Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
February 2015
Supported by the Government of India, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation and Water and Sanitation Program
1 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
2 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Toolkit for THE Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
February 2015
Supported by the Government of India, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation and Water and Sanitation Program
3 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
4 lfpo Toolkit for the Preparation of fot;y{eh tks’kh ,bZ. ,. ,l. a Drinking Water Security Plan Hkkjr ljdkj VIJAYLAXMI JOSHI I.A.S. is;ty ,oa LoPNrk ea=ky; Secretary Government of India Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation C-3 Wing, 4th Floor, Paryavaran Bhawan, New Delhi-110003 Tel.: 24361670, 24361671, 24361572 Fax: 24361669 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ddws.nic.in
Foreword
The Government of India along with the States and Union Territories has been focussing on ensuring safe drinking water supply to the rural communities from 1972-73 onwards through various national rural drinking water supply programmes. Being a vast and diverse country, India is facing many challenges in ensuring reliable and safe drinking water on a sustainable basis.
The Government of India—subscribing to the statement—‘It is difficult to manage what is not measured’, has been developing its Drinking Water Security Plan with an inventory of drinking water resources, systems, institutional arrangements, energy charges, sanitation aspects, etc., in an integrated participatory way under its pilot project National Drinking Water Security Pilot Project (NDWSPP).
There is a need for a holistic and participatory planning approach, with clear guidance on institutional roles and responsibilities and financing to address issues on sustainability.
Gram Panchayats and Village Water and Sanitation Committees need to prepare Drinking Water Security Plans which address source sustainability, water quality (both bacteriological and chemical), operation and maintenance issues, as well as provisions for replacement and expansion.
This Toolkit has been prepared for use by support agencies, field level engineers, Gram Panchayat secretaries, Panchayat development officers, etc., who can facilitate the preparation of drinking water security plans using the necessary tools, techniques and templates to ensure that a systematic, step-by-step approach is adopted throughout the process.
This document, Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan, has been prepared in association with the Water and Sanitation Program with inputs from the user community, Gram Panchayats, State Nodal Officers and Support Organisations.
We acknowledge the inputs provided by Nodal Officers, SupportO rganisations and Gram Panchayat functionaries. I wish to place on record our appreciation for associating with us and bringing out this Toolkit.
New Delhi 6th February 2015 Vijaylaxmi Joshi
,d dne LoPNrk dh vksj / Sanitation is Next to Godliness 5 v Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
6 vi Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Acknowledgements
This Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan has been prepared by the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) and the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS), Government of India, as part of the technical assistance to the National Drinking Water Security Pilot Project of MDWS.
The team that prepared this Toolkit comprised Mr. Mariappa Kullappa, Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist, Water and Sanitation Program, and Mr. Manohar S.P. (Consultant) with support and inputs from Dr. Manish Kumar, Senior Institutional Development Specialist, Dr. Suseel Samuel, Water and Sanitation Specialist, and Ms. Vandana Mehra, Communication Specialist.
Officials from state, district and block levels of the participating states and representatives of Support Organisations engaged for the National Drinking Water Security Pilot Project provided critical inputs in addition to facilitating meetings and field visits to pilot blocks. State Nodal Officers from the participating states and concerned sector specialists provided comments on the draft Toolkit.
Acknowledgments are due to: • Mrs. Sweta Banarjee, District Nodal Office, Maharashtra and Mr. Ravi Prakash, Team Leader, for providing inputs and facilitating interactions with field functionaries, Gram Panchayats and communities in their respective pilot blocks;
• Gram Panchayat functionaries of Domak Gram Panchayat, Morshi block, Amravati district, Maharashtra, and of Hebbani Gram Panchayat, Mulbagal block, Kolar district, Karnataka for all the support extended during designing and field testing activities in their Gram Panchayats; and
• Officials from state, district and block levels of the participating states and representatives of Support Organisations of the National Drinking Water Security Pilot Project for providing critical inputs as well as comments on the draft Toolkit.
The guidance and support provided by Ms. Vijaylaxmi Joshi, Secretary; Mr. Satyabrata Sahu, Joint Secretary (Water); Mr. Sujoy Majumdar, Director; Mr. Dinesh Chand, Advisor; Ms. Sandhya Singh, Joint Director; and Mr. Sanmugasundaram (Consultant NRC) of MDWS, Government of India, are gratefully acknowledged.
References used in the preparation of the Toolkit are included in the Bibliography.
7 vii Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Table of Contents Foreword v Acknowledgements vii Abbreviations 10 Glossary of Terms 12 How to Use this Toolkit 15 Chapter 1 Water Security Planning 17 1.1 Background and Need 18 1.2 Water Security Planning 18 1.3 Framework for Drinking Water Security 19 1.4 Technical Support to GP/VWSC 19 1.5 About the Toolkit 19 Chapter 2 Project Phases 21 2.1 Project Phases 22 2.2 Input, Process and Output 24 2.3 Note to Facilitator 26 Chapter 3 Process Planning 27 3.1 Phase 1: Preparatory Phase (P) 28 3.1.1 Institutional Support (Activity Code P-1) 28 3.1.2 Compilation of Data (Activity Code P-2) 28 3.1.2.1 Baseline Data 30 3.1.2.2 Delineation of the Hydrological Unit 33 3.1.2.3 Groundwater Prospects Maps 34 3.1.2.4 Toposheet 35 3.2 Phase 2: Capacity Building, Survey and Planning (C) 35 3.2.1 GP MCM (Activity Code C-1) 37 3.2.2 Gram Sabha 1 (Activity Code C-2) 39 3.2.3 VWSC Formation/Strengthening (Activity Code 3) 41 3.2.4 Participatory Rural Appraisal (Activity Code C-4) 42 3.2.4.1 Social Mapping (Activity Code C-4.1) 42 3.2.4.2 Water Resource Mapping (Activity Code C-4.2) 47 3.2.4.3 Timeline (Activity Code C-4.3) 49 3.2.4.4 Seasonality (Activity Code C-4.4) 51 3.2.4.5 Community-Led Total Sanitation (Activity Code C-4.5) 53 3.2.5 Water Transect—Walk from Source to Users (Activity Code C-5) 60 3.2.6 Establishment of Rain Gauge Station (Activity Code C-6) 64 3.2.7 WTQQ Monitoring (Activity Code C-7) 67 3.2.7.1 Groundwater Table 67 3.2.7.2 Discharge Measurement 69 3.2.7.3 Water Quality 69 3.2.8 Water Budget (Activity Code C-8) 70 3.2.8.1 Assessment of Water Availability 71 3.2.8.2 Assessment of Water Demand 73 3.2.9 Women’s Meeting (Activity Code C-9) 76 3.2.10 School Level Programme (Activity Code C-10) 77
8 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan 3.2.11 Cross Visit (Activity Code C-11) 78 3.2.12 VWSC Workshop-2 (Activity Code C-12) 80 3.2.13 Gram Sabha 2 (Activity Code C-13) 82 3.2.14 GP Workshop 2 (Activity Code C-14) 82
Chapter 4 Implementation and Monitoring Process 83 4.1 Implementation Stage 84 4.1.1 VWSC Meeting (Activity Code I-1) 85 4.1.2 Periodic Joint Review of Works (Activity Code I-2) 86 4.1.3 Operation and Maintenance (Activity Code I-3) 87 4.2 Monitoring 91 Bibliography 93
Annex: Template for Drinking Water Security Plan 97
List of Figures Figure 2.1: Phases of Drinking Water Security Planning 22 Figure 2.2: Phase 1: Preparatory Phase with Expected Outputs 22 Figure 2.3: Phase 2: Capacity Building, Survey and Drinking Water Security Plan 23 and Expected Outputs Figure 2.4: Phase 3: Implementation and Expected Outputs 23 Figure 2.5: Phase 4: Monitoring and Expected Outputs 23 Figure 3.1: Institutional Arrangements 29 Figure 3.2: An Example of the Delineation of a Hydrological Unit 34 Figure 3.3: Sample Groundwater Prospects Map Showing Watershed Boundaries and 34 Watershed-wise Groundwater Prospects Figure 3.4: Phase 2: Outputs 35 Figure 3.5: A Sample Social Map on Cloth 45 List of Tables Table 2.1: Phase-wise Inputs, Processes and Expected Outputs 24 Table 3.1: Baseline Data of Gram Panchayat 30 Table 3.2: Phase 2: Activities and Expected Outputs 36 Table 3.3: Stakeholder Details—Format 37 Table 3.4: Meeting Report Format 40 Table 3.5: Survey Format: Social Mapping 46 Table 3.6: Survey Format for Water Resource Mapping 48 Table 3.7: example of Seasonal Calendar 52 Table 3.8: Basics: Key Attitudes and Behaviours 56 Table 3.9: clTS: Monitoring and Reporting Formats 58 Table 3.10: Checklist to Identify Water Security, Water Supply System and O&M Issues 61 Table 3.11: Format for Water Supply System Issues, Challenges and Possible Solutions 63 Table 3.12: Rainfall Data Log 66 Table 3.13: Format for Computing Irrigation Water Demand 74 Table 3.14: Consolidation of Information for a DWSP 81 Table 4.1: roles and Responsibilities of Agencies Involved 84 Table 4.2: activities within the DWSP 85 Table 4.3: checklist for FGD 88 Table 4.4: Water Tariff Calculation 89 Table 4.5: Suggested Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 92 List of Boxes Box 3.1: Social Map—A Dynamic Monitoring Tool 44 Box 3.2: clTS Principles 58 Box 4.1: o&M and Water Conservation 90 9 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Abbreviations
APL Above the Poverty Line ASHA Accredited Social Health Activist BPL Below the Poverty Line BRC Block Resource Centre CBO Community-Based Organisation CLTS Community-Led Total Sanitation cu m cubic metre DWSM District Water and Sanitation Mission DWSP Drinking Water Security Plan FGD Focussed Group Discussion GoI Government of India GP Gram Panchayat ha hectare HH Household lpcd litre per capita per day lpd litre per day m metre mm millimetre M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MCM Mobilisation & Convergence Meeting MDWS Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation MGNREGS Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme MoU Memorandum of Understanding MVS Multi Village Scheme NGO Non-governmental Organisation NRDWP National Rural Drinking Water Programme
10 Toolkit for the Preparation of Abbreviations a Drinking Water Security Plan
APL Above the Poverty Line NRW Non Revenue Water ASHA Accredited Social Health Activist OBC Other Backward Classes BPL Below the Poverty Line O&M Operation and Maintenance BRC Block Resource Centre OD Open Defecation CBO Community-Based Organisation ODF Open Defecation Free CLTS Community-Led Total Sanitation PHC Primary Health Centre cu m cubic metre PHED Public Health Engineering Department DWSM District Water and Sanitation Mission PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal DWSP Drinking Water Security Plan SC Scheduled Caste FGD Focussed Group Discussion SHG Self-help Group GoI Government of India SLSSC State Level Schemes Sanctioning Committee GP Gram Panchayat SMC School Management Committee ha hectare ST Scheduled Tribe HH Household STA State Technical Agency lpcd litre per capita per day SO Support Organisation lpd litre per day sq km square kilometre m metre SVS Single Village Scheme mm millimetre SWSM State Water and Sanitation Mission M&E Monitoring and Evaluation VQAT Village Quality Assurance Team MCM Mobilisation & Convergence Meeting VWSC Village Water and Sanitation Committee MDWS Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation WSP Water and Sanitation Program MGNREGS Mahatma Gandhi National Rural WSSO Water and Sanitation Employment Guarantee Scheme Support Organisation MoU Memorandum of Understanding WLI Water Level Indicator MVS Multi Village Scheme WTQQ Water Table, Quantity and Quality NGO Non-governmental Organisation WUC Water Users Committee NRDWP National Rural Drinking ZP Zilla Parishad Water Programme
11 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Glossary of Terms
Activity: Educational process or procedure intended to stimulate learning through actual experience.
Aquifer: An underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted using a water well.
Catchment: A catchment, or drainage basin, is a discrete area of land with a common drainage system. A catchment area includes the water bodies that convey the water, as well as the land surface from which water drains into these bodies.
Environment: The physical and biological factors together with their chemical interactions that affect an organism.
Facilitator: A person who helps to bring about an outcome (i.e., learning, productivity, or communication) by providing indirect or unobtrusive assistance, guidance, or supervision.
Hydrogeology: The area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the earth’s crust, commonly in aquifers.
Indicator: A measurable or tangible (concrete) sign that something has been done.
Input: Information/data/facilitation that helps someone make a decision in order to achieve a desired goal.
Mapping: The process of gathering information about community water supply by having community members create their own map. They can draw the map on the ground or on a sheet of paper with sufficient details to facilitate identification of the source, utilities, consumption centre and risk zones.
Participatory A rapid and inexpensive assessment of the most important Rural Appraisal: features of the living conditions of a population and an environment. The assessment, done primarily by an interdisciplinary team, takes place in the field.
Primary Data: Observed or collected directly from first-hand experience.
12 Toolkit for the Preparation of Glossary of Terms a Drinking Water Security Plan
Process: Sequence of interdependent and linked procedures which, at every stage, consume one or more resources to convert inputs into outputs. These outputs then serve as inputs for the next stage until a specified goal is reached.
Secondary Data: Published data and data previously collected by other parties.
Stakeholder: A person, group or organisation that has some form of interest or concern in an organisation. Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the organisation’s actions, objectives and policies.
Transect Walks: Systematically organised walks with key informants through the area of interest, while observing, asking questions, listening and identifying problems and solutions. Walking through, a community helps participants to understand power divisions, environmental issues, solid and liquid waste management, construction quality, operation and maintenance, etc.
Water Demand: Water requirements for a specified purpose (e.g., municipal supply, irrigation, ecology, plant transpiration or storage).
Water Security: Availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods, ecosystems and productive activities, coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks to people, economies and the environment.
Water A comprehensive risk assessment and risk management Security Plan: approach embracing all the different steps in water supply, from catchment to consumer.
Water Quality: Refers to the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water. It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and/or to any human need or purpose.
13 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
14 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
How to Use this Toolkit
This Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking habitations in four phases, leading to drinking Water Security Plan provides a model for taking water security in project villages. The phases a Gram Panchayat/Support Organisation through and relevant activities of each stage in the process an action planning process. The Toolkit includes are described in this chapter, based on the a basic action planning format. It is a step-by-step Government of India concept note and process, covering practical guidelines and a water expected outcome of convergence of input security plan template. The Practical Guidelines to the Gram Panchayats/Village Water and are designed to standardise and streamline Sanitation Committees. water security planning for all the pilot blocks. The Toolkit focusses on the planning and 3. Process: This chapter describes the purpose community mobilisation as well as the institutional of the activities to be undertaken in each phase. and financial aspects of implementing a drinking It also serves to indicate how the activities will water security programme in pilot blocks. be pursued (objective, methodology, duration, facilitator, process and expected outcome), as well Target Audience as their expected outcomes. The Toolkit has been prepared for use by support 4. Implementation and Monitoring: This agencies, field level engineers, Gram Panchayat chapter describes the process-based activities and secretaries, Panchayat development officers, etc., the process of empowering Gram Panchayats, who can facilitate the preparation of drinking Village Water and Sanitation Committees and water security plans using the necessary tools, the community during the implementation and techniques and templates to ensure that a monitoring phases. systematic, step-by-step approach is adopted throughout the process. Template for Drinking Water Overview Security Plan The Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking The Drinking Water Security Plan provides Water Security Plan contains four chapters: documentary evidence of the planning process: input, process and outcome of each activity, 1. Water Security Planning: This chapter together with a situation analysis, a stakeholder provides background information, and outlines analysis, solutions and source of funding. the objective of the piloting and pilot blocks. 2. Project Phases: The National Drinking In order to streamline the content and standardise Water Security Pilot Project is planned to be the Drinking Water Security Plan an appropriate implemented in Gram Panchayats and their template is annexed.
15 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
16 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
1
WATER SECURITY PLANNING
17 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
WATER SECURITY PLANNING
1.1 Background and Need While Block Resource Centres (BRCs) have a key The drinking water sector institutions have role in facilitating technical support and training, been effective in building infrastructure, and District Water and Sanitation Missions (DWSMs) most habitations in rural India currently have need to provide overall planning coordination. access to hand pumps or piped water supply This should include making decisions on systems. However, high rates of non-use of hand expanding water resources, merging funding pumps and piped schemes persist due to lack arrangements from different development of ownership, poor Operation and Maintenance programmes, and monitoring implementation and (O&M), lower groundwater tables and water performance. Technical support is required from sources going dry or becoming quality affected. Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) engineers and local professionals to ensure the At the same time, competition for water use preventive maintenance of hand pumps, supply continues to increase rapidly and drinking water of spare parts and O&M of piped water supplies. supply can no longer be addressed separately Financing needs to be made available to address from agricultural and industrial use. Although sustainability issues through immediate and water for domestic drinking purposes is accorded longer term investment planning (physical and first priority in India’s National Water Policy, it operational), annual budgeting and periodic represents a very small proportion of water use. review of village water security plans. Around 80 per cent of the total water resources withdrawn in India are used for agriculture. A Drinking water security planning is thus a parallel need exists to develop and implement comprehensive approach that involves addressing a system of safeguards to satisfy drinking engagement, involvement and ownership at all water demand. levels, particularly at the community level.
