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The Shakespeare Company Staff Cast & Artistic Director Jeff Watkins Creative Director of Education and Training Laura Cole Team Development Director Rivka Levin Director – J.L. Reed Education Staff Kati Grace Brown, Tony Brown, Andrew Houchins, Adam King, Playwright- Christopher Scott Rushing Amanda Lindsey, Samantha Smith

Acting Company- Box Office Manager Becky Cormier Finch Destiny Freeman Aaron Schilling Marketing Manager Jeanette Meierhofer O'Neil Delapenha Sarah Beth Hester Company Manager Joe Rossidivito

Understudies- Unless otherwise noted, photos appearing in this study guide are Tatyana Arrington courtesy of Jeff Watkins. Jacob McKee Joshua Goodridge Study guide by Samantha Smith and Kati Kat Altman Grace Brown

Set Designer- Andrew Houchins The Atlanta Shakespeare Company 499 Peachtree St NE Costume Designers- Atlanta GA 30308 Laura Cole and Kati Grace Brown

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WILLIAM 2016 was the four hundredth anniversary of Shakespeare's death, and SHAKESPEARE celebrations honoring Shakespeare (1564-1616) wrote thirty- Shakespeare's plays were popular with Shakespeare's contribution seven plays, which have become staples all types of people, including the two to literature took place of classrooms and theatre performances monarchs who ruled during his around the world. across the world. lifetime: Elizabeth I (1533-1603) and

James I (1566-1625). The son of a glove-maker, Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he received a strong education in Shakespeare found both artistic and co- Latin and rhetoric at the local school. mmercial success through his writing. “He was not of an He married Anne Hathaway in 1582, He amassed a sizable fortune, acquired and they had three children: Susanna, valuable real estate in Stratford, and age, but for all Hamnet, and Judith. purchased a coat of arms, which gave time." him and his father the right be called By 1592, Shakespeare had journeyed gentlemen. Shakespeare was well-known - Ben Jonson on to , where he became an in England at the time of his death in extremely successful playwright and Shakespeare actor in the Lord Chamberlain's Men. 1616, and his fame only increased He profited from being a shareholder in following the publication of his plays in the Globe after its construction in 1599. The in 1623.

Shakespeare: Did You Know? Shakespeare's Reception and Legacy While Shakespeare enjoyed great popularity in his time, he did not escape some criticism. Robert Greene, a jealous contemporary writer, warned Shakespeare’s fellow playwrights, Thomas Nashe, George Peele, and , that Shakespeare “‘supposes he is well able to bombast out blank verse as the best of you; and...is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in the country’” (Dunton-Downer 11). While Shakespeare received some criticism in the following centuries for the inconsistent quality of his plays, most critics have looked on Shakespeare very favorably. Similarly, while his popularity has risen and fallen over the years, Shakespeare has been predominantly popular and well- loved by readers. Shakespeare was so popular in certain eras like the Victorian era that critics came up with the word to describe intense admiration of Shakespeare. Shakespeare is proving very popular in modern times as well. His plays are performed across the world and they have been adapted into successful films Photo Credit: Folger Shakespeare Library and television series.

Shakespeare penned 884,647 words and 118,406 lines. Did Shakespeare write his own plays? Yes. Over the years, people have made arguments that Shakespeare’s plays were actually written by Sir Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, and Edward de Vere. However, scholars firmly believe that Shakespeare wrote his own plays, citing at least fifty references in Photo Credit: Samantha Smith Photo Credit: British Library Elizabethan and Jacobean texts that connect Shakespeare to his plays. Scholars also cite the fact that Shakespeare's Handwriting Shakespeare's Last Wish the actors John Hemminge and Henry Condell, who put The only record that we have Shakespeare was buried in 1616 at together the First Folio, and Ben Jonson, a of Shakespeare’s handwriting Holy Trinity Church in Stratford. His contemporary playwright who wrote the dedication of is a play script of Sir Thomas grave reads “Good friend for Jesus the First Folio, all credit Shakespeare with authorship of More (above), which sake forebeare, to dig the dust his own plays. Shakespeare helped revise in encloased here: blesete be [the] man Did Shakespeare get along with his wife? 1603. Shakespeare added at [that] spares these stones, and curst be least 147 lines to the play. His he [that] moves my bones” Probably, but we’ll never know for sure. handwriting was not ("Shakespeare FAQ"). However, a Shakespeare spent a lot of time away from his wife, necessarily bad but it is hard to recent radar scan suggests that Anne, but that was because he needed to spend time decipher for modern-day Shakespeare’s head might have been in London to build his career. In his will, readers who are not experts in stolen by grave robbers. Shakespeare left Anne the family’s “‘second best Elizabethan paleography, the bed’” ("Shakespeare FAQ"), but he was not snubbing study of old handwriting. his wife because that bed would have been the one that he and Anne shared. Understanding the Characters in Journey's End And their Twelfth Night counterpart

