DOCSLIB.ORG

Cell Biology BIOL 288 Winter 2021

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cell Biology BIOL 288 Winter 2021 Cell Biology BIOL 288 Winter 2021 COURSE OVERVIEW: This course will provide you with a basic and comprehensive understanding of cell structure and function. I will try to balance the breadth of topics with their depth to help you gain an appreciation of the diversity and complexity of cellular functions. We will discuss the molecular composition of cellular components and organelles, and how these molecules and their interactions ultimately dictate cell structure and function. I expect that you will leave this course with an appreciation for the importance of understanding cellular and molecular processes in order to comprehend larger scale physiological, organismal and ecological processes. INSTRUCTORS: Please contact us using the emails below. We do not use UR Courses for email. Lecture: Dr. Lori Manzon Lab: Dr. Nola Erhardt Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Lectures: Synchronous via Zoom on MWF Labs: Synchronous via Zoom on from 11:30 am-12:20 pm MTWR from 2:30-5:15 pm Office Hours: Zoom room by appointment. PREREQUISITES: Introductory Biology (BIOL 100 & 101), General Chemistry (CHEM 104) COURSE WEBSITE: https://urcourses.uregina.ca/course/view.php?id=2278 TEXTBOOK (OPTIONAL): Karp, G., Iwasa, J., Marshall, W. 2019. Karp's Cell and Molecular Biology, 9th Edition. Wiley. Older copies are acceptable. OTHER VALUABLE TEXT RESOURCES: Introductory cell biology texts (several are on reserve in the library) Introductory biochemistry texts Cells: Molecules & Mechanisms (Wong), BioLibre. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology/Book%3A_Cells_- _Molecules_and_Mechanisms_(Wong) 1 GRADING SCHEME AND IMPORTANT DATES Date Value Lecture – Midterm 1 (Units 1-4) Friday, February 12, 2021 12% Lecture – Midterm 2 (Units 5 & 6) Friday, March 19, 2021 18% Lecture – Final Exam (Cumulative) Monday, April 26, 2021 from 9 am-12 pm 40% Lab – Reports and assignments See lab syllabus for details 30% TOTAL 100% POLICY ON LATE LAB ASSIGNMENTS: See lab manual POLICY ON MISSED EXAMS: “Deferred” final exams are granted only by the Associate Dean, Undergraduate (for Faculty of Science students), or by the Deans and/or Associate Deans of other Faculties or Federated Colleges of the University Regina. There are no exceptions. STUDENT CONDUCT Students of the University of Regina are expected to conduct themselves responsibly and with propriety both in their studies and in their general behaviour, and are expected to abide by all policies and regulations of the University of Regina. Misconduct, which may be academic (that is, in academic studies) or non-academic (in general behaviour), is subject to disciplinary action. Students are reminded that this course falls under the ACADEMIC REGULATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF REGINA. See pages 42-49 in the Undergraduate Calendar. https://www.uregina.ca/student/registrar/resources-for-students/academic- calendars-and-schedule/undergraduate-calendar/index.html STUDENT ACCOMMODATIONS Any student who may need accommodations should discuss these with the course instructor AFTER meeting with an Accessibility Advisor through the Centre for Student Accessibility (306-585-4631). RECORDINGS AND STUDENT PRIVACY Our Zoom class sessions WILL BE RECORDED and posted to UR Courses to better support the needs of all students. As a result, the University of Regina may collect your image, voice, name, personal views and opinions, and course work under the legal authority of The Local