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The Ideology and Practices of Transnationalism in the Prussian East, 1871-1914

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The Ideology and Practices of Transnationalism in the Prussian East, 1871-1914 Nations in Synthesis: the Ideology and Practices of Transnationalism in the Prussian East, 1871-1914 Mark Jonathan Breedon Tilse UCL Degree: PhD 1 UMI Number: U59134B All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U591343 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 I, Mark Jonathan Breedon Tilse, confirm that the work presented in the thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract The subject of this thesis is the socio-political relationship between the German and Polish nationalities that inhabited the eastern Prussian provinces of Posen and West Prussia in the period 1871-1914. The thesis begins with an analysis of the paradigms hitherto employed to interpret the German-Polish relationship in the region, as well as a discussion of the branch of nationalism studies concerning borderlands and regions to which this study belongs. The dominant paradigm, both in the period and in historiography, has been of ‘conflict’. A national conflict existed throughout most of the nineteenth century, featuring social, economic and political dimensions. This research advances a new paradigm of ‘synthesis’: the social interaction between Germans and Poles produced qualitatively new identities, social structures, and cultures which transgressed the national divide, and as such, contravened the logic of nationalism as it existed in the region. Consequently, this research posits a dichotomy between ‘national’ and ‘transnational’ categories, and this distinction informs the overall structure of the thesis. It is the aim of this study to examine the extent and socio-political significance of transnational modes of thought and behaviour in the provinces of Posen and West Prussia. This research results in a distinct and original conception of ‘transnationalism’ as deviation from national categories. The thesis therefore represents a contribution to the theory and semantics of transnationalism. It also simultaneously contributes to the understanding of nationalism by demonstratinglimits the of nationalism, as an ideology and as a principle of community, and the potential for alternative social units to the nation. The central question of the thesis is explored according to four main facets of the German-Polish relationship: language and semantics, regional politics, marriage and sexual bonds, and cultural institutions. This research is based upon a diverse, and largely original, range of German, Polish and English language source material. The types of primary source material used include newspapers and journals, government and police files, novels, histories and academic studies, contemporary statistics, and political writings, polemics and memoirs. 3 Acknowledgements This research has been generously supported by the University of London Central Research Fund, the German History Society, the Royal Historical Society, the Sir Richard Stapley Educational Trust, the UCL Graduate School, and the Marie Curie fellowship programme of the European Doctorate in the Social History of Europe and the Mediterranean- “Building on the Past”. The author is very grateful to these bodies for their interest and support, without which this work would have been considerably more difficult to complete. In addition, he wishes to acknowledge the dedicated care of his supervisor, Dr Mark Hewitson, as well as the many other individuals who have contributed time and effort to this project. Of these, special mention should be made of Dr Lars Fischer, Dr Matthias Strohn, Dr Daniel Rudolph, Johanna, Juliane, and Christa Wallbaum, and the partners and fellows of the European Doctorate in the Social History of Europe and the Mediterranean. 4 Contents List of Maps and Tables 7 Introduction 9 Part I- Nationalism 24 Chapter 1: The Logic of Nationalism in the Prussian East 25 (i) Origins of the Interface 25 (ii) The National Conflict 34 (iii) Solutions of the Polish Question 51 (iv) Conclusion 61 Chapter 2: The Nationalization of Culture 63 (i) Kultur and the State 63 (ii) Institutions of Higher Learning 69 (iii) Libraries 79 (iv) Theatres 87 (v) Conclusion 94 Part II- The Cultures of Transnationalism 96 Chapter 3: The Language and Semantics of Transnationalism 97 (i) Bilingualism 97 (ii) The Semantics of Nationalism 115 (iii) Conclusion 125 Chapter 4: Marriage and Sex across the National Divide 127 (i) Quantification and Methodology 128 (ii) The Primacy of Confession 140 (iii) Mixed Marriage, Nationalism, and Race 153 (iv) Conclusion 174 Part III- The Politics of Transnationalism 176 Chapter 5: The Politics of the ‘Catholic-Polish Axis’ 177 (i) Origin and Ethos 177 (ii) Structure of the Axis 181 (iii) The ‘Confessional