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Conservative Parties and the Birth of Democracy
Conservative Parties and the Birth of Democracy How do democracies form and what makes them die? Daniel Ziblatt revisits this timely and classic question in a wide-ranging historical narrative that traces the evolution of modern political democracy in Europe from its modest beginnings in 1830s Britain to Adolf Hitler’s 1933 seizure of power in Weimar Germany. Based on rich historical and quantitative evidence, the book offers a major reinterpretation of European history and the question of how stable political democracy is achieved. The barriers to inclusive political rule, Ziblatt finds, were not inevitably overcome by unstoppable tides of socioeconomic change, a simple triumph of a growing middle class, or even by working class collective action. Instead, political democracy’s fate surprisingly hinged on how conservative political parties – the historical defenders of power, wealth, and privilege – recast themselves and coped with the rise of their own radical right. With striking modern parallels, the book has vital implications for today’s new and old democracies under siege. Daniel Ziblatt is Professor of Government at Harvard University where he is also a resident fellow of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies. He is also currently Fernand Braudel Senior Fellow at the European University Institute. His first book, Structuring the State: The Formation of Italy and Germany and the Puzzle of Federalism (2006) received several prizes from the American Political Science Association. He has written extensively on the emergence of democracy in European political history, publishing in journals such as American Political Science Review, Journal of Economic History, and World Politics. -
The Ashgate Research Companion to Imperial Germany ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION
ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION THE ASHGatE RESEarCH COMPANION TO IMPERIAL GERMANY ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION The Ashgate Research Companions are designed to offer scholars and graduate students a comprehensive and authoritative state-of-the-art review of current research in a particular area. The companions’ editors bring together a team of respected and experienced experts to write chapters on the key issues in their speciality, providing a comprehensive reference to the field. The Ashgate Research Companion to Imperial Germany Edited by MattHEW JEFFERIES University of Manchester, UK © Matthew Jefferies 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Matthew Jefferies has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editor of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East 110 Cherry Street Union Road Suite 3-1 Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818 Surrey, GU9 7PT USA England www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Ashgate research companion to Imperial Germany / edited by Matthew Jefferies. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4094-3551-8 (hardcover) – ISBN 978-1-4094-3552-5 -
Chapter Thirty-Eight 'Militia and Disarmament' (August 1912) Paul
Chapter Thirty-Eight ‘Militia and Disarmament’ (August 1912) Paul Lensch In 1912 the author of this article, Paul Lensch (1873– 1926), was one of the main anti-revisionist spokes- men of the Left, whose positions he had defended at party conferences in Essen (1907), Jena (1911) and Chemnitz (1912). From 1908 to 1913, Lensch served as chief editor of the Leipziger Volkszeitung, and in 1912 he was elected to the German Reichstag for the SPD. He opposed war-credits in October 1914 but later changed his view. In 1915, the Lensch- Cunow-Haenisch group was formed with the pur- pose of endorsing German imperialism on Marxist grounds, especially through their organ Die Glocke (‘The Bell’), edited by Parvus. As an Anglophobe, Lensch regarded Germany as the ‘revolutionary’ side in the conflict, with England as the ‘counter- revolutionary’. When the SPD split in October 1917, Lensch became one of the journalistic spokesmen of the SPD-majority grouped around Friedrich Ebert. In November 1918, he played an important role as a contact-man between the Council of People’s Repre- sentatives and the military leadership. Lensch then withdrew from party politics and, in 1919, received a professorship of economics at the University of Berlin through his friend, the Prussian Minister of 562 • Paul Lensch Culture Konrad Haenisch. He also worked as a foreign-policy correspondent for the Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, a journal belonging to the concern of Hugo Stinnes. In 1922, Lensch left the SPD and became increasingly associated with conservative opponents of Social Democracy until his death in 1926.1 The article translated here dates from Lensch’s radical early years, when he challenged Karl Kautsky for proposing disarmament agreements as the appropriate tactical response to imperialism. -
Selected Biographies