Cora Hyacinthum (later disguised as Curio) is a freed slave and cook in the Union Army. (later disguised as Cesario)

Olive is a wealthy, young, Southern woman. , a noblewoman, beloved of , who mistakenly falls in love with Viola while she is in disguise

Colonel Tristan is a Union Officer. Orsino, Duke of Illyria.

James and Bonnie are residents of Fannin County who aid Bastion Antonio, the pirate who aids Sebastian.

Tiberius is a wounded Union Soldier who aids Cora after the train wreck. Ship Captain who helps Viola after the ship wreck.

Andrew Yellowchik is a suitor to Olive. , the clownish suitor to Olivia.

Doctor is a Union doctor who attends on Curio and discovers the she is a woman disguising herself as a man. Feste is Olivia's court jester who is also the first person to discover the disguise and attempts to heal the emotions of those around him with music.

Bastian is Cora's twin brother who becomes separated from her. Sebastian is Viola's twin brother who ends up marrying Olivia.

Mallery is a freed slave who continues to work for wages in Olive's house. is a servant in Olivia's household, hated by his co-workers who play a trick on him to make him believe Olivia is in love with him.

Understanding the plot of Twelfth Night Act One speak with the Countess and refuses to leave until he is granted an Orsino, the Duke of Illyria, wallows in his lovesickness for the beautiful audience with her. Olivia reluctantly consents to see the messenger, Countess Olivia, elaborating on her many virtues and bemoaning her and both she and put on black veils. hasty decision to shut herself away in her house for seven years to mourn the recent death of her brother. Disguised as Cesario, Viola begins to give her speech praising Olivia

but, disinclined to waste her speech on a woman who is not Olivia, Meanwhile, the survivors of a shipwreck have come on shore in Illyria. stops to beg Olivia to identify herself. Olivia agrees to listen to Viola, a well-to-do lady, worries over the fate of her beloved twin Cesario’s message alone and even unveils her face; Viola praises brother, Sebastian. The captain of the ship comforts her, saying that he Olivia’s great beauty while accusing her of being too proud. After last saw Sebastian swimming ably above the waves before disappearing Olivia protests once again that she cannot love Orsino, Viola declares from view. The captain speaks about the court of Duke Orsino, and that she cannot understand Olivia’s denial and delivers an Viola determines that she will pose as a young man and work as a page impassioned speech of all that she would do to gain Olivia’s love if in Orsino’s court. Viola's choice to pretend to be a boy is fueled by her she loved her as much as Orsino does. Olivia is moved by the understanding that a single woman without the protection of a male eloquence and ardor of Viola’s words and, full-heartedly believing family member in a new land is a target for unsolicited male attention Viola to be the male page Cesario, begins to develop a crush on and even attack. “him.” Olivia repeats how she will never love Orsino, and she asks

Viola to return the next day to tell her about Orsino’s reaction to her In Olivia’s household, the boisterous Sir Toby is astounded that his rejection. When Viola leaves, Olivia expresses her surprise in her niece, Olivia, plans to mourn her brother for such an extended period of sudden and intense affection for Cesario. To ensure that Cesario time. Maria, Olivia’s maid, admonishes Sir Toby to be more respectful returns, Olivia takes off one of her rings and orders Malvolio to of Olivia’s grief and to limit his seemingly unending partying. Sir return it to the young man, explaining that Cesario gave it to her and Toby’s foolish and fun-loving friend, Sir Andrew, complains that he has that Malvolio should instruct the page to return to her house the next been unable to successfully woo Olivia and vows to leave, but Sir Toby day to learn the reasons why she will not accept it. convinces him to remain at Olivia’s house for another month.

