasser, James 10 Sword Society 99, 108, 112, 114; secret societies 21, 51–3, 57, 58, 104, 105, Three Feudatories 24–5; see also Boxer; 138, 139, 144, 148, 149, 150, 151; Nian; Taiping; White Lotus Gelaohui 148, 188; see also crime, religion 268–9; Baptists 103; Buddhism 34, organized; Tiandihui 51, 127, 136, 153, 158, 177, 195, 231, Selden, Mark 17 232, 236; Catholicism 60, 232; China self-strengthening movement 92, 123, 127, Mission Society 103; Christianity 54, 60, 136, 158 72, 82, 89, 100, 103–5, 110, 112, 114, Sengge Renchin 83, 118, 119 139, 149, 182, 186, 236; Daoism 51, province 14, 49, 50, 58, 119–20, 161; Falungong 17, 268; heterodox in 121, 189, 192, 196, 262; the PRC 268; Jesuits 39, 41, 54, 60, 87; Huaqingchi 197; Wei River Valley 197; missionaries 72, 89–90, 100, 103, 113, Xi’an xvi, 14, 139, 149, 193, 199, 262; 114, 115, 134, 138–9, 144, 167, 186; see also Yan’an base area Taiping 82, 103 province 50, 57, 59, 109, 121, Ren Wanding 260 129, 138–9, 153, 166, 195, 258; Ji Republic of China (ROC) xvi, xvii, 9, 11, river 109; Qingdao 137, 174, 216; 67, 68, 69, 98, 151, 152, 174, 179, 187, Weihai 137 189–205, 209–11, 217, 219, 226, 248–9, Communiqué 248 254, 260; Council of State 150, 163, 183; Shanghai xiii, xvi, 11, 12, 80, 83, 86, 92, Democratic Progressive Party 260; 93, 95, 100, 101, 102, 108, 112–15, 117, Executive Cabinet 184, 196, 210; 121, 123, 134–6, 138, 140, 143, 144, National People’s Congress 214, 252, 146, 149, 150, 151, 155, 158, 171–4, 261; Parliament 150, 163, 164, 165, 172; 181–2, 184, 187, 188, 195, 196, 197, see also KMT 198, 213, 216–17, 228, 230, 253, 264; Rhee, Syngman 211 Nanjing Road 174; Pudong 258; Richard, Timothy 136 Shanghai Commune 229–30, 253; stock riots 4–10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 33, 55, 63, market 258; see also delta 89–90, 95, 153, 210, 224, 226, 242; Shanqi 164

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Shanxi province 11, 123, 139, 147, 184, Staunton, George 41 194, 203, 204, 207; clique 182; Stillwell, Joseph 201–2 Taiyuan 174 Sukarno 218 Shen Jin 140, 141 Sun Yatsen xv, xvi, 130, 144, 148–59, Shen Junru 214 153–4, 158, 160–3, 165, 168–9, 171–3, 190, 194, 207, 231 174, 183, 184, 187, 191, 205, 213; Three 142, 147 People’s Principles 161, 162, 186; see also Shevardnadze, Eduard 261 League of Alliances Shi Dakai 105, 108, 112, 113, 115 Supreme Court (zuigao renmin Shunzhi emperor 24 fayuan) 11–12, 14, 214 Siberia 35, 67, 68, 85 Sushun 117 Sichuan province xvii, 4, 6, 21, 24, 34, 49, Swedish-Norwegian Union 82 53, 57, 59, 64, 115, 137, 144, 148, 151–2, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 203, Tacibu 118 226; Chengdu 56, 134, 225, 264; Tagore, Rabindranath 164 Chongqing 130–1, 174, 198–9, 201; Taiping rebel kingdom and war xv, 82–3, Dazhou 4; Gaodong 6 86, 87, 88, 98–9, 100–19, 120, 121, 122, Sikkim 251 124, 127, 134, 137, 143, 146, 173, 178, Simla agreement 152, 191 184, 203; Bible 110; religion compared 39, 78, 80, 144, 149, 160 to Mormonism 110; Society of God- Sino-Japanese War (1894) 95 Worshippers 104–5, 107; symbols to slavery 30, 51, 55, 60, 102, 144 nationalists and revolutionaries 98, 141 smuggling 39, 40, 42, 51, 52, 53, 62, 