Authority Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act. Students who participate in a Zoom session with their video on or use a profile image are consenting to have their video or image recorded (including anything visible in the background). If you have concerns with such recording, be sure to keep your video off and do not use a profile image. In addition, students who un-mute their microphone during class and participate orally are consenting to have their voices, and personal views and opinions recorded. If you are unwilling to consent to this recording, please do not un- mute your microphone during class. If you have any questions about the collection or use of your personal information, please contact your instructor. Any time that a student would like to ask a question during the lecture, the recording will be paused and then resumed afterward. Longer questions can be posed to the instructors directly, or via URCourses. 2 OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION: 1. I will review the following material, BUT I expect/assume that all students in the class have basic knowledge and understanding of: • Chemical bonds, interactions and forces that hold molecules together • Molecules of life: water, lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids and nucleotides • The 4 main larger molecules in the cell: lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids • Basic knowledge of the different eukaryotic cellular organelles 2. Lecture notes and slides will be posted to UR Courses prior to each lecture. 3. Lecture exams will be based on material presented in class. The order of topics and the depth at which they are discussed in lecture may differ significantly from the textbook(s). However, the optional and recommended textbooks are invaluable references to supplement lecture material and ensure that you are gaining a complete and in-depth understanding of the lecture material. 4. I will host review sessions prior to each exam. These will be held outside of our regular lecture time. 5. I will not be using Proctortrack. 6. Images in lecture are COPYRIGHT PROTECTED and reprinted with permission for the purpose of this course. YOU ARE NOT PERMITTED TO MODIFY OR DISTRIBUTE SLIDES OR IMAGES. LAB SYLLABUS – Date refers to your particular lab day during that week. Date and Time Activity Value Read material posted on UR Courses. You will need to have this Jan. 18-21 at any time completed prior to the first Zoom meeting the week of Jan. 25-28. Jan. 25-28 at 2:30 pm Zoom meeting to discuss Assignment #1: Research Proposal Feb. 1-4 by 11:00 pm Assignment #1 due 7% Zoom meeting to discuss Assignment #2: Figures and Tables for Feb. 8-11 at 2:30 pm Scientific Paper Feb. 15-18 by 11:00 pm Assignment #2 due 5% Feb. 22-26 at 2:30 pm Zoom meeting to discuss Assignment #3: Scientific Paper Mar. 1-4 at 2:30 pm Zoom meeting to discuss Assignment #3: Scientific Paper Mar. 8-11 by 11:00 pm Assignment #3 due 15% At end of term Participation mark 3% 3 CELL BIOLOGY – BIOL 288 – WINTER 2021 – TENTATIVE LECTURE OUTLINE Date Topic Chapter Unit 1: Introduction to Cell Biology 1 11-Jan Unit 2: Chemistry of the Cell - Bonds & Interactions 2.1; 2.3 13-Jan Unit 2: Chemistry of the Cell - Water; Acids, Bases & Buffers 2.3-2.4 15-Jan Unit 3: Biological Molecules - Lipids, Carbohydrates & Nucleic Acids 18-Jan 2.7 Unit 3: Biological Molecules - Proteins 20-Jan 22-Jan Unit 4: Membranes - Functions & Models 4.1 25-Jan Unit 4: Membranes - Lipids & Proteins 4.2-4.4 27-Jan Unit 4: Membranes – Asymmetrical, Dynamic & Fluid Membrane 4.4-4.5 29-Jan Unit 4: Membranes - Simple Diffusion 01-Feb Unit 4: Membranes - Facilitated