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Spectral Based Vegetation Discrimination and Forest Health Assessment Using Hyperion (EO-1) in Yelagiri Hills, Tamil Nadu

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Spectral Based Vegetation Discrimination and Forest Health Assessment Using Hyperion (EO-1) in Yelagiri Hills, Tamil Nadu International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 18 (2018) pp. 13826-13832 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Spectral Based Vegetation discrimination and Forest Health Assessment Using Hyperion (EO-1) in Yelagiri Hills, Tamil Nadu Kumaresan P R Research Scholar, Centre for Remote Sensing, Bharathidasan University, India. ORCID ID: 0000-0001-9138-1993 Abstract management is needed in today scenario to ensure sustainable utilization (Singh 2014).The Eastern Ghats forest ecosystem Remotely sensed information became milestone in the field of includes a rich assemblage of floral, faunal wealth including forestry and natural resource monitoring. Species level forest many endangered, endemic and medicinal species. Among mapping is an active research topic that aims to provide the them Yelagiri is one of the plant biodiversity rich hub. The systematic and updatable information necessary for hills are endowed with rich biodiversity of species like understanding and monitoring the rapid changing in the forest sandalwood, Ethno medicinal plants and etc. Plant species of environment. Hyperspectral remote sensing data Hyperion diverse families like Lilaceae, Solanaceae, Euphorbiaceae (EO‐1) was used for analysis. Image was pre-processed followed by Lamiaceae, apocyanaceae were found (Tarique followed by Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) and Pixel Purity and Infam 2013). Index (PPI). The output of MNF and PPI has been analyzed by visualizing it in n-dimensional visualizer for endmember The remote sensing with the collaboration of geo informatics extraction and collection. Spectral discrimination of surface technology is a reliable method and a practical means of features like Vegetation, Grass, Barren land, Water and Man- estimating various biophysical and biochemical vegetation made structure was done. Further 6 different types of variables. Hyperspectral remote sensing data sets will provide Vegetation species among them were identified. Advanced narrow band combination with contiguous spectral signature per-pixel supervised classifications such as Spectral Angle based on molecular absorption which enables us to Mapper (SAM) has been done with Image collected discriminate species on the basis of their spectral response and endmember spectra as an input. Finally analyzed vegetation absorption pattern (Carter et al. 2009). The objective of this growth using the normalized difference vegetation index study is to investigate the potential of satellite hyper spectral (NDVI) method and 0.75 is the highest value shown in this imagery in forest vegetation mapping, spectral discrimination region. Relative forest heath has been found and classified and Heath assessment. into 9 classes in which higher value implies good health. Keywords: Yelagiri Hills, Endmember extraction, Spectral STUDY AREA discrimination, Forest Health Assessment. Yelagiri hills is situated in the Jolarpet Panchayat Union of Thirupattur taluk, Vellore District. The study area is INTRODUCTION represented in Fig. 1. The Maximum temperature of Yelagiri hills during summer (April) is of 27oC and the minimum Forests are the most diverse ecosystems contain millions of temperature in winter (December) is 11oC (Chandrasekaran et different species of plants, fungi, micro-organisms and al. 2014). It has comparative dry climate with low humidity of animals. Humans depend on forests for their survival and 45-50 % and considered to be Aw according to the Köppen- basic needs. Forests also offer watershed protection, prevent Geiger climate classification. The mean annual rainfall for soil erosion and mitigate climate change. Yet, despite of Yelagiri hills is 1026.16mm. Soil is derived from feldspar and dependence on forests, they are threatened by rapid hornblende. It has been observed that mineral resources such deforestation, fragmentation, degradation, hunting and the as Sulphides, Quartz, Hayte, Apatite and Vermiculite arrival of invasive species from other habitats. (Nagaraju et al 2014). The Average elevation of the area The accurate, regular and periodic monitoring of forest ranges from 300 to 1200 meter from Mean Sea Level (MSL) changes and its dynamics is essential to understanding the loss with its highest point culminating at swamimalai about 1339 of biodiversity and reduction of carbon sequestration capacity meters. Primarily resided by malayali tribal population. that results from deforestation. Species specific planning and 13826 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 18 (2018) pp. 13826-13832 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Figure 