A new approach is required to achieve drinking 1.2 Water Security Planning water security and sustainability. A holistic The main aim of a Drinking Water Security Plan and participatory planning approach is clearly (DWSP) is to ensure that: needed, with clear guidance on institutional roles, responsibilities and financing. Gram Panchayats l The surface and ground water resource is (GPs) and Village Water and Sanitation Committees conserved, protected, enhanced and managed (VWSCs) need to prepare water security plans to ensure that the quantity of drinking water which address source sustainability, water quality is sufficient to meet the demands of the (both bacteriological and chemical), O&M issues, population. This includes measuring water as well as make provision for system replacement availability and metering its supply (water and expansion. This can be achieved by the GP budget), constructing rainwater harvesting and and VWSC with appropriate technical and financial groundwater recharge structures and instituting support provided by the departments concerned. local self-regulation mechanisms, effecting
18 Toolkit for the Preparation of WATER SECURITY PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
changes in agricultural practices and crop (SOs) are in place to assist the communities in patterns, using more efficient irrigation implementing the Water Security Pilot. systems, etc. l The quality of drinking water conforms 1.4 Technical Support to GP/VWSC to acceptable standards through the The planning approach to be adopted by the implementation of a series of preventive facilitator (SO, BRC, DWSM) to achieve drinking measures at the basin, source, system and water security is based on participatory bottom-up household level (a ‘water security plan’), with Village Water Security Planning. monitoring through application of field test kits and district or sub-divisional water quality All the planning activities will involve working testing laboratories. with the community and will take account of local l The water supply service is managed efficiently conditions, issues and challenges. The unit of and sustainability with clear operational, management will be the block-level Panchayat. maintenance and management procedures. Village water security plans will be prepared Procedures include a clear O&M cost recovery overall at the block level, with the individual policy together with transparent arrangements villages/GPs benefiting from the planning for the renewal, replacement and expansion of arrangements at a later stage. the source and/or the scheme (i.e., operating and service improvement plans). The SO and line department will be responsible for carrying out the following tasks in order to 1.3 Framework for Drinking support the village/GP/block to prepare and Water Security successfully implement DWSPs and achieve long- To better understand how these procedures can be term water security: operationalised in different contexts throughout the country, the Ministry of Drinking Water and l Community mobilisation Sanitation (MDWS) initiated a National Drinking l Initial benchmarking at the local levels of Water Security Pilot Programme in 15 blocks in amounts of water available 10 different states. l Improve water resources monitoring, protection and recharge measures The pilot programmes have been designed and l Improve drinking water supply implemented on the basis of a community-driven system management approach involving the respective state-level nodal l Ensure water quality agencies and district-level teams. The states will l Ensure accountability through regular and use their regular allocations from the MDWS for credible auditing and reporting these pilots and ensure effective convergence l Build capacity of the BRC’s staff of other sources of funds such as the Mahatma l Monitor water security planning preparation Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee and implementation Scheme (MGNREGS), State Sector Funds, Finance Commission grants, etc. 1.5 About the Toolkit Field-level functionaries such as SO practitioners, The DWSP will be implemented through VWSCs engineers, GP secretaries, development officers, or Water Users Committees (WUCs) and GPs in etc., are required to facilitate the preparation coordination with the BRCs. The latter centres of DWSPs using the requisite tools, techniques will facilitate technical support and training and and templates with a view to ensuring that a the DWSMs are to be responsible for planning systematic, step-by-step approach is adopted by coordination. Qualified Support Organisations the implementers. With this objective in mind, the
19 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) and MDWS Key features of the planning process leading to have developed the Toolkit for the Preparation of a Village Water Security Plans are: Drinking Water Security Plan. The Toolkit explains the phases, tools and techniques in this process- l Establishment of meaningful partnerships oriented activity. through convergence l Participatory assessment and analysis This Toolkit has been developed after close l Assessment of the social environment consultation with SOs/GP functionaries and the l Technical inputs during the process Nodal Officer. l Environmental concerns l Institutional and financial sustainability The design of the Toolkit is based on the Government of India’s (GoI’s) concept note, Who can Use the Toolkit? institutional framework and a scope of work for This Toolkit is aimed at the following categories SOs. The core content of the Toolkit includes an of users: assessment of the social environment, a supply/ demand assessment and opportunities/possible l SOs involved in project planning ways of addressing identified drinking water and implementation. security issues. l GP functionaries, government agencies and VWSC members involved in project planning and implementation. l Agencies/individuals involved in the technical and administrative approval of the project.
20 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
2
PROJECT PHASES
21 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
PROJECT PHASES
2.1 Project Phases The Phases of Drinking Water Security Planning is The National Drinking Water Security Pilot Project abbreviated as PCIM: is planned to be implemented in the respective GPs and their habitations in four phases. Phase 1: Preparatory Phase Phase 2: Capacity Building, Survey & Drinking In order to prepare an effective DWSP for villages, Water Security Plan the phases and relevant activities in each phase Phase 3: Implementation have to be thoroughly understood. Phase 4: Monitoring
Based on the GoI concept note and expected Since each of the phases is linked to the outputs outcome of convergence of input to GPs/VWSCs, of the preceding stage, monitoring the process the phases and relevant activity are described in at each stage and the quality of output against the Toolkit. The purpose of each activity and the a schedule is vital for the success of the project. way to operationalise the relevant activity needs to The broad outputs expected at each phase of the be studied in advance. project are as follows:
Figure 2.1. Phases of Drinking Figure 2.2. Phase 1: Preparatory Water Security Planning Phase with Expected Outputs
Water Security Phase 4 Monitoring
Phase 3 Implementation
Phase 4 Monitoring Capacity Building, Survey & Phase 2 Drinking Water Security Plan
Phase 3 Implementation Phase 1 Preparatory Phase
Phase 2 Capacity Building, Survey & Drinking Water Security Plan Outputs: • DWSM • Active BRC • Nodal person from line departments Phase 1 Preparatory Phase • GP • Secondary data compiled and approved by DWSM • SO in place
22 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROJECT PHASES a Drinking Water Security Plan
Figure 2.3. Phase 2: Capacity Building, Figure 2.5. Phase 4: Monitoring and Survey and Drinking Water Security Expected Outputs Plan and Expected Outputs
Phase 4 Monitoring Phase 4 Monitoring Phase 3 Implementation Phase 3 Implementation Capacity Building, Survey & Phase 2 Capacity Building, Survey & Drinking Water Security Plan Phase 2 Drinking Water Security Plan Phase 1 Preparatory Phase Phase 1 Preparatory Phase
Outputs: • Drinking water sustained • Decision making on cropping Outputs: pattern based on water budget • Water consumption • Active VWSC • Village DWSP • Plan for ODF village by sector • O&M by VWSC • Water tariff initiated • Water tariff based on volume
Figure 2.4. Phase 3: Implementation and Considering the project objective, output of each Expected Outputs stage and project duration, the DWSM should adopt a Dynamic Logical Approach for the entire project duration. This Dynamic Logical Approach Phase 4 Monitoring is a combination of socio-technical and project management features. In this approach, the process outputs and quality are frequently measured with Phase 3 Implementation suitable performance indicators, and appropriate actions should be initiated in order to guide the Capacity Building, Survey & Phase 2 project to achieve the desired objective within Drinking Water Security Plan the specified timeframe and budget.
Phase 1 Preparatory Phase
Outputs: • DWSP implemented • Drinking water conservation • Knowledge camps with farmers on cropping patterns, groundwater awareness and local aquifers • 100% ODF • 100% water tariff recovery
23 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
2.2 Input, Process and Output the output are explained in a subsequent section. The proposed activity under each phase with It is envisaged that the DWSM will take necessary inputs, processes and expected outputs, leading action to provide input and to monitor the to the DWSP, is shown in Table 2.1. The input, process. Activities are coded as per the process, tools and techniques required to achieve PCIM model.
Table 2.1. Phase-wise Inputs, Processes and Expected Outputs
Processes Inputs Outputs Tools & Techniques
Activity Phase Expected Output Code P Phase 1: Preparatory Phase (P) P1 Institutional arrangement for DWSP • Block-level institutional arrangement covering DWSM, BRC and SO , contact line department person for the water security plan to be put in place P2 Compilation of secondary data by • DWSM approves secondary data for all GPs District Nodal Officer C Phase 2: Capacity Building, Survey and Planning (C) C1 GP-level Mobilisation & • Agreed to participate Convergence Meeting (GP-l-MCM) • GP resolution to participate C2 Gram Sabha (Habitation-level • Gram Sabha resolution to participate Meeting)-1 C3 Formation/strengthening • List of VWSC members, VWSC bank of VWSC1 account and Swacchatha Dooth selection C4 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) • Social map • Resource map • Timeline & seasonality (water availability and diseases) • Community- Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) and development of sanitation plan C5 Water transect—walk from source • Identification of issues to users C6 Establishment of rain gauge station • At least one rain gauge station per GP, regular observation and recording of rainfall data
24 PROJECT PHASES Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Activity Phase Expected Output Code C7 WTQQ (WT‐ Water Table, Q ‐Quantity • WTQQ monitoring and recording of data of and Q Quality) monitoring of selected bore/tube well selected bore/tubewell C8 Water budget estimation • Domestic and drinking water demands for human consumption • Livestock, institutional demands • Current draft/use for agriculture and other purposes, with current sources and their yield potential • Gap analysis of demand and supply • Equity & sustainability C9 Women’s meeting • Awareness-raising and updating water budget and input for plans C10 School-level programme • Dissemination of information gathered during PRA and water budget • Developing school action plan for DWSP and sanitation C11 Exposure visit—village • Learning DWSP plan and implementation, implementing DWSP clarifying issues and constraints • Exchange of outcomes of water budget and DWSP plan C12 VWSC-2 Workshop—Water Security Moving towards water security planning Plan Development • Technical • O&M management • Institutional C13 Gram Sabha II • Approval of DWSP C14 GP-level compilation meeting (GP-2) • Consolidation and approval of village DWSP I Phase 3: Implementation Stage I1 VWSC meeting • VQAT in place • Details of works • Project components together with project • Mode of implementation cost is displayed in a prominent place • Formation of Village Quality Assurance Team (VQAT) I2 Periodic joint review of works by • Project progress and quality reviewed by VWSC, GP, PHED, Zilla Parishad (ZP) the VWSC and VQ AT I3 O&M of existing scheme and drinking • O&M initiated by VWSC water conservation programme • Water conservation programme implemented by VWSC • % reduction of water consumption and electricity demonstrated
25 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Activity Code Phase Expected Output M Phase 4: Monitoring M1 Monthly monitoring of WTQQ • Water table, quality of drinking water source monitored and quantity of other sector analysed M2 Survey to assess the number of • % increase in number compared to individuals using toilets baseline data M3 Water consumption survey for • Sector-wide water consumption various sector s M4 Media scanning • Increased number of success stories and their dissemination at local, regional, national and international level
2.3 Note to Facilitator l The expected output of the each activity mainly l Everyone is encouraged to participate—at their depends on the input and effectiveness of the own comfort level. processes adopted. This, in turn, depends l Allow everyone to be heard—no single person on the effectiveness of the facilitation. The should dominate the discussion. facilitating role of the SO and line department l All views will be respected—everyone’s is crucial. input is valuable. l Most activities involve effective communication l Keep the group focussed on the content of with communities, and our role as facilitators, as the discussion. well as the community’s role as a stakeholder in l Monitor how well the participants are the process. Therefore, it is important to realise communicating with each other—who has that mere information dissemination to the spoken, who has not spoken—and attend to communities is not enough. those participants whose points have not yet l The facilitator is also responsible for helping received a fair hearing. communities to interact, debate, discuss l Put off intervening yourself as long as you can. the information and arrive at appropriate Too many interruptions stifle discussion. organisational and technical decisions. l Do not interrupt unless you are sure that the group has lost track of the discussion. Some Tips for the Facilitator l Allow participants to respond directly to one l Seating arrangements for the discussion meeting another. The most effective facilitator often should be circular as far as possible and the says little, but is always thinking about how to meeting place should have sufficient light inspire the group towards achieving its goals. and ventilation. l Don’t be afraid of silence. It will sometime take l Always start the meeting with appropriate a while for someone to offer an answer to the greetings (Namaskar, Pranam, etc.). question you pose. People need time to think.
26 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
3
PROCESS PLANNING
27 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
PROCESS PLANNING
3.1 Phase 1: Preparatory Phase (P) 6. District Support—Zilla Parishads (ZPs) and The major output at the preparatory phase is the DWSM: The DWSMs are responsible for setting establishment of the institutional arrangement priorities for investment in the district based on and approval of the data that have been compiled. their available budgets, reviewing and approving The institutional support envisaged in the project village plans and compiling them to form an design and the basic data required for the project overarching District Plan. The DWSMs also assist planning are described below. communities by organising finance, training and technical assistance. 3.1.1: Institutional Support 7. State Support: The State Water and Sanitation (Activity Code P-1) Mission (SWSM) provides policy guidance. The State Level Schemes Sanctioning Committee The institutional roles and responsibilities set forth (SLSSC) approves schemes, supports activities in the National Rural Drinking Water Programme to be undertaken and reviews implementation (NRDWP) guidelines should be followed: progress and operational performance. The Water and Sanitation Support Organisation 1. Gram Sabha: The community submits its (WSSO) deals with the software aspects demands to the Gram Sabha and approves of rural water supply. The State Technical decisions about water services based on techno- Agency (STA) supports PHEDs by providing economic criteria. technical expertise. 2. The GP is responsible for ensuring that every person has access to an adequate supply of safe water. 3.1.2 Compilation of Data 3. Water Operators: Contracts set out caretakers’/ (Activity Code P-2) operators’ tasks and respective payment. This phase is of substantial importance in 4. The VWSC is a standing committee of the GP terms of obtaining baseline information on the responsible for planning, implementation, O&M village which can be used in discussion with and management of the water supply system at community members during the planning stage. the habitation level. It is the District Nodal Officer’s responsibility 5. The BRC helps communities to prepare and to compile the GP-level information jointly with implement plans by providing motivation, line departments through the BRCs and to get it training and organising technical support from certified by the DWSM. The following information/ the PHED, as well as by providing information data and maps need to be obtained/compiled: on water quantity and quality and public health matters. The GP/VWSC should contact the BRC l Baseline data from various departments to seek advice on any issues on which they l Toposheet need help. l Groundwater prospects maps
28 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
Figure 3.1. Institutional Arrangements
29 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.1.2.1 Baseline Data The format for the compilation of baseline data is shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1. Baseline Data of Gram Panchayat
SL No. Details Village I Village II Total Name of village 1. Demographic profile i Population—total a. Male b. Female c. Children ii. No. of households—total a. APL b. BPL c. SC d. ST e. General iii Literacy level of village (%) 2. Socio-economic profile of village i. Occupation Farmers Agricultural labourers Artisans Employed in (Govt./Private) Others ii. No. of MGNREGA job cards iii. Village area in ha a. Forest area in ha b. Fallow land in ha c. Barren land in ha d. Cultivable wasteland in ha e. Uncultivable wasteland in ha i v. Landholding pattern a. No. of landless farmer HHs b. No. of small farmer HHs c. No. of marginal farmer HHs d. No. of large farmer HHs
30 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
SL No. Details Village I Village II Total v. No. of educational institutions a. Anganwadi b. Primary school c. Middle school d. High school e. Others (Higher Secondary) vi. Health facilities a. PHC/Dispensary/CHC/Sub-centre b. Private clinics vii. Power supply Availability of electricity connectivity in village Average hours of electricity supply per day No. of HHs with electricity connectivity No. of electricity connections for irrigation viii Social organisations a. VWSC b. No. of SHGs c. No. of youth clubs d. Cooperative Societies e. Others (specify) ix. Road Connectivity a. Pucca (cemented/asphalt) road b. Kuchha (mud) road x. Agriculture a. Area under cultivation in ha - Irrigated area in Kharif - Irrigated area in Rabi - Irrigated area in summer - Unirrigated area b. Irrigation type (area in ha) - Area irrigated by canals - Tanks - Dug wells - Dug-cum-bore wells - Bore well/tube well c. Water lifting sources - Bullock drawn - Diesel pump - Centrifugal pump - Submersible pump d. Water-level issues % of defunct wells % of drinking water wells going dry in summer % of irrigation wells going dry in summer % of wells with falling water levels
31 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
SL No. Details Village I Village II Total Principal Kharif Crops (area in acres) 1. Jwar 2. Bajara 3. Tur 4. Urad 5. Moong 6. Groundnut 7. Til, Corn 8. Soyabean 9. Karali 10. Cotton 11. Kaddhanya, Chilli, Vegetable, Other Principal Rabi Crops (area in acres) 1. Corn, Ginger 2. Vegetables 3. Grain 4. Chana Principal Summer Crops (area in acres)
1. Onion 2. Orange 3. Chilli 4. Groundnut 5. Vegetable Water saving devices such as sprinklers, drips, etc. in use (number of farmers) 1. Drip 2. Pat 3. Sprinkler Animal Population (number) 1. Ox 2. Cow 3. Buffalo 4. Dog 5. Goat 6. Hen 7. Other
32 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
SL No. Details Village I Village II Total 3. Drinking Water Systems (No.) a. Open wells b. Hand pumps—public c. Hand pumps—private d. Piped water supply (SVS or MVS) e. Others (specify) f. Access to drinking water - No. of HHs with own source - No. of HHs depending upon public source - Daily hours of piped water supply f. Tariff of water supply g. Average monthly collection of water charges by GP h. Water supply metered or not 4. Sanitation (numbers) a. HHs with toilets b. HHs without toilets c. Community toilets, if any d. Anganwadis without toilets e. Schools without toilets
Note: APL: Above the Poverty Line; BPL: Below the Poverty Line; SC: Scheduled Caste; ST: Scheduled Tribe; ha: hectare; HH: household; PHC: Primary Health Centre; SHG: Self-help Group; SVS: Single Village Scheme; MVS: Multi Village Scheme.
