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Language Policy and Bilingual Education in Thailand: Reconciling the Past, Anticipating the Future1
LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network Journal, Volume 12, Issue 1, January 2019 Language Policy and Bilingual Education in Thailand: Reconciling the Past, Anticipating the Future1 Thom Huebner San José State University, USA [email protected] Abstract Despite a century-old narrative as a monolingual country with quaint regional dialects, Thailand is in fact a country of vast linguistic diversity, where a population of approximately 60 million speak more than 70 languages representing five distinct language families (Luangthongkum, 2007; Premsrirat, 2011; Smalley, 1994), the result of a history of migration, cultural contact and annexation (Sridhar, 1996). However, more and more of the country’s linguistic resources are being recognized and employed to deal with both the centrifugal force of globalization and the centripetal force of economic and political unrest. Using Edwards’ (1992) sociopolitical typology of minority language situations and a comparative case study method, the current paper examines two minority language situations (Ferguson, 1991), one in the South and one in the Northeast, and describes how education reforms are attempting to address the economic and social challenges in each. Keywords: Language Policy, Bilingual Education, the Thai Context Background Since the early Twentieth Century, as a part of a larger effort at nation-building and creation of a sense of “Thai-ness.” (Howard, 2012; Laungaramsri, 2003; Simpson & Thammasathien, 2007), the Thai government has pursued a policy of monolingualism, establishing as the standard, official and national language a variety of Thai based on the dialect spoken in the central plains by ethnic Thais (Spolsky, 2004). In the official narrative presented to the outside world, Thais descended monoethnic and monocultural, from Southern China, bringing their language with them, which, in contact with indigenous languages, borrowed vocabulary. -
Investments in Subsidiaries and Associates
Investments in Subsidiaries and Associates As at December 31, 2020, SCGP has investments in 14 subsidiaries and associates directly held by the Company, with the total investment of Baht 34,797.6 million, recorded by the cost method. Details of the investments are presented in the notes to the SCGP’s financial statements no.7 and 8 of the Financial Report 2020. The following table details investments in subsidiaries and associates of direct and indirect holding companies: Issued Number and of Shares Total Paid-up Number of Held Direct / Shares Paid-up by the Indirect Principal Business / Type of (Baht Shares Company Holding* Name Products Head Office Telephone Facsimile Shares million) (Shares) (Shares) (Percent) Subsidiaries Fiber-Based Packaging 1 Thai Containers Group Co., Ltd. Fiber-Based Packaging 1 Siam Cement Road, Bangsue, Bangkok 0 2586 5991 0 2586 4723 Ordinary 1,384 13,840,000 9,687,999 70.00 Shares 2 Thai Containers Khonkaen Co., Ltd. Fiber-Based Packaging 1 Siam Cement Road, Bangsue, Bangkok 0 2586 3333 0 2586 2164 Ordinary 150 150,000 - 70.00 Shares 3 Thai Containers Rayong Co., Ltd. Fiber-Based Packaging 1 Siam Cement Road, Bangsue, Bangkok 0 2586 3333 0 2586 2164 Ordinary 650 650,000 - 70.00 Shares 4 Tawana Container Co., Ltd. Fiber-Based Packaging 599 Mu 4, Phatthana 1 Road, Phraksa 0 2324 0781 0 2324 0079 Ordinary 300 3,000,000 - 50.40 Sub-district, Mueang Samut Prakan District, Shares Samut Prakan Province 5 Orient Containers Co., Ltd. Fiber-Based Packaging 12/5, 12/8 Mu 8, Soi Liab Khlong Chonprathan 0 3488 3422-4 0 3488 3421 Ordinary 260 26,000,000 - 70.00 Suan Som,Rama II Road, Ban Kho Sub-district, Shares Mueang Samut Sakhon District, Samut Sakhon Province 6 Dyna Packs Co., Ltd. -
Seri Phongphit with K. Hewison (1990)
· ::r~ j ~- cover: Pots of drinking water on the upper floor, with those for animals and other uses on the ground floor of a house in Ban Moh, Muang District, Mahasarakham Province. [This photo was taken by Plueng Pliansaisueb, Professor, Faculty of Decorative Arts, Silpakorn University (University of Arts), Bangkok.] Thai Village Life Culture and Transition in the Northeast Seri Phongphlt with Kevin Hewison I~ ~ntraffijrnu VILLhCt fOUNDATION Thai Village Life Culture and Transition in the Northeast ISBN 974-85637-3-1 Copyright © 1990 All rights reserved Published by Mooban Press Thai Institute for Rural Development, Village Foundation, 230/52 Soi the University of Thai Chamber of Commerce, Wipawadee Rungsit Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Tel. 275-3953, 276-2172 Fax. 276-2171 Telex : 290211 THIRD TH 190 Baht _.:;, / ..........)'...1'-if\. '7 .r-.....-· ...)Chiang Ra1o (• r oC1'11an Dao .--v-·( j <tMae Hong Son • Phaya ;· BURMA . I . I Chiang Mai 0 oNar. ~ \'-' •lmmp n ; c '\ oPhrae \ ( / ;, '"' \ .. ~/ ). \r {j J Andaman Sea KAMPUCHEA \ c Cnanthabun 1. ) Prmcnuep Is; ~. ~ KhlriKhan / () / ( Gulf of Thailand NORTHEASTERN THAILAND BASIC DATA Area 105 Million rai (170,000 sq.km.) Population 1987 18.6 million (1.9 million urban) 1990 (est.)19.5 million (2.2 million u:-ban) Density - 114 persons/sq.km. Growth - 2.7% Education 80% have completed less than 6 years of formal education. Political Structure : 17 provinces. Each Changwat (province) is divided into a number of Amphur (district), which are themselves made up of Tambon (sub-districts). Each Tambon comprises a number of J!v.fooban (villages). The provincial governor is appointed from the Ministry of Interior. -
