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Water Security: Putting the Concept Into Practice TEC 12 Omslag.qxd 08-05-05 10.11 Sida 1 TEC BACKGROUND PAPERS NO. 20 Water Security: Putting the Concept into Practice By Eelco van Beek and Wouter Lincklaen Arriens Global Water Partnership Technical Committee (TEC) Global Water Partnership, (GWP), established in 1996, is an international network open to all organisations involved in water resources management: developed and developing country government institutions, agencies of the United Nations, bi- and multilateral development banks, professional associations, research institutions, non-governmental organisations, and the private sector. GWP was created to foster Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), which aims to ensure the co-ordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources by maximising economic and social welfare without compromising the sustainability of vital environmental systems. GWP promotes IWRM by creating fora at global, regional, and national levels, designed to support stakeholders in the practical implementation of IWRM. The Partnership’s governance includes the Technical Committee (TEC), a group of internationally recognised professionals and scientists skilled in the different aspects of water management. This committee, whose members come from different regions of the world, provides technical support and advice to the other governance arms and to the Partnership as a whole. The Technical Committee has been charged with developing an analytical framework of the water sector and proposing actions that will promote sustainable water resources management. The Technical Committee maintains an open channel with the GWP Regional Water Partnerships (RWPs) around the world to facilitate application of IWRM regionally and nationally. Worldwide adoption and application of IWRM requires changing the way business is conducted by the international water resources community, particularly the way investments are made. To effect changes of this nature and scope, new ways to address the global, regional, and conceptual aspects and agendas of implementing actions are required. This series, published by the GWP Global Secretariat in Stockholm, has been created to disseminate the papers written and commissioned by the Technical Committee to address the conceptual agenda. See the inside back cover for a list of publications in this series. Global Water Partnership (GWP) PO Box 24177 SE-104 51 Stockholm, Sweden Phone: +46 8 1213 86 00 E-mail: [email protected] Websites: www.gwp.org, www.gwptoolbox.org Water Security: Putting the Concept into Practice ©Global Water Partnership All rights reserved. Printed by Elanders 2014 This publication is the property of Global Water Partnership (GWP) and is protected by intellectual property laws. Portions of the text may be reproduced for educational or non-commercial use without prior permission from GWP, provided that the source is acknowledged, with mention of the complete name of the report, and that the portions are not used in a misleading context. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not imply endorsement by GWP. ISSN: 1652-5396 ISBN: 978-91-87823-07-7 TEC BACKGROUND PAPERS NO. 20 Water Security: Putting the Concept into Practice By Eelco van Beek and Wouter Lincklaen Arriens Published by the Global Water Partnership GLOBAL WATER PARTNERSHIP 4 Water Security: Putting the Concept into Practice GLOBAL WATER PARTNERSHIP FOREWORD The concept of water security has wide intuitive appeal as it expresses the main goal of water management, which is to improve the quality of life for everyone. It is a concept that provides politicians, business leaders, water professionals, and many different disciplines and interest groups with a common language. Water security is a starting point for negotiating the complexities of allocating limited water resources among many competing and often conflicting demands. A water secure world is one where every person has enough safe, affordable, clean water to lead a healthy and productive life and where communities are protected from floods, droughts, and water-borne diseases. Water security promotes environmental protection and social justice by addressing the conflicts and disputes that arise over shared water resources. This is the Global Water Partnership’s vision and, over the past 20 years, researchers and practitioners have sought to understand the economic, social, and environmental implications of increasing water security and what this means in practice. There is now growing international consensus for increasing water security in a sustainable manner and for building more resilient and robust water systems and so the concept of water security is rapidly evolving from a vision to a development imperative. However, as yet there is no consensus on how to frame, approach, and operationalise what is a real and complex problem. This landmark paper addresses these real issues. It brings together a wealth of information on what water security means and how to put this concept into practice. It discusses the many different ways in which it is currently being framed and operationalised through developmental and risk-based approaches. It describes the journey over the past two decades in which the process of integrating water resources management has developed and is reaching adulthood. People are beginning to see water management as a cross- sectoral issue which includes water for people, food, ecosystems, and industry, and they are looking ahead towards sustainable resource use and ‘the future we want’. But we cannot manage what we cannot measure and so measurement will be fundamental to increasing water security. This means identifying its various dimensions, setting targets, and seeking actions to achieve them. Thus, Water Security: Putting the Concept into Practice 5 GLOBAL WATER PARTNERSHIP the final part of this paper deals with quantifying water security to enable practitioners to focus on current problems and set targets for improvement, assess the effect of planned measures, compare progress against benchmarks and experiences elsewhere, and learn lessons from good practice. My thanks to the authors of this paper, Eelco van Beek and Wouter Lincklaen Arriens, who are members of the GWP Technical Committee for their comprehensive analysis of water security and its challenges and for setting down a clear pathway towards a more water secure world. I also extend thanks to the members of the GWP Technical Committee for their invaluable comments and suggestions during the preparation of this paper. I also wish to express appreciation for the editing support provided by Melvyn Kay. Dr Mohamed AIT KADI Chair, GWP Technical Committee 6 Water Security: Putting the Concept into Practice GLOBAL WATER PARTNERSHIP CONTENTS Foreword Executive summary 8 Water security: what it is and what it takes 10 Water security as an emerging paradigm 11 Framing the dimensions of water security 12 Developmental approach 13 Risk-based approach 16 Defining water security at scale 18 Water and other securities 20 From IWRM to water security 22 IWRM origins 22 What integration means 23 IWRM and water security are symbiotic 25 Implications for governance 27 Adapting to change 27 The economic value of increased water security 28 Coping capacity and water security 29 Virtual water, water footprints, and water security 30 Dealing with future uncertainties through adaptation 32 Building capacity and partnerships 33 Taking the lead to increase water security 34 Quantifying water security in practice 35 Building blocks for quantifying 36 Vision/goals and key dimensions 37 Selecting indicators 41 Composite indices 43 Assessment using a risk-based approach 44 Assessment using a development approach 46 Further development of the concept 49 References 50 Water Security: Putting the Concept into Practice 7 GLOBAL WATER PARTNERSHIP EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ncreasing water security lies at the heart of GWP’s vision and has attracted widespread attention in recent years. The term I water security is intuitively attractive to express the main goal of water management: to improve the quality of life for people around the world. But how can this be put in practice? Water security has multiple components, including supplies of sufficient good quality water to users and the environment; mitigating risks of flooding, drought, and pollution; and avoiding conflicts over shared waters. As such, water security has economic, social, and environmental dimensions, which reflect the pillars of integrated water resources management (IWRM). The authors argue that water security and IWRM are symbiotic and that adaptive management as embodied in IWRM processes helps to bring about water security – at national level, in river basins and cities, and at local level (e.g. in projects). Water security can never be fully achieved, because ever-changing physical and economic conditions will require the continuous adaptation of water systems and behaviours in order to meet the growing demands and changing climatological conditions. Furthermore, there are no ‘one-size-fits-all’ solutions to increasing water security, and that appropriate measures will depend on local conditions and available coping capacity. There are two approaches to increasing water security. The developmental approach seeks to increase water security over time. It identifies outcomes that are achieved over time through a combination of policies
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