Selected Biographies Abramovitch, A.E. (pseud. Albrecht) (1888–?) – Bolshevik, from 1911 in Switzerland, contact with Lenin, 1917 return to Russia, 1919 Comintern tasks in Berlin and Munich, 1920–21 in France (pseud. Salewski), 1921 headed Comintern news service, 1925–30 Comintern secretariat in Moscow. Alpári, Gyula (Julius) (1882–1944) – 1891 Hungarian Socialist Party, 1902 editor of its central organ Nepszava, 1910 expelled, 1919 Hungarian Communist Party, head of press commission and deputy people’s commissar for foreign affairs in the Hungarian Soviet Republic, from September 1919 often illegally in Germany, Switzerland and France, del- egate to the Third, Fourth, Fifth and Seventh Congresses of the Comintern, 1921–39 editor-in-chief of Inprekorr and its successor Rundschau, 1940 arrested by Gestapo in Paris, solitary confinement in Sachsenhausen, murdered. Balabanova, Angelica (1877–1965) – left Russia 1897, Italian Socialist Party, 1912–14 editor of Avanti, 1917 return to Russia (in Lenin’s ‘sealed train’), 1919 delegate to Comin- tern founding congress, first secretary of ECCI, left Soviet Russia 1922, 1923 Vienna, 1925 Paris, 1936–46 USA, 1947 return to Italy. Barth, Emil (1879–1941) – plumber, from 1914 SPD and union official, 1915 soldier, from 1916 head of plumbers’ section in Berlin’s engineering union, 1917 USPD, 1918 chair of Berlin revolutionary shop stewards, November 1918 on executive of workers’ and sol- diers’ councils, November/December 1918 member of people’s executive council, the provisional government led by Ebert, 1921 SPD, 1921–24 secretary then president of the Berlin central factory council, 1933 imprisoned. Bebel, August (1840–1913) – master carpenter in Leipzig, 1869 co-founder SDAP (prede- cessor of SPD), 1872 two years’ imprisonment, until 1913 president of SPD. -
The Reform of Higher Education Systems and the Concept of Lifelong Learning
The Reform of Higher Education Systems and the Concept of Lifelong Learning A comparative study of German and Armenian universities in the Bologna Process Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt dem Rat der Fakult¨at f¨ur Sozial- und Verhaltenswissenschaften der Friedrich-Schiller-Universit¨at Jena von Hasmik Hunanyan geboren am 21.04.1977 in Jerewan, Armenien Gutachter 1. Prof. Dr. Martha Friedenthal-Haase 2. Prof. Dr. Elisabeth Meilhammer Tag des Kolloquiums: 12.11.2010 Contents TitlePage.................................... i TableofContents................................ iii ListofFigures.................................. vii Acknowledgments................................ viii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 ResearchTopic .............................. 1 1.2 ResearchApproach ............................ 11 1.3 RelevancetoResearchandPractice . 13 1.4 StructureoftheThesis .......................... 16 2 Methodology 18 2.1 ResearchDesign.............................. 18 2.2 Cross-CountryComparison. 19 2.3 Selection of Cases for the Cross-Country Comparison . .. 25 2.4 Interview as a Method of Qualitative Research . 28 2.4.1 Purposesofinterviews . .. .. 28 2.4.2 The type of the interviews conducted . 30 2.4.3 Selection of interviewees . 34 2.4.4 Reflexions on the limitations of interviews as research method 35 2.5 The Case-Oriented Comparative Research Scheme . 36 3 The Bologna Process 40 3.1 Introduction................................ 40 iii Contents iv 3.2 MagnaChartaUniversitatum . 41 3.3 SorbonneDeclaration(1998). 43 3.4 BolognaDeclaration(1999) . 49 3.5 Lisbon, Salamanca, G¨oteborg, or other cities that matter . .... 53 3.6 PragueCommuniqu´e(2001) . 60 3.7 BerlinCommuniqu´e(2003). 62 3.8 BergenCommuniqu´e(2005) . 68 3.9 LondonCommuniqu´e(2007) . 73 3.10 Leuven/Louvain–la–Neuve Communiqu´e(2009) . 76 3.11Conclusions ................................ 80 4 The German System of Higher Education 85 4.1 HistoricalContext ........................... -
Comparing Ancient History Textbooks of Imperial
COMPARING ANCIENT HISTORY TEXTBOOKS OF IMPERIAL GERMANY AND THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC A thesis submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Hans-Henning Bunge December 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………….iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………iv Chapter Introduction………………………………………………………………………..1 I. Humanistic education in Imperial Germany and the Weimar Republic……....10 II. Comparisons of ancient Greek and Roman history books……………………24 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….54 BIBLOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………...64 ii LIST OF TABLES Table I – Curricula of German Secondary Schools in 1901……………………………17 Table II – Imperial Period………………………………………………………………25 Table III – Weimar Republic……………………………………………………………38 i ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisors Dr. Steigmann-Gall, Associate Professor of History, Dr. Baranowski, Professor of History and Dr. Harp, Professor of History for their help, guidance and patience. Their continuous support enabled me to bring this thesis to a successful conclusion. I would like to specially thank my fellow student Ms. Monika Flaschka for proofreading my scripts with admirable patience. My wife, Ms. Gisela Bunge, has been very supportive and tolerated my seclusion while I was working on my thesis for wish I would very much like to thank i v Comparing Ancient History Textbooks of Imperial Germany and the Weimar Republic INTRODUCTION Hannibal’s tactics at Cannae were exemplary for overcoming a much larger force. The same plan allowed Germany to repeat his victory at Sedan and Tannenberg against a similarly superior foe. The glorious victories of Hannibal and of Germany in 1914 failed to lead to a positive outcome of each war because time favored his enemies as it did ours.1 By associating contemporary events with Antiquity this quote in a textbook of ancient Greek and Roman history illustrates how strongly the Bildungsbürgertum identified with these ancient cultures and the continuing influence of the humanistic education. -
