International Journal of Information and Management Sciences

Publisher: Dr. Huan-Chao Keh President, Tamkang University, R.O.C. Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Horng-Jinh Chang Chair Professor, Tamkang University, R.O.C. Editorial Board: Dr. Chin-Chen Chang Professor, National Chung Cheng University, R.O.C. Dr. S. K. Chang Professor, University of Pittsburgh, U.S.A. Dr. Hai-Ming Chen Professor, Tamkang University, R.O.C. Dr. Kuen-Suan Chen Professor, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, R.O.C. Dr. Miao-Sheng Chen Chair Professor, Nanhua University, R.O.C. Dr. Louis R. Chow Professor, Tamkang University, R.O.C. Dr. Andreas Futschik Professor, Johannes Kepler Universit¨at Linz, Austria Dr. Shigeichi Hirasawa Professor Emeritus, Waseda University, Japan Dr. Chiang Kao Professor, National Chengkung University, R.O.C. Dr. Willian R. King Professor, University of Pittsburgh, U.S.A. Dr. George E. Lasker Professor, University of Windsor, Canada Dr. R. C. T. Lee Professor, National Tsing Hua University, R.O.C. Dr. Yi-Kuei Lin Chair Professor, National Taiwan University of Sci. and Tech., R.O.C. Dr. Benham Malakooti Professor, Case Western Reserve University, U.S.A. Dr. Shunji Osaki Professor, Nanzan University, Japan Dr. Liang-Yu Ouyang Professor, Tamkang University, R.O.C. Dr. Jeffrey S. Pai Professor, University of Manitoba, Canada Dr. Kyung S. Park Professor, KAIST, Korea Dr. Roman Slowinski Professor, Poznan University of Technology, Poland Dr. Edward A. Stohr Professor, Stevens Institute of Technology, U.S.A. Dr. Mario T. Tabucanon Professor, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand Dr. Jinn-Tsair Teng Professor, William Paterson University, New Jersey, U.S.A. Dr. Ruey-Chyn Tsaur Professor, Tamkang University, R.O.C. Dr. Fang-Mei Tseng Professor and Dean, Yuan Ze University, R.O.C. Committee Member: (in alphabetical order) Dr. Hsin Hsin Chang Professor, National Cheng Kung University, R.O.C. Dr. Shui Lien Chen Professor and Chair, Tamkang University, R.O.C. Dr. Yen-Liang Chen Professor, National Central University, R.O.C. Dr. Wen-Tao Huang Professor Emeritus, Tamkang University, R.O.C. Dr. Liang-Yuh Ouyang Professor, Tamkang University, R.O.C. Managing Editor: Dr. Shui Lien Chen Professor and Chair, Tamkang University, R.O.C. E-mail: IJIMS@staff.tku.edu.tw Editorial Assistant: Dr. Dan-Wei (Marian) Wen Assistant Professor, Tamkang University, R.O.C. E-mail: IJIMS@staff.tku.edu.tw Dr. Chia-Chi Wu Assistant Professor, Tamkang University, R.O.C. E-mail: IJIMS@staff.tku.edu.tw Subscription: IJIMS is published four times a year in March, June, September and December. The rate is NT$3,000 per year in Taiwan or US$170 per year outside Taiwan. Exchange: IJIMS is also interested in having mutual exchanges with other journals published by academic institutes from around the world. Submission of Please read ‘Guide to Authors’ at the end of this issue. Manuscripts: Mail: All correspondence regarding submission of manuscripts should be ad- dressed to Editor-in-Chief (IJIMS@staff.tku.edu.tw). All correspondence regarding subscription, exchange and other matters should be addressed to the Managing Editor. Postal address: Editorial Office the Graduate Institute of Management Sciences, Tamkang University, 151 Ying-Chuan Road, Tamsui, New Taipei City, Taiwan 25137, Republic of China. Indexing: IJIMS iscited in EICompendex, INSPEC,ScopusandzbMATH.