3.1.2.2 Delineation of the Hydrological Unit especially true in the case of hard rock areas where The administrative boundary and hydrological groundwater occurs in an unconfined or semi- boundary of the project may not be the same. confined state. Understanding the aquifer system, Therefore, during the preparatory stage, it at least in hard rock areas, is thus directly related is important to delineate the administrative to the accurate delineation of the watershed. boundary and hydrological unit. The Survey of India’s toposheet (1:50,000) should be used for Delineation of the aquifer system, in the case delineating the hydrological unit. of inter-basin flows, is somewhat complicated and calls for a thorough study of the structural Groundwater does not operate independently map, together with on-site checking. A but forms part of the larger catchment area of standard procedure has yet to be developed any hydrological system. Topography, rock type for the delineation of these areas. The common and the degree of development play a role in the assumption is that the inflow into the watershed/ occurrence of groundwater. The best unit for basin is equal to its outflow. A simple method for managing groundwater is the watershed except delineating the watershed is based on surface in cases where there is inter-basin flow. This is drainage, especially in hard rock areas (Figure 3.2).
33 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Figure 3.2. An Example of the network and water bodies. These data are available Delineation of a Hydrological Unit on an integrated environment platform. The maps can be used as a suitable database for developing a groundwater-based DWSP for a habitation or group of habitations (Figure 3.3). The DWSM is required to download/assemble the maps and use them at the planning stage. It is assumed that all the support agencies possess copies of groundwater prospects maps of the respective project area.
Figure 3.3. Sample Groundwater Prospects Map Showing Watershed Boundaries and Watershed-wise Groundwater Prospects
The drainage pattern should first be studied and independent units converging to form independent drainage networks need to be defined. The boundaries of the watershed need to be defined and examined in the field to enable visualisation of the ridge points and the basin outlet. Calculations should be made using the mapped area of the watershed.
3.1.2.3 Groundwater Prospects Maps Groundwater prospects maps are prepared under the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission by the MDWS. These maps show the locations of habitations, occurrence and distribution of groundwater prospects areas and location of site-
specific recharge structures. Further, they indicate Source: Groundwater Prospects Maps, Ministry of Drinking the hydrological data including the river/stream Water and Sanitation, GoI.
34 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.1.2.4 Toposheet As a first step, this process involves a participatory The Survey of India, the National Survey and situation assessment and analysis followed by Mapping Organisation, under the aegis of the preparation of implementable action plans the Department of Science & Technology, has containing clearly defined roles, responsibility and prepared topographic maps. These maps, based milestones. The assessment process calls for the on a detailed survey of the areas concerned, show active involvement of the community, Community- small areas on a larger scale. The Survey of India Based Organisations (CBOs), GP, VWSC, village- has published topographic maps covering relief level key government functionaries and a technical features, rivers, land use, vegetation, settlements, expert group. roads, railway lines, administrative units and their The objective of Phase 2: Capacity Building, Survey boundaries. The maps are invaluable for planning and DWSP, is to: a DWSP. l Enhance community capacity to manage water 3.2 Phase 2: Capacity Building, Survey resources, the water system, water quality and sanitation to ensure delivery of safe and and Planning (C) adequate drinking water The output of Phase 2 is the development of a l Prepare a Village Water Security Plan DWSP based on the participatory planning process facilitated by support agencies/BRCs. The key features of the VWSC planning process are: Figure 3.4: Phase 2 Outputs l Establishing a meaningful partnership l Demonstration Phase 4 Monitoring l Participatory assessment and analysis l Technical inputs l Action plan with clearly agreed ownership Phase 3 Implementation and timeline l Approval of Gram Sabha Capacity Building, Survey & The suggested process-oriented activities to Phase 2 Drinking Water Security Plan achieve the desired output are explained in subsequent sections which indicate the tools/ Phase 1 Preparatory Phase process required to undertake the specific activity. Support agencies can fine-tune the process based on the village dynamics/on-site circumstances. These changes in the process are acceptable provided the purpose of every step in the process is accomplished. Outputs: • Active VWSC The duration required for the Phase 2 process may • Village DWSP • Plan for ODF vary according to the population and size of the • Water tariff initiated village. For planning purposes, 10 to 15 days can be considered adequate.
The suggested C1-C14 activities with expected outputs are as shown in Table 3.2. It is expected that the support agency/facilitator is thoroughly familiar with the baseline data of the GP and villages before initiating Phase 2 activities.
35 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Table 3.2. Phase 2: Activities and Expected Outputs Activity Code Phase Expected Outputs C Phase 2: Capacity Building, Survey and Analysis (C) C1 GP-level MCM (GP-l-MCM) Agreed to participate GP resolution to participate C2 Gram Sabha (Habitation Level Meeting)-1 Gram Sabha resolution to participate C3 Formation/strengthening of VWSC 1 List of VWSC members, VWSC bank account and Swacchata Doot C4 PRA • Social and resource map • Timeline and seasonality (water availability and diseases) • Sanitation assessment and community- level triggering creating demand and preparation of sanitation plan C5 Water transect • Identification of issues of drinking water supply scheme and environmental sanitation C6 Establishment of rain gauge station • At least one rain gauge station per GP and regular observation and recording of rainfall data C7 WTQQ monitoring of selected • WTQQ monitoring and record of data bore/tube well of selected bore/tube well C8 Water budget estimation • Domestic and drinking water demand for human consumption • Demand for livestock, institutional demand • Current draft/use for agricultural and other purposes, with current sources and their potential yield • Gap analysis of supply and demand • Equity & sustainability C9 Women’s meeting • Awareness-raising and updating water budget and input for plans C10 School-level programme • Dissemination of information collected during PRA and water budget C11 Exposure visit—village • Exchange of outcome of water budget implementing DWSP and DWSP plan C12 VWSC 2 Workshop—draft water security • Moving towards water security plan development planning - Technical - O&M management - Institutional C13 Gram Sabha 1—Approval of DWSP • Approval of DWSP C14 GP-level compilation meeting (GP-2 ) • Consolidation of village DWSP
36 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.2.1: GP MCM (Activity Code C-1)
The GP owns/manages the water supply scheme for the community and is responsible for: a Liaison between the Gram Sabha and various programmes a Approving annual budget and user charges after discussion in the Gram Sabha a Approving Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs)/contracts with operators a Coordinating with block and district SOs such as BRC a Hiring trained mechanics for preventive maintenance of hand pumps and piped water supply
Objective: Dissemination of information Participants: GP Chairman and members, GP-level about the project purpose and principles and functionaries, Anganwadi and school teachers, of the modalities of the drinking water security Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) workers, programme, seeking a GP resolution and inviting Self-help Groups (SHGs) and CBO leaders and participation of all stakeholders (including line other village leaders. departments) at the GP level. The GP and all stakeholders at the GP level agree to adopt the drinking water security programme.
Table 3.3. Stakeholder Details—Format
S. No. Name Designation Department
37 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Methodology: Chaired by the GP Chairman, the functionaries have to play their part in steering Support Organisation (SO) coordinator explains the programme in the GP. the purpose and details of the DWSP and answers 4. The GP takes a proactive role in managing the questions from the floor. All stakeholders, programme and driving the agenda to each of the including line departments, agree on the process, habitations through ward members, community phases and steps involded in the preparation, leaders and the Gram Sabha, with support from implementation and monitoring of the project. line departments. 5. List of stakeholders prepared with respect to the Agenda: water and sanitation components, to contain 1. To explain the purpose of the pilot the names of respective functionaries/extension DWSP initiative. workers of the relevant departments (Agriculture, 2. To share the project process and various phases Public Health and Engineering, Health, Irrigation, and steps involved. Electricity, Social Welfare, etc.). 3. To explain the roles and responsibilities of the different players. 6. Drafting and signing a resolution agreeing to 4. To agree on initiation of the project in the GP. adopt the programme in the habitations of the GP. Facilitator: SO (Support Organisation) 7. An action plan to engage community coordinator and staff. leaders to operationalise the programme at Duration: Three hours. the habitation level. Process: Output: The GP, CBO leaders and functionaries 1. Inform participants well in advance of the approve the water security programme and date and place of the GP meeting. Discuss commit to preparing, implementing and sustaining the meeting agenda and process with the GP the DWSP. Chairman and functionaries. A good idea is to The GP resolution will be submitted to the hold this meeting at the GP office. departments concerned with a request to assist 2. Ask the GP Secretary to open with a welcome the GP in the preparation and implementation of address and explain the purpose of the meeting. the DWSP. 3. Explain to members, in clear terms, the project objective and the significance of water Tip: Ensure that the GP takes a leadership role in security, emphasising that the GP, all CBOs and organising the event, with the SO taking a back seat.
38 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.2.2 Gram Sabha 1 (Activity Code C-2)
Gram Sabha The Gram Sabha has been defined by the Constitution (Article 243A) as an institution for exercising powers and functions at the village level according to the laws of the State. The Gram Sabha is responsible for safeguarding natural resources including water, forest land, minerals, etc., and for ensuring that resources are utilised in such a way that: i) Livelihood means are sustained ii) Inequality does not increase iii) Resources are not confined to a few people iv) Sustainability involves full utilisation of local resources
Objectives: Process: l To promote participation by all sections of 1 The GP or its standing committee organises the the village—women, Dalits, tribals and other Gram Sabha. marginalised groups—in the planning and 2. The venue of the Gram Sabha meeting to implementation of the DWSP. be located to facilitate participation by all l To prepare and approve the Gram Sabha’s concerned, irrespective of caste, religion or resolution for undertaking DWSP in political affiliation. the habitations. 3. A notice about the Gram Sabha meeting must reach the population at least seven days in Participants: The Gram Sabha consists of all those advance. Written notices can be put up in public registered on the village voter list. places. Notice can also be given by beating of Methodology: Interactive session of Gram Sabhas. drums, or through SHG group leaders. The Location, date and time of meetings scheduled to notice should contain information on the date, ensure the participation of women and daily time and place and agenda. wage workers. 4. The meeting of the Gram Sabha to be chaired Agenda: The agenda for this special Gram Sabha on by the GP President/GP ward member, in drinking water security can be organised to discuss accordance with the state directive. water availability and usage issues. The Gram Sabha 5. At the beginning of the meeting, the Secretary agrees to participate, plan and implement the DWSP. welcomes the participants and informs them of the agenda. Facilitator: The Facilitator for the Gram Sabha 6. As this is a special Gram Sabha for DWSP, the is generally the GP Secretary, and the meeting is objective, methodology and participatory chaired by the Sarpanch or President. A Support process to be adopted for the planning, Organisation staff member will, however, provide implementation of the DWSP should be support through input on the DWSP. presented by the SO. Duration: Up to three hours.
39 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
7. The Chairperson should ensure that everyone Format of the Gram Sabha Report is allowed to speak, and avoid just a few Organisation of the meeting: people dominating the proceedings. Special care to be taken in case of women and 1. Date of the meeting held. marginalised groups. 2. When was the meeting notice issued? 8. During the meeting, the Gram Sabha will discuss 3. What were the main agenda items of the meeting? the agreement to participate in the programme 4. Were regular absentees especially requested to and the roles and responsibilities of the Gram attend the meeting? Sabha and VWSC. If the VWSC is not formed Conduct of meeting earlier, a resolution to form a VWSC needs to be 1. How many people attended the meeting: submitted for approval. Scheduled Caste (SC): ; Scheduled Tribe 9. At the end of the meeting, minutes should be (ST): ; Women: ; Other Backward read out and signed by persons designated to Classes (OBC): ; Others: do so. The minutes should be displayed in the 2. Did members of SCs/STs/women participate in GP office. the discussions: Outputs: a. if “Yes”, report the issues raised by each group. 1. The Gram Sabha agrees to undertake to 3. What were the topic discussed at the meeting? implement the DWSP in the habitations. 4. Were all members given a chance to express their 2. The Gram Sabha agrees to participate in the opinions before taking a decision? If “Yes”, how? planning process of the DWSP, and to propose, Objective: To establish and promote a habitation- implement and monitor it. level water and sanitation institution for managing Tip: Maximum participation of women and the water security programme and to select a marginalised groups should be ensured by Swacchata Doot for the sanitation programme. visiting the wards and canvassing for Participants: Members of the VWSC and GP their participation. ward members.
Table 3.4. Meeting Report Format S.No. Topic discussed Views expressed Decision taken Mode of arriving at the decision
40 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.2.3 VWSC Formation/Strengthening (Activity Code 3)
The VWSC is a standing committee of the GP responsible for planning, implementation, O&M and management of the village DWSP. The VWSC is responsible for: a Collecting household contributions and user fees a Opening and managing a bank account a Preparing the annual budget and recommendations for user fee charges a Encouraging people to be vigilant about not wasting water and keeping water clean a Ensuring professional support for hand pump caretakers and piped water supply operators. It is important to check whether a VWSC has already been set up in the habitations under earlier programmes. In the event that a VWSC exists and is active, it is a good idea to invite its members to participate in the water security programme. If it is not active, focus on the possibilities of reviving it. If a VWSC has never been established, consider setting one up under the aegis of the Gram Sabha.
Methodology: To invite members of the VWSC 4. The VWSC takes a proactive role in managing for an initial meeting on water security planning. the programme and driving the agenda at the Facilitate the meeting and explain its purpose. habitation level through community leaders and members. Agenda: Establishing/strengthening the VWSC for 5. An action plan to engage community leaders to undertaking the implementation of the DWSP. introduce the programme at the habitation level. Facilitator: Support Organisation coordinator and 6. Ensure that the VWSC bank account is operational. staff and VWSC convenor. 7. Raise the need for identifying Swacchata Doots in the habitation to promote sanitation- Duration: Three hours. related work. Process: 8. After seeking suggested names, ask participants to 1. Inform participants well in advance of the date select a few names for Swacchata Doots. and place of the VWSC meeting. Discuss the Output: The VWSC is proactively engaged in water meeting agenda and process with the and sanitation programmes at the habitation level, VWSC convenor. especially those concerning water security. 2. Invite GP ward members to participate in the meeting. Tips: 3. Clearly explain to members the project l Assess the VWSC by posing some questions to objectives and significance of water security, provide a basis for reviving it, if needed: placing prime emphasis on the VWSC’s l When did the VWSC last meet? responsibility for managing the water security l Does it have a bank account? programme in the habitations. l How was the issue discussed last time resolved?
41 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.2.4 Participatory Rural Appraisal (Activity Code C-4)
What is Participatory Rural Appraisal? Appraisal: The first stage in any project, to elicit information about the problems, needs and potential in a project area.
Participatory: People’s involvement in the process—a “bottom-up” approach requiring good communication skills and attitudes by project staff.
Rural: The techniques can, in fact, be used in any situation, whether rural or urban. The PRA tool is a technique for enabling local communities to conduct their own analysis and to plan and take appropriate action. The PRA involves project staff learning about the village together with the villagers themselves. The aim of the PRA is to help strengthen the capacity of villagers to plan, make decisions and to take action towards improving their own situation. The PRA materials suggested for preparing the DWSP are: a A social map a A water resource map a A water timeline (historical map) a Seasonality information (water availability and diseases) a CLTS
3.2.4.1 Social Mapping (Activity Code C-4.1)
Social mapping is a PRA tool used to present information on village layout, infrastructure, demography, ethno-linguistic groups, etc. After completing the social mapping, a more detailed survey and Focussed Group Discussion (FGD) could also take place to follow up on specific thematic areas, such as population, water demand, sanitation, health, education, etc.
42 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
Objectives: Agenda: To capture, in a participatory mode, the 1. To learn about the social structures in the social structures in a specific community or village village in terms of caste, religion, education and to assess water demand therein. and income. Facilitator: A facilitator (SO staff) together with a 2. To form a picture of how assets and services, co-facilitator is required to facilitate the group and such as water and sanitation facilities, steer the procedure correctly. A note-taker is also are distributed. needed to reproduce the map on paper and record 3. To assemble human and animal population the information arising from the discussion. figures in order to help with assessing subsequent water demand. Duration: Up to three hours (depending on the size of the ward/village). Participants: A good number to work with is 10- 12 participants, with up to 25 members prepared Process: to stay for the whole session. 1. Finalise the date, time and venue for the exercise with community members. The An inclusive approach sets a good example for purpose of social mapping must be made future activities. Therefore, the number of literate very clear to all participants in order to avoid community members (teachers, healthcare the wrong conclusions being arrived at (e.g., workers, village leaders, etc.) should be gender perhaps giving them the impression that you balanced, with participation also by seniors and will provide housing facilities or that there people from vulnerable and marginalised groups. might be some political purpose behind Methodology: Encourage discussion and the exercise). understanding of issues with visual aids to 2. Use a prepared set of questions (refer to facilitate communication. questions on the next page) to steer the discussions and draw a map of the community The steps to be used are: using the information collected. Use different 1. A map of the village is drawn on the colours to indicate which groups live where, the ground by the community members using location of water sources (functioning or not), white powder. and so on. 2. Streets, houses, water and sanitation facilities 3. In addition to producing a map, it is essential to are captured. Information on existing water give someone specific responsibility for writing and sanitation sources and facilities are colour- down all the information gathered, including coded (blue if these are in operation and red if the number and type of households, different a facility is deemed to be defunct). ethnic and social groups, existence of 3. The facilitator and note-taker take down facilities, etc. details on the profile of the village and of the 4. Review the map in the presence of the number of households (e.g., number of community members. Is there anything else that SC/ST members). should be entered on the map? Ask members for 4. The facilitator also captures hygiene and their thoughts on the distribution of water and sanitation details (open defecation practices) sanitation facilities on this map. and makes a note of the number of households 5. Ask people the following questions: Who is that have built latrines. responsible for providing water and sanitation 5. To help assess water demand, a detailed survey facilities? Why do they think facilities do not is conducted of all the habitations to gather reach everyone? What about service providers (if information on the number of people and any)? How would they like the relationship with animals in the households. providers to be?