63, xvi, xvii, 9, 21, 24, 25, 34, 36, 37, 69, 70, 73–4, 76, 87, 92, 102, 113, 122, 39, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 69, 81, 87, 143, 146, 209; see also crime, organized 93–4, 159, 165, 199, 209–11, 213, 226, Sneevliet, Henk, 170 247, 248–9, 260; 2–28 incident 210; socialism 161, 169, 186, 223 Danshui/Tamshui 84; Jinmen and Song empire xii, 27, 67, 126 Mazu 219, 226; Straits of 209, 219, 220, Song Jiaoren xv, 150, 163 249; Tainan 39; Taipei 209; see also Soong Ai-ling (Song Ailing) 165 Republic of China Soong Ching-ling (Song Qingling) 165, Tajiks 54 182, 213, 217 127, 136, 137 Soong May-ling (Song Meiling) 165, 182, Tang Caichang 127, 140 184, 186, 196, 197, 201, 207 Tang empire xiii, 36, 67, 68 Soong, Charlie (Han Jiaozhun) 144, 165 taxation 10, 14, 26, 28, 31, 42, 44, 45, 47, Soong, T. V. (Song Ziwen) 165, 182, 184, 48, 59, 62–4, 68, 73, 80, 112, 117, 143, 196, 201, 203, 217 148, 150, 182, 187, 268–9; amnesties 63; South China Sea 39, 69 lijin 107, 121, 143 Southeast Asia 38, 45, 49, 50, 51, 81, 93, tea 39, 40, 62, 71, 100, 121 144, 202; PRC trade and investment 251 textiles 55, 121, 195, 255; silk 37, 73, 121, Southern Grand Batallion 108, 112 195; silkworm metaphor 160 Southern Manchuria Railway Company 145, (Siam) 38, 45, 93, 196, 200, 211; 152, 153, 183, 194 Plaek Pibulsonggram 200 southwest China 33, 35, 54, 68, 143; see Thaxton, Ralph 17 also Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi Three Gorges Dam xvii, 130–1 37, 86, 87 Tiananmen Incident of 1976 15, 253; Spencer, Herbert 162–3 of 1989 xvii, 1, 14, 262–7 Stalin, Joseph 201, 218, 220 Tiandihui 52–3, 57, 58, 63, 72, 102, 104, Staunton, George (Thomas) 41, 70–1, 77 109, 144, 182; see also secret societies

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Tianjin 62, 71, 83, 87, 89–90, 92, 93, 118, Turkish Islamic Republic of, 190, 231; 121, 123, 127, 134, 144, 165, 171, 172, see also ; 174, 182, 195, 202, 204 Turkey 73, 211 and Tibetans xii, xvi, xvii, 7–8, 9, 11, Twenty-One Demands xvi, 153, 166, 172 25, 34, 35, 36, 56, 68–9, 129, 133, 151–2, 181, 190, 191, 224, 225, 231, Uighurs 8–9, 11, 32, 34, 55, 68, 190, 225, 251, 264, 270; Anuchal Pradesh/ 231, 263; Turkestani Muslims 54–5, 61 Tawang 152; cultural communities Ulanfu 232, 237 35–6, 54, 55, 57, 120, 159, 164; xvi, 209, 211–12, 217, 191, 192; 7, 68, 225, 231; 247, 248–9 Nyemo revolt 231; see also Banchen USA xvii, 1, 9–10, 69, 72, 73–5, 82, 83, Lama; Dalai Lama; Simla agreement 84, 85, 88, 91, 92, 94, 96, 99, 100, 101, Tientsin Massacre xv, 89–91 102, 104, 107, 113, 114, 117, 119, 121, tobacco, snuff and cigarettes 143, 144, 210, 135, 139, 143, 144, 146, 149, 159, 161, 243, 260 168, 169, 174, 182, 185, 200, 201–2, Tocqueville, Alexis de 71 203, 204, 205, 209, 211–12, 216, 217, (Zaichun) 88, 117, 119 218, 220, 226, 249, 251, 258, 260, 261, Tongzhi reign period xv, 118; 266, 272; A. A. Low Brothers firm 73; restoration 89 American China Development town and village enterprises (TVEs) 241, Company 146, 147; Belgrade embassy 255–6, 259, 267–8 bombing xvii, 9–10; Boston 73; treaties and conventions: Chefoo boycott 145–6, 149; California 80, 102; Convention 121; Convention of Central Intelligence