Act Two In just three days, Viola, posing as the page Cesario, has secured the In another part of Illyria, Viola’s twin brother Sebastian laments confidence of Orsino, who entrusts his new page to bring his declaration Viola’s death to his friend Antonio, a sea captain who saved him of love to Olivia. Viola laments the task because she has fallen in love from the shipwreck. After some convincing, Sebastian accepts with Orsino, but she cannot tell him if she wants to maintain her ruse. Antonio’s request to be his servant. When Sebastian expresses his

intention to go to Orsino’s court, Antonio explains that he must be At Olivia’s house, Maria berates the fool, Feste, for his absence. Feste vigilant in Illyria because he is still wanted for fighting Orsino’s men banters with Olivia, attempting to convince her not to be so sad for her many years ago during a sea battle. brother because his soul enjoys all the benefits of heaven. Malvolio brings word to Olivia that a young messenger from Orsino demands to Back near Olivia’s house, Malvolio catches up to Viola, still posing as Cesario, and gives her the ring. When he leaves, Viola bemoans Cesario, and Viola, as Cesario, responds that she will never give the love triangle that her disguise has engendered; Olivia has accidentally her heart to a woman and that she will not come again to woo fallen in love with Cesario, who is really a woman in disguise; Viola is in Olivia for Orsino. The besotted Olivia implores Cesario to return love with Orsino but cannot tell him because she is pretending to be soon. Cesario; and Orsino is still filled with unrequited love for Olivia. Viola concludes that only time can remedy this situation. Sir Andrew is outraged that Olivia shows more interest in Orsino’s page than she does in him, a better-ranked nobleman, and he vows Late at night in Olivia’s house, Sir Toby and Sir Andrew are causing a to leave her house at once. Fabian suggests that Olivia is only ruckus with their carousing, especially when they ask Feste to sing a song trying to make Sir Andrew jealous and Sir Toby, eager to retain his that rouses Maria and Malvolio from their beds. After Malvolio is haughty companion, suggests that Sir Andrew challenge Cesario to a duel. and discourteous to Sir Toby, Maria comes up with a plan to convince To everyone’s delight, Maria brings word that Malvolio has Malvolio that Olivia is in love with him and then humiliate him. followed all the instructions in her letter and is acting ridiculously, and they all leave to mock him. At his court, the still love-sick Orsino listens to music while talking with Cesario. As Cesario, Viola draws on her own experience of loving Orsino Elsewhere in the town, Sebastian yearns to see more of Illyria. but not being able to confess her love to fashion a story about her sister Antonio, wary of being recognized in town, declines to explore who died of unspoken love for a man. The melancholy Orsino sends with him but gives his friend some money, and Sebastian promises Cesario again to Olivia’s house to plead with Olivia on his behalf. to meet him soon at a lodging called the Elephant.