43 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
6. Summarise key points from the map: number l What religious and caste groups exist in of households, different groups, water the village? sources, toilets and their distribution. Tell the l Are there female-headed households in the community about plans for drinking water village? Where are they located? security, setting up a VWSC, identifying a l What are the main water supply sources used Swacchata Doot. for drinking, washing and cooking? 7. Based on the number of households, conduct l Where are these water supply facilities a survey after completing the social map located in the village? exercise. This survey should cover information l How many facilities are currently on the human and animal population, toilet functioning effectively? availability and use. l Is there open defecation? l How many households have Questions to steer the discussions: constructed and are using latrines? l How many households are there in the village l What resources do you have main and where are they located? problems with? l Is the number of households growing or shrinking (i.e., by migration)? Why has that happened?
Box 3.1. Social Map—A Dynamic Monitoring Tool
Map on Cloth and Bindi Method In most cases, the social map is transferred onto brown or white paper and retained in the corresponding village file kept by the SO/NGO and will soon be forgotten.
It is, therefore, important to transfer the social map onto white cloth (A3 size) to ensure its durability and usefulness as a monitoring aid. A social map on cloth could be used subsequently at VWSC meetings for discussions. Using different coloured bindis to denote household status is a useful aid to monitoring.
Component Legend—Bindi Colour Household headed by women Pink Household with differently-abled members Red Household with toilet, but not used by all Brown Household with toilet but not used at all Black Household without toilet Yellow Household with tap connection Blue Household not paying water charges regularly Orange
44 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
Figure 3.5. A Sample Social Map on Cloth Sample PRA map courtesy Sahyog Youth Welfare Society. Village Domak, block Morshi, district Amravati. Domak, block Morshi, district Village Society. Welfare Youth map courtesy Sahyog Sample PRA
45 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Table 3.5. Survey Format: Social Mapping
S. No. Name of Is this a Family Any Toilet Used by Animals head of female- size differently availability members of household headed abled in Yes/No household? Cattle Sheep Dogs household? household? and and goats cats
A sample social map, prepared for a similar Outputs: project and transferred onto white cloth, is shown 1. Social map and community information on water in Figure 3.5. These maps should be treated as the and sanitation. first material assets developed by the VWSC and 2. Sensitised community willing to take action. should be used for the monthly monitoring 3. CBO formation and Swacchata Doot considered. of houshold latrines, water charges and system functionality. Tips: l Social mapping requires well-prepared facilitation. Be aware that some of the issues are sensitive This household survey data will be particularly within the community. useful for assessing water demand. l Be flexible, patient and maintain a good sense of humour.
46 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.2.4.2 Water Resource Mapping (Activity Code C-4.2)
The village water resource map is a tool to help us learn about the community and its water resource base. A need exists to understand and value traditional management and livelihood systems, indigenous technologies, and the ways in which people feel, see, think and act in the project area, and their reasons for doing so. The main aim should be to focus on relationships rather than on any single event, feature or activity. This enhances participation and the generation of information and ideas. The village map is a good tool to begin with. It is easy and fun for the villagers to make. It helps initiate discussion among community members and with the facilitating team. The map can display water sites and sources, agricultural plots (locations and crop varieties), soil types, slopes, elevations, woodland, grazing areas, etc.
Objectives: To learn about the villagers’ Process: perception of which water resources are available 1. Fix the date, time and venue for the exercise in the community and how they are used. with community members. The purpose of village water resource mapping must be made Participants: Mixed groups consisting of men and very clear to all participants so that they do women from the village. Participants who take part not come to the wrong conclusions. It should in the social mapping exercise can go on to lend be made clear that the exercise is a precursor a hand in village water resource mapping. As with to the development of a DWSP. the social mapping exercise, at least eight to 12 members should participate until the end of 2. Use a prepared set of questions to steer the the exercise. discussions and draw a map of the community using the information collected. Use different Methodology: Mapping of land, water and colours to indicate the location of water tree resources, land use, land and soil types, sources (functioning or not), etc. crop patterns, land and water management, 3. In addition to producing a map, it is essential productivity, watersheds, degraded land, treatment to give someone specific responsibility for plans, etc. This is done by the villagers themselves writing down all the information assembled, with paper and pen (when mapped on paper) or such as that on water sources, nallahs, with coloured chalk or powders (rangoli) when groundwater, tanks, canals, etc. mapped on the ground. 4. Review the map with the community members Agenda: Village water resource mapping to obtain present. Is there anything else that should a picture of the current situation through a process be marked on the map? Ask them what they of joint observation, interaction and shared notice about how water is distributed on the analysis aided by mapping. map. Why do they think this is so? Facilitator: Experienced SO staff member. 5. Ask people why they think there is water Duration: Two hours. scarcity in the village and when.
47 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Questions to steer the discussions:
1. Which resource do you have the most problem with? 2. What is the annual amount of rainfall? 3. Where are the water sites and sources? 4. how many ponds and lakes? 5. how many open wells? How many of them contain water? 6. how many bore wells? How many of them contain water? 7. What is the average water table level? 8. What is the average water yield? 9. What is the capacity of pumps? 10. What are the average pumping hours? 11. Which crops use more water? 12. Where do people graze their livestock? 13. What kind of development activities do you carry out as a community? 14. What is the approximate area under irrigation from bore wells/canals/ponds? 15. What is the water period of canals?
6. Summarise the key points from the map Output: regarding water sources and distribution. Tell 1. Village water resource map and information on the community about plans for drinking water issues and options. security, establishing a VWSC, etc. 2. Sensitised community willing to take action 7. Discuss the range of options for ensuring leading to drinking water security. drinking water security throughout the year.
Table 3.6. Survey Format for Water Resource Mapping
No. of Tanks Numbers—Capacity in cubic metre (cu m) Canal ...... Kilometre (km) in village area ...... Area under irrigation Bore well/Open well with ...... Number submersible pumps ...... Average yield in litre per hours ...... Maximum depth ...... in metres (m) ...... Average horsepower of each pump ...... Hours of pumping ...... Area under irrigation ...... Approximate water drawn per year Type of crop grown Non-functional bore wells/open well
48 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.2.4.3: Timeline (Activity Code C-4.3)
A chronology of events referring to the evolution of the village, agricultural practices, availability of water and fluctuations in the groundwater table is prepared based on the consultation process. The timeline is a list of key events, changes and landmarks in the past, presented in chronological order. This is often a useful way of putting an individual’s or community’s history into perspective by identifying the broad framework of events which shaped its past. It is a way of charting trends, showing how past events led to present situations and illustrating recurring themes. A timeline is constructed by looking back over a given period and mapping critical events to do with water and agriculture. This provides an opportunity to discuss who was present at that particular time, what happened and why, what were the factors that contributed to the event. In addition, can key trends be observed? What are they? Which key trends can be expected to recur in the future?
Objectives: The timeline with basic events can be used for l To explore the temporal dimension from focussed discussions on water problems, social a historical perspective and to design a and technological innovations or on communities’ chronology of events as recalled by local people. history of cooperation and activities which helped l To provide a composite of various landmark them to solve their problems successfully in events as perceived by local people. the past. l To learn from the community what they consider to be important past events, to put current issues into historical perspective and to Key questions generate discussion on changes regarding issues l When was the village established? of agriculture, irrigation practices, groundwater l What are the important events in the history levels, groundwater quantity and quality. of the village? Participants: About 10 elderly village persons. l What major changes took place? Methodology: The facilitators meet a small l What are the reasons for these changes? group of villagers and discuss with them the l When was the first bore well drilled, what most important events in the community’s past was the yield and water table depth? and prepare, with the information, a historical l When was a recent bore well drilled and timeline which serves as the base for further work. what is the yield and water table? It is important to involve different groups of the l Timeline of crop grown communities to get varied perspectives.
49 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Agenda: Timeframe and events, history, evolution 4. Once you feel that the list is more or less of village, agricultural practices, etc., done by complete, ask them to put the cards in constructing a chronology of events that have chronological order—earlier events on the top taken place in consultation with the people. This is and the later events further down the pack. inputted into the DWSP. 5. Read out the events and ask them whether they Facilitator: SO staff member and Agriculture are happy with the order. Extension Officer. 6. Add years to the left side of events. 7. Triangulate with other elders in the village to Duration: One hour. check the correctness of information given in Process: the timeline. Secondary sources of information 1. Identify some elderly persons in the village, can also be added. explain the purpose of the exercise. Output: Information on timeline of events, 2. Ask key questions. changes and landmarks in the village. 3. Make note of the key points on cards in bold letters.
50 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.2.4.4 Seasonality (Activity Code C-4.4)
Variables such as rainfall, labour, income, expenditure, debt, animal fodder, pests and harvesting periods can be drawn (or created with stones, seeds and sticks) to show month-to-month variations and seasonal constraints and to highlight opportunities for action. An 18-month calendar can illustrate variations better than a 12-month calendar. To obtain seasonal patterns of rainfall, employment, income and expenditure, debt, credit, food and nutrition, diseases, fodder, milk production, marketing, etc., use stones, sticks and different coloured seeds to represent months, quantities of rainfall, number of days of employment, income, etc.
Objectives: To learn about changes in the water 3. It is usually easiest to start the calendar by resources and disease patterns across various asking about rainfall patterns. Choose a symbol months of a year. for rain and put/draw it next to the column which participants will now use to illustrate the Participants: Mixed group of women and men. amount of rainfall. Ask the group to put stones Methodology: A time chart or seasonal calendar is under each month of the calendar to represent prepared by drawing a two-dimensional matrix and relative amounts of rainfall (more stones writing the time period (i.e., month, year) on one meaning more rainfall). axis and the required variable on the other axis. 4. Move on to the next topic and ask people during Villagers are encouraged to fill in the matrix of the which month water is usually scarce. Discuss the chart/calendar by marking the grid or by placing reasons why it is scarce and make sure that this stones or other objects on the matrix. information is shown on the map. Continue like Agenda: A seasonal calendar is a PRA method that this, topic by topic, covering other water issues determines patterns and trends throughout the and the diseases suffered by people. Some of year in a certain village. For the purpose of DWSP, the topics that could be covered are: seasonality is used to elicit information on disease 1) Rainfall patterns and water issues. 2) Water availability for human consumption and livestock Facilitator: SO staff member. 3) Water availability for irrigation 4) Diseases over a 12-month period Duration: Two hours. 5. After the calendar is finished, ask the group Process: which linkages they see between the different 1. Find a large open space for the group. The topics on the calendar. Encourage the group to calendar can be drawn on the ground or very discuss what they see. large sheets of paper/a large piece of cloth. 6. Make sure that your copy of the seasonal 2. Ask the participants to draw a matrix, indicating calendar has a key explaining the different items each month along one axis by a symbol. and symbols used on the map.
51 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Key questions 1. What are the busiest months of the year? 2. At what time of the year is water/food scarce? 3. How does rainfall vary over the year? 4. How does water availability for human consumption vary over the year? 5. How does livestock forage availability vary over the year? 6. Which could be the most appropriate season for additional activities for men and women? 7. Which months do villagers have to visit hospital the most? 8. What time constraints exist and for what reason?
Table 3.7. Example of Seasonal Calendar
Month Disease Working Days Groundwater Table Depth Female Male
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
52 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.2.4.5 Community-Led Total Sanitation (Activity Code C-4.5)
CLTS is an innovative methodology for mobilising communities to eliminate open defecation (OD) completely. Communities are encouraged with the help of a facilitator to conduct their own appraisal and analysis of OD and take action themselves to become ODF. CLTS focusses on the behavioural changes needed to ensure real and sustainable improvement: investing in community mobilisation instead of hardware, and shifting the focus from toilet construction for individual households to the creation of ODF villages. By raising awareness that, when even a minority of inhabitants continues to defecate in the open, everyone is at risk of disease, CLTS triggers the community’s desire for collective behaviour change, spurs people into action and encourages innovation, mutual support and appropriate local solutions, thus leading to greater ownership and sustainability.
Output: Participatory assessment of sanitation The CLTS method involves using certain tools situation with suggested action plan to achieve and techniques in a participatory way to help total sanitation through collective action and community members diagnose their sanitation behaviour change. profile, appraise the situation and consider what action needs to be taken to remedy it. CLTS is a Objective: ‘trigger’, best described as: 1. To analyse the sanitation situation in the community and to encourage people to l An approach or concept/tool/event/situation, collectively internalise the disastrous impact which makes people think and act. of OD on public health and on the entire l An approach that can be employed at both neighbourhood environment. community and individual levels. 2. To encourage urgent collective local action The trigger is useful for: aimed at becoming ODF. l Encouraging self-appraisal of Participants: The maximum number of defecation practices. community members, particularly community l Drawing attention to the link between OD leaders, representatives of SHGs, etc. and impacts on health. l Highlighting a sense of disgust and shame Methodology: The CLTS strategy focusses on: among community members. l Collective outcomes as opposed to l Motivating and empowering rural communities hardware inputs. to stop OD. l Mobilising the community as a whole l Setting a precedence for working together rather than establishing contact with on future issues. separate households.
53 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Trigger tools: to CLTS triggering in different ways. Some are l Rapport building inspired to make changes immediately while l Defecation area transect others are initially reluctant or undecided but l Community defecation mapping come round after seeing or hearing how other l Calculation of amount of faeces communities have changed for the better. The l Water contamination flow chart more successful villages generally have enthusiastic l Faeces to mouth transmission leadership provided either by an established l Water quality testing leader or by new leaders that emerge in the course l Costs of illness of the process. Natural leaders may come from different backgrounds: wealthy or poor members What makes people change their of the community, men, women, younger people, sanitation behaviour? individuals respected for their skills such as village l Privacy midwives, religious leaders, teachers, etc. In l Convenience addition to leadership, many other local social, l Dignity/shame physical and institutional circumstances can play l Peer group pressure a key role in how communities respond to l Fear CLTS triggering. l Economic reasons l Demonstration effect TRIGGERING l Health Facilitating community appraisal and analysis l Breach of trust involves arousing a collective sense of disgust and l Reward/incentive shame among community members when they are faced with the crude facts about mass OD and The trigger can produce the following: its negative impacts on the whole community. l The entire community analyses its own The basic assumption is that people cannot stay sanitation situation. unmoved once they have learned that they are l A sense of collective shame, disgust and ingesting other people’s excreta. The facilitator’s helplessness creeps in. aim is simply to help community members see for l The community is compelled to think and act. themselves that OD has disagreeable consequences l The community resolves to eliminate OD. and creates an unpleasant environment. l Natural leaders emerge. Empowered with this knowledge, community l Collective local action is initiated. members can then decide how to take appropriate action to deal with the problem. Agenda: To employ CLTS tools to sensitise the communities towards total sanitation through Transect walks are the single most important collective behaviour change and action. motivating tool. The embarrassment experienced during this ‘walk of disgust’ can result in an Facilitator: A well-trained, strongly motivated immediate desire to stop OD and get rid of these CLTS triggering facilitator with appropriate areas. Although everyone sees the dirt and excreta attitude/behaviour, enjoying flexible support from on a daily basis with their own eyes, they only his/her organisation(s). seem to wake up to the problem when forced to Duration: One to two hours. do so by outsiders.
Process A transect walk involves walking with community Pre-triggering: SELECTING A COMMUNITY members from one end of the village to the other, This is a crucial stage. Communities respond observing, asking questions, and listening.
54 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
A CLTS transect walk can involve locating the OD live close to the defecation area or in the dirtiest sites and visiting the different types of latrines neighbourhood. Are they poor or rich? along the way. Who suffers most—rich, middling earners or Try to reach an agreement with the community the poor? on what constitutes an ‘unhygienic’ latrine. Visit latrines that are not covered or where the Put up the flip chart and ask people to calculate faeces are draining out into the open. Flash a how much the whole community spends in a torch through the hole of open latrines. Make month, a year, over 10 years. Put this chart next to calculations of excreta and medical expenses. the calculation of amounts of excreta by month, Calculating the amount of faecal matter produced year and 10 years. Tell them that they must be well can help to illustrate the gravity of the sanitation off indeed to be able to spend so much. Ask if any problem. How much human excreta is being poor families had to borrow money for emergency generated by each individual or household per treatment of diarrhoea for any family member. day? Households can use their own methods and local measures for calculating how much they are If so, what was the amount? Where and from adding to the problem. whom did the money come from? Was it easy to borrow money and repay it? Who lends money for A figure for the whole community can be arrived emergency treatment and at what rate of interest? at by adding up the calculations of all the NGOs, middlemen? Never suggest halting OD or households. A daily figure can be multiplied to constructing toilets. You are not in the business of know how much excreta is produced per week, suggesting or prescribing solutions. per month or per year. The quantities can add up to several tonnes, which may come as a surprise to From open excreta to open mouth the community. Ask where all that excreta goes. If your listeners answer that it is washed away by the rain or leaks Ask which household produces most, and ask into the ground, simply draw a picture of a lump everyone to clap and congratulate the family of excreta and put it on the ground. Put cards and for contributing the most excreta to the village. markers near it. Ask people to pick up the cards Identify the second, third and so on and show and draw or write down the different agents or that you value their contributions. Identify the pathways which cause excreta to enter the home. family that produces the least. Ask them why they For example: produce so little excreta. This generates a lot of laughter but the facts emerge slowly, clearly and l Flies unobtrusively. Ask people how much they spend l Rainwater on health treatment. Stand around the map. l Wind Environment setters make the group go quiet. l Hooves of domestic animals Point out the cards and ask them how much they l Chickens that eat excreta and have it on their spend for treatment and medicine for diarrhoea, claws and wings dysentery, cholera and other OD-related diseases that they have identified. Ask whether they want At this point ask the community members to a monthly or yearly calculation, and then ask confirm whether the excreta is returning to them them to write the amount on their household through various media such as flies. Ask them if a card with markers. As with calculation of faeces, fly comes in and lands on rice, do they avoid eating ask which family spends most. Point it out if they the rice. Confirm that they do, in fact, eat it. Then
55 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
make the point again that fly-transmitted excreta Based on their response, ask a simple lands on the rice and that they are eating excreta- question: from what date do you want to contaminated rice! stop ingesting each other’s excreta. Refer to a village which has achieved this in one day. Point out that if excreta flows with rainwater The CLTS action plan will, therefore, have and reaches domestic drinking water sources, it a single output—an ODF date, on which an pollutes those sources. Confirm that this is the action plan can be initiated by community case and tell them that they are drinking water leaders, etc. polluted with their own (and others’) excreta. Output: A date when OD in the village The above triggering leads to shame and disgust ceases and a simple action plan to achieve and spurs the listeners to react or agree to act. this outcome.