Agency 69; Chinese Peking 84–6, 87; Convention of Exclusion Act xv, 92, 138, 145–6; Tientsin 94, 95; Tanggu Truce 196; copyrights 140; Denver 150; Formosa Treaties of Tientsin 83, 84–6, 113; Resolution 219; Flying Tigers 201; 85; Burlingame Illinois 103; imports from China Treaty xv, 88, 92, 145; Treaty of 249–50; Los Angeles 149; McCarthy Canton 82; Treaty of Favorable period 217, 218; Neutrality Act 196, Treatment 164; Treaty of Kanagawa 201; New York City 88, 158, 168, 217; 165; Treaty of Kanghwa 94; Treaty of normalization of relations 234, 247–50; Khiakta 38, 85; Treaty of Kokand 61, Open Door Notes 140; Pearl 85; Treaty of Kuldja 85; Treaty of Harbor 201; Pentagon 218; Republican Livadia 91; xv, 71, party 249; Russell & Company 73; San 79, 81, 82, 85, 102; Treaty of Francisco 144, 158; Seventh Fleet 212; Nerchinsk 34, 85; Treaty of Paris xvi; Taiwan Relations Act 249; Treaty of Peking 115; Treaty of Tennessee 103; weapons 92; Shimonoseki xv, 95–6, 133, 135–6, Wilsonianism 166 137, 158, 209; Treaty of St USSR xvi, 165, 168, 174, 180, 182, Petersburg 92; Treaty of The Bogue 190–2, 195, 201, 202, 203, 207, 209, 71, 79, 80, 81, 82; Treaty of Versailles 211, 216, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, xvi, 166, 172; 226, 227–8, 246, 247–8, 251, 260, 82; Treaty of Whampoa 82 261, 267; see also Comintern; Russia Tripartite Intervention 95–6, 135 Uzbek 54; Uzbekistan 68; Kokand Tsinghua University 228, 252, 253 61, 90 tuanlian 33, 58, 80, 107, 110, 115 Tujia 126, 190 Vietnam xvii, 38, 49, 53, 92, 218, 248, 252; Turkestan (Eastern) xii, 34, 54, 67, 68, Annam 38, 81, 92–3, 102, 116, 120, 80, 81, 85, 91, 92, 120, 212; 123; Cochinchina 92–3; Empire of 200;

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Indochina xv, 93, 199; Hanoi 92, 150; Wu Han and/or Hai Rui Dismissed from Tonkin 92–3 Office 228–9, 230, 232 Vietnam War 247–8 Wu Peifu 172 Wu Sangui 24–5 Wade, Thomas 83, 91 Wu Yue 141 Wang Dan 261–1, 263, 266 Wuerkaixi (Urkesh Dawlat) 263 Wang Fuzhi 126, 159 Wang Hongwen 230, 235 (Yizhu) 82, 83, 85, 86, 148, 172, 181, 184, 185, 88, 107, 108–9, 117 188, 196, 199–200 Xianfeng reign period xv 11 Chaogui 99 Wang Ming 187, 202 Xiaoqin (Empress Dowager Cixi) xv, 88, Wang Tao 113, 134–5, 137, 145, 157 109, 117, 118, 123–4, 135, 137–40, 141, Wang Xiuying 7 146–7, 164 Ward, Frederick Townsend 86, 88, 115 Xiaozhen 117 warlords: see governors, military 5, 13 Wasserstrom, Jeffrey 17 Xinjiang xvii, 8–9, 11, 34, 36, 38, 54–5, 57, water 5, 129–32; floods 14, 47, 50, 59, 69, 59–63, 68, 69, 78, 81, 82, 85, 90–1, 92, 101, 107, 109, 129, 131, 192, 203; 101, 117, 119–22, 133, 151, 190–1, management 16, 25, 29, 30, 50, 56, 224, 231–2, 260, 261, 263, 264, 270; 61–2, 70, 142, 224; pollution 5, 6, 10, bingtuan 68; Ili 34, 85; Kashgar xv, 8, 9, 13, 131, 241; see also environmental 39, 61, 82, 90–1, 107, 120, 190; deterioration Khotan 190; Kumul (Hami) 190; 254, 261, 262 Ürümqi 8; see also Turkestan (Eastern) Wei Yuan 126 172 Wellesley College 165 Xuantong reign period xv 10, 14, 264, 268, 272 117, 123 Yakub Beg xv, 90–1, 92, 106, 120, 122, 124 83–4, 86, 87, 89, 91, 118, Yale University 73, 89, 165, 167 119, 165 Yalu River 95, 212 Whampoa Military