Conflict’ 188 (iv) Conclusion 198 Chapter 6: Germans, Poles, and the Socialist Movement 200 (i) Ideology 200 5 (ii) Organisational Structure and Political Experience 209 (iii) Conclusion 227 Conclusion 230 Appendix 242 Bibliography 245 6 List of Maps and Tables Tables I Populations of the Regencies of Posen and West Prussia by Nationality and Confession in 1861- p. 38 II Populations of the Regencies of Posen and West Prussia by Nationality and Confession on 1 December 1890- p. 39 III Principal Employment in Posen, West Prussia, and the Prussian State, 1882- 1907- p .40 IV Distribution of Nationalities among Principal Occupational Groups in Posen, 1882-1907 (%)- p. 45 V Distribution of Nationalities among Principal Occupational Groups in West Prussia, 1882-1907 (%)- p. 46 VI Language Distribution in Posen and West Prussia, 1849-1910- p. 99 VII Language of Children in the Elementary Schools of Posen and West Prussia, 1886-1911-p. 114 VIII Polish-German Marriage in the City of Posen, 1815-1848- p. 130 IX Catholic-Protestant Marriage in the City of Posen, 1815-1848- p. 130 X Total Mixed-Confession Marriages between Protestants and Roman Catholics in Posen and West Prussia, 1870 -1910- p. 132 XI Mixed-Confession Marriages between Protestants and Roman Catholics in the Rural Communities, 1870-1910-p. 133 XII Mixed-Confession Marriages between Protestants and Roman Catholics in the Towns, 1870-1910-p. 134 XIII German and Polish Marriages in Posen in 1911- p. 136 XIV Marriages between Germans and Poles in the City of Posen, 1905-1914- p. 137 XV Marriages between Protestants and Catholics in the City of Posen, 1905-1914- p. 138 7 XVI Relative Frequency of Mixed-Confession Marriage according to Gender- p. 139 XVII Confessional Status of the Children of Catholic-Protestant Marriage in Prussia on 1 December 1885- p. 150 XVIII Population Change of Catholics and Protestants in the Regencies of Posen and West Prussia, 1871-1900-p. 179 XIX Reichstag Mandates-Posen, 1871-1912-p. 182 XX Reichstag Mandates-West Prussia, 1871-1912-p. 182 XXI Landtag Abgeordnetenhaus Mandates-Posen, 1867-1913- p. 183 XXII Landtag Abgeordnetenhaus Mandates-West Prussia, 1867-1913- p. 183 XXIII Social Democrat Membership in the Provinces of Central and Eastern Prussia, 1906-1914- p. 222 XXIV Denomination and the Social Democrat Vote for the Reichstag in 1907- p. 225 A 1 Reichstag Mandates-Posen and West Prussia, 1871 -1912- p. 242 Maps A2 German and Polish Settlement in Posen and West Prussia, circa 1913- p. 244 8 Introduction In the close confines of today’s city of Posen, Germans and Poles treat each other like foreigners. (Moritz Jaff6,1909).‘ Poles and Germans were divided as two completely inimical Peoples; there was no contact between them. (Eugen Kuhnemann, 1937).2 Poles and Germans are so mixed together that a political division would harm the one or the other people. (Dietrich Schafer, 1913).3 In the back of Schulze’s farm sheds, they’re kicking up a row, the Polish ox is dancing with the German cow!4 It was the paradox of German-Polish history that Germans and Poles were at once enemies and lovers, strangers and friends; multiple forms of interaction structured the national relationship as it existed in the German Empire. The problematic at the centre of this paradox was not only a matter of hermeneutics, but also of the viability of a particular mode of social existence: the nation. In the German-Polish provinces this question became ever more critical as the two principal nationalities became increasingly embroiled in conflict during the latter decades of the nineteenth century. A radical and highly significant feature of this dialectic was that certain individuals and groups came to deviate from national categories of thought and behaviour, effecting the creation of ‘transnational’ modes of existence. It is the formation and political significance of these transnational practices and ideologies which is the subject of this study. 1 M. Jaffe,Die Stadt Posen unter preussischer Herrschaft: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des deutschen Ostens (Leipzig, 1909), p. 407. 2 Eugen Kuhnemann was the first rector of the Posen Academy, opened in 1903 as part of the government’s Germanization programme of the eastern provinces. E. Kuhnemann,Mit unbefangener Stirn. Mein Lebensbuch (Heilbronn, 1937), p. 130. 3 Deutscher Ostmarkenverein,Die deutsche Ostmark (Lissa, 1913), p. 62. 4 ‘Hinter Schulze’s Schuppen da giht’s lustig zu, tanzt der pul’sche Ochse mit der deutschen Kuh’. Popular rhyme of 18th century origin. Quoted in R. Arnold,Geschichte der deutschen Polenliteratur von den Anfangen bis 1800 (Halle, 1900), p. 8. 9 In relation to the Prussian East, the national relationship has been understood according to a number of interpretative paradigms which have structured both contemporary and historical understanding.
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