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In China: Why Young Rural Women Climb the Ladder by Moving Into China’S Cities

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In China: Why Young Rural Women Climb the Ladder by Moving Into China’S Cities “Making It” In China: Why Young Rural Women Climb the Ladder by Moving into China’s Cities By Lai Sze Tso A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Women’s Studies and Sociology) in the University of Michigan 2013 Doctoral Committee: Professor Mary E. Corcoran, Co-Chair Professor Fatima Muge Gocek, Co-Chair Professor Pamela J. Smock Associate Professor Zheng Wang © Lai Sze Tso 2013 DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to Mom, Danny, Jeannie, and Dad. I could not have accomplished this without your unwavering love and support. During the toughest times, I drew strength from your understanding and resilience. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to recognize the invaluable guidance of my dissertation committee, Pam Smock, Muge Gocek, Wang Zheng, and Mary Corcoran. I also learned a great deal about China as a member of James Lee's research team. Thank you James and Cameron Campbell for teaching me the ropes in Chinese academe, and Zhang hao for helping me adjust to fieldwork in North River. I am also indebted to Xiao Xing for digitizing complex hukou files, and Wang Laoshi and Yan Xianghua for helping me navigate the administrative culture at Peking University, Weiran Chen, her family, and Gao Zuren will always have a special place in my heart for the help and hospitality shown me while during the first phase of my research endeavors. Preliminary field work in North River and early drafts of dissertation chapters benefitted immensely from keen insight provided by fellow research team members Danching Ruan, Wang Linlan, Li Lan, Shuang Chen, Li Ji, Liang Chen, Byung-Ho Lee and Ka Yi Fung. I received generous funding from a number of organization to support fieldwork and the writing of this dissertation. I would like to thank Peking University and the Center for Population Development Research, and Wang Guangzhou for giving me an intellectual home and sponsoring my research during my field work in China. I would also like to thank the National Science Foundation and the US Department of Education for supporting the bulk of my research expenses. The University of Michigan, through Rackham Merit Fellows, One-term dissertation Grant, and Conference Travel funds, has supported the scouting of locations, language improvement, time to draft chapters, and attendance of professionalization activities and peer feedback of my preliminary work. I want to thank Doug Keasal, my RMF liaison, for all the years of crucial support. I have received unwavering support from the Women's Studies Department, and have benefitted much from conversations and help from Robert Wyrod, Esther Newton, Donna Ainsworth, Shelley Shock, and Aimee Germain. The Sociology Department has iii also been instrumental in my training and professional socialization. Thank you Pat Preston for helping me with my NSF application and award management, and Jeannie Loughry for making sure I stayed abreast of pressing deadlines. The Population Research Center at UM has given me invaluable training through the NICHD grant and I received excellent technical support from David Sasaki, Lee- Jeanette Ridley, and Yan Fu. When I received the Fulbright-Hays from the US Department of Education, Beni at the UM International Institute made sure I made the most of it. UM's Center for Chinese Studies and its present of former staff, especially Ena Schlorff, Carol Stepanchuk, Jen Zhu, and Maryellen Bartolome, have been delightful and encouraged my work by allowing me to present at workshops and funding my research and presentation endeavors. As my ideas began gelling, I benefitted greatly through conversations with Hannah Rosen and engaging with the 2012 cohort in the UM's Institute for Research on Women and Gender’s (IRWG) Community of Scholars program in 2012. My writing has improved thanks to the editing assistance from Eleana DeBlanco and Ray McDaniel of the Sweetland Writing Center. In the final leg of dissertation writing, I was granted a Pre-Doctoral Diversity Fellowship at Ithaca College. This wonderful opportunity allowed me to devote time to writing and thinking about my work through multiple lenses. I benefitted greatly from conversations with my fellow predocs, Ana-Paula Pimental Walker and Armando Lara- Millan. The Sociology faculty and staff created an environment conducive to my personal growth as a scholar. Thank you, Dean Leslie Lewis, Steve Sweet, Rebecca Plante, Jim Rothenberg, Alicia Swords, Bhavani Arabandi, Julian Euell, Jonathan Laskowitz, Beliza Gonzalez, and Sharon Loucks, for lovingly showing me how to complete my research project while maintaining excellent teaching in the classroom. For my cheerleaders, those dear friends at the forefront of late night calls during moments of doubt: Kristin King, Dwight Davis, Jomo Smith, Baris Buyukokutan, Sandra Albrecht, Pangaja Paramthosy, Mariana Rosenthal, Saida Grundy, Daniel Rose, Rose Mauch, Byungho Lee, Peggy Rudberg, Anne Davis, Elizabeth Young, Neal Dixon, Seleng Pang, Ason Chiang, Jim Erikson, Mike Karpowicz, John Hamer, Leandros Palacios, Patricia Chen, Emily Merchant, and certainly, Johanna Soet-Bulitz. Thank you iv all for your patience, love, and kind words of encouragement whenever I questioned whether this monumental tome could be completed. Of course, I show my deepest gratitude in acknowledging the residents of North River, who generously let me into their lives and community. Jie, Ge, Shuai, Dabo and Dama, Nannan, Dongdong, Guixian, Wang Shuji, and Shang Kuaiji, thank you all for allowing me to become part of your family. I hope this dissertation does justice in representing the lives and vibrancy of North River. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix NOTE ABOUT LANGUAGE x CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION 1 Migrant Women As “Emissaries of Modernity” 1 Past Research and Goals 3 Limits of Past Studies 12 Design Strategies and Findings Of Prior Studies: What Weaknesses Does the North River Study Improve On? 14 Dissertation Overview 17 TWO. MOTIVATION AND METHODOLOGY 22 Study Motivation 23 Study Design 25 Data Collection 47 Analysis of Interviews 58 THREE. WHY MIGRATE? YOUNG WOMEN’S ASPIRATIONS FOR PERMANENCE, INTEGRATION, AND AUTONOMY 61 Defining Permanence, Integration, and Autonomy 63 Why Autonomy Means Urban and Western for Rural Women 73 vi Permanence, Integration, and Autonomy in Migrant Pathways Across Age 80 Changing Rural Culture: Why Aspirations are Different Than Of Previous Migrants 83 FOUR. HEGEMONY OF EDUCATION AND WHY YOUNG RURAL WOMEN ARE SUCCEEDING AS STUDENTS 89 The Structure of Education in Rural China 92 Education as a Migration Pathway 94 Who Goes the Education Route? 136 What Does Education Do For Education Migrants? 148 FIVE. BENEFITS AND COSTS OF OPTING OUT OF EDUCATION: WHY DOESN’T EVERYONE CHOOSE THE EDUCATION PATHWAY? 155 Common Points of Exit 156 Benefits and Limits of Leaving Education Early 157 Risks and Opportunity Costs Associated with Education Migration 160 Process of Opting Out: Balancing Risks and Costs of Education Versus Rewards of Early Work 195 Women’s Agency 199 SIX. CONCLUSION, THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 201 What is New? Findings of the North River Study 201 Connecting Past Research and Theory 203 Projecting Forward 204 TABLES 208 FIGURES 213 BIBLIOGRAPHY 217 vii LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Selecting Population with Data on Migration and on Migration Pathway by Household SES, North River, Hebei, China, 2008-2009. 208 2.2 Pathway by SES for Women Migrants from North River, Hebei, China, 2008-2009. 209 2.3 Migration Pathway by SES for Study Participants, North River, Hebei, China, 2008-2009. 210 2.4 Comparison of Migrant SES and Pathway for all Migrants and Study Participants, North River, Hebei, China, 2008-2009. 211 4.1 Acts of Socialization from Social Networks from Education Migrants, North River, China, 2008-2009. 212 viii LIST OF FIGURES 4.1 Classical Model of Migration of Rural Women 213 4.2 Structure of Education in North River, China 2008-2009 214 6.1 Comparison of Study Characteristics of North River Study to Existing Research on Rural Women's Migration Motivations 215 6.2 Comparison of Models of Migration of North River Study to Existing Research on Rural Women's Migration 216 ix Note about language: I use Pinyin to Romanize names and phrases for emphasis and clarity. Important phrases, interview excerpts, and school names are given in simplified Chinese. Abbreviations: SEZs Special Economic Zones RMB renminbi (exchange rate from 2008-2009) SES socio-economic status x CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION I. Migrant Women as “Emissaries of Modernity” One remarkable phenomenon of the 21st century is the increase in opportunities for social and economic mobility in rapidly developing countries. In these locations, the impact of globalization on national policies and economies has allowed many people to enjoy new options in their education, employment, saving and spending patterns, marriage, and other life events. For people living in rural areas, migration is essential for accessing urban opportunities. Rural families are affected even more deeply as millions of young women migrate to work and live in urban areas. As the fastest growing economy and the world's most populous nation, China is a hotbed of social change and upward social mobility. Although the Special Economic Zones (SEZs), incubators for much of these activities, were first established in 1980, rural people could not sustain themselves in urban areas until after 1983, when Central authorities allowed rural households to transport goods freely once their mandatory quotas were fulfilled. In October of 1984, the Chinese government granted its rural people the right to move into market towns temporarily or permanently as long as they did not need government rations of grain. Researchers identify this event as the watershed moment, because within two months of this announcement, 590,000 people participated in the first wave of rural-to-urban migration (Liu 1991).
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