Table 3.8. Basics: Key Attitudes and Behaviours
DO DON’T Facilitate their own appraisal and analysis of the Educate, lecture or tell people what to do local sanitation profile Let people draw their own conclusions about the Tell people what is good and bad situation through their own analysis Facilitate triggering self-mobilisation Push for or demand action Stand back, leave it to local leaders Remain in charge Be cool and allow conversation between listeners Interrupt when less restrained community prior to the triggering moment members start shaming their own people for OD practices or other anti-hygienic behaviour Take a neutral stand and allow heated group Discourage members of the community discussion for and against OD. Remember their from arguing among themselves or shaming comments are symptoms of the approaching each other, or quickly conclude that the triggering moment ‘shaming’ element between community members should be avoided as being culturally insensitive Appreciate those who take a lead and are Overlook emerging natural leaders fully engaged Always encourage women and poorer sections of Overlook women, children and others who often the community to participate get left out from the discussion
Appreciate community members’ offers to help Overlook people who come forward to help poorer members Let people innovate simple latrines Promote particular latrine designs Trigger local action, encourage self-help Offer hardware subsidies Be bold yet cautious Be too humble or too polite. Don’t try to convince too politely Listen attentively to everything Interrupt
56 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
Two elements are crucial: identify someone from the community to be the liaison between the supplier and the 1. The attitudes and behaviour of facilitators community to ensure the supply of pans and Not everyone can be a good facilitator. Facilitating other fittings. CLTS is an aptitude. It can be learnt, but it will l Promising flames: Where the majority has come more naturally to some than to others. agreed but a fair number is still undecided, It is different from facilitating conventional thank them for the detailed analysis and participatory processes such as PRA. Behaviour and seek their permission to leave. If someone attitudes are crucial. What works best for triggering from the community agrees to initiate local CLTS is a combination of boldness, empathy, action, bring that individual to the front and humour and fun, demanding a hands-off approach, encourage him/her to share thoughts on how not teaching or lecturing, but facilitating to enable he/she is going to make a start. Ask everyone people to confront their unpalatable realities. if they are interested in knowing how other 2. The sensitive support of institutions communities have built low-cost toilets. Not every organisation is suitable for promoting if all agree by raising hands, draw and CLTS. Institutional support needs to be explain simple direct pit latrines using consistent and flexible. Any top-down target locally available low-cost materials. and disbursement-driven approach is liable to Facilitate the weekly list of commitments undermine CLTS. of toilet construction and probable date of completion. Decide mutually-acceptable dates for follow-up. Facilitate a process of General sanitation campaigns can be effective, initiation of community monitoring using provided they are used in a ‘community the social map drawn by the community. Try empowerment’ mode rather than a ‘prescriptive’ to identify someone from the community to and ‘target achievement’ mode. Two significant be the liaison between the supplier and the dangers are too much money, because CLTS community to ensure the supply of pans and requires relatively little, and rapid recruitment other fittings. and inadequate guidance, training and socialising of staff. This demands a form of restraint that is l Scattered sparks: Where the majority of difficult to achieve in many bureaucracies. people are undecided (fence-sitters) on initiating collective local action but where only a few have decided to go ahead, thank Four different types of triggering outcomes have community members for the detailed analysis been experienced which provide a possible basis and seek their permission to leave. Ask for employing different strategies: how many of them (by raising hands) are l Matchbox in a gas station: Where the going to defecate in the open tomorrow community is fully energised and all members morning. Tell them that you are surprised are prepared to start action forthwith, explain that this community is fully aware that they about high and low cost toilet options and are ingesting each other’s excrement and the sources of availability. Facilitate an action are willing to continue to do so. At this stage plan and the formation of a local committee. identify those who have decided to initiate Facilitate the weekly list of toilet constructions local action to stop OD and bring them for communities making the ODF commitment to the front. It might be the case that all and fix the probable date for completion of members of the community were not present household action. Decide mutually-acceptable during the main presentation and analysis dates for follow-up. Facilitate a process of process. If necessary, fix a date with the initiation of community monitoring using the community for a second round of PRA within social map drawn by the community. Try to a week or so.
57 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
l Damp matchbox: Where the entire ingesting each other’s excrement and are community is not at all interested in initiating willing to continue to do so. Finally ask them local action, thank them and leave. Do not if they would be interested in visiting a village pressurise. Tell them that you are surprised where OD has been made history by the this community is fully aware that they are community itself.
Box 3.2. CLTS Principles
l Not limited to raising awareness but with emphasis on mobilising and helping people to analyse their own sanitation practices and hygiene behaviour l Using Trigger Tools for behaviour change l Collective decision and action is the key l Social solidarity and cooperation are seen in abundance l Local diversity and innovations are the main elements l There is NO space for subsidies l No externally determined mode of development or blueprint l Natural leaders emerge from collective local actions which can lead to future collective initiatives l Community-based monitoring
Table 3.9. CLTS: Monitoring and Reporting Formats
Format 1: Pre-triggering Report
Reporting period: From ...... to ......
Name of Team: ...... Team Leader: ......
Name of Village Date of Pre-triggering Remarks on Quality of Triggering
58 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
Remarks of Coordinator:
Format II: Triggering Report
Reporting period: From ...... to ......
Name of Team: ...... Team Leader: ......
Name of Date Quality of Triggering ODF No. of No. of No. of Anganwadi School School Village of Pre- Explained House Houses with Houses Toilets with without triggering Toilets Kuccha with No Toilets Toilets Toilets Toilets
Poor Average Good
Tips: l Mapping requires well-prepared facilitation. Be l Make sure the groups keep to the topic but be aware some issues discussed are sensitive within flexible in dealing with important additional the community. information that may emerge. l Be flexible, patient and maintain a good sense l Listen attentively and do not teach. of humour. l Repeat what people say in order to confirm that l Avoid complicated words and concepts. there is good understanding of the discussions. l Encourage and motivate participants and ensure that shy and quiet members of the group are given an opportunity to express their views.
59 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.2.5 Water Transect—Walk from Source to Users (Activity Code C-5)
The Water Transect, involving a walk from source to users, is a tool for onsite assessment of the water source, relevant equipment, O&M of facilities and monitoring compliance with the public water system. The Source to User Water Transect also provides an opportunity to educate community members about water safety at the water source, transport main, reservoir and in the distribution system. It is a technique that records visible faults and deficiencies that could lead to the pollution of drinking water. It combines physical observation and reference to the checklists. Involving women in the Water Transect may throw light on some new issues that have never been considered previously.
Participants: VWSC members, GP Secretary, 2. Begin the discussion about the water journey. Village Water Person, School Management with “How water travels from source to the Committee (SMC) members, GP members, user”. Listen to the responses carefully and ASHA workers, Health Club members, SHG involve the participants by asking: members and others (men and women). a. is your drinking water source protected from contamination? Methodology: Interactive session and Transect b. Is there any leakage in the system (transport Walk from Source to Users. main and distribution system)? Agenda: To identify water security, water supply c. Do all the water connections have taps? system and O&M issues. d. Have your tanks been cleaned regularly? Facilitator: SO. e. Do all households have service connections? Duration: Eight hours. 3. Start the water journey and give participants a copy of the checklist to complete with Yes/No. Process: answers. In a large village, participants can be 1. Assemble all community members at a central divided into two groups and the water journey place in the village. Explain the purpose and can be divided into (a) source to tank or nature of activities involved in the preparation (b) tank to distribution system. of the DWSP.
60 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
Table 3.10. Checklist to Identify Water Security, Water Supply System and O&M Issues
Checklist Present Issues Status Drinking Water Source Is the source protected by a strong fence to prevent animals entering? Is the Yes/No ground around the source clean? Are animal or humans prevented from drinking water/defecating or leaving Yes/No garbage around the source? Latrines or seepage from latrines around the source? Yes/No Effluent from poultry, livestock, schools or houses entering the source? Yes/No Are people prevented from bathing, doing laundry or washing animals or Yes/No vehicles at the source? Is there a signboard “Drinking Water Source—Keep it Clean”? Yes/No Pumping Machinery Is the pumping logbook kept up-to-date? Yes/No Is the machinery shaking and making noise when operating? Yes/No Does the pump lift water as per its capacity? Yes/No Does it fill the elevated storage reservoir/ground-level storage reservoir Yes/No within the expected time? Is a stand-by pump provided? Yes/No Is servicing of pumps done periodically? Yes/No Is the meter board well maintained and with no loose wires? Yes/No Does the pump house have a working electric meter? Yes/No Is the earthing in good working order? Yes/No Is a safety toolkit available? Yes/No Are the electricity bills based on actual consumption of electricity? Yes/No Rising Main Is a non-return valve provided? Yes/No Are there leaks in the rising main? Yes/No Storage Tank Are the storage tanks kept clean and fenced? Yes/No Are there leaks in the storage tank? Yes/No Are the storage tanks cleaned once a month? Yes/No Are washing dates recorded? Yes/No Is there a fixed water-level indicator and lightning conductor? Yes/No Is there a ladder inside and outside the storage tank? Yes/No Is there a lid? Is it kept closed? Yes/No Is there leakage near to the valve in the storage tank? Yes/No Is there an overflow outlet? Is it connected to the distribution line? Yes/No Is chlorination done regularly? Yes/No Is the chlorine powder stored properly? Yes/No
61 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Checklist Present Issues Status Distribution Network Are there leaks in the distribution system? Yes/No Is there leakage in the valves fitted on the distribution system? Yes/No Are the chambers and covers in good condition? Yes/No Are taps fixed on the standpost and private connections? Yes/No Are there illegal service connections? Yes/No Is there misuse of water? Yes/No Are meters fixed for all connections? Yes/No Are the school and Anganwadi provided with service connections? Yes/No Hand Pump Is the platform of the hand pump in good condition? Yes/No Is there a proposed arrangement to dispose of wastewater around the Yes/No hand pump? Is there any problem in the functioning of the handle? Yes/No O&M Issues Is an O&M budget for the water supply scheme in place? Yes/No Is the water tariff sufficient to meet costs? Yes/No Is O&M income and expenditure managed by VWSC? Yes/No Does a logbook exist for pumping? Yes/No Has VWSSC and water person received training in O&M? Yes/No Solid and Liquid Waste Management Is solid waste disposed of in a scientific way? Yes/No Does a proper arrangement exist for wastewater management Yes/No (sullage, soak pits, gutters, etc.)?
4. On your return from the water journey, assemble participants in the central place and consolidate the water supply system issues, challenges and possible solutions. Alternatives should be discussed and outcomes noted on the chart.
62 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
Table 3.11. Format for Water Supply System Issues, Challenges and Possible Solutions
Components Possible Solutions Drinking Water • Erecting a fence, cleaning the source area, ODF, putting up a Source signboard, installing other signboards to prevent bathing and laundry • Consider source conservation measures, e.g., plantation, rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge, etc. • Roofwater harvesting for schools and public buildings • Suitable water treatment, if required • Groundwater recharge structure, recharge shafts • Discounting flood irrigation • Adopting drip and sprinkler irrigation system • Harvesting surface runoff by constructing check dams, subsurface dykes, etc. • Software activity: Sensitisation and awareness-raising programme • Additional source (surface/ground water) if required Pumping • Repair pump house and pumping machinery, check Machinery pumping capacity, electrical installations, etc. • Ensure proper approach to the pump house • Repair and up-keep of the meter board • Maintenance of the log book Rising • Reassessment of diameter of pipe material and number of Main valves required, replacement of pipeline in event of serious problems such as frequent pipeline bursts • Stopping any leaks Storage • Repair of tank • Additional storage (if required) Distribution • Extension of coverage System • Replacement with pipe material of a suitable diameter • Valves and zoning • 100% service connection • Replacement of taps • Bulk and individual metering O&M Issues • Technical management • Financial management • Capacity building of VWSC and Water Person Solid and Liquid • Repair of drains Waste Management • New sullage drains Household • 100% sanitation coverage Sanitation • Awareness raising • Health and hygiene education
63 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.2.6 Establishment of Rain Gauge Station (Activity Code C-6)
Rain is a Primary Source of Water Since rainfall, the number of rainy days and the duration of rain occurrence vary from GP to GP (or rather village to village), each GP needs to acquire knowledge about its own rainfall pattern. After the rainy season, heavy rainfall is rare. Rainwater is retained in nature by vegetation, soil, and underground water pore spaces inside rocks and decomposed rock. Although rainfall may occur only for few days a year, the biological world sustains the whole year. Modern agricultural practices have radically changed the traditional way of life in the villages and the choice of crops, horticulture, livestock rearing. etc., can be reformulated at GP/village level to ensure water availability throughout the year. The water security plan is primarily based on GP/village-specific rainfall data corresponding to the year for which water budget estimates are carried out. It is therefore appropriate to establish a GP-level rain gauge station. The rain gauge stations are non-automatic and VWSC members, GP functionaries and volunteers need to be trained in the use of rainfall recording devices. At least one rain gauge station needs to be established per GP project.
One rain gauge station needs to be established l The site should face away from a continuous per GP. wind force. l In hilly areas, where level ground is difficult to When installing a rain gauge station, the following find, the rain gauge should be located where should be noted: wind cannot form eddies. l The site should be on level ground and l The rain gauge needs to enclosed by a barbed easily accessible. wire fence. l The site should be an open space with no l The gauge should be truly vertical. obstructions in the form of trees, walls, etc. l The observer must visit the gauge station l The horizontal distance between the rain gauge regularly in order to ensure that it is ready and the nearest object should be twice the for measurement. height of these objects.
64 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
Rainfall Measurement is discarded and the remaining water is poured Rainfall measurements are based on the level of into the measuring jar. rainwater collected in the appropriate receptacle. 7. if water still remains in the collection jar, step 6 is repeated. The volunteers should be instructed to collect the amount of rainfall received on every rainy day 8. number of measuring jar fillings is noted. at 8:00 a.m. The steps to be followed: 9. in the final measuring, if the water only partly 1. Measuring jar taken to the rain gauge station. fills the measuring jar, the reading on the measuring jar is noted. 2. The gate is unlocked, then the rain gauge is unlocked. 10. The number of fillings and the last reading is added to calculate the rainfall received on 3. The conical flask is removed by unscrewing it that day. from the fixed part of the rain gauge. 11. The value is noted in the MR. The GP office 4. The collection jar is removed. should display rainfall data and share it with 5. The water collected in the jar is carefully schools and other departments. poured into the measuring jar. 6. if the water collected is more than the capacity of the measuring jar, the first filling
65 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Table 3.12. Rainfall Data Log
Name of Station ...... Latitude ...... Longitude ...... Altitude ......
Station Operating from ......
Name of VWSC ......
Annual Rainfall (in millimetre) in the Year June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May Total Date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Total
66 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.2.7 WTQQ Monitoring 3.2.7.1 Groundwater Table (Activity Code C-7) Groundwater is under constant so-called Drinking water schemes depend on the hydrostatic pressure resulting from underground groundwater source. Thus the development water movement. When untapped, wells of a DWSP crucially depends on the input of maintain a water level known as the water table groundwater levels, discharge and quality. The or piezometric level (the upper limit of the water budget calculation should be based on groundwater reservoir). When the groundwater village-level data obtained within the study draft exceeds the recharge, the pressure is area. Village-level monitoring of water levels, decreased, resulting in the lowering of the discharge and quality generates interest within the water table. The water level in wells is thus a community and proves to be cost effective. direct indication of the status of the groundwater resource. The groundwater observatory well needs to be identified and monitored according to Water-level measurement can be done using the following schedule and parameters different types of equipment. The choice of (WTQQ monitoring): equipment depends on several factors, including the accuracy or ease of measurement required, type of structure (bore well/open well) and the S. No. Parameter Frequency pumping activity of nearby wells. 1 Water Table Once every 7 days 2 Water Quantity Once every 15 days Chalked Steel Tape 3 Water Quality Once every 3 months This method utilises a graduated tape with a weight attached at one end. A quality steel tape The actual number of monitoring wells depends has limited elasticity and, with sufficient weight on the ground situation. However, for the sake of attached, it will hang vertically down the well. convenience, 15 to 20 bore/tube wells per GP can be considered. The lower part of the tape is coated with chalk and the tape is lowered into the water until the A complete inventory of wells in the hydrological lower part of the tape is submerged. By lowering unit needs to be made during the PRA exercise. the tape slowly the contact of the weight with the water’s surface can be heard. The project hydrogeologist must prepare a provisional list of observation wells inputting from For wells with deep water levels, it may be the state/district groundwater cell. The guiding necessary to know the approximate depth of the principles that need to be considered when water or to attempt several measurements to selecting the observation wells are that: ensure that the tape is not submerged below its l The observation wells should be equally chalked length. dispersed over the drainage basin. l At least two wells are located in the recharge The tape is held at the reference point and the area, two in the central sector of the watershed tape position is recorded. The depth to the water and one at the mouth of the watershed. level below the reference point is determined by l Care should be taken to ensure that the highest subtracting the length of wet tape (indicated by yielding, lowest yielding and failed bore wells wet chalk) from the total length of tape lowered are included. The production wells are selected into the well. The measurement should be as observation wells, since the aim is to obtain a repeated to ensure its accuracy and to ascertain picture under pumping conditions. that the measured water level is static.