THE ROUGH GUIDE to Bangkok BANGKOK
ROUGH GUIDES THE ROUGH GUIDE to Bangkok BANGKOK N I H T O DUSIT AY EXP Y THANON L RE O SSWA H PHR 5 A H A PINKL P Y N A PRESSW O O N A EX H T Thonburi Democracy Station Monument 2 THAN BANGLAMPHU ON PHE 1 TC BAMRUNG MU HABURI C ANG h AI H 4 a T o HANO CHAROEN KRUNG N RA (N Hualamphong MA I EW RAYAT P R YA OAD) Station T h PAHURAT OW HANON A PL r RA OENCHI THA a T T SU 3 SIAM NON NON PH KH y a SQUARE U CHINATOWN C M HA H VIT R T i v A E e R r X O P E N R 6 K E R U S N S G THAN DOWNTOWN W A ( ON RAMABANGKOK IV N Y E W M R LO O N SI A ANO D TH ) 0 1 km TAKSIN BRI DGE 1 Ratanakosin 3 Chinatown and Pahurat 5 Dusit 2 Banglamphu and the 4 Thonburi 6 Downtown Bangkok Democracy Monument area About this book Rough Guides are designed to be good to read and easy to use. The book is divided into the following sections and you should be able to find whatever you need in one of them. The colour section is designed to give you a feel for Bangkok, suggesting when to go and what not to miss, and includes a full list of contents. Then comes basics, for pre-departure information and other practicalities. The city chapters cover each area of Bangkok in depth, giving comprehensive accounts of all the attractions plus excursions further afield, while the listings section gives you the lowdown on accommodation, eating, shopping and more. -
An Aesthetics of Rice
17 Journal of The Siam Society AN AESTHETICS OF RICE "It is necessary to build a hut to stay in while chasing birds. This duty falls on the women and children. If the birds alight they chase them away. One hears a cry of chasing away birds ... drifting down the midday air; it is a peculiar lonely sound. If the birds do not come to eat the rice, they spin cotton·and silk in order not to waste time at their work. The cotton that they spin is to be used for weaving monks' robes, in which they compete in craftsmanship on the day of presenting kathin robes ... When the birds come they use a plummet mad.e of a clump of earth with a long string to swing and throw far out. Children like this work, enjoying the task of throwing these at birds. If a younger woman goes to chase away birds she is usually accompanied by a younger brother. This is an opportunity for the young men to come and flirt, or if they are already sweethearts, they chase birds and eat together; this is a story of love in the fields." Phya Anuman Rajadhon The Life of the Farmer in Thailand, 1948. The importance of rice in Southeast Asian societies is evident from the vast mythology and literature on rice. Early mythology deals with rice as a given, a miracle crop abundant and available to people year round, the only effort exerted by them involved the daily gathering of it. Due to their own greedy attitudes concerning rice, human beings fell from this condition and had to work for their daily rice. -
13Th ICLEHI and 2Nd ICOLET Osaka Apr 2019 Proceedings
RUNNING HEAD: CULTURAL LEXICAL LOSS OF ISAN LANGUAGE IN THAILAND 13th ICLEHI 2019 Osaka 070-065 Chedtharat Kongrat Cultural Lexical Loss of Isan language in Thailand Chedtharat Kongrat,* Rattana Chanthao Department of Thai Language, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kean University, Mittraparp Road, Khon Kaen, Thailand *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract This article aims to analyse the cultural lexical loss of Isan language as a regional language in Thailand. According to an influence of the standard Thai language toward its regional languages lead the loss of regional lexicons especially cultural lexicons. The lexicons loss in terms of linguistic perspective is used to explain the level of loss. The 5 levels of dialect loss developed by Chanthao (2016) is the framework of this research. The 70 Isan lexicons being 3 domains; appliances, instrument objects, and tradition were the data. They were collected by dictionaries and key informants. These lexicons were checked by 50 teenagers being between 20-25 years old living in Khon Kaen province, Thailand as the sampling group. The research finding was found that the 32 Isan lexicons have been used by speakers or they are being not loss or alive but there are 38 lexicons being in 5 levels of loss. Most of lexicons or 16 lexicons is in the highest level. There are 10 lexicons in the lowest level. There are 6 lexicons in high level, 3 lexicons being in medium level and 3 lexicons in low level. The lexical loss key factors of Isan language are an influence of Thai standard as only one language used in school, official as well as mass media. -
Chang Thai Banquet Menu a Minimum for 2 Persons € 24.75 Per Person Without Soup € 27.75 Per Person with Soup
