DOCSLIB.ORG

Giant Desert Centipede Pain Index

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Giant Desert Centipede Pain Index Giant desert centipede pain index Continue SchmidtCertoces sting pain index listed in Schmidt's sting pain index: Synoeca surinama, Paraponera clavata, two species of Vespa Pepsis and Mandarinia. Purposerates pain of different stings The Schmidt puncture pain index is a pain scale evaluating the relative pain caused by different hymenopterane stings. It is mainly the work of Justin O. Schmidt (born 1947), an entomologist at the Carl Hayden Bee Research Center in Arizona, USA. Schmidt has published a number of articles on the subject, and claims to have been stung by the majority of stinging hymenopters. His original article in 1983 was a way to systematize and compare the hemolytic properties of insect venoms. [1] A table contained in the paper included a column that assessed sting pain, starting from 0 for stings that are completely ineffective against humans, progressing by 2, a familiar pain such as that caused by a common bee or wasp sting, and ending at 4 for the most painful stings; in the original paper, only the ball ant, Paraponera clavata, received a score of 4. Subsequent revised versions of the index added Synoeca septentrionalis, as well as tarantula falcons as the only species to share this ranking. In later versions, some descriptions of the most painful examples were given, for example: Paraponera clavata stings induced immediate and excruciating pain and numbness at pencil-point pressure, as well as trembling in the form of a totally uncontrollable urge to shake the affected part. Schmidt has repeatedly refined his scale, including an article published in 1990, which ranks the bites of 78 species and 41 genus of Hymenoptera,[2] culminating in a book published in 2016. An entry in The Straight Dope reports that implausibly accurate figures that do not appear in any of Schmidt's scientific papers were removed from him by Outside magazine for an article he published in 1996. In September 2015, Schmidt was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize in Physiology and Entomology along with Michael Smith for his research on hymenopterra. [5] Schmidt's pain scale of hymenopteranes is organized into levels, ranging from 1 to 4, with 4 being the most painful. However, insect bites that feel very different can be put at the same level. Thus, later versions of the scale always include a brief description of its experience being stung by each type of insect. [6] Pain level 1 Some of the insect bites Schmidt considers to be at a pain level of 1 include of southern fire, elongated twig ant, western paper wasp, digger bee, and most small bees. The duration of pain of insect bites classified in pain level 1 is usually five minutes or less. [2] Since many small bees are classified in a pain level of 1, most toxic polypeptides in bee venom are melittin, apamine, and MCD peptide. Melittin is the main toxin of bee venom, and it damages red red white cells and blood cells. Apamine is a neurotoxin that increases polysynaptic reflexes. The MCD peptide destroys mast cells. Feeling only a slight pain, Schmidt described the sting of a digger bee, classified in level 1 bread, as almost pleasant, a lover just bit your earlobe a little too hard. Also classified in Pain Level 1, Schmidt described the sweat bee sting as light, ephemeral, almost fruity. A little spark to sing a single hair on your arm. [3] Pain Level 2 Schmidt defines the bite of the western honey bee at a pain level of 2 to be the anchor value, basing its categorization of all other stings on it. [6] He classified a variety of wasps, bees and ants in Pain Level 2, including yellow vests, Asian honey bee, trap-jaw ant, and bald-faced hornet. The duration of pain of the stings in this level is usually between five and ten minutes. Schmidt classified the majority of hymenopetean stings as having a pain level of 2. [2] The bite of a termite-raiding ant, classified as a pain level of 2, has a similar feeling as a debilitating pain of a migraine contained in the tip of your finger, according to Schmidt. On the contrary, the sting of a yellow jacket has been described as hot and smoky, almost irreverent. Imagine W. C. Fields putting out a cigar on your tongue. [3] Pain Level 3 Most insects that are characterized as having a pain level of 3 are wasps, including red paper wasp, metric paper wasp, and velvet ant (which is actually a wasp, not an ant). The duration of puncture pain can vary anywhere from a minute (such as the sting of the red paper wasp) to half an hour (like the bite of the velvet ant). [2] Wasp venom contains only wasp kinine which exhibit kinine-like activity. One of the kinins found in the kinine wasp, kinin polistes 3, happens to lead to similar effects on smooth musculature and circulation such as bradykinin. Some ants are also rated at a pain level 3, including the giant bull ant and the Maricopa harvester ant. Schmidt considered the de Maricopa harvester ant bite to have a pain level of 3, describing it as such: After eight hours of drilling in this ingrown nail, you find the drill stuck in your toe. [3] Pain Level 4 Pain Level 4 is the highest level in the schmidt pain sting index. Schmidt's original index assessed only one example, the bite of the bullet ant, as a 4. Schmidt described the sting as pure, intense pain, like walking on the flaming charcoal with a three-inch nail embedded in your heel. The venom of the bullet ant contains mainly ponerotoxin, a paralyzing neurotoxic peptide. Schmidt later gave the sting of the tarantula a score of 4, which he described as blinding, ferocious [and] scandalously electric[3], although the duration of the pain of the sting is short-lived, lasting lasting about 5 minutes. [2] The composition of tarantula falcon venom is unknown. Schmidt also rates the sting of the war wasp as a 4, describing it as Torture. You are chained in the flow of an active volcano. Why did I start this list?,[3] saying that the pain lasts up to two hours. [3] Evolution from painful stings to toxic stings Schmidt's puncture pain index was born from the pursuit of a broader hypothesis: that the evolution of sociality in Hymenopora was dependent on the evolution of the venom which was both painful and toxic. [6] Pain is an advertisement of damage in the body, but the molecules that produce pain and those that are toxic, and actively cause damage, are not the same. Although the painful signal acts as a deterrent, intelligent predators will learn the dishonesty of this signal with repeated exposure —that there is no real damage going on. [3] For the first Hymenopttera who were mostly lonely, pain alone would allow them the chance to escape. In addition, solitary insects do not provide a high energy reward to predators and, therefore, predators do not spend considerable effort to hunt them. However, with the evolution of sociality where many Hymenoptera conger in colonies, nests become a rich target in terms of nutrition and therefore useful. If there were no defenses, predators would devour defenceless society, leaving few individuals survivors. [3] Sociality would therefore not be beneficial. For sociality to evolve, Hymenopttera needed a defense beyond a painful sting to protect their entire colony. Their sting was an advertisement of damage, and toxicity evolved as its truth. With a toxic sting, and thus the ability to protect against predators, Hymenopara have been able to progress towards sociality and its associated evolutionary benefits of shared youth breeding, specialization of individual tasks, inter-colony communication, and food storage. [9] To approach the study of this evolutionary link between toxicity and sociality, Schmidt recognized that there had to be a quantitative measure with which to mark the pain of the stings. Toxicity tests are already well characterized and can be quantified, but without Schmidt's puncture pain index, there would be no way to link the amount of sociality to the level of pain, and therefore this hypothesis could not have been studied. [10] See also Dol's scale to measure pain Starr pain scale sting by Christopher Starr, based on the Schmidt Kings of Pain TV-series index with another pain index. References - a b Justin O.; Blum, Murray S.; Overal, William L. (1983). Hemolytic activities of biting insect venoms. Archive of biochemistry and insect physiology. 1 (2): 155–160. doi:10.1002/arch.940010205. A b c d e Schmidt, Justin O. (1990). Hymenoptera Venoms: Striving for the ultimate defense against vertebrates. To D. L. Evans; J. O. Schmidt (d. (d.. Defenses: Adaptive mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators. Albany, New York: State University OF New York Press. 387-419. A b c d e f h i j k l Schmidt, Justin (2016). The Sting of the Wild. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-1929-9. Cecil Adams (May 11, 2012) Did the creator of the Schmidt Sting Pain Index volunteer to be stung by everything that's on earth?, The Straight Dope - Webb, Jonathan (September 18, 2015). 'The duration of universal urination' wins the Ig Nobel Prize. BBC News. A b c Steinberg, Avi (August 18, 2016). The Pain Connoisseur. The New York Times Magazine. A b Habermann, E. (July 28, 1972). Bee and wasp venoms. Science. 177 (4046): 314–322. Bibcode:1972Sci... 177.314H. doi:10.1126/science.177.4046.314. PMID 4113805.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Molecular Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of the Neotropical Swarm- Founding Social Wasp Genus Synoeca (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Molecular Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of the Neotropical Swarm- Founding Social Wasp Genus Synoeca (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Rodolpho Santos Telles Menezes1,2*, Seán Gary Brady2, Antônio Freire Carvalho3, Marco Antonio Del Lama3, Marco Antônio Costa1 1 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil, a11111 2 Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America, 3 Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Abstract Citation: Menezes RST, Brady SG, Carvalho AF, The Neotropical Region harbors high biodiversity and many studies on mammals, reptiles, Del Lama MA, Costa MA (2015) Molecular Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of the Neotropical amphibians and avifauna have investigated the causes for this pattern. However, there is a Swarm-Founding Social Wasp Genus Synoeca paucity of such studies that focus on Neotropical insect groups. Synoeca de Saussure, (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). PLoS ONE 10(3): 1852 is a Neotropical swarm-founding social wasp genus with five described species that is e0119151. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119151 broadly and conspicuously distributed throughout the Neotropics. Here, we infer the phylo- Received: October 2, 2014 genetic relationships, diversification times, and historical biogeography of Synoeca species. Accepted: January 9, 2015 We also investigate samples of the disjoint populations of S. septentrionalis that occur in Published: March 4, 2015 both northwestern parts of South America through Central American and the Brazilian At- lantic rainforests. Our results showed that the interspecific relationships for Synoeca could Copyright: This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, be described as follows: (S.
    [Show full text]
  • Life History and Chemical Ecology of the Warrior
    Life history and chemical ecology of the Warrior wasp Synoeca septentrionalis (Hymenoptera : Vespidae, Epiponini) Santos, EB, Shemilt, S, de Carvalho, CAL and Martin, SJ http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194689 Title Life history and chemical ecology of the Warrior wasp Synoeca septentrionalis (Hymenoptera : Vespidae, Epiponini) Authors Santos, EB, Shemilt, S, de Carvalho, CAL and Martin, SJ Type Article URL This version is available at: http://usir.salford.ac.uk/46322/ Published Date 2018 USIR is a digital collection of the research output of the University of Salford. Where copyright permits, full text material held in the repository is made freely available online and can be read, downloaded and copied for non-commercial private study or research purposes. Please check the manuscript for any further copyright restrictions. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. RESEARCH ARTICLE Life history and chemical ecology of the Warrior wasp Synoeca septentrionalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Epiponini) Eliaber B. Santos1, Sue Shemilt2, Carlos A. L. de Carvalho1, Stephen J. Martin3* 1 Universidade Federal do RecoÃncavo da Bahia, Rua RuõÂBarbosa, 710Ð Centro, Cruz das AlmasÐBA, Brazil, 2 Chemical Ecology Group, School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Lennard-Jones Laboratory, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom, 3 School of Environment and Life Sciences, The University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom a1111111111 * a1111111111 [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract Swarm-founding `Warriorwasps' (Synoeca spp.) are found throughout the tropical regions of South America, are much feared due to their aggressive nest defence and painful sting.
    [Show full text]
  • Metal Acquisition in the Weaponized Ovipositors of Aculeate Hymenoptera
    Zoomorphology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-018-0403-1 ORIGINAL PAPER Harden up: metal acquisition in the weaponized ovipositors of aculeate hymenoptera Kate Baumann1 · Edward P. Vicenzi2 · Thomas Lam2 · Janet Douglas2 · Kevin Arbuckle3 · Bronwen Cribb4,5 · Seán G. Brady6 · Bryan G. Fry1 Received: 17 October 2017 / Revised: 12 March 2018 / Accepted: 17 March 2018 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract The use of metal ions to harden the tips and edges of ovipositors is known to occur in many hymenopteran species. However, species using the ovipositor for delivery of venom, which occurs in the aculeate hymenoptera (stinging wasps, ants, and bees) remains uninvestigated. In this study, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis was used to investigate the morphology and metal compositional differences among aculeate aculei. We show that aculeate aculei have a wide diversity of morphological adaptations relating to their lifestyle. We also demonstrate that metals are present in the aculei of all families of aculeate studied. The presence of metals is non-uniform and concentrated in the distal region of the stinger, especially along the longitudinal edges. This study is the first comparative investigation to document metal accumulation in aculeate aculei. Keywords Scanning electron microscopy · Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy · EDS · Aculeata · Aculeus · Cuticle · Metal accumulation Introduction with the most severe responses (as perceived by humans) delivered by taxa including bullet ants (Paraponera), taran- Aculeata (ants, bees, and stinging wasps) are the most con- tula hawk wasps (Pepsis), and armadillo wasps (Synoeca) spicuous of the hymenopteran insects, and are known pre- (Schmidt 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Morphology of the Stinger in Social Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
    insects Article Comparative Morphology of the Stinger in Social Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Mario Bissessarsingh 1,2 and Christopher K. Starr 1,* 1 Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; [email protected] 2 San Fernando East Secondary School, Pleasantville, Trinidad and Tobago * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Both solitary and social wasps have a fully functional venom apparatus and can deliver painful stings, which they do in self-defense. However, solitary wasps sting in subduing prey, while social wasps do so in defense of the colony. The structure of the stinger is remarkably uniform across the large family that comprises both solitary and social species. The most notable source of variation is in the number and strength of barbs at the tips of the slender sting lancets that penetrate the wound in stinging. These are more numerous and robust in New World social species with very large colonies, so that in stinging human skin they often cannot be withdrawn, leading to sting autotomy, which is fatal to the wasp. This phenomenon is well-known from honey bees. Abstract: The physical features of the stinger are compared in 51 species of vespid wasps: 4 eumenines and zethines, 2 stenogastrines, 16 independent-founding polistines, 13 swarm-founding New World polistines, and 16 vespines. The overall structure of the stinger is remarkably uniform within the family. Although the wasps show a broad range in body size and social habits, the central part of Citation: Bissessarsingh, M.; Starr, the venom-delivery apparatus—the sting shaft—varies only to a modest extent in length relative to C.K.
    [Show full text]
  • AMNH-Scientific-Publications-2014
    AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Fiscal Year 2014 Scientific Publications Division of Anthropology 2 Division of Invertebrate Zoology 11 Division of Paleontology 28 Division of Physical Sciences 39 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Department of Astrophysics Division of Vertebrate Zoology Department of Herpetology 58 Department of Ichthyology 62 Department of Mammalogy 65 Department of Ornithology 78 Center for Biodiversity and Conservation 91 Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics 99 DIVISION OF ANTHROPOLOGY Berwick, R.C., M.D. Hauser, and I. Tattersall. 2013. Neanderthal language? Just-so stories take center stage. Frontiers in Psychology 4, article 671. Blair, E.H., and Thomas, D.H. 2014. The Guale uprising of 1597: an archaeological perspective from Mission Santa Catalina de Guale (Georgia). In L.M. Panich and T.D. Schneider (editors), Indigenous Landscapes and Spanish Missions: New Perspectives from Archaeology and Ethnohistory: 25–40. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Charpentier, V., A.J. de Voogt, R. Crassard, J.-F. Berger, F. Borgi, and A. Al- Ma’shani. 2014. Games on the seashore of Salalah: the discovery of mancala games in Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 25: 115– 120. Chowns, T.M., A.H. Ivester, R.L. Kath, B.K. Meyer, D.H. Thomas, and P.R. Hanson. 2014. A New Hypothesis for the Formation of the Georgia Sea Islands through the Breaching of the Silver Bluff Barrier and Dissection of the Ancestral Altamaha-Ogeechee Drainage. Abstract, 63rd Annual Meeting, Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section, April 10–11, 2014. 2 DeSalle, R., and I. Tattersall. 2014. Mr. Murray, you lose the bet.
    [Show full text]
  • (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in NIAGARA ROSADA VINEYARDS in BENTO GONÇALVES, RIO GRANDE DO SUL STATE, BRAZIL
    1220 Bioscience Journal Original Article FAUNAL ANALYSIS AND INJURIES CHARACTERIZATION OF Polistinae (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) IN NIAGARA ROSADA VINEYARDS IN BENTO GONÇALVES, RIO GRANDE DO SUL STATE, BRAZIL ANÁLISE FAUNÍSTICA E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE INJÚRIAS DE Polistinae (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) EM PARREIRAIS DE NIAGARA ROSADA EM BENTO GONÇALVES, RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRASIL Ida Maria de OLIVEIRA 1; Alci Enimar LOECK 1; Flávio Roberto Mello GARCIA 1; Marcos BOTTON 2 1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil. [email protected]; 2. Laboratório de Entomologia, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil. ABSTRACT: The State of Rio Grande do Sul is a major producer of grapes in Brazil, highlighting the Serra Gaúcha as the main producing region. In the pursuit of good quality in grapes it is essential the control of pests, especially insects. This study highlights the incidence of wasps, which cause serious damage at harvest time. This study aimed to characterize the community of social wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) through faunal analysis and to examine the relationship of these insects with injuries to the grape berries in vineyards of Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul State. Therefore, active search were made in January and February 2014, followed by analysis of frequency, constancy, abundance, dominance and diversity. Ten species of wasps were able to use grape berries as food. The two dominant species were Polybia ignobilis and P. minarum , however, Synoeca cyanea has greater ability to break the intact berries. Other three species, Polistes cavapytiformis , P. versicolor and Brachygastra lecheguana , were also able to break the skin of grapes, but of damaged berries.
    [Show full text]
  • Algunas Avispas Interesantes Del Callejón Interandino
    ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL ALGUNAS AVISPAS INTERESANTES DEL CALLEJÓN INTERANDINO Fotos y texto: Vladimir Carvajal L. Como avispas conocemos a un grupo grande de varias familias de Hymenoptera que son predadores y parásitos de otros invertebrados. Algunos son de actividad solitaria otros son gregarios y fabrican un nido. El gran tamaño, la estructura interna y la forma de algunos de estos nidos de estas avispas sociales son sorprendentes. Algunos son elaborados con arcilla pulida y coloreada y llaman la atención por su forma, sobre todo los de la subfamilia Polystinae. La mayoría de los nidos de avispas cuelgan de ramas altas para protegerse de agresores. Un grupo muy llamativo está constituido por las avispas de la arena de la familia Bembecidae. Estos himenópteros son de color amarillo con manchas negras. La especie Stictia signata es un representante característico de la familia. Sus colores aposemáticos de advertencia anuncian una picadura muy dolorosa. Además está dotada de fuertes mandíbulas con las que captura a su presa. Habita en los parches de vegetación xerofítica y vuela a muy poca altura. Vista frontal de Stictia signata ALGUNAS AVISPAS INTERESANTES DEL CALLEJON INTERANDINO La subfamilia Polistinae de la familia Vespidae, contiene tribus características: Polistini y Polibiini. La tribu Polistini agrupa a las denominadas avispas de papel por el tipo de nidos que elaboran. Dentro del género Polistes existe variedad de colores y algunas especies introducidas, se han constituido en plagas sobre todo en ecosistemas insulares. La mayor parte del tiempo, estas avistas se dedican a sorber néctar, jugo de frutas, recolectar carroña y capturar larvas de mariposas que les sirven de Polistes sp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Insect Sting Pain Scale: How the Pain and Lethality of Ant, Wasp, and Bee Venoms Can Guide the Way for Human Benefit
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 27 May 2019 1 (Article): Special Issue: "Arthropod Venom Components and their Potential Usage" 2 The Insect Sting Pain Scale: How the Pain and Lethality of Ant, 3 Wasp, and Bee Venoms Can Guide the Way for Human Benefit 4 Justin O. Schmidt 5 Southwestern Biological Institute, 1961 W. Brichta Dr., Tucson, AZ 85745, USA 6 Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: 1-520-884-9345 7 Received: date; Accepted: date; Published: date 8 9 Abstract: Pain is a natural bioassay for detecting and quantifying biological activities of venoms. The 10 painfulness of stings delivered by ants, wasps, and bees can be easily measured in the field or lab using the 11 stinging insect pain scale that rates the pain intensity from 1 to 4, with 1 being minor pain, and 4 being extreme, 12 debilitating, excruciating pain. The painfulness of stings of 96 species of stinging insects and the lethalities of 13 the venoms of 90 species was determined and utilized for pinpointing future promising directions for 14 investigating venoms having pharmaceutically active principles that could benefit humanity. The findings 15 suggest several under- or unexplored insect venoms worthy of future investigations, including: those that have 16 exceedingly painful venoms, yet with extremely low lethality – tarantula hawk wasps (Pepsis) and velvet ants 17 (Mutillidae); those that have extremely lethal venoms, yet induce very little pain – the ants, Daceton and 18 Tetraponera; and those that have venomous stings and are both painful and lethal – the ants Pogonomyrmex, 19 Paraponera, Myrmecia, Neoponera, and the social wasps Synoeca, Agelaia, and Brachygastra.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF File (32KB)
    Myrmecological News 21 Digital supplementary material Digital supplementary material to PEETERS , C. & ITO , F. 2015: Wingless and dwarf workers underlie the ecological suc- cess of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) . – Myrmecological News 21: 117-130. Appendix S1. List of 286 ant genera in which head width of workers was measured (maximum width of head capsule excluding eyes, in full-face view), as well as 21 eusocial bees and 25 eusocial wasps for which data were obtained in the literature. Species for which results are not indicated have worker heads wider than 1 mm, i.e., there are no "dwarf" workers. All data are summarized in Fig. 2. * measured from photographs available on www.antweb.org FORMICIDAE Aenictus sp. < 0.5 mm (see BOLTON 2015) Asphinctanilloides amazona* < 0.5 mm Cerapachys sp. < 0.5 mm Agroecomyrmecinae Cylindromyrmex brevitarsus* < 1 mm Ankylomyrma coronacantha* Dorylus laevigatus < 1 mm Tatuidris tatusia* Eciton sp. Labidus spininodis* < 1 mm Amblyoponinae Leptanilloides biconstricta* < 0.5 mm Adetomyrma caputleae* < 1 mm Neivamyrmex sp. cr01 * < 0.5 mm Amblyopone australis < 1 mm Nomamyrmex esenbeckii* < 1 mm Apomyrma stygia* < 0.5 mm Simopone occulta* < 1 mm Bannapone scrobiceps* < 1 mm Sphinctomyrmex cribratus* < 0.5 mm Concoctio concenta* < 0.5 mm Tanipone aversa* < 1 mm Myopopone castanea Vicinopone conciliatrix* < 0.5 mm Mystrium camillae < 0.5 mm Onychomyrmex hedleyi < 0.5 mm Ectatomminae Opamyrma hungvuong* < 0.5 mm Ectatomma sp. Prionopelta kraepelini < 0.5 mm Gnamptogenys cribrata < 1 mm Stigmatomma besucheti* < 0.5 mm Rhytidoponera sp. < 1 mm Xymmer sp. mg03 * < 0.5 mm Typhlomyrmex pusillus* < 0.5 mm Aneuretinae Formicinae Aneuretus simoni* < 0.5 mm Acanthomyops sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Velvet Ants from Across the United States Avoid Predation by Representatives from All Major Tetrapod Clades
    BearWorks College of Natural and Applied Sciences 6-1-2018 The indestructible insect: Velvet ants from across the United States avoid predation by representatives from all major tetrapod clades Brian G. Gall Kari L. Spivey MSU Graduate Student Trevor L. Chapman Robert J. Delph Edmund D. Brodie See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/articles-cnas Recommended Citation Gall, Brian G., Kari L. Spivey, Trevor L. Chapman, Robert J. Delph, Edmund D. Brodie Jr, and Joseph S. Wilson. "The indestructible insect: Velvet ants from across the United States avoid predation by representatives from all major tetrapod clades." Ecology and evolution 8, no. 11 (2018): 5852-5862. This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Brian G. Gall, Kari L. Spivey, Trevor L. Chapman, Robert J. Delph, Edmund D. Brodie, and Joseph S. Wilson This article is available at BearWorks: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/articles-cnas/1419 Received: 27 December 2017 | Revised: 26 March 2018 | Accepted: 28 March 2018 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4123 ORIGINAL RESEARCH The indestructible insect: Velvet ants from across the United States avoid predation by representatives from all major tetrapod clades Brian G. Gall1 | Kari L. Spivey2 | Trevor L. Chapman3 | Robert J. Delph4 | Edmund D. Brodie Jr5 | Joseph S. Wilson6 1Department of Biology, Hanover College, Hanover, Indiana Abstract 2Department of Biology, Missouri State Velvet ants are a group of parasitic wasps that are well known for a suite of defensive University, Springfield, Missouri adaptations including bright coloration and a formidable sting.
    [Show full text]
  • Encyclopedia of Social Insects
    Comp. by: KArunKumar Stage: Galleys Chapter No.: FM Title Name: ESI_455642 Date:3/9/20 Time:15:25:27 Page Number: 3 2 Christopher K. Starr 3 Editor 4 Encyclopedia of Social 5 Insects 6 With 491 Figures and 26 Tables 8 Comp. by: KArunKumar Stage: Galleys Chapter No.: FM Title Name: ESI_455642 Date:3/9/20 Time:15:25:27 Page Number: 4 9 Editor Christopher K. Starr Independent Researcher Caura Village, Trinidad and Tobago 10 11 ISBN 978-3-030-28101-4 ISBN 978-3-030-28102-1 (eBook) 12 ISBN 978-3-030-28103-8 (print and electronic bundle) 13 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28102-1 14 15 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 16 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or 17 part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of 18 illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, 19 and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or 20 by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 21 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this 22 publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt 23 from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. 24 The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this 25 book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
    [Show full text]
  • The Endocrinology and Evolution of Tropical Social Wasps: from Casteless Groups to High Societies
    1 The endocrinology and evolution of tropical social wasps: from casteless groups to high societies Hans Kelstrup A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2012 Reading Committee: Lynn M. Riddiford, Chair James W. Truman Jeff Riffell Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Biology Department 2 ©Copyright 2012 Hans Kelstrup 3 University of Washington Abstract The endocrinology and evolution of tropical social wasps: from casteless groups to high societies Hans Kelstrup Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Dr. Lynn M. Riddiford Biology Department The endocrinology and behavior of three social vespid wasps was studied in northeast Brazil (São Cristóvão, Sergipe) from 2010-2011. There were two main objectives of this work: to test a hypothesis on the origin of reproductive castes (i.e. queen and worker phenotypes) in a communal species (Zethus miniatus: Eumeninae), and to describe the endocrinology of two highly eusocial swarm founding species (Polybia micans and Synoeca surinama: Polistinae). Wasps offer an unparalleled opportunity for research on social evolution due to the continuous range of social organization among extant species. Yet little work has been devoted to the study of wasp physiology beyond Polistes, a large genus of primitively eusocial paper wasps. In Polistes, juvenile hormone (JH) has been shown to be important for reproduction, dominance, chemical signaling (e.g., cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs)) in queens while promoting the early onset of certain tasks in workers. Evidence for a similar mechanism in bees and ants suggests a dual function of JH was intact in the last common ancestor of these groups (the sting- 4 possessing Hymenoptera).
    [Show full text]