Diffusion 4.6 03-Feb 05-Feb Unit 4: Membranes - Active Transport 08-Feb Unit 5: Metabolism - Metabolic Pathways & ATP 3.1, 3.3 10-Feb Unit 5: Metabolism - Glycolysis 3.3 12-Feb Midterm #1 (12%; Units 1-4) 15-Feb Winter break 22-Feb Unit 5: Metabolism – Mitochondria & the TCA Cycle 5.1-5.2 24-Feb Unit 5: Metabolism - Electron Transport Chain 5.2-5.3 26-Feb Unit 5: Metabolism - Proton Motive Force & ATP Synthesis 5.5-5.6 01-Mar Unit 6: Endomembranes - Components of the Endomembrane System 8.1-8.2 03-Mar Unit 6: Endomembranes - RER - Protein Synthesis & Targeting 05-Mar 8.3 08-Mar Unit 6: Endomembranes – RER - Glycosylation & Quality Control 10-Mar Unit 6: Endomembranes – Golgi - Glycosylation & COP-Mediated Vesicular Transport 8.4-8.5 Unit 6: Endomembranes – Golgi – TGN Sorting, Lysosomes & Receptor-Mediated 12-Mar 8.5; 8.7; 8.9 Endocytosis 15-Mar Unit 7: Communication – The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) 7.1 17-Mar Unit 7: Communication - Cell-ECM Interactions 7.3 19-Mar Midterm #2 (18%; Units 5 & 6) 22-Mar Unit 7: Communication - Cell-Cell Interactions 7.4-7.6 24-Mar 26-Mar Unit 7: Communication - Cell Signaling Modes, Molecules & Receptors 15.1-15.3; 29-Mar Unit 7: Communication - Signal Transduction & Apoptosis 15.7-15.10 31-Mar 9.1-9.2; 9.5; 05-Apr Unit 8: Motility - Cytoskeleton Function & Components 9.7-9.8; 9.11 07-Apr Unit 8: Motility - Microtubule-Based Movement - Intracellular Transport 9.4 09-Apr 12-Apr Unit 8: Motility - Microtubule-Based Movement - Motile Appendages 9.6 14-Apr Unit 8: Motility - Microfilament-Based Movement 9.8; 9.12 26-Apr Final Exam (40%; Cumulative) 4 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Glossary - Cellbiology
    1 Glossary - Cellbiology Blotting: (Blot Analysis) Widely used biochemical technique for detecting the presence of specific macromolecules (proteins, mRNAs, or DNA sequences) in a mixture. A sample first is separated on an agarose or polyacrylamide gel usually under denaturing conditions; the separated components are transferred (blotting) to a nitrocellulose sheet, which is exposed to a radiolabeled molecule that specifically binds to the macromolecule of interest, and then subjected to autoradiography. Northern B.: mRNAs are detected with a complementary DNA; Southern B.: DNA restriction fragments are detected with complementary nucleotide sequences; Western B.: Proteins are detected by specific antibodies. Cell: The fundamental unit of living organisms. Cells are bounded by a lipid-containing plasma membrane, containing the central nucleus, and the cytoplasm. Cells are generally capable of independent reproduction. More complex cells like Eukaryotes have various compartments (organelles) where special tasks essential for the survival of the cell take place. Cytoplasm: Viscous contents of a cell that are contained within the plasma membrane but, in eukaryotic cells, outside the nucleus. The part of the cytoplasm not contained in any organelle is called the Cytosol. Cytoskeleton: (Gk. ) Three dimensional network of fibrous elements, allowing precisely regulated movements of cell parts, transport organelles, and help to maintain a cell’s shape. • Actin filament: (Microfilaments) Ubiquitous eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins (one end is attached to the cell-cortex) of two “twisted“ actin monomers; are important in the structural support and movement of cells. Each actin filament (F-actin) consists of two strands of globular subunits (G-Actin) wrapped around each other to form a polarized unit (high ionic cytoplasm lead to the formation of AF, whereas low ion-concentration disassembles AF).
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Cell Membrane
    BACTERIAL CELL MEMBRANE Dr. Rakesh Sharda Department of Veterinary Microbiology NDVSU College of Veterinary Sc. & A.H., MHOW CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE ➢The cytoplasmic membrane, also called a cell membrane or plasma membrane, is about 7 nanometers (nm; 1/1,000,000,000 m) thick. ➢It lies internal to the cell wall and encloses the cytoplasm of the bacterium. ➢It is the most dynamic structure of a prokaryotic cell. Structure of cell membrane ➢The structure of bacterial plasma membrane is that of unit membrane, i.e., a fluid phospholipid bilayer, composed of phospholipids (40%) and peripheral and integral proteins (60%) molecules. ➢The phospholipids of bacterial cell membranes do not contain sterols as in eukaryotes, but instead consist of saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids (rarely, polyunsaturated fatty acids). ➢Many bacteria contain sterol-like molecules called hopanoids. ➢The hopanoids most likely stabilize the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. ➢The phospholipids are amphoteric molecules with a polar hydrophilic glycerol "head" attached via an ester bond to two non-polar hydrophobic fatty acid tails. ➢The phospholipid bilayer is arranged such that the polar ends of the molecules form the outermost and innermost surface of the membrane while the non-polar ends form the center of the membrane Fluid mosaic model ➢The plasma membrane contains proteins, sugars, and other lipids in addition to the phospholipids. ➢The model that describes the arrangement of these substances in lipid bilayer is called the fluid mosaic model ➢Dispersed within the bilayer are various structural and enzymatic proteins, which carry out most membrane functions. ➢Some membrane proteins are located and function on one side or another of the membrane (peripheral proteins).
    [Show full text]
  • Intelligent Design, Abiogenesis, and Learning from History: Dennis R
    Author Exchange Intelligent Design, Abiogenesis, and Learning from History: Dennis R. Venema A Reply to Meyer Dennis R. Venema Weizsäcker’s book The World View of Physics is still keeping me very busy. It has again brought home to me quite clearly how wrong it is to use God as a stop-gap for the incompleteness of our knowledge. If in fact the frontiers of knowledge are being pushed back (and that is bound to be the case), then God is being pushed back with them, and is therefore continually in retreat. We are to find God in what we know, not in what we don’t know; God wants us to realize his presence, not in unsolved problems but in those that are solved. Dietrich Bonhoeffer1 am thankful for this opportunity to nature, is the result of intelligence. More- reply to Stephen Meyer’s criticisms over, this assertion is proffered as the I 2 of my review of his book Signature logical basis for inferring design for the in the Cell (hereafter Signature). Meyer’s origin of biological information: if infor- critiques of my review fall into two gen- mation only ever arises from intelli- eral categories. First, he claims I mistook gence, then the mere presence of Signature for an argument against bio- information demonstrates design. A few logical evolution, rendering several of examples from Signature make the point my arguments superfluous. Secondly, easily: Meyer asserts that I have failed to refute … historical scientists can show that his thesis by not providing a “causally a presently acting cause must have adequate alternative explanation” for the been present in the past because the origin of life in that the few relevant cri- proposed candidate is the only known tiques I do provide are “deeply flawed.” cause of the effect in question.
    [Show full text]
  • Standard 2: CELL BIOLOGY – REVIEW of BASICS
    Standard 2: CELL BIOLOGY – REVIEW OF BASICS CELL PART OR TYPE OF CELL WHERE FOUND WHAT DOES IT FUNCTION: MISCELLANEOUS ORGANELLE Prokaryotic cell Plant cell LOOK LIKE: Job it does in INFORMATION: things Eukaryotic cell Animal cell Describe or Draw the cell such as color, what it is Both Both made of, size, etc. plasma/cell See diagram Holds cell together Phospholipid bilayer with membrane both both Regulates what goes proteins in/out of cell Semipermeable cytoplasm both Clear thick jelly- Supports/protects both like material in cell cell organelles See diagram Control center nucleus eukaryotic both Contains DNA See diagram Where proteins are ribosome both both made See diagram Process proteins Golgi complex eukaryotic both that go to other /apparatus parts of cell Membrane-bound Digests materials lysosome eukaryotic animal sac of digestive within the cell enzymes Membrane-bound Stores water, food, One large one in plants vacuole eukaryotic both storage area waste and dissolved Many smaller ones in minerals animals endoplasmic Network of Transport materials Can be rough (with reticulum eukaryotic both membrane tubes throughout the cell ribosomes attached) or smooth (without ribosomes) See diagram Where cell respiration Called Powerhouse of cell mitochondria eukaryotic both occurs (releases Makes ATP from energy for cell to use) breaking down glucose See diagram Where photosynthesis Contains chlorophyll chloroplast eukaryotic plant takes place Converts light energy into chemical energy in glucose Some pro- and plant (also fungi Rigid structure
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to the Cell Cell History Cell Structures and Functions
    Introduction to the cell cell history cell structures and functions CK-12 Foundation December 16, 2009 CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the “FlexBook,” CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning. Copyright ©2009 CK-12 Foundation This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Contents 1 Cell structure and function dec 16 5 1.1 Lesson 3.1: Introduction to Cells .................................. 5 3 www.ck12.org www.ck12.org 4 Chapter 1 Cell structure and function dec 16 1.1 Lesson 3.1: Introduction to Cells Lesson Objectives • Identify the scientists that first observed cells. • Outline the importance of microscopes in the discovery of cells. • Summarize what the cell theory proposes. • Identify the limitations on cell size. • Identify the four parts common to all cells. • Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Introduction Knowing the make up of cells and how cells work is necessary to all of the biological sciences. Learning about the similarities and differences between cell types is particularly important to the fields of cell biology and molecular biology.
    [Show full text]
  • Biochemistry Biotechnology Cell Biology
    Undergraduate Biochemistry Opportunities www.ed.ac.uk/biology Biotechnology Cell Biology Biochem_Biotech_CellBio_A5.indd 1 21/05/2019 14:25 Biochemistry The programme combines coverage of the Biochemistry is the study of living systems at basic principles and knowledge underpinning the cellular and molecular level. This dynamic biotechnology and an appreciation of the field draws on a variety of subjects and has processes involved in converting an idea widespread application. Biochemistry applies a into a product. The objective is to provide a knowledge of chemistry and physical sciences firm foundation in molecular and microbial to investigate basic life processes. The subject biotechnology through compulsory sections has a major impact on modern medical research dealing with topics such as expression vectors, and upon the pharmaceutical, bioengineering, microbial fermentation, protein structure, drug agricultural and environmental industries. design and the development of antimicrobials and vaccines. The programme encourages the critical assessment of current developments in areas of Cell Biology biological interest. Modern cell biology is a dynamic discipline that combines the interests and techniques of many Biotechnology scientific fields. Cell biologists investigate the Biotechnology is concerned with industrial basic structural and functional units of life, the and biomedical applications of fundamental cells that compose all living organisms. They aim knowledge derived from biology. This covers to understand: cellular structure, composition many facets from making useful products and regulation, the organelles that cells contain, using microbial, plant or animal cells to using cell growth, nuclear and cellular division, and bioinformatics and structural biology to design cell death. Understanding how cells work is new drugs. Biotechnology is an exciting area fundamental to many areas of biology and is of with new developments each year in areas that particular importance to fields such as cancer affect us all.
    [Show full text]
  • Independent Research Resources Demonstrations/Simulations
    Independent Research Resources Independent Generation of Research (IGoR) - IGoR provides a platform for people to pool their knowledge, resources, time, and creativity so that everyone can pursue their own scientific curiosity. Virginia Junior Academy of Science Resource Library - Extensive collection of open-access resources for students in Biology & Medicine, Botany, Ecology, Environmental Sciences, Chemistry, Engineering and Physics The Society for Science and the Public Science Project Resources - A catalog of science resources that can support your quest to learn and do science Science Buddies - Ideas for science projects Teacher resources National Center for Science Education Scientist in the Classroom - Platform allows teachers to request classroom visits from scientists Genetics Education Outreach Network (GEON) - Network of genetics professionals HHMI BioInteractive Data Points - Explore and interpret primary data from published research Biotech in a Box Loan Kits - Shipped to your school from Fralin Life Sciences Institute at Virginia Tech Demonstrations/Simulations Genetic Science Learning Center- Simulations, videos and interactive activities that explore genetics, cell biology, neuroscience, ecology and health Remotely Accessible Instruments for Nanotechnology (RAIN) - Access and control nanoinstruments over the Internet in real-time with the assistance of an experienced engineer PhET Simulations - Interactive STEM simulations for all grade levels HHMI BioInteractive Interactive Media - Recommendations: Virus Explorer; Exploring
    [Show full text]
  • Cell Structure and Function in the Bacteria and Archaea
    4 Chapter Preview and Key Concepts 4.1 1.1 DiversityThe Beginnings among theof Microbiology Bacteria and Archaea 1.1. •The BacteriaThe are discovery classified of microorganismsinto several Cell Structure wasmajor dependent phyla. on observations made with 2. theThe microscope Archaea are currently classified into two 2. •major phyla.The emergence of experimental 4.2 Cellscience Shapes provided and Arrangements a means to test long held and Function beliefs and resolve controversies 3. Many bacterial cells have a rod, spherical, or 3. MicroInquiryspiral shape and1: Experimentation are organized into and a specific Scientificellular c arrangement. Inquiry in the Bacteria 4.31.2 AnMicroorganisms Overview to Bacterialand Disease and Transmission Archaeal 4.Cell • StructureEarly epidemiology studies suggested how diseases could be spread and 4. Bacterial and archaeal cells are organized at be controlled the cellular and molecular levels. 5. • Resistance to a disease can come and Archaea 4.4 External Cell Structures from exposure to and recovery from a mild 5.form Pili allowof (or cells a very to attach similar) to surfacesdisease or other cells. 1.3 The Classical Golden Age of Microbiology 6. Flagella provide motility. Our planet has always been in the “Age of Bacteria,” ever since the first 6. (1854-1914) 7. A glycocalyx protects against desiccation, fossils—bacteria of course—were entombed in rocks more than 3 billion 7. • The germ theory was based on the attaches cells to surfaces, and helps observations that different microorganisms years ago. On any possible, reasonable criterion, bacteria are—and always pathogens evade the immune system. have been—the dominant forms of life on Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Cell Life Cycle and Reproduction the Cell Cycle (Cell-Division Cycle), Is a Series of Events That Take Place in a Cell Leading to Its Division and Duplication
    Cell Life Cycle and Reproduction The cell cycle (cell-division cycle), is a series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. The main phases of the cell cycle are interphase, nuclear division, and cytokinesis. Cell division produces two daughter cells. In cells without a nucleus (prokaryotic), the cell cycle occurs via binary fission. Interphase Gap1(G1)- Cells increase in size. The G1checkpointcontrol mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis. Synthesis(S)- DNA replication occurs during this phase. DNA Replication The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself. Semiconservative Replication The process in which the DNA molecule uncoils and separates into two strands. Each original strand becomes a template on which a new strand is constructed, resulting in two DNA molecules identical to the original DNA molecule. Gap 2(G2)- The cell continues to grow. The G2checkpointcontrol mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M (mitosis) phase and divide. Mitotic(M) refers to the division of the nucleus. Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into daughter cells. A checkpoint in the middle of mitosis (Metaphase Checkpoint) ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division. The final event is cytokinesis, in which the cytoplasm divides and the single parent cell splits into two daughter cells. Reproduction Cellular reproduction is a process by which cells duplicate their contents and then divide to yield multiple cells with similar, if not duplicate, contents. Mitosis Mitosis- nuclear division resulting in the production of two somatic cells having the same genetic complement (genetically identical) as the original cell.
    [Show full text]
  • Biochemistry Metabolism
    Biochemistry Metabolism 07.11.2017 – 27.11.2017 Photosynthesis Gerhild van Echten-Deckert Tel. 73 2703 E-mail: [email protected] www.limes-institut-bonn.de Photosynthesis Light reaction: - Light absorption, generation of a high energy electron and oxidation of water - Electron transport from water to NADPH and generation of a proton-motive force -Synthesis of ATP Berg, Tymoczko, Stryer: Biochemistry “Dark reaction”: - CO2 conversion into carbohydrates consuming ATP and NADPH (Calvin Cycle) Photosynthesis is localized to the thylakoid membranes Lodish et al. Molecular Cell Biology Comparison of photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation Berg, Tymoczko, Stryer: Biochemistry Chlorophyll a is the main pigment capturing energy of light Lodish et al. Molecular Cell Biology Energy diagram indicating the electronic states of chlorophyll and their most important modes of interconversion Other light-absorbing pigments, such as carotenoids, extend the range of light that can be absorbed and used for photosynthesis The action spectrum of photosynthesis matches the absorption spectra of chlorophyll a and b and of -carotene The absorption of photons from two distinct photosystems (PSI and PSII + is required for complete electron flow from H2O to NADP Berg, Tymoczko, Stryer: Biochemistry Light absorption by reaction-centre chlorophylls causes a charge separation across the thylakoid membrane The energy of the absorbed light is used to strip an electron from a chlorophyll molecule of the reaction centre to a primary electron acceptor thereby acquiring a positive charge (generation of a strong oxidizing- and a strong reducing agent) Lodish et al. Molecular Cell Biology Subsequent electron flow and coupled proton movement Lodish et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Chloroplasts Are the Food Producers of the Cell. the Organelles Are Only Found in Plant Cells and Some Protists Such As Algae
    Name: ___________________________ Cell #2 H.W. due September 22nd, 2016 Period: _________ Chloroplasts are the food producers of the cell. The organelles are only found in plant cells and some protists such as algae. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts. Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells. It is like a solar panel that changes sunlight energy into electric energy. The entire process is called photosynthesis and it all depends on the little green chlorophyll molecules in each chloroplast. In the process of photosynthesis, plants create sugars and release oxygen (O2). The oxygen released by the chloroplasts is the same oxygen you breathe every day. Chloroplasts are found in plant cells, but not in animal cells. The purpose of the chloroplast is to make sugars that feed the cell’s machinery. Photosynthesis is the process of a plant taking energy from the Sun and creating sugars. When the energy from the Sun hits a chloroplast and the chlorophyll molecules, light energy is converted into the chemical energy. Plants use water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to make sugar and oxygen. During photosynthesis radiant energy or solar energy or light energy is transferred into chemical energy in the form of sugar (glucose). You already know that during photosynthesis plants make their own food. The food that the plant makes is in the form of sugar that is used to provide energy for the plant. The extra sugar that the plant does not use is stored as starch for later use. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Cell Biology Syllabus and Course Policies
    Cell Biology 2019 Syllabus and Policies 1 of 6 COURSE POLICIES AND SYLLABUS CELL BIOLOGY AS.020.306 SPRING 2019 Learning Goals • Describe the structure and function of cellular components. • Explain how cellular components are localized and organized. • Explain the regulatory mechanisms that enable diversity and dynamics of cellular components. • Recognize, discuss examples, and apply common themes in cell biology. • Propose experiments to answer questions or test hypotheses about cellular structures and functions. • Predict experimental results, interpret experimental data, and use experimental evidence to generate and/or support a hypothesis. Specific learning objectives for each section of the course will be posted on Blackboard. Course material and assessments with be based on the learning goals and objectives. We encourage you to use the learning goals and objectives to guide your learning process during the course. Course Instructors Dr. Katie Tifft [email protected] Office: 183 UTL Dr. Yumi Kim [email protected] Office: 385 UTL Course Administration Dr. Tifft will be the course administrator who will handle course organization and logistics. If you have any questions about the course that are not directly related to the course content, please first check Blackboard and Piazza for relevant information and then contact Dr. Tifft by through Piazza (or by email). Textbook Bruce Alberts, et al. Molecular biology of the cell. Garland Science, 2015. 6th edition. ISBN: 9780815344322 Reading assignments for each class will be posted on Blackboard. The textbook is recommended but not required- all course material will be covered in class or through class materials provided online, but you may find the textbook is a good extra resource.
    [Show full text]