Academy 171 145, 162 White Lotus sect or rebellion xv, 21–2, 182, 183, 184, 188, 194, 33, 51–2, 57–8, 72, 80, 101, 108, 197, 203–5, 207 268–9 Yan’an base area xvi, 192–4, 196–7, witchcraft 35, 52, 57 202–203, 209, 215, 220, 221, 222, 228, women 32, 102, 105, 108, 110, 111, 127, 230, 232, 234 134, 140, 173, 189; All China Women’s Yang Jia 11–12 Federation 213–14; education 127, 142, Yang Kaihui 186 167; foot-binding 32, 55, 102, 155, 157; Yang Peiyi 14 marriage 48, 54, 155, 187; Yang Shangkun 192, 202 matrilineality 35; rebel leaders 51, 98–9, Yang Xiuqing 99, 113 108, 110, 112; rights 167, 171 151, 190 World Trade Organization (WTO) xvii, 250, Yangtze River and/or Delta 21, 24, 25, 28, 269–70 29, 30, 33, 36, 39, 49, 50–1, 58, 61–2, 77, World War II 180–204, 218; Cairo 78, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 93, 95, 100, 101, pact 201, 209; Potsdam 201 105, 107–9, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, Wu Bingjian 73–4, 80, 134 126, 129, 130–1, 143, 148, 158, 172, Wu Chongyue 73, 76 174, 181, 198–9, 240; see also Shanghai Wu Dianying 7 Yao 38, 53, 87, 120, 126, 177, 190

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Yao Wenyuan 229, 235 Zhang Guotao 170, 171, 186, 188, 192, Yarlung Zangbo (Brahmaputra) 129, 251 196, 202, 209, 225, 257 Ye Jianying 186, 192 Zhang Longping, 3, 6 Ye Mingchen 82, 83 Zhang Luoxing 108 28–9, 34, 45, 50, 61, Zhang Wentian 225 101, 105, 109, 123, 129, 131, 192, 193, Zhang Xianzhong 24, 25, 56, 194, 215 199–200, 224 Zhang Xueliang 182, 183, 184, Yen, Jimmy (Yan Yangchu) 167–8 194, 196–7 Yi 69, 187 Zhang Xun 164 Yihuan () 92, 109, 117, 123–4 Zhang Yong 152 Ying Ruocheng 232 90, 91, 92, 93, 122–3, Yixin () 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 140, 142, 147, 148, 153, 235 109, 117, 124 153, 172, 182, 183, 194 Yongluo emperor xii Erfeng 151–2 28, 30 142, 152 Younghusband, Francis 151 Zhao Ziyang 255, 256–7, 259–62, 264–5 Yuan empire xii, 36, 45, 58, 67, 68, 69, 177 Zhejiang province 50, 64, 110, 113, 115, xv, 94–5, 127, 137, 139, 141, 117, 121, 146, 158, 170, 171, 199, 214; 147, 148, 150–4, 163, 164, 168, 169, 116, 117, 134, 135, 146, 158; 182, 188, 190, 191, 272 Ningbo 80; Zhapu 39, 79 Yuanming yuan (Summer Palace) 83 Zheng Chenggong 24 Yuelu Academy 126–7, 137 province 59, 123, 203; Dagu 83; Yung Wing 89, 100–1, 114, 121, 125, 137, Wanping 198; 172, 182–3 138, 149 Zhongyong xi Yunnan province xii, 21, 25, 36, 37, 38, Zhou Enlai xvi, 15, 128, 171, 186, 188–9, 49, 53, 56, 59, 62, 64, 67, 68, 69, 90, 192, 196–7, 202, 203, 214, 218–19, 221, 91, 92, 101, 102, 120–1, 144, 153–4, 222, 230, 233–5, 246–8, 250–3, 257; 172, 190, 191; Dali 120–1 Four Modernizations 253–4 Zhou Xiuying 99 Zaifeng (Prince Chun) 141, 148, 150 Islands 77, 81 89–90, 91, 92, 100–1, Zhu De xvi, 186, 188–9, 202, 212, 253 107–8, 112, 113, 115–19, 121, 122, Zhu Rongji 128, 268–70 125, 127, 136, 141, 165 Zhuang 69, 177, 187, 190 Zeng Guoquan 127 86, 87, 90, 91, 117, 118, Zeng Jing 36 137, 142 Zeng Jize 91, 93 Zou Rong 140–1 Zhang Binglin 158–60, 161, 162, Zunyi conferences xvi 163, 166, 220 91, 92, 118, 119–20, 122, Zhang Chunqiao 229, 235, 253 127, 139

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