67 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Electric Measuring Tape Electric measuring tapes typically consist of a pair of insulated wires whose exposed ends are separated by an air gap in an electrode and contain a source of power in the circuit such as flashlight batteries. When the electrode comes into contact with the water surface, a current flows through the tape circuit indicated by an ammeter-needle deflection, a light and/or an audible signal.
The “hold” depth against the reference point on the well is read directly from the tape as depth to water. Because the tape medium might be easily bent and the weight is often less than that used on steel tapes, electric tapes are considered less accurate. The tape can be calibrated against a steel tape, and if several electric tapes are used in a study, they should all be calibrated against a steel reference tape.
All the brands work on the same principle, with a liquid-sensitive probe. When the probe comes in contact with water or liquid, the electronic circuit is completed and a ‘beep’ is generated, indicating contact.
The following procedure is recommended: 1. The time elapsed since last pumping is noted. 2. The water-level indicator (WLI) is opened and checked to see if functional. 3. If the WLI is functional, the probe with the measuring cable is slowly lowered into the well. 4. Lowering is stopped once the ‘beep’ is heard. 5. The measuring cable is slightly lifted and jerked, before lowering it again. 6. The jerking and lowering is repeated twice or thrice to ensure that the exact still water level is represented. 7. The reading on the measuring cable is noted. 9. Just before the power is switched off or 8. Subsequently the well is pumped expected to be cut, the pumping water level is continuously for at least two hours. noted, by repeating the above steps.
68 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
The procedure followed for measuring bore well discharge is: 1. The calibrated drum should be placed under the pipe and the stopwatch started. 2. When the water touches the 100 litre mark (or 200 litre mark if it is a 200 litre drum), the stopwatch reading is noted. 3. The discharge should be computed. 4. The measurement should be carried out at least thrice and the average calculated.
3.2.7.2 Discharge Measurement Bore well discharge can be measured using The drinking water supplied to the community several methods. The volumetric method is must conform to relevant standards in order to simple and affordable for rural communities. A minimise health hazards to the community. calibrated drum with a capacity of 100 or 200 litres can be used together with a stopwatch Water quality is usually tested twice a year. to measure the discharge of the observation Water quality parameters are classified as of a well. Ready-reckoning conversion tables can be physical, chemical and biological nature. developed for converting the discharge in terms Regardless of its nature, the water may of litres per minute. The Sintex type of drum become contaminated due to cross- can be used for this purpose. The dimensions connections and back-siphonage. Thus of the discharge drum vary depending on the a regular water quality test needs to be height of the delivery pipe from ground level. undertaken consisting of a systematic sanitary The white 100 litres capacity drum is also used survey to identify the source of contamination, depending on the field situation and suitable and necessary preventive measures taken. conversion tables have to be used. A steel encased stopwatch is preferred to a digital sports watch, being robust and simple to use. 3.2.7.3 Water Quality Water quality testers can be used for onsite Measuring bore well discharge is also measurement for limited parameters. Other recommended on a fortnightly basis. On parameters need to be properly calculated at a fixed days, discharge measurement should PHED-approved water quality testing laboratory. be done twice. The first measurement is done after one hour of pumping. The second Records of water quality test results needs to measurement should be done before shutting properly stored with the VWSC and the GP, to be down the pump. subsequently used for preparing the DWSP.
69 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.2.8 Water Budget (Activity Code C-8)
A water budget is a tool for understanding and accounting for the movement and uses of water on, through and below the earth’s surface. The budget should take into account the following questions:
a Where is the water? Where are the hydrologic elements located in the watershed?
a How does the water move between these hydrologic elements? What are the pathways through which water travels?
a Where are water users located and how much water are they using?
a What are the trends? Are water levels declining, increasing or constant?
Water budget (WB) = Total water available (A) – Total water demand (B) The water budget estimates provide a useful understanding of the demand for drinking water in the GP/block compared to total water demand. The results of the water budget estimate will not make a difference in the water supply situation unless they are properly understood and followed up by the required changes in water use practices.
Water availability/supply (A) Water demand (B) A1. Surface water retained in the B1. Domestic water demand watershed/area A2. Groundwater recharge B2. Irrigation water demand
B3. Industrial and/or other water demand
Total water supply = cubic metres Total water demand = cu m/per annum (cu m)/per annum
may vary by at least 10-15 per cent due to the The water budget, calculated on the above basis, uncertainties of land use and rainfall. should serve as an indication and in practice
70 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.2.8.1 Assessment of Water Availability The primary source of water is rainfall.
The estimation of total rainfall received over the entire area is based on the total area and total rainwater received over that area. The amount of rainwater will be stored on the surface in ponds, lakes and reservoirs and some of it as groundwater.
1. Area of village ...... hectare ...... square kilometre (sq km)
2. Rainfall received from June to September millimetre (mm) ...... metre (m) (monsoon)
3. Projected rainfall from October to May ...... mm ...... m (non-monsoon)
4. Total rainfall from June until May the following year ...... mm ...... m
5. Total rainwater received over the area 1 x S. No. 4 ...... cu m
The water availability in the project area should recharge. Both the village’s and agricultural areas be assessed based on the ground and surface must be computed to arrive at the total annual water available. groundwater recharge, estimated according to: a) Recharge due to rainfall a. Groundwater b) Recharge due to seepage from canals To calculate groundwater recharge, generally the c) Recharge due to irrigation percentage of rainfall for the watershed (village) area and about 10 per cent of the rainfall for the d) Recharge due to seepage from tanks agricultural area is considered to be groundwater
a) Recharge due to rainfall
Total area available for recharge ...... ha ...... sq m Infiltration factor • Sandy area: 20-25% rainfall • Area with higher clay content: 10-20% rainfall • Weathered and fractured areas: 10-15% rainfall • Un-weathered: 5-10% rainfall • Vesicular and jointed basalt: 10-15% rainfall • Weathered basalt: 4-10% rainfall • Limestone, sandstone, quartzite, shale areas: 3-10% rainfall Total groundwater recharge % x rainfall ...... cu m
71 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
b) Groundwater recharge due to seepage from canal. A certain portion (10 per cent) of canal water will seep into the groundwater and can be accounted for as shown below:
i) length of the canal in the area ...... m
ii) Wetted area of canal ...... sq m
iii) Annual water available in canal i x ii = ...... cu m
iv) Seepage available as recharge from canal 0.1 x (iii) above = ...... cu m
c) Groundwater recharge due to irrigation. Artificial irrigation from canal/bore well water will recharge groundwater. It is generally considered to be 40 per cent of the total water delivered by the canal irrigation system and 35 per cent of the total water delivered for a bore well-based irrigation system.
Water delivered by canal for irrigation ...... cu m Return flow from canal irrigation: 40% 0.4 x ...... cu m = ......
Water delivered from bore well for irrigation ...... cu m
Return flow from groundwater-based irrigation 0.35 x ...... cu m = ......
d) Groundwater recharge due to seepage from tanks
Number of irrigation tanks
Water spread area of irrigation tanks ...... sq km
Seepage as recharge from irrigation ...... sq km x 0.45 = ...... tanks: 0.45 m/year
Total groundwater recharge
a) Recharge due to rainfall ...... cu m
b) Recharge due to seepage from canal ...... cu m
c) Recharge due to irrigation ...... cu m
d) Recharge due to seepage from tanks ...... cu m
Total groundwater recharge ...... cu m
72 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
b. Surface Water Water that is stored in tanks, ponds and other water-harvesting structures such as check dams or farm ponds, etc., is considered to be available surface water. These values may nevertheless vary depending upon rainfall, its distribution and different land uses.
Number of tanks/ponds ...... tanks Total storage capacity of surface water of each tank ...... cu m
Total water available/supply = Groundwater recharge + Storage of surface water ...... cu m cu m ...... cu m
3.2.8.2 Assessment of Water Demand a. Irrigation water demand The water demand assessment for the project area Irrigation water demand needs to be calculated is estimated under the following headings: separately for the kharif, rabi and summer seasons. a) Irrigation water demand Water-intensive crops such as paddy and sugarcane b) Water requirement by animals require 1.0 hectare metre (ha m) or 10,000 cu m c) Water requirement by households while other crops such as maize, jowar, sunflower, d) Water demand by industries groundnuts, etc., require less than 0.5 ha m (5,000 e) Ecological water demand cu m). Where the land is irrigated, the total area under different crops in each season has to be computed in order to quantify the irrigation water requirement for the whole year.
73 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Table 3.13. Format for Computing Irrigation Water Demand
Crop Kharif Crop (Monsoon) Rabi Crop (Winter) Summer Crop Plan Sown Area Sown Water Area Sown Water Area Water (Bigha/ Required (Bigha/Acre) Required Sown Required Acre) (cu m) (cu m) (Bigha) (cu m) Per Total Per Total Per Total Bigha Bigha Bigha
Total Total water required for various crops
Projected Water Pumped from Wells During the PRA and resource mapping of the village, identify the number of open wells and bore wells fitted with power pumps. Based on the established average pumping rate from the open well/bore wells for irrigation and drinking water wells and the known hours of electricity, water pumped can be estimated thus:
Number of functional open wells with power pumps ...... No.
Number of functional bore wells with power pumps ...... No.
Average pumping discharge ...... litre per hour
Average pumping hours per day
Average pumping hours per year
Total water pumped from groundwater for irrigation
Total water pumped from ground by drinking water source
Total water pumped from ground
In areas where irrigation demand exceeds availability and affects the drinking water supply, suitable corrective measures in crop choice and seasons for specific crops need to be developed on a participatory basis, involving all the stakeholders in order to enforce this on an annual basis through social regulation.
74 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
b. Domestic water demand Domestic water demand consists of water for human and livestock consumption, and maintenance. The demand from local institutions such as schools, Anganwadis (including water for sanitary facilities), Primary Health Centres (PHCs), market places, offices and public places, also needs to be taken into account.
c. Industrial and/or other water demand Water demands by industries, livelihood enterprises such as dhobi ghat, tanning, fibre extraction, pottery, etc., and for other needs (e.g., cremation grounds) within the village limits, need to be assessed to quantify the village water demand.
Type Standard Unit Human consumption (includes drinking water, 55 litres per capita per day (lpcd) (assuming 50% domestic use) population has house connection with 70 lpcd and others with 40 lpcd) Livestock (includes buffaloes, cows and oxen) 30 litres per day (lpd) Small ruminants (goats, sheep, etc.) 20 lpd Schools and Anganwadis 10 lpd Offices, markets and public places 5,000 to 10,000 lpd depending upon activities Total domestic water demand per day will be the sum total of the above. This will be multiplied by 365 days to arrive at the annual water demand.
Total water demand of the village per annum = Domestic + Irrigation + Other water needs
Projected water balance
Water balance can be further analysed based on the available water versus total water demand.
Total Available Groundwater ...... cu m Total agricultural water demand ...... cu m Total water demand for drinking purposes and other uses ...... cu m Total animal water demand ...... cu m Total water demand ...... cu m Amount of water used in excess of supply ...... cu m
Summary of balance estimate Stage of groundwater development ...... % = (Total water demand/Total available groundwater) x 100 Percentage of agriculture water use out of total water use ...... % = (Total agricultural demand/Total available groundwater) x 100
75 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.2.9 Women’s Meeting (Activity Code C-9)
Women’s SHGs are increasingly seeking a more vibrant role in village programmes and are participating more in village development activities. All SHGs of a habitation generally come together as a village-level organisation or federation. This provides an opportunity for involving women in village development activities. Women’s inputs for developing a DWSP are crucial, given that women are the undisputed managers of domestic water. Following the village survey and water demand assessment, it is vital to share the survey and water supply/demand result in the village with women’s groups. This will also help to obtain the necessary inputs. Women’s meetings to update the water budget may be organised as a separate meeting or form part of their monthly meeting. Water demand, water security issues, distribution of water supply to all areas and issues such as user charges and their collection should be discussed.
Objectives l Issues concerned with water availability 1. To share the village water demand assessment and accessibility. produced by the survey l Water scarcity issues. 2. Functionality of water supply systems l Issues threatening water security in the village. 3. User charges issues l Proposed measures for addressing 4. Water security issues water security. 5. Inputs for developing the DWSP Facilitator: The women’s federation convenor to chair the session and SO staff member to facilitate Participants: Members of all women’s SHGs of the proceedings. the village. Duration: Two hours. Methodology: Discuss with the village women federation leaders the proposal for a meeting to Process: provide inputs to the water demand assessment 1. Before the meeting, prepare the water demand and drinking water security planning. Decide assessment results on a chart. the venue, date and time for the meeting. 2. The venue of the women’s meeting to be Organise the meeting, share the water demand located in order to facilitate participation of assessment results. all group members. 3. The meeting to be chaired by the convenor of Agenda: The agenda of the special women’s input the village federation. meeting to DWSP will consist of: 4. At the beginning of the meeting, the l A presentation and discussion on the water Chairperson should inform those present of the demand assessment results. purpose of the meeting and then hand over the l Issues in current water supply and proceedings to the SO staff members. its functionality. 5. Presentation of water demand assessment findings to the members and their discussions.
76 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
6. Discussions on the issues of water system 3.2.10 School-level Programme functionality, scarcity and water security. (Activity Code C-10) 7. The facilitator should keep a note of all the issues raised by the group members. Objective: To inform and involve school 8. The Chairperson should ensure that everyone management and children in DWSP planning, is allowed to speak and avoid a few people implementation and monitoring. dominating the proceedings. Special care to be Participants: School principal, teachers taken in the case of women from SC/ST groups. and children. 9. Time should be allowed for individuals to present proposals and resolutions. Methodology: With the approval of the Principal, school interface meetings and events with children Output: should be held with interactive facilitation provided 1. Review of water demand assessment findings. by the SO, focussed on water security and 2. Inputs to the water security plans. sanitation topics. Tips: Agenda: The following agenda is suggested for the 1. Ensure participation of all members of all SHGs school programmes: in discussions. 1. What are water budget and water security? 2. Ensure that all members are present for 2. Methods for addressing water security issues. the meeting. 3. Roles and responsibilities of various parties in a 3. Ensure that inputs are recorded and community to address water security issues. incorporated into the DWSP. 4. Sanitation progress and issues in the habitation. Facilitator: NGO coordinator/staff member and/or school teacher. Duration: 30 minutes to one hour. Process: With the active participation of the school management, the support agency (NGO) should organise school-level educational programmes related to dissemination of water security plans, such as quizzes, an essay-writing competition, debates, etc. This should lead to school children learning how to play a simple role in water security interventions and sanitation plans. Output: School-level action plans for the development of water security and sanitation plans.
77 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.2.11 Cross Visit (Activity Code C-11)
The cross visit is an important part of the project in which the team gets an opportunity to observe and learn from other communities’ development activities. Exposure visits also help considerably to boost skills. This cross visit programme aims to enhance participants’ knowledge through exposure to the best DWSP practices. Cross visits are organised so that people living in one place can visit another location to observe and learn by direct interaction from another community’s relevant activities outside their own community. Participating communities may be located quite near one another (within the district) or some way off (in another district).
Advantages of a Cross Visit: 3. Subsequently to identify measures to be taken l The visiting groups take lessons which are learnt by the VWSC to address any impediments. from people who live in similar circumstances Participants: VWSC members, GP members from very seriously. the habitation and any other key/opinion leaders. l Learning takes place in a real life situation, which allows visiting groups to ask questions Methodology: Discuss the proposal of a cross about the development activity being visit to a habitation implementing DWSP with implemented and obtain first-hand feedback. the VWSC members in their meeting. Seek their l It is practical, not theoretical, willingness, decide the date and place of the visit experience-based learning. and formulate a brief plan. l Broader information exchanges often take place Agenda: The following agenda could be used in between the two groups, going beyond the the cross visit: core topic. 1. Transect the village. 2. Discussions on the DWSP developed by the In the context of drinking water security planning, target village. creating a forward view for the community is an 3. Discuss issues of implementation and successes important pre-planning activity. When a cross visit in overcoming obstacles. to a habitation already implementing DWSP is 4. Understand various methods of addressing imminent, this will enable the aspirant VWSC to water security issues in the village. consider the possibilities, understand the strengths 5. Programme and issues for making progress on and limitations, explore opportunities and develop sanitation in the habitations. its own vision of a secure drinking water village. 6. Discuss roles and responsibility-sharing in a community with regard to sanitation and water Objectives: security issues. 1 To expose members of the VWSC to a habitation 7. Question and Answer session. already implementing DWSPs. 2. To help the VWSC gain insights and inputs for developing its own DWSP.
78 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
7. inform the visiting team members that there Ensuring the best results from will a discussion on the checklist points following the visit a cross visit: 8. on arrival at the target village, organise a brief l It is important for the visiting group to be meeting at which guidance is given to the fully involved in planning the visit. visiting team about the host village’s VWSC, and about the DWSP they are implementing. The support agency can help to identify the Tea could be organised for the visiting group host community and contacts at this session l Ensure that the visiting and host groups 9. if possible provide copies of the target village are both clear about the purpose and DWSP to the visiting team arrangements for the visit 10. organise the village transect visit to locations l Prepare a programme for the visit. This benefiting from DWSP initiatives makes it efficient and cost-effective 11. a further meeting for question-answer sessions regarding transport, accommodation and and discussions other expenses 12. return to own village 13. Meeting to discuss observations l Allow adequate time for discussions and demonstrations where necessary l Arrange a translator if the two communities speak different languages Inputs for Observation— l Photographs, audio or video can be used to Checklist record the experience 1. Basic information: village name, people met, places visited
Facilitator: Support agency staff 2. DWSP Duration: Three hours in the village 3. VWSC functioning? Process: 4. Financial management 1. identify the village to which the cross visit is planned 5. Functionality of water supply system 2. Seek permission of the village to organise a 6. Sanitation progress cross visit of prospective VWSC members 3. Share the agenda and finalise the programme 7. Initiatives to halt water wastage including date, time and schedule 8. Initiatives on cropping pattern regulation 4. organise travel logistics including travel time, tea and snacks, lunch, etc. 5. Prepare a checklist for the visiting team to Output: Learning from the experience of others observe items in the target village and inputs provided for developing DWSP 6. Share a copy of the checklist with all the and programmes. visiting team members and explain to them the checklist points and how to record their observations and discussion outcomes
79 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.2.12 VWSC Workshop-2 2. Begin the session praising the VWSC and (Activity Code C-12) GP officials for actively participating and for collecting the information displayed. Objective: Consolidation of the information and 3. Explain to the VWSC that they will now be chalking out a precise DWSP. finalising the plans with reference to: Participants: VWSC members. a. Components b. Project intervention Methodology: Presentation by SO and relevant c. Responsibilities concerned department. d. Timeline Agenda: Approval of DWSP by the VWSC and the e. Budget Gram Sabha. f. Source of budget mobilisation Facilitator: SO. 4 guide the VWSC to prepare the plan. Explain the planning format and its link to the chart Duration: Four to five hours. displayed. Allow detailed discussion and help the Process: VWSC members to arrive at a consensus. Provide 1. Before starting the session, please ensure technical input wherever necessary. Ensure that that the following are displayed in the all the households and habitations are covered meeting venue: by the plan.
Output: Draft village DWSP.
S. No. Display Outcome of Activity
1. Social map printed/drawn on A3 size cloth PRA
2. Resource map printed/drawn on A3 size cloth PRA
3. Water budget Water Budget
4. Checklist—Walk from Source to User Walk from Source to User
5. Issues identified, with possible/alternative solutions Walk from Source to User
80 Toolkit for the Preparation of PROCESS PLANNING a Drinking Water Security Plan
Table 3.14. Consolidation of Information for a DWSP
Components Project Intervention Responsibility Timeline Budget Sources of Budget Mobilisation Source Sustainability Drinking 1. Surface water harvesting ZP Water Source 2. Drip irrigation facility Agriculture NR for farmers 3. Desilting of tank 4. Roofwater harvesting 5. Installation of rain NDWSPP gauge station 6. Additional source NDWSPP System Sustainability Pumping 1. Machinery 2. 3. 4. 5. Rising Main 1. 2. 3. Storage 1. 2. 3. Distribution 1. System 2. 3. 4. O&M Issues 1. Supply of O&M ledger 2. Supply of tools 3. Training for Water Person and VWSC Sanitation Plan Solid and 1. Repair of existing drains Liquid Waste 2. Construction of new drains Management 3. Identification of landfill and collection system Household 1. Awareness raising Sanitation 2. 3.
81 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
3.2.13 Gram Sabha 2 7. At the end of the meeting, the minutes should be (Activity Code C-13) read out and signed by the persons designated to do so. The minutes should then be posted in the Objectives: To discuss and approve the Panchayat office. village DWSP. Output: Gram Sabha approves the village DWSP plans. Participants: Gram Sabha consists of all the people registered on the village voter list. 3.2.14 GP Workshop 2 Methodology: Interactive session. (Activity Code C-14) Agenda: Discuss the findings of the planning Objective: Consolidation of the village DWSP at process and village DWSP development. the GP level. Facilitator: The facilitator for the Gram Sabha Participants: GP Chairman and members, VWSC is normally the GP Secretary. The Gram Sabha is members, GP-level functionaries, Anganwadi and chaired by the Sarpanch or President. However, a school teachers, ASHA workers, SHG and CBO leaders SO staff member will provide support by sharing and village leaders. information about the DWSP. Methodology: Presentation of the summary of the Duration: Up to three hours. village DWSP and discussion and consolidation. Process: Agenda: 1. A notice about Gram Sabha must reach people 1. Introduction of VWSC members. at least seven days in advance. Written notices can be put up in public places, or people can be 2. Discussion and approval of consolidated village notified by beating of drums, or through SHG DWSP plan. leaders to their groups. The notice should contain 3. Roles and responsibilities for implementation of information on the agenda, date, time and place. the village DWSP. 2. The meeting of the Gram Sabha is to be presided Facilitator: Support agency coordinator and staff. over by the GP president/GP ward member in Duration: Three hours. accordance with the official directive. 3. At the beginning of the meeting, the Secretary Process: welcomes participants and informs them of 1. Inform participants well in advance of the date the agenda. and place of the GP meeting. Discuss the meeting 4. Since this is a special Gram Sabha focussed agenda and process with the GP Chairman and on the DWSP, its objective, methodology and functionaries. This meeting should ideally be held participatory process to be adopted for planning at the GP office. and implementing the DWSP should be outlined 2. Ask the GP Secretary to open the meeting with a by the SO. welcome address and explain its purpose. 5. Some of the activities in the DWSP can be 3. Approval for the formation of the VWSC as a GP sub-committee. implemented immediately without any external 4. Discussion on village-specific DWSP and GP’s support. Some activities, however, do need consolidated plan. external support. This aspect should be clearly 5. GP’s role in the implementation of immediate, explained in the Gram Sabha. short-term and long-term plans. 6. The proposed activities listed in the action 6. Drafting and signing the resolution for plan should be discussed. Activities should be DWSP approval. categorised according to whether they can be 7. An action plan to proceed further. undertaken through community participation/ village-level funds or with the help of government Output: The GP resolution for DWSP approval will schemes. The priorities and future direction of be submitted to the concerned department with a these activities should be clearly explained. request to assist the GP in implementing the DWSP.
82 PROCESS PLANNING Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
4
IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING PROCESS
83 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING PROCESS
4.1 Implementation Stage
Implementation and monitoring are important components of the DWSP. The roles of users/ primary stakeholders are usually limited to the planning stage and implementation agencies take over the physical implementation of the plan with limited/no community participation during actual physical implementation. This can hamper the efforts of the support agencies/BRCs during the planning stage from empowering the respective GP and VWSC. Therefore, it is vitally important to ensure that the participating GP/VWSC is involved at the implementation stage either through direct involvement or through the various implementation and monitoring sensitisation programmes.
As envisaged in the concept note, the roles and responsibilities of the relevant agencies are as shown in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1. Roles and Responsibilities of Agencies Involved
Responsible Agency Role Department of Drinking Strategic management of the pilot project involving establishing Water Supply and chairing a National Working Group, identifying the district/ blocks. Identification of NGOs and providing necessary guidance to state, districts and blocks State Government/PHED Identify the blocks/hydrological units, issuing required guidelines, implementing pilot programmes in their blocks Central Ground Water Board/Central Technical support and monitoring Arid Zone Research Institute NGOs/SO Training, capacity building and continued support to empower GPs, VWSCs and villagers Department of Rural Development, Ensure funding convergence at the local level, technical support Department of Land Resources, and facilitation Ministry of Water Resources and Ministry of Agriculture
84 Toolkit for the Preparation of IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING PROCESS a Drinking Water Security Plan
It is envisaged that NGOs will continue their support in empowering the GP, VWSC and villagers during the implementation and monitoring stages. The activities described in Table 4.2 will form part of the DWSP.
Table 4.2. Activities within the DWSP Activity Code Phase Expected Output 1 Implementation Stage 11 VWSC meeting • VQAT in place • Details of works • Project components together with cost of the • Mode of implementation project is displayed in prominent place • Formation of VQAT 12 Periodic joint review of works • Project progress and quality reviewed by the by the VWSC, GP, PHED, ZP VWSC and VQAT 13 O&M of existing scheme • O&M initiated by the VWSC and drinking water • Water conservation programme implemented conservation programme by the VWSC • % reduction in water consumption and electricity demonstrated 14 Handing over and assuming • Scheme is handed over to GP/scheme for control of scheme further O&M
4.1.1 VWSC Meeting (Activity Code I-1)
Objective: Consolidate the information and chalk Agenda: Formation of VQAT. out a precise village DWSP. Facilitator: SO. Participants: GP and VWSC members. Duration: Four to five hours. Methodology: Presentation by SO and the Process: concerned department. 1. Before opening the session, please ensure that the following are displayed at the venue:
S. No. Display Outcome of Activity 1. Social map printed/drawn on A3 size cloth PRA Resource map printed/drawn on A3 size cloth 2. Approved DWSP Drinking Water Security Committee meeting 3. Implementing agency/contractor’s details
85 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
2. Open the session by praising the VWSC and 4.1.2 Periodic Joint Review of Works GP functionaries for actively participating, (Activity Code I-2) and update the VWSC about the approval status of DWSP, together with details of the Objective: Progress and quality review of work implementing agency. onsite by primary and secondary stakeholders. Explain the approved VWSC: Participants: GP, VWSC members, VQAT members, a. Components PHED and ZP. b. Total cost of project intervention Methodology: Field visit to work site. c. Responsibility and timeline d. Source of budget mobilisation Agenda: Progress and quality review of works. e. Defect liability period Facilitator: PHED. 3. Guide the VWSC to evolve the plan for quality Duration: Four to five hours. assurance and control on a daily basis: Process: a. A committee comprising four or five members 1. Engineer from the implementing agency will of the VWSC to be formed as the VQAT, to be brief the VWSC on the progress, materials used later trained by the implementing agency to and quality issues. ensure day-to-day quality supervision. 2. A joint site inspection will be carried out and the b. The name, contact details and value of contract, VWSC will be updated about the following: and a timetable to be displayed in a prominent place in the village. a. Progress c. The respective line department will train b. Quality issues VQAT members. c. Balance work and schedule d. Expenditure incurred to date Output: Clear understanding by VWSC members of the approved plan, implementing agency, role of Output: Proceedings of the VWSC concerning VWSC and VQAT during implementation. joint inspection of the works.
86 Toolkit for the Preparation of IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING PROCESS a Drinking Water Security Plan
4.1.3 Operation and Maintenance (Activity Code I-3)
The sustainability of small piped water supply systems in rural areas is critical for securing improved service delivery over the long term. The main emphasis of the GoI’s NRDWP is therefore on source and system sustainability. Source sustainability depends on various factors. However, water conservation is one of the important aspects of source sustainability. System sustainability relies on adequate O&M, in both technical and financial terms. Any project intervention to achieve a DWSP is incomplete without addressing the issue of Non Revenue Water (NRW). This is water that has been produced and “lost” before it reaches the customer. Losses can be ‘real’ (leaks, which are occasionally referred to as physical losses) or ‘apparent’ (e.g., through theft or metering inaccuracies). High levels of NRW are detrimental to the financial viability of water utilities, as well as to the quality of the water itself. NRW is typically measured as the volume of water ‘lost’ as a share of net water produced. As observed in the concept note, “it is difficult to manage what is not measured”. In most rural drinking water systems, water is not measured or metered, leading to loss of water and revenue, and thus affecting source and financial sustainability. Drinking water security programmes should aim to measure the amount of water supplied and design an appropriate programme to conserve drinking water.
Objective: To initiate action towards the Facilitator: Support agency. commitment of the VWSC to the O&M of the Duration: Four to five hours. existing water supply scheme and drinking water conservation programme. Process: Participants: GP, VWSC members, VQAT members, 1. Explain VWSC goals and topics to group PHED and ZP. members. It is important to tell them that they will be contributing as representatives of a Methodology: FGD. group of people/organisation. Agenda: To identify the issues and challenges 2. Divide the group into three smaller groups for involved in operating and maintaining the a FGD, using the checklist (Table 4.3) as a basis facilities by considering technical, financial for the FGD. and institutional aspects, including water tariff calculation and drinking water conservation by adopting water tariffs based on volumetric consumption.
87 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Table 4.3. Checklist for FGD
Group 1: O&M Budget Group 2: Water Quality and Group 3: Water Conservation Energy Bills • Who is responsible for O&M? • Are water samples tested on a • How much water is consumed regular basis? per day by the village? • Describe the system and functions of the various • Is chlorination of water • Is the public water stakeholders involved in O&M done regularly? system metered?
• Is an annual budget of water • Has a water person been • Are service connections supply facilities prepared? appointed as per requirement? metered?
• How much is the water tariff • Are the energy bills received • Does the water supplied charged in your village? based on the actual meter match the water consumed? readings? • How many households pay • Is the energy bill based on the water charges regularly? actual meter reading?
• What is the system of water charges collection?
• % of water charges recovery?
• What are the issues and difficulties associated with collection of water charges?
• Whether the rate of water charges is sufficient?
• What is the system of punitive action on defaulters?
3. Display all charts on the wall and start a a. Operation cost: Salary of water person, discussion about each. Explain the issues electricity, chlorination, testing water associated with each point and then ask “what samples and VWSC office expenses, bill can be done to deal with this issue?” Guide the collector’s commission. discussion towards the O&M budget and water b. Maintenance and repair costs: Maintenance tariffs based on actual consumption. and repair of water supply system, water source 4. Water tariff calculation. Explain that there are and depreciation. two main categories of cost factors (operational costs and maintenance/repair costs) (Table 4.4). Each category is sub-divided:
88 Toolkit for the Preparation of IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING PROCESS a Drinking Water Security Plan
Table 4.4. Water Tariff Calculation
S. No Expenditure Monthly Expenditure (Rs.) Cost per Year (Rs.)
A Operational Cost
1 Salary of water person No. of water 1 x 12 months = persons x monthly salary
2 Electricity bill 2a. Fixed charges per hand pump 2a x 12 + 2b x x total hand pumps 365 days =
2b. Pumping hours x hand pump x 0.75 x 31 x unit charges
3 Chlorination (Approx. 5 grams of TCL per 1,000 litres)
4 Testing of water samples Lump sum
5 VWSC office expenses/bill collector Lump sum
B Maintenance and Repair Costs
1 Maintenance and repair of water Lump sum supply system
2 Maintenance and repair of source Lump sum
C Depreciation Cost
Total
5. How to calculate water tariff: In the instance At this stage, arguments will probably erupt and of villages without metered service connections, people will voice their opinions about the water calculating the water tariff will be interesting tariffs. This will probably lead to discussion of a and fun. In cases where water tariffs are on a flat volumetric-based water tariff, which in general rate, this will lead to interesting discussions on can save on water consumption by approximately water consumption. 30-40 per cent, thereby contributing to source sustainability. Water tariff per person = Total O&M cost per year/ Total population or Water tariff per household = Total O&M cost per year/Total households
89 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Box 4.1. O&M and Water Conservation
It has been observed that lack of attention to the Measures such as leakage control and water metering important aspect of O&M of the majority of water will help to reduce wastage and increase revenues for supply schemes often leads to deterioration of the the local providers to the maximum extent possible. useful life of the systems, necessitating premature replacement of many components. Regardless Several pilot studies conducted in India have shown of investments in the systems costing millions of water losses in the distribution systems to be of the rupees, they are thus unable to provide effective order of 20-50 per cent of the total flow in the systems. services to the communities for which they have It has been noted that maximum leakage (more than been constructed, given that they are defective or 80 per cent) occurs in the distribution system and underutilised for most of the time. house connections. Moreover, losses also occur at the source, points in the transmission system, as well as in Some of the key issues contributing to the poor the treatment plants and reservoirs, which may total a O&M have been identified as: further 10-20 per cent of overall output.
l Lack of finance, inadequate information on O&M In India, where water supply is often intermittent l Inappropriate system design and (supply hours ranging from three to 10 hours), external inadequate workmanship pollution may get sucked into the system through l Multiplicity of agencies, with leakage points during non-supply hours (i.e., when the overlapping responsibilities system is not under pressure), thereby causing l Inadequate training of personnel health hazards. l Low attraction of maintenance jobs in career planning A systematic approach towards wastage, leakage and l Lack of performance evaluation and preventive maintenance needs to form an integral regular monitoring part of O&M on a regular basis with the aim of l Inadequate emphasis on preventive maintenance saving considerable quantities of water, preventing l Lack of operation manuals contamination, improving pressure in the distribution l Lack of appreciation of the importance of facilities system and increasing revenues in order to make the by the community systems self-sufficient. If such measures are adopted l Lack of real time field information, etc. by the water supply agencies in India, there could possibly be no immediate need to introduce schemes A need, therefore, exists for clear-cut sector policies for increasing water supply. and a proper legal framework, together with clear demarcation of responsibilities and mandates within Water metering is desirable from two points the water supply sub-sector. of view: a) To minimise wastage India’s experience reveals that, in the case of b) To maintain economically feasible water pricing pumping schemes, around 20-40 per cent of the total annual O&M costs are generally accounted for According to current practice, consumers own their by salaries and 30-50 per cent by power charges, domestic meters and, therefore, they have direct with the balance utilised for consumables, repairs access to the meters. It would perhaps be worthwhile and replacement of parts and machinery, and to explore the possibility of the respective water miscellaneous charges. In most Indian cities, the supply agencies and local bodies owning such meters tariffs are so low that they do not even cover the themselves to ensure that consumers do not have direct annual O&M costs. access to the meters and avoid possible tampering.