1. Study area 13827 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 18 (2018) pp. 13826-13832 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Figure 2 (a) False color composite and (b) True color composite 3D hyper cube DATA ACQUISITION The study used data EO-1 Hyperion data of 4th March, 2004 (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/). EO-1 Hyperion is the satellite-borne hyper spectral sensor to orbit the Earth, capable of recording spectral information superior to previous satellite sensors. It has a spatial resolution of 30 meters and records radiance in 242 bands spanning from the blue (visible) at 450 nm to the middle infrared at 2500 nm. Each band has a width of approximately 10 nm. Out of it 198 bands are calibrated and rests are unused due to their low signal to noise ratio (Beck 2003). 198 channels provides detailed spectral mapping with high radiometric accuracy. Thus, there are 50 VNIR and 148 SWIR bands when the data is processed. True color composite (TCC) and False color composite (FCC) of the study area subset from full image was generated using RGB band 50, 23, and 16 having a spectral wavelength 854.18, 579.45, and 505.28 respectively for FCC and bands 22, 13 and 4 having spectral wavelength 640.5, 548.92, 47.34 Figure 3 Methodology respectively for TCC Fig. 2. Necessary pre-processing techniques applied to radiance in METHODOLOGY order to obtain reflectance: to fix bad pixels using the bad Pre-processing, Atmospheric correction and Collection of pixel list process and further re-calibration is done to data by Endmembers tracking down the gain/off values using the ASCII file; the removal of the outliers was done using the median and mean The pre-processing of hyper spectral data is needed in order to absolute deviation (MAD) as statistics for the decisions and extract reliable and efficient information. Pre-processing is fixing out of range data. Atmospheric correction is done by crucial process because satellite based platform with modest using The Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Hyper surface signal levels and a column of atmosphere diminishes cubes (FLAASH) tool by selecting the input radiance image the signal. Using ENVI 5.3 software, pre- processing, removal and to set the radiance scale factors. Then the calibrated hyper of errors, spectral classification by image collected spectral raw radiance data are scaled into 2-byte integers. To endmembers as an input, analysis of vegetation spectra and convert the 2-byte integer data into floating point radiance forest health assessment from Hyperion data. Tentative values input image is divided by the scale factors in units of methodology adopted for the current study is shown in Fig. 3. µW/cm2/nm/sr. For this current study, the gain values are 1000 as the data are radiance units (W/m2/lm/sr) multiplied by 100 Fig. 4. 13828 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 18 (2018) pp. 13826-13832 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Since we know the zones representing the different spectral composition from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), Johns Hopkins University (JHU) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) spectral library as model spectra, the curve pattern and the absorption zone were also considered Fig. 5. This helped in identifying the different type of spectra in the study area. In the next step, data were classified using SAM. This method calculates the similarity of the two spectra by the angle between them, which is treated as the vectors in a space with dimensionally equal to its number of bands (Campbell 2009). The endmembers collected and derived from the image are used as an input for SAM classification. The angle between the endmember spectrum vector and each pixel, vector in n-dimensional euclidean space has been compared. In simple concept, the smaller the angle, the closer and equivalent Figure 4 (a) False color composite shows spectra of location matches to the reference spectrum. SAM classification works point (b) Spectral Profile without FLAASH (c) Spectral on the reflectance data that are pre-processed and Profile with FLAASH atmospherically corrected. Hyperspectral imaging has a huge quantity of data with narrow contiguous bands. However, it is not required to use all these bands for identifying and differentiating the spectra Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and Forest with in them because of its error in some bands (Folkman health assessment 2001). For the spectra based classification it is necessary to To determine the density of live green vegetation on a patch collect the endmembers from image. To attain this basic of land the NDVI is calculated from reflectance bands by procedure followed is using Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) these individual measurements (Rouse et al. 1973; Souza
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