GEN MS 27 Early 20Th-Century German Print Collection Finding Aid
University of Southern Maine USM Digital Commons Search the General Manuscript Collection Finding Aids General Manuscript Collection 8-2012 GEN MS 27 Early 20th-century German Print Collection Finding Aid Julie Cismoski University of Southern Maine Kristin D. Morris Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/manuscript_finding_aids Part of the European History Commons, German Literature Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Early 20th-century German Print Collection, Special Collections, University of Southern Maine Libraries. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the General Manuscript Collection at USM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Search the General Manuscript Collection Finding Aids by an authorized administrator of USM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MAINE LIBRARIES SPECIAL COLLECTIONS EARLY 20th-CENTURY GERMAN PRINT COLLECTION GEN MS 27 Total Boxes: 2 Linear Feet: 1.5 By Julie Cismoski and Kristin D. Morris Portland, Maine August 2012 Copyright 2012 by the University of Southern Maine 1 Administrative Information Provenance: The Early 20th-century German Print Collection was donated in 2012 by Karen S. Curley, whose father acquired the materials while serving in West Germany during the Cold War. Ownership and Literary Rights: The Early 20th-century German Print Collection is the physical property of the University of Southern Maine Libraries. Literary rights, including copyright, belong to the creator or her/his legal heirs and assigns. For further information, consult the Head of Special Collections. Cite as: Early 20th-century German Print Collection, Special Collections, University of Southern Maine Libraries. -
German Youth 1900 – 1933 from Emancipation to Radicalization
German Youth 1900 – 1933 From Emancipation to Radicalization By Rijk Eric Mollema V00830119 A Graduating Essay Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in the Honours Programme For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts In the Department Of History with a Minor in European Studies The University of Victoria April 4th, 2017 1 Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………2 Abbreviations………………………………………………...……………………………3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..4 Section One: Emancipation………………………………………………………………..7 Section Two: Transformation……………………………………………………………15 Section Three: Politicization……………………………………………………………..19 Section Four: Polarization………………………………………………………………..26 Section Five: Radicalization……………………………………………………………..32 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….39 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………..40 Tables……………………………………………………………………………………43 2 Abstract This thesis provides a survey of the German youth movement from 1900 to 1933. The purpose of the research is to identity how youth was conceptualized, organized, and consolidated within the Weimar Republic (1918 – 1933). I present the argument that the German youth movement evolved in five distinct phases: Emancipation (1900 – 1917), Transformation (1918 – 1919), Politicization (1920 – 1924), Polarization (1925 – 1928), and Radicalization (1929 – 1933). Furthermore, I argue that the youth movement was divided between bourgeois and working-class elements that significantly influenced the later organization of youth in Weimar. The division became increasingly -
The Socialist Response to Antisemitism in Imperial Germany
P1: KDA/OSZ P2:KDA/OSZ QC:KDA 0521875528pre CUNY754/Fischer 0 521 87552 8 January 19, 2007 15:50 The Socialist Response to Antisemitism in Imperial Germany What set antisemites apart from anti-antisemites in Imperial Germany was not so much what they thought about ‘the Jews’, but what they thought should be done about them. Like most anti-antisemites, German Social Democrats felt that the antisemites had a point but took matters too far. In fact, Socialist anti-antisemitism often did not hinge on the antisemites’ anti-Jewish orientation at all. Even when it did, the Socialists’ arguments generally did more to consolidate than subvert generally accepted notions regarding ‘the Jews’. By focusing on a broader set of perceptions accepted by both antisemites and anti-antisemites and drawing a variety of new sources into the debate, this study offers a startling reinterpretation of seemingly well-rehearsed issues, including the influence of Karl Marx’s ‘Zur Juden- frage’ and the positions of various leading Social Democrats (Franz Mehring, Eduard Bernstein, August Bebel, Wilhelm Liebknecht, Karl Kautsky, Rosa Luxemburg) and their peers. Lars Fischer holds a BA in Modern History with First Class Honours (2000) from Queen Mary and Westfield College (University of London) and a PhD (2003) from University College London (UCL), where he is Lecturer in German History in the German Department and an Honorary Research Fellow in the Hebrew and Jewish Studies Department. He previously held a Lectureship in Modern European History at King’s College London. This is his first book. i Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. -