Chang Thai Banquet Menu A Minimum For 2 Persons € 24.75 Per Person without Soup € 27.75 Per Person with Soup STARTERS Moo & Kai Satay Authentic marinated pork or chicken satay served with grilled bread to lap up our delicious peanut dipping sauce Poh Pia Ped Spring rolls filled with duck and vegetables served with a hoisin dipping sauce Tod Mun Khoong Thai golden prawn cake served with plum sauce. Larb Moo Spicy chopped pork salad. Serve with sticky rice. SOUP Tom Yum Kung Traditional Thai hot and sour soup with tiger prawns in a fiery milky broth with mushrooms, chilli, coriander, spring onions, lemon grass, galangal, kaffir leaves and lime juice. Or Tom Kha Kai Chicken, mushroom and chilli flavoured with galangal, lemon grass, kaffir leaf, spring onion, coriander and tamarind in coconut milk soup. MAIN COURSE Pat Pong Karee A medley of Mediterranean seafood in a yellow curry with spring onions, onions, celery, mixed bell pepper and egg. Kai Pad Khing Chicken stir-fried with black ear mushroom, spring onion, onions, chilli and ginger. Nuea Massaman Massaman beef curry. A mild curry with a blend of spices, coconut milk, cashew nuts and potatoes. Si Klong Moo Tod Kathiem Fried Spare Ribs with crispy garlic and black pepper SIDES ACCOMPANIMENTS Pad Bok Choy Nam Hoi Stir fry bok choy in oyster sauce Pad Thai Khoong Thai fried noodle with shrimp, spring onions, bean sprouts, egg and peanuts. Korw Hom Mari Rice bowl of steamed jasmine rice. DESSERT A selection platter from Chang Thai's Dessert . -
“Forms Assembled in the Light” Week One: Early Medieval Art
ART HISTORY Journey Through a Thousand Years “Forms Assembled in the Light” Week One: Early Medieval Art The Craftsmen Who Saved Civilisation - The Civilisation that Survived – Controversy Over Images – Decoding Anglo-Saxon Art - Basilicas - Illuminated Manuscripts – In Search of Three Dimensions – From the Vaults: The Lindau Gospels – Ottonian Art – The Bernward Doors - An Introduction to the Bestiary, Book of Beasts in the Medieval World - The painted crypt of San Isidoro at León, Spain By Megginede - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45924271 “Great nations write their autobiographies in three manuscripts[;] the book of their deeds, the book of their words, and the book of their art. Not one of these works can be understood unless we read the two others, but of the three the only trustworthy one is the last.” – Ruskin Kenneth Clark: “The Craftsmen Who Saved Civilization” From Civilisation: A Personal View (1969) People sometimes tell me they prefer barbarism to civilization. I doubt if they have given it a long enough trial. Like the people of Alexandria they are bored by civilisation; but all the evidence suggests that the boredom of barbarism is infinitely greater. Quite apart from discomforts and privations, there was no escape from it. Very restricted company, no books, no light after dark, no hope. On one side of the sea battering away, on the other the infinite stretches of the bog and the forest. A most melancholy existence, and the Anglo- Saxon poets had no illusions about it: A wise man may grasp how ghastly it shall be When all this world’s wealth standeth waste Even as now, in many places over the earth, Walls stand windbeaten, Heavy with hoar frost; ruined habitations… The maker of men has so marred this dwelling That human laughter is not heard about it, And idle stand these old giant works. -
An Improved Grain Localization and Classification by Image Augmentation
TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control Vol. 19, No. 2, April 2021, pp. 479~490 ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018 DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v19i2.18321 479 PhosopNet: An improved grain localization and classification by image augmentation Pakpoom Mookdarsanit1, Lawankorn Mookdarsanit2 1Faculty of Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand 2Faculty of Management Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand Article Info ABSTRACT Article history: Rice is a staple food for around 3.5 billion people in eastern, southern and south-east Asia. Prior to being rice, the rice-grain (grain) is previously Received Aug 3, 2020 husked and/or milled by the milling machine. Relevantly, the grain quality Revised Sep 30, 2020 depends on its pureness of particular grain specie (without the mixing Accepted Oct 19, 2020 between different grain species). For the demand of grain purity inspection by an image, many researchers have proposed the grain classification (sometimes with localization) methods based on convolutional neural Keywords: network (CNN). However, those papers are necessary to have a large number of labeling that was too expensive to be manually collected. In this paper, the Feature transformation image augmentation (rotation, brightness adjustment and horizontal flipping) Grain classification is appiled to generate more number of grain images from the less data. From Grain localization the results, image augmentation improves the performance in CNN and bag- Image augmentation of-words model. For the future moving forward, