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The Petrology and Geochemistry of Keweenawan Diabase Dikes in Ontonagon, Gogebic, Iron and Dickinson Counties, Michigan

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The Petrology and Geochemistry of Keweenawan Diabase Dikes in Ontonagon, Gogebic, Iron and Dickinson Counties, Michigan Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-1981 The Petrology and Geochemistry of Keweenawan Diabase Dikes in Ontonagon, Gogebic, Iron and Dickinson Counties, Michigan James J. Hahnenberg Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Hahnenberg, James J., "The Petrology and Geochemistry of Keweenawan Diabase Dikes in Ontonagon, Gogebic, Iron and Dickinson Counties, Michigan" (1981). Master's Theses. 1834. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1834 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF KEWEENAWAN DIABASE DIKES IN ONTONAGON, GOGEBIC, IRON AND DICKINSON COUNTIES, MICHIGAN By James J. Hahnenberg A Thesis Submi tted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree o f Master of Science Department of Geology Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan August, 1981 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF KEWEENAWAN DIABASE DIKES IN ONTONAGON, GOGEBIC, IRON AND DICKINSON COUNTIES, MICHIGAN James J. Hahnenberg, M.S. Western Michigan University, 1981 Petrographic and chemical studies of Keeweenawan-age diabase dikes in Michigan's Upper Peninsula show two major groupings, Pro- cupine Mountain dikes and Lower Keweenawan dikes. Lower Keweenawan dikes consist of two major rock types, fine-grained smaller dikes and the coarse-grained central portions of larger dikes. Major minerals are subophitic plagioclase and pyroxene. The rocks, as compared to "average" basalts, are low in AlgOg, high in TiOg, KgO, PgOg and contain moderate amounts of FeO^. They are classified as quartz th o le iite s . Several parental magma sources that would account for these and other Keweenawan igneous units are presented; the most acceptable is derived from 1-1.5% p a rtia l melting of p yro lite at a depth of 50-75 km. The Keweenawan basalts were derived from a tectonic environment sim ilar to a plume-generated oceanic island such as Iceland. The Porcupine Mountain dikes are more a lk a lic than the Lower Keweenawan dikes and show greater secondary a lte ra tio n . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express appreciation and thanks to my thesis committee, Drs. John Grace, Lloyd J. Schmaltz, and Ronald B. Chase. F irst mention of appreciation should go to my advisor Dr. Chase for the time he spent with me in the fie ld , helping to set up the study, and knowledgeable advice regarding sampling and petrographic analysis. Additionally, his critical readings of the initial drafts and aid in obtaining grants for the research and seminar presenta­ tion are all greatly appreciated. I am also grateful to Drs. John Grace and William B. Harrison, III for their help during the geo­ chemical laboratory analysis. Were it hot for their efforts, this study might not have bean completed. Thanks are extended also to Bob Gorman who provided a strong back, patience, and good companion­ ship during the fie ld work. I would also lik e to acknowledge.the late Dr. W. David Kuenzi for his inspiring and illuminating dis­ cussions during the early phases of the project. Others who have helped in various aspects of this project are my wife Colette, Robert Havira, Kevin Prochaska, and John Fowler. James J. Hahnenberg i i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted you will find a target note listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in "sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University M icrofilm s International 300 N. ZEEB RD., ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1317645 HAHNENBERG, JAMES JOSEPH THE PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF KEWEENAWAN DIABASE DIKES IN ONTONAGON. GOGEBIC. IRON AND DICKINSON COUNTIES. MICHIGAN. WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY, M .S ., 1981 University Microfilms International 300 N. ZEEB RD„ ANN ARBOR. Ml 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. ............... .. ........................................ ii LIST OF TABLES............ .......... ...................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES................................................. ................. ........ ............ vi i Chapter I. INTRODUCTION.. .............. 1 Purpose of Study. .................................................................... 1 General Geologic S e t t in g . ................................... 1 Previous Studies .................... 8 General Approach to P ro b le m ............... ....1 0 I I. FIELD RELATIONS AND P E T R O G R A P H Y ....................... ..1 4 Lower Keweenawan D ik e s . ................. ..14 Porcupine Mountain D ik e s ................... 25 I I I . GEOCHEMISTRY.... ............ 26 Lower Keweenawan Di k e s .............. 26 Porcupine Mountain D i k e s . — .......... 26 IV. DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE GEOCHEMISTRY... 30 Introduction.......................... .30 Lower Keweenawan D ik e s ...................... ....3 0 Parental magma .............. ..30 Variation trends and c o r r e la t io n s - - * ................--36 Tectonic environment. ......................... .....4 5 Porcupine Mountain D ik e s ............... ...47 i i i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter Page V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY.............................5 1 APPENDIX i Petrographic Techniques and Data... ...............54 APPENDIX I I . Chemical Procedures... .... ............ ............60 APPENDIXm Geochemical Data. ...................... 63 APPENDIX IV S ta tis tic a l Techniques and Data ..................... ........67 BIBLIOGRAPHY. ................................................. 85 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Geology of Keweenawan age rocks in north-central United States................. 2 Figure 2. Sample site locations ................... 3 Figure 3. Tectonic Provinces and Keweenawan dikes of the Canadian S hield. ........................................... ........4 Figure 4. Early stages of Keweenawan r ift valley developement...6 Figure 5. Regional metamorphism of the Penokean orogeny in Michigan and Wisconsin.. ............................... ..7 Figure 6. Stratigraphy of Keweenawan igneous units for the Lake Superior region................... g Figure 7. Porcupine Mountain dikes sample locations...... .............12 Figure 8a. Dike # 3 3 . ..................................... ...15 Figure 8b. Pilotaxitic texture..... .....................................................15 Figure 9a. Subophitic te xtu re . ........... ...16 Figure 9b. Acicular apatite needles and interstitial areas .......... 16 Figure 10. Sample locations of the Gogebic Station dike ..................18 Figure 11. Strikes of Lower Keweenawan dikes................. 19 Figure 12. Dike #30......................................... ...21 Figure 13a. Dike D2-2 b ifu rcatio n . .......................... ..22 Figure 13b. Dike D2-2 pinching out..........................................22
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