Communism and Social Democracy
COMMUNISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY PART I A HISTORY OF SOCIALIST THOUGHT: Volume IV, Part I COMMUNISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 1914-1931 BY G. D. H. COLE LONDON M A C M IL L A N & CO L T D NEW YORK • ST MARTIN’S PRESS 1958 Copyright © G. D. H. Cole 1958 MACMILLAN AND COMPANY LIMITED London Bombay Calcutta Madras Melbourne THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA LIMITED Toronto ST MARTIN’S PRESS INC New York PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN PREFACE h a v e again to acknowledge the ungrudging help given me by many friends in the making of this volume. Three Ipersons for whose judgment I have a high respect — Mr. H. N. Brailsford, Professor Sir Isaiah Berlin, and Mr. Julius Braunthal — read through the entire manuscript and gave me advice that led me to make many corrections and modifications in the opinions expressed. I am again most grateful to them all. I have also many other persons to thank for help with particular chapters, especially in filling in missing dates of births and deaths — for I attach considerable importance to knowing how old my characters were when they did anything worthy of note. Among those who helped me in this respect are M. J. Maitron of the Institut Franyais D ’Histoire Sociale and M. Maurice Dommanget, for France; Dr. Gerhard Gleissberg and Frau Ruth Gleissberg, for Germany ; Mr. Lloyd Ross, for Australia ; Dr. J. P. L. Wiessing, for Holland ; M. Rene Renard, for Belgium ; Mr. Branko Pribicevic, for Yugoslavia ; Mr. S. K. Evangelides, for Greece ; Professor Iwao Ayusawa, for Japan ; Senor Luis Henriquez, for Chile ; Mr. -
The Spartacist Uprising of 1919
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Marquette University Press Publications 1958 The Spartacist Uprising of 1919 Eric Waldman Ph.D Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/mupress-book THE SPARTACIST UPRISING MARQUETTE GERMAN STUDIES I The Spartacist Marquette German Studies, l Uprising of 1919 and the crisis of the German Socialist Movement: A study of the relation of political theory and party practice ERIC WALDMAN, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Political Science at Marquette University PRESS • MILWAUKEE �. MARQUETTE GERMAN SnmIES are published under the direction of the Institute of German Affairs of Marquette University. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-7265 @ Copyright, 1958, MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY PRESS, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Manufactured in the United States of America Acknowledgment T 1s A well known truism that most books reflect not only the effort of the author but an accumulation of thought and Istudy by many others who have completed research and publica tion in the same general area of investigation. This book is no exception to the rule, and the author has made extensive use of many excellent studies concerned with German political and his torical developments. No effort has been made to repeat descrip tive material found elsewhere, although references in the foot notes will direct the reader to more detailed historical studies. It is impossible to acknowledge our obligations to all of those who have directly or indirectly assisted with the writing of this study. However, the author's intellectual indebtedness to his for mer teacher, Professor Wolfgang H. Kraus, is of such magnitude that is must be foremost as we acknowledge assistance, advice, and constructive criticism. -
Germany's Cultural Ideology of Bildung
GERMANY’S CULTURAL IDEOLOGY OF BILDUNG 1870-1945 A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Hans-Henning Bunge August, 2015 © Copyright All rights reserved except for previously published materials. Dissertation written by Hans-Henning Bunge M.S. Lack Igenieur Schule, Germany M.A., Kent State University Ph.D., Kent State University, 2015 Approved by _________________________, History, Chair Doctoral Dissertation Committee Richard Steigmann-Gall _________________________, History, Member, Doctoral Committee Timothy Scarnecchia _________________________, University of Akron, Member, Doctoral Committee Shelley Baranowski _________________________, Geology, Member, Doctoral Committee Alison Smith _________________________, Graduate Faculty Representative Sue Ellen Wright Accepted by _________________________, Chair, Department of History Kenneth Bindas _________________________, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences James Blank TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... vi Chapter Page INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 Purpose of Dissertation ..............................................................................................3 Existing Literature