At Olivia’s house, Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, Fabian, and Maria gather to At her house, Olivia calls for Malvolio, who appears in an observe what Malvolio will do when he discovers the forged letter from outrageous outfit featuring the cross-gartered yellow stockings that Olivia, actually written by Maria, claiming that she loves him. Malvolio is Maria dictated in her letter. When Malvolio behaves strangely, in the midst of an elaborate day dream in which he envisions all the acting inappropriately amorous and quoting Maria’s letter to benefits that would come from his increased social station if he could marry Olivia, she believes that he is mad and instructs a servant to tell Sir Olivia; he particularly relishes in the fantasy of ridiculing Sir Toby. Toby to look after Malvolio. Malvolio sees this as an opportunity Malvolio discovers the letter, which he believes bears the writing of Olivia, to carry out the letter’s instruction to be hostile towards Olivia’s and he marvels at Olivia’s supposed declaration of her love for him and kinsmen, and so he antagonizes Sir Toby by being haughty and agrees to follow her instructions to be rude to her kinsmen and testy with brusque with him. Sir Toby, delighting in the chance to get back at the servants, to wear yellow stockings cross-gartered, and to smile the man who has so frequently criticized his fun-loving lifestyle to constantly at her. Olivia, declares that Malvolio should be tied up and put in a dark room against his will. Act Three As Cesario, Viola banters with Feste, Sir Toby, and Sir Andrew as she Sir Andrew then arrives with his written challenge to fight Cesario approaches Olivia’s house. When inside, Olivia professes her love for in a duel, but Sir Toby, knowing his friend’s letter will be too polite, takes it upon himself to married. When Sebastian and Viola challenge Cesario on Sir Andrew’s are side by side, everyone is amazed behalf. After Viola, posing as Cesario, "CESARIO, COME- by their similarity. The siblings trade finishes rebuffing Olivia’s FOR SO YOU SHALL BE stories of their shared childhood to love once again, Sir Toby approaches WHILE YOU ARE A MAN; verify their respective identities and her and embellishes Sir Andrew’s skill BUT WHEN IN OTHER joyfully embrace, thrilled to be in dueling and his anger with Cesario. reunited. Viola reveals that she is Although neither Viola nor Sir Andrew HABITS YOU ARE SEEN, actually a woman and has only been really want to fight, they are coerced ORSINO'S MISTRESS, posing as the page Cesario in into doing so by Sir Toby and Fabian. AND HIS FANCY'S Orsino’s household. Sebastian gently Viola looks so similar to her brother QUEEN" (5.1.372-375). pokes fun at Olivia for having been that, when Viola and Sir Andrew draw tricked by Viola’s disguise, while their swords, Antonio suddenly steps endured being locked in a dark room to treat his supposed Orsino renounces his love for Olivia in to defend Viola, whom he believes madness. Feste pretends to be the priest Sir Topas and and announces his intention to marry is Sebastian. When officers arrest torments the desperately unhappy Malvolio by insisting that Viola, whom he loves, as soon as she Antonio and Viola is unable to furnish Malvolio’s affliction is the result of evil spirits. When Feste changes back into women’s clothes. the money Antonio gave to her brother addresses Malvolio as himself, he makes fun of him but earlier, Antonio curses Sebastian for eventually does Malvolio the favor of giving him pen and These happy events are interrupted ingratitude and inconstancy. After paper to write Olivia about his mistreatment. when Feste brings a letter to Olivia hearing her brother’s name, Viola, still from Malvolio, who writes that he confused about the situation, hopes At Olivia’s house, Sebastian is overjoyed by Olivia’s only acted the way he did because of desperately that Sebastian is alive. attention but wonders if either he or Olivia has gone mad what she wrote in her letter and that After Viola flees, Sir Toby and Fabian because Olivia’s love for him, a stranger, makes little he has been greatly mistreated by Sir encourage Sir Andrew to finish his sense. Despite this confusion, when Olivia asks Sebastian Toby. When Olivia summons duel with Cesario. to go to the chapel and become officially engaged to her, he Malvolio, he hands her Maria's letter, agrees. which Olivia denies writing, and Act Four Fabian is forced to explain that Sebastian is perplexed when Feste Act Five Maria created the deception to mock approaches him, calls him Cesario, and Orsino arrives at Olivia’s house to make another plea for the haughty servant and that Sir brings him a message from Olivia. He her love. When officers bring in Antonio, Orsino accuses Toby has since married Maria. is even more baffled when Sir Andrew him of being a thief and a pirate; Antonio denies these Malvolio vows to be revenged on and Sir Toby draw their swords on him accusations but admits that he drew his sword in defense of everyone who hurt him. in a seemingly unprovoked attack. Cesario, whom he still believes to be the ungrateful Olivia’s arrival stops the duel; she Sebastian. Olivia again rebuffs Orsino’s declaration of love, Orsino announces that he and Viola harshly chastises Sir Toby and and when she calls Cesario “husband” and begs him to stay will wed on the same day as Olivia implores Sebastian, believing him to with her, Orsino is enraged and Viola is perplexed. An and Sebastian, and the happy couples be Cesario, to come with her into her injured Sir Andrew cries that he and Sir Toby have been leave to talk more about what has house. hurt by Cesario, a claim that the confused Viola refutes. transpired since the shipwreck that brought Viola and Sybastian to Maria, Feste, and Sir Toby conspire to Soon Sebastian arrives and begs Olivia’s forgiveness for Illyria, as Feste sings a final song. further torment Malvolio, who has hurting her kinsmen so soon after they were engaged to be CORA/ CURIO: PERFORMING GENDER IN JOURNEY'S END ADAPTING When Twelfth Night was first performed by Shakespeare's all-male company at the Middle Temple, a London law school, in February 1602 THE STORY after Shakespeare wrote the play in 1601, Viola would have been played by a male actor. Like Shakespeare's 1599 play , which TRAIN WRECK REPLACES SHIPWRECK featured a male actor portraying the female character Rosalind, who pretends to be a young man named Ganymede, the original performances In Journey's End the twins Bastian and Cora are separated when, while of Twelfth Night also necessitated that a male actor play a woman, Viola, assisting the undercover Union soldiers in destroying the railroad tracks who plays a man, Cesario. The success of early performances of Twelfth connecting Atlanta with the outside world., a solider fires a bullet into a Night greatly depended on how adept the actor playing Viola/Cesario was train car full of gun powder being shipped in from Augusta. in executing convincing transformations between man, woman, and man A note from the playwright on the dramatization of this sequeince of again. Women were allowed to perform professionally on the stage in events: " Some liberties were taken in order to entertain. For example, England in 1660, and modern productions naturally feature talented James J. Andrews was a spy and he did commandeer a train in . female actors playing Shakespeare's female roles, but it is worth thinking But it happened in 1862 not in 1864. Please forgive me for manipulating about the complex reality of performing Twelfth Night during the timeline in order to note prominent events." Shakespeare's lifetime.

ATLANTA INSTEAD OF ILLYRIA There were many cross-dressing women in both the Union and William Shakespeare's play Twelfth Night is set in a place called Illyria, Confederate armies during the Civil War. Cora 's character is specifically close to or on he coast of a major ocean. The real Illyria was located near inspired by a Missouri woman named Cathay Williams. the coast of the Adriatic Sea, in the Northwestern region of the Balkan Peninsula. The fictional Illyria of Twelfth Night is an ideal setting for the Questions to consider in your classroom: play because the place, like the characters, is unusual. What would have been the benefit for a young woman to dress as a man Christopher Scott Rushing's adaptation of the Twelfth Night story takes in Viola's situation at the beginning of Twelfth Night? What are her place in and around Atlanta immediately preceding Sherman's march to motivations? the sea during the Civil War. What is the benefit for Cora to dress as a man in Journey's End? Question to consider in your classroom: How are these motives the same across these locations and time periods? Why do you think the Atlanta Shakespeare Company Education How are they the same? Department commissioned this play to be written in order to be performed for students in Georgia?

ACCENTS IN JOURNEY'S END When the Atlanta Shakespeare Company performs plays by William Shakespeare, the actors utilize their natural voices and accents rather than adopting a British accent. Characters are given accents only when the dialect is written into the text of that character, such as in the case of Doctor Caius (French) or Sir Hugh Evans (Welsh) in The Merry Wives of Windsor . Due to the evolutionary language of speech and accents over time, English speakers during Shakespeare's day would have actually sounding more like contemporary Americans from the the Appalachian region rather than a modern day person from Great Britain. A note from the playwright about accents in Journey's End: Clarity and storytelling take precedence. Accent work can be used to help the actor show the difference between different characters. Cora, Bastian, Mallery, and James all speak with a sharper southern twang. Tristan is well spoken and has a bit of a North Eastern tone to his speech. Olive speaks in “high southern” (think Scarlett O’Hara) For Andrew .. imagine Foghorn Leghorn. Notes on the historical figures presented in Journey's End

John Gatewood John P. Gatewood and his murderous gang comprised probably the best- known guerrilla force operating in north Georgia. Gatewood never received official state sanction, but he might have operated periodically under Wheeler's authority. Although most of Gatewood's numerous victims were U.S. soldiers or Unionist civilians, his men sometimes brutalized even Confederate sympathizers.

William Tecumseh Sherman an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. He served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–65), for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the scorched earthpolicies he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States. Sherman captured Atlanta on September 2, 1864 before beginning his March to the Sea that November. He brought 62,000 men to the port of Savannah, Georgia, living off the land and causing, by his own estimate, more than $100 million in property damage. Sherman then offered President Lincoln the city of Savannah as William Tecumseh Sherman a Christmas present. National Archives and Records Administratio Bibliography Bladen, Victoria. : Text Guide. Sydney, Australia: Insight Publications, 2010. Print.

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