90 Toolkit for the Preparation of IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING PROCESS a Drinking Water Security Plan
4.2 Monitoring For evaluation: Monitoring is the continuous assessment of project l Review project objectives and relevant project implementation in relation to agreed schedules, activities in terms of expected outcomes. and of the use of inputs, infrastructure and l Identify indicators/outcome measures services by project beneficiaries. for evaluation. l Determine sources of data for evaluation and Monitoring provides managers and other data collection methods. stakeholders with continuous feedback on l Plan for data collection, including schedule implementation, identifying actual or potential and staff. successes and problems at an early stage to facilitate timely adjustments to project operation. To plan for Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E), specify the information that will be needed, how it Evaluation is the periodic assessment of a project's will be used for decision-making and how progress relevance, performance, efficiency and impact and impacts will be measured. Plans for M&E (both expected and unexpected) vis-à-vis should be prepared at the same time and merged stated objectives. with plans for the overall project. At the start of For monitoring: the planning process, decide how M&E data will l Identify the activities/indicators/outcomes be followed through. Ensure that each piece of to be monitored. data that is collected has a purpose in order to l Decide how the findings will be acted on. ensure that M&E is a meaningful process that can l Identify sources for monitoring data and data benefit the project’s objectives. A suggested M&E collection methods. framework is shown in Table 4.5. l Schedule monitoring. l Design and pre-test simple forms and questionnaires for recording information.
91 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Table 4.5. Suggested Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
Results Indicator Means of Verification Reduction in No. of farmers and area Baseline, midline and endline survey report flood irrigation under drip irrigation Agriculture Department Monitoring Report Increased number of No. of rainwater harvesting Baseline, midline and endline survey report rainwater harvesting structures in catchment area Agriculture Department Monitoring Report structures Improvement in Water quality data Water quality test reports water quality Reduction of No. of cases of Local clinic and hospital records waterborne diseases waterborne diseases Increased number of No. of toilets constructed Records provided by GP/VWSC toilets and their usage Regular VWSC meeting No. of regular meetings held VWSC meeting (and resolutions) by the VWSC Preparation of Annual O&M budget in place VWSC and GP meeting to confirm approval of O&M budget O&M budget and expenditure Preparation of Water budget in place VWSC and GP meeting to confirm approval of water budget O&M budget and expenditure Improved water % recovery of water charges VWSC and GP records charges recovery Reduction in Consumption of electricity Electricity bills energy consumption per day/month Drinking water Consumption of water Electricity bills and meter-reading conservation and electricity (needed for pumping) Improvement in Groundwater table records Groundwater table monitored by VWSC/GP groundwater table Increased number of Parliamentarians, Members Interviews, baseline data elected representatives of Lesgislative Assembly who engage with the who can identify the benefits project benefits Media informed and No. of news items and Media monitoring and analysis motivated to report exposure in international, on DWSP national, regional and local media
92 PROCESS PLANNING Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
BIBLIOGRAPHY
93 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Some of the references which were helpful in developing the DWSP Toolkit are listed here.
Document Title and Brief Summary Web Link Title: National Drinking Water Security Pilot Projects
PPT by Mr. Sudhindra Mohan Sharma, Nodal Officer, National Drinking Water Security Pilot Projects, Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, Government of India Title: A Handbook for http://www.indiawaterportal. Gram Panchayats org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/ files/A_handbook_for_Gram_ Panchayats_on_managing_ drinking_water_security_ by_the_Department_of_ Drinking_Water_Supply%20_ Hindi_2010.pdf http://www.mdws.gov.in/ sites/upload_files/ddws/ files/pdfs/GPHandbook.pdf Title: Guidelines and Tools for http://www.rural-water- Rural Water Supplies supply.net/_ressources/ documents/default/1-398-3- This directory contains 42 sets of guidelines, 1348587119.pdf manuals and toolkits on the delivery of rural water supply services. Each resource is categorised according to whether its primary audience is an international, national or other type of organisation. Icons and summary tables are designed to help you find guidelines that are relevant to your task. Links and references are an aid to the original documents. Title: Scaling up Solid and Liquid Waste http://www.mdws.gov.in/sit Management in Rural Areas es/upload_files/ddws/files/ pdfs/Handbook%20on%20S Published by WSP and the Department LWM%20WSP%20final%20 of Drinking Water and Sanitation, GoI, May%202012.pdf this Handbook focusses on the planning, institutional/community mobilisation and the financial aspects of implementing a waste management programme in rural areas.
94 Toolkit for the Preparation of BIBLIOGRAPHY a Drinking Water Security Plan
Document Title and Brief Summary Web Link Title: Ground Water http://www.nrsc.gov.in/pdf/ Prospects Maps rgndwmum.pdf
Prepared under the aegis of the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission Project, Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, GoI, this Manual contains maps identifying potable groundwater sources which are sustainable for longer periods—a key issue in the supply of drinking water to India’s rural habitations. To address this issue, the former Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Rural Development, GoI—the prime organisation concerned with the supply of drinking water in the country—requested the Government’s National Remote Sensing Centre, India Space Research Organisation/Department of Space, to prepare groundwater prospects maps (hydro geo-morphological maps) on a 1:50,000 scale, using remote sensing and GIS technology. The User Manual is invaluable for understanding the keys/ legends and the various thematic layers and technical aspects of maps. Title: Towards Drinking Water Security http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp. in India, Lessons from the Field org/files/publications/WSP_ Compendium_Water.pdf Produced by WSP and the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation. Lessons and case studies from the field.
Various Success Stories Title: Success Stories http://www.mdws.gov.in/do and Learnings cumentreportall/term/42 Various success stories, published by the Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, are contained in a useful document for facilitators.
95 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Document Title and Brief Summary Web Link
Title: Engaging Non-state Providers in http://www.mdws.gov.in/sit Rural Water Supply Services es/upload_files/ddws/files/ pdfs/Engaging_Nonstate_Pr With the NRDWP prioritising household- oviders_in_Rural_Water_Sup level water security and movement (i.e., ply_Services.pdf working towards adequate and safe water supply through house connections), massive investment for responding simultaneously to system and source sustainability issues is proposed for dealing with rural drinking water supply in future years. The sector’s human and financial requirements, including for O&M, are likely to increase significantly against a background of increasing and broad concern regarding the O&M of the existing infrastructure. Unless these problems are addressed, it is likely that the significant future investments proposed in the sector will be at risk. There is a case, therefore, for exploring alternative O&M options that can ensure appropriate and timely preventive and corrective O&M by using dedicated, qualified staff at reasonable cost. Such alternatives, particularly mobilised through non-state providers, are already being considered in some states and the experiences to date are described in this document. Title: Manual on Operation and http://cpheeo.nic.in/Operat Maintenance of a Water Supply System ion.htm
Published by the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization, Ministry of Urban Development, GoI, and World Health Organization, this Manual addresses issues such as wastage, leakages and high-energy consumption.
96 PROCESS PLANNING Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
ANNEX
97 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Template for Drinking Water Security Plan
Drinking Water Security Plan Gram Panchayat (Insert name) Block (Insert name) State (Insert name)
Insert relevant picture/map from project area
Date (insert date) Prepared by Gram Panchayat (insert name) Block Resource Centre & Support Agency (insert name) Under the Guidance of District Water and Sanitation Mission (insert district name)
98 Toolkit for the Preparation of ANNEX a Drinking Water Security Plan
Gram Sabha resolution Gram Panchayat resolution (Please attach the scanned copy of the Gram Sabha (Please attach the scanned copy of the GP resolution for approval of the village DWSP Plan) resolution for approval of the village DWSP Plan)
Sample format of Sample format of Gram Sabha resolution GP resolution This is to certify that the Village Drinking This is to certify that the Village Drinking Water Security Plan has been prepared by a Water Security Plan has been prepared by a consultative process by the Gram Panchayat consultative process by the Gram Panchayat with assistance and support from the Support with assistance and support from the Support Organisation, the Block Resource Centre and Organisation, the Block Resource Centre and the District Water and Sanitation Mission. the District Water and Sanitation Mission. The final Village Water Security Plan was The consolidated Village Water Security Plan discussed in detail during the Gram Sabha was discussed in detail during the held on ...... GP meeting held on ...... We request the DWSM to endorse the plan We request the DWSM to endorse the plan and provide us with technical and financial and provide us with technical and financial assistance for implementing the Drinking assistance to implement the Drinking Water Water Supply Security Plan. Supply Security Plan. Chairperson ...... Gram Sabha Chairperson/Sarpanch ...... GP VWSC President GP Secretary
Chapter 1: GP Profile
1.1 Project Area Briefly describe project location, mentioning block, district and number of villages in the GP area. Also the GP revenue area. Provide the reference of the toposheet and of the groundwater prospective map of the project area.
Insert Toposheet scan Insert Groundwater copy (sample) Prospects Map (sample)
99 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Profile Chapter 2: Planning Process Key issues: Was a participatory planning process 1.2 Socio-economic profile of GP adopted when preparing the DWSP facilitated by the (Describe the socio-economic profile of the GP: BRC, DWMS and SO? male and female population, sex ratio, children under 14 years, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, labour force, etc., access to the GP, 2.1 Planning Activities number of schools, Anganwadi centres, etc.) Describe the chronological order of activities undertaken with the aim of involving the community and local CBOs and SHGs in data collection, identification of issues and problem analysis and which assisted the preparation of the DWSP.
S. No Activity Village 1 Village 2 Village 3 Village 4
1 Gram Sabha - 1 Date Date Date Date
2 GP Workshop - 1 Date Date Date Date 3 VWSC meeting - 1 Date Date Date Date 4 PRA Date Date Date Date
5 Water Transect—Walk from Source to Users Date Date Date Date 6 Establishment of rain gauge station Date Date Date Date 7 WTQQ monitoring of selected bore/tube well 8 Water budget estimation Date Date Date Date 9 Women’s meeting Date Date Date Date 10 School health programme Date Date Date Date 11 Exposure visit Date Date Date Date 12 VWSC - 2 Workshop Date Date Date Date 13 Gram Sabha - 2—approval of DWSP Date Date Date Date 14 GP-level compilation meeting Date Date Date Date 15 Video show/street play, etc. Date Date Date Date
100 Toolkit for the Preparation of ANNEX a Drinking Water Security Plan
Provide gender-disaggregated data on participation together with quality analysis and quality information which can be summarised as follows:
S. No Activity Female Male Total 1 Gram Sabha - 1 No. No. No. 2 GP Workshop - 1 No. No. No. 3 VWSC meeting - 1 No. No. No. 4 PRA No. No. No. 5 Water Transect No. No. No. 8 Water budget estimation No. No. No. 9 Women’s meeting No. No. No. 10 School health programme No. No. No. 11 Exposure visit No. No. No. 12 VWSC - 2 Workshop No. No. No. 13 Gram Sabha - 2—approval of DWSP No. No. No. 14 GP-level compilation meeting No. No. No. 15 Video show/street play, etc. No. No. No.
2.2 VWSC The VWSC is a standing committee of the GP responsible for planning, implementation, Key issues: The VWSC has been established operation, maintenance and management of in each project village, necessary capacity the village DWSP. It is important to build and building activities undertaken and the roles facilitate a dynamic VWSC involving individuals and responsibilities of the VWSC are clear of both sexes. Briefly explain the various processes facilitated in the establishment of a functioning and well-established. VWSC. These processes can be listed as follows:
Activity Village 1 Village 2 Village 3 Village 4 Total Date of formation of VWSC Date Date Date Date No. of female members No. No. No. No. No. No. of male members No. No. No. No. No. Total of VWSC members No. No. No. No. No. Details of VWSC A/C No. A/C No. A/C No. A/C No. bank account Bank: Date Bank: Date Bank: Date Bank: Date account account account account opened opened opened opened
Enclose list of VWSC members.
101 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
2.3 PRA Key issues: Has the PRA been conducted in all the villages to identify and analyse the problems and move towards alternative solutions?
Activity Village 1 Village 2 Village 3 Village 4 Social Mapping Date Date Date Date Water Resource Mapping Date Date Date Date Timeline Date Date Date Date Seasonality Date Date Date Date
Gender-disaggregated data for the PRA activity
Activity Female Male Total Social Mapping No. No. No. Water Resource Mapping No. No. No. Timeline No. No. No. Seasonality No. No. No.
Attach photographs of PRA activity.
Issues identified during the PRA
Total no. of households Total population No. of drinking water wells/sources No. of irrigation wells/sources Historical background of water quality and quantity Historical background of groundwater table Historical background of cropping pattern Open defecation and household health and sanitation Solid and liquid waste management aspects
Enclose copies of Social and Water Resource Maps.
102 Toolkit for the Preparation of ANNEX a Drinking Water Security Plan
2.4 Water Transect 2.5 Establishment of Key issues: Onsite review of water facility and Rain Gauge Station identification of water security issues and water Briefly highlight the action taken to set up the rain supply system repair requirements done using gauge station in the project area participatory process.
Explain in details the Water Transect—Walk from 2.6 WTQQ Monitoring Source to User and summarise the identified issues Briefly highlight the action that has been taken regarding the following (enclose duly completed to monitor groundwater levels, discharge and checklist as provided in the Toolkit): quality and the involvement of the community in identifying a well for monitoring WTQQ. The water l Drinking water source budget calculation should be based on village-level l Pumping machinery data generated within the study area. Village-level l Transport main monitoring of water levels, discharge and quality l Storage will generate interest in the community and is l Distribution system cost effective. l O&M issues l Solid and liquid waste management Attach the detailed calculation. l Household sanitation
2.7 Water Budget
Highlight the following: l Where are the hydrologic elements located in the watershed? Where is the water? l How does the water move between these hydrologic elements? What are the pathways through which the water travels? l Where are water users located and how much water are they using? l Future trends? Are water levels declining, increasing or remaining constant? The supply/demand gap should be clearly emphasised.
S. No. Village Annual Water Consumption Availability Gap %
Drinking Livestock Agriculture Industries Total
103 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Summarise the water situation, highlighting: 2.8 Sensitisation/Awareness Raising l The supply/demand gap The data/information generated from monitoring the l Water quality water table, water quantity and quality and the outcome l Water consumption pattern for domestic, of the water budget should be shared with various agricultural and industrial use stakeholders by means of meetings, displays, street play, etc. In this section, describe the various activities that have been undertaken to raise stakeholder awareness.
2.9 Drinking Water Security Plan The DWSP should take account of source sustainability, system improvement, O&M and sanitation aspects. The summary for each village can be presented in the following format.
Components Project Responsibility Timeline Budget Source of Intervention Budget Mobilisation Source Sustainability Drinking 1. Surface water harvesting Water 2. Drip irrigation facility Source for farmers 3. De-silting of tank 4. Roofwater harvesting 5. Installation of rain gauge station 6. Additional source System Sustainability Pumping 1. Machinery 2. Rising Main 1. 2. Storage 1. 2. Distribution 1. System 2. O&M Issues 1. Supply of O&M ledger 2. Supply of tools 3. Training for Water Person and VWSC Sanitation Plan 1. Solid and 1. Repair of existing drains Liquid Waste 2. Construction of new drains Management 3. Identification of a system for collection Household 1. Awareness raising Sanitation 2. 3.
104 Toolkit for the Preparation of ANNEX a Drinking Water Security Plan
Chapter 4: Implementation and Monitoring
4.1 Implementation Briefly explain how the project will be implemented and describe the roles envisaged for various stakeholders during the implementation stage, particularly those of the DWSM, BRC, GP, VWSC and SO. Highlight the quality control and quality assurance aspects. Phasing and implementation schedule (enclose bar chart—sample shown).
S. Activity Year 2014 Year 2015 No. J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
1 Source Sustainability
2 Sustainability
3 Rising Main
4 Storage
5 Distribution System
6 O&M
7 Sanitation
8 Solid & Liquid Waste Management
9 Household Sanitation
105 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
4.2 Monitoring List out the various indicators identified for monitoring project activity and intervention.
Indicator Means of Baseline During Verification Data Monitoring Period No. of farmers and area under Baseline, midline and endline drip irrigation survey report Agriculture Department Monitoring Report
No. of rainwater harvesting Baseline, midline and endline structures in catchment area survey report Agriculture Department Monitoring Report
Water quality data Water quality test reports
No. of cases of Local clinic and hospital records waterborne diseases
No. of toilets constructed Records provided by GP/VWSC
No. of regular meetings VWSC meeting (and resolutions) held by the VWSC
Annual O&M budget in place VWSC and GP meeting to confirm approval of O&M budget and expenditure
Water budget in place VWSC and GP meeting to confirm approval of O&M budget and expenditure
% recovery of water charges VWSC and GP records
Consumption of electricity on Electricity bills daily/monthly basis
Consumption of water and Electricity bills and electricity for pumping meter-reading
Groundwater table records Groundwater table monitored by VWSC/GP
No. of news items and exposure Interviews, baseline data in international, national, Media monitoring and analysis regional and local media
106 Toolkit for the Preparation of ANNEX a Drinking Water Security Plan
107 Toolkit for the Preparation of a Drinking Water Security Plan
Water and Sanitation Program Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation The World Bank 4th Floor, Paryavaran Bhawan HT House, 10-20 Kasturba Gandhi Marg CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 001, India New Delhi 110 003, India Phone: (91-11) 41479301, 49247601 Phone: (91-11) 24361043 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (91-11) 24364113 Web site: www.wsp.org E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.ddws.nic.in 108 Write Media 2015 Write Services Pvt. Ltd . Printed at PS Press