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Helmuth W. Rogg Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito, Ecuador MANUAL DE ENTOMOLOGÍA AGRÍCOLA DE BOLIVIA MANUAL DE ENTOMOLOGÍA AGRÍCOLA DE BOLIVIA POR: HELMUTH W. ROGG ISBN – 9978 – 41 – 244 - 1 EDICIONES ABYA-YALA, QUITO, ECUADOR Febrero de 2000 Parte Índice Helmuth W. ROGG Página i II-2000 MANUAL DE ENTOMOLOGÍA AGRÍCOLA DE BOLIVIA PREFACIO Manual de Entomología Agrícola de Bolivia Este manual es el primer intento, compilar toda la información sobre el tema de Entomología, tanto Agrícola como Forestal y Médica y Veterinaria, en general y con particular referencia a Bolivia. El manual puede servir como Currículo para las clases de Entomología Agrícola, Forestal y Médica y Veterinaria de las Universidades Bolivianas, también como referencia y fuente de información. En igual manera puede apoyar a los estudiantes de Entomología, los profesionales agrónomos, forestales y profesionales trabajando en Entomología Médica/Veterinaria e interesados en el tema de Entomología. El manual está compilado en forma de unidades para la enseñanza de clases. Cualquier información adicional o nueva, cualquier comentario o corrección sería importante adicionar para mejorar este manual. El autor quiere expresar que el manual todavía está lejos de ser completo o perfecto, pero, por lo menos, es un inicio. También, se está consciente que el manual contiene todavía muchos errores, pero con el esfuerzo de todos los investigadores bolivianos, se pretende corregir, mejorar y aumentar la información sobre el importante tema de la Entomología Agrícola. Quiero expresar mis sinceros agradecimientos a todos los colegas que, con su trabajo sobre los años, han contribuido al contenido de este manual. Uno de los problemas que encontré en Bolivia durante mis 7 años de trabajo como catedrático investigador, es la falta de colaboración e intercambios de datos e información entre los investigadores y técnicos que trabajan en la agricultura. Pienso que es de suma importancia tener un sistema de intercambio y comunicación entre todas las disciplinas agrícolas con el fin de mejorar la situación agropecuaria y fitosanitaria en el país. Espero que este manual es el primer paso hacia el cumplimiento de este objetivo. Helmuth W. ROGG Bolivia, marzo del 2000 Parte Índice Helmuth W. ROGG Página ii II-2000 MANUAL DE ENTOMOLOGÍA AGRÍCOLA DE BOLIVIA Dedicatoria Este manual está dedicado a mis hijos Oliver y Joseph que no han podido vivir para conocer el fascinante y emocionante mundo de los insectos. Brindo también el presente manual a mi querida esposa que resultó una permanente fuente de energía y fortaleza para continuar y terminar esta obra. Helmuth W. ROGG Quito, ECUADOR Febrero del 2000 Parte Índice Helmuth W. ROGG Página iii II-2000 MANUAL DE ENTOMOLOGÍA AGRÍCOLA DE BOLIVIA AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecer mucho a las compañías imprentas “Ediciones MUNDI- PRENSA”, Madrid, España, y el “GEORG THIEME VERLAG”, Stuttgart, Deutschland, por su gentil autorización para el uso de varios gráficos de sus libros “INTRODUCCIÓN A LA ENTOMOLOGÍA” por R.G. Davies (ISBN 84- 7114-319-4, 1989) y “ENTOMOLOGISCHES PRAKTIKUM” por Gerhard Seifert (ISBN 3-13-455003-2, 1995) para el presente manual. También quiero expresar mis sinceros agradecimientos a todos los colegas que han, directo o indirectamente, contribuido con sus trabajos al contenido de este manual, en especial Nelson Tovar, Teresa Ormachea, Alberto Mendoza, Mariel Rodríguez, Marín Ruíz, Pedro Zavaleta, Chris Pruett, Edwin Camacho, Hernán Alemán, Angélica Hernández, Ivett Guzmán, Silvia Cabrera, Carlos Arnéz, Teresa Gutierrez, Elizabeth Quisberth, Gaby Tórrez, Guido Zárate y Rainer Ohff. Parte Índice Helmuth W. ROGG Página iv II-2000 MANUAL DE ENTOMOLOGÍA AGRÍCOLA DE BOLIVIA A INTRODUCCIÓN A ENTOMOLOGÍA I. HISTORIA DE LA ENTOMOLOGÍA Capítulo I A. Entomología Antigua: 23 1. Aristóteles 23 2. Hipócritas 23 3. Plinius 23 B. Entomología Moderna: 23 1. Aldrovandi 23 2. Jansen 23 3. Gödart 23 4. Malpighi 23 5. Swammerdamm 24 6. Leeuwenhoek 24 7. Linné 24 8. Lamarck 24 9. Fabricius 24 10. Darwin 24 11. Mendel 24 C. Entomología Actual: 25 Europa: 25 1. Frisch 25 2. Hennig 25 3. Lorenz 25 4. Southwood 25 5. Weber 25 EEUU: 25 6. Borror 25 7. Bosch 25 8. Clausen 26 9. DeBach 26 10. Huffaker 26 11. Wilson 26 Sudamérica: 26 12. Da Costa Lima 26 13. Gallo 26 14. Gorla 26 15. Santis 26 16. Rabinovich 27 17. Del Pozo 27 18. Peña, Luis 27 19. Zúñiga 27 Parte Índice Helmuth W. ROGG Página v II-2000 MANUAL DE ENTOMOLOGÍA AGRÍCOLA DE BOLIVIA 20. Andrew 27 21. Candia 27 22. Forno 28 23. Pruett 28 24. Squire 28 25. Terán 28 26. Villarroel 28 27. Zischka 28 II INTRODUCCIÓN A LA ENTOMOLOGÍA Capítulo II A. Definición de Entomología 29 B. Definición de Entomología Agrícola 29 C. Ramas de Entomología 29 D. Entomología General: 30 1. Origen de los insectos 30 2. Número de especies de insectos 32 3. Posición de insectos dentro de los Artrópodos 32 4. Éxito de los insectos 32 5. Importancia de los insectos 33 6. Estructura de los insectos 33 7. Fisiología de los insectos 34 8. Reproducción de los insectos 34 9. Desarrollo de los insectos 35 10. Comportamiento de los insectos 36 11. Relación de los insectos con humanos: 36 a) Polinizantes 37 b) Productos de insectos 37 c) Insectos plagas 37 d) Insectos plagas almacenadas 38 e) Insectos fitófagos 38 f) Insectos como destructores de plantas indeseables 38 g) Insectos benéficos 39 h) Insectos saprófagos 39 i) Insectos del suelo 39 j) Insectos para alimentación 40 k) Insectos de medicina 40 l) Insectos vectores de enfermedades 40 Parte Índice Helmuth W. ROGG Página vi II-2000 MANUAL DE ENTOMOLOGÍA AGRÍCOLA DE BOLIVIA III COLECTA Y CONSERVACIÓN DE INSECTOS Capítulo III 1. Razones para colectar y conservar insectos 43 2. Cantidad de especimenes 43 3. Equipo de colecta 43 4. Material de colecta 44 5. Redes entomológicas y otro equipo de colecta 44 a. Red entomológica 44 b. Red de batir 45 c. Paño 45 d. Aspiradores 45 e. Tamiz o cedazo o criba 45 f. Trampas 45 6. Preservación de especimenes 47 7. Conservación de insectos 47 8. Montaje de los insectos 47 9. Etiquetación de insectos montados 49 10. Colección entomológica 49 IV SISTEMÁTICA Capítulo IV A. INTRODUCCIÓN A LA SISTEMÁTICA DE INSECTOS 51 1. Historia de taxonomía 51 2. Pronunciación de los términos técnicos latinos 52 3. Presentación general del reino animal con referencia a insectos 52 4. Ordenes y Familias de INSECTA 55 a. Subclase Entognatha 55 1. Ord. Diplura 55 2. Ord. Protura 56 3. Ord. Collembola 57 b. Subclase Ectognatha 58 1. Ord. Archaeognatha 58 2. Ord. Zygentoma 59 c. Pterygota 59 d. Hemimetabolia 60 1. Ord. Ephemeroptera 60 2. Ord. Odonata 61 3. Ord. Plecoptera 62 4. Ord. Embiodea 62 5. Ord. Dermaptera 63 6. Ord. Mantodea 64 7. Ord. Blattariae 64 8 Ord. Isoptera 65 9. Ord. Phasmidae 66 10. Ord. Saltatoria 67 11. Ord. Zoraptera 68 12. Ord. Copeognatha 69 13. Ord. Phthiraptera 70 14. Ord. Thysanoptera 71 15. Ord. Heteroptera 72 16. Ord. Homoptera 75 e. Holometabolia 78 Parte Índice Helmuth W. ROGG Página vii II-2000 MANUAL DE ENTOMOLOGÍA AGRÍCOLA DE BOLIVIA 1. Ord. Megaloptera 78 2. Ord. Raphidioptera 78 3. Ord. Planipennia 79 4. Ord. Coleoptera 80 5. Ord. Strepsiptera 84 6. Ord. Hymenoptera 85 7. Ord. Trichoptera 89 8. Ord. Lepidoptera 90 9. Ord. Mecoptera 94 10. Ord. Diptera 95 11. Ord. Siphonaptera 99 V MORFOLOGÍA DE INSECTOS Capítulo V A. INTRODUCCIÓN A LA MORFOLOGÍA EXTERNA 100 1. Segmentación del cuerpo 100 a. El integumento 100 1. Composición del integumento 100 1. Lámina basalis 100 2. Epidermis 101 3. La Cutícula 101 Coloración del insecto 104 Ecdisis 105 b. La cabeza 106 1. Apéndices de la cabeza 107 i. La antena 107 1. Tipos de antenas 108 ii. El aparato bucal 110 1. Tipos de aparato bucal 111 a. Masticador 112 b. Chupador labial 112 c. Chupador maxilar 114 d. Lamedor 114 c. El tórax 114 1. Apéndices del tórax 116 i. La pierna 116 1. Tipos de piernas 117 ii. El ala 118 1. Tipos de alas 120 Articulación de alas 121 Movimiento de alas 122 d. El abdomen 122 1. Tipos del abdomen 123 2. Apéndices del abdomen 124 i. Aparato sexual externo 124 1. Aparato sexual femenino 124 2. Aparato sexual masculino 125 VI MORFOLOGÍA Y FISIOLOGIA DE INSECTOS Capítulo VI A. INTRODUCCIÓN A LA MORFOLOGÍA Y FISIOLOGIA INTERNA 126 1. El sistema muscular 126 2. El sistema sanguíneo 128 3. El sistema digestivo 129 4. El sistema excretorio 131 5. El sistema glandular 133 Parte Índice Helmuth W. ROGG Página viii II-2000 MANUAL DE ENTOMOLOGÍA AGRÍCOLA DE BOLIVIA 6. El sistema respiratorio 135 7. El sistema nervioso 136 a. Órganos sensoriales 139 b. Ojos 140 Tipos de ojos compuestos 142 8. El sistema neurosecretorio 142 a. Función del sistema endocrino 142 Ecdisis 143 Semioquímicos: 144 1. Feromonas 144 2. Aleloquímicos 144 9. El sistema reproductorio 145 a. Aparato sexual interno 145 i. Aparato sexual femenino 145 Tipos de ovarioles 145 ii. Aparato sexual masculino 146 VII LA REPRODUCCIÓN DE INSECTOS Capítulo VII A. INTRODUCCION A LA REPRODUCCIÓN DE INSECTOS 147 1. Desarrollo de Insectos 147 A. Reproducción asexual 147 B. Reproducción sexual normal 147 C. Hermafroditismo 149 D. Partenogénesis 149 Oviposición 150 1. Oviparidad 150 2. Ovoviviparidad 150 3. Larviparidad 150 4. Viviparidad 150 1. Desarrollo embrionario 150 2. Desarrollo postembrionario 151 i. Metamorfosis incompleta (Hemimetabolia) 151 ii. Metamorfosis completa (Holometabolia) 153 iii. Neotenia 154 1. Tipos de larvas 154 2. Tipos de pupas 154 iv. Dormancia 156 1. Dormancia consecutiva 156 2. Diapausa 157 VIII ECOLOGÍA ENTOMOLÓGICA Capítulo VIII A. INTRODUCCIÓN A LA ECOLOGÍA 158 1. Relación Predador – Presa 158 2. Relación Parasitoide – Huésped 159 1. Autecología 159 A. Factores abióticos 160 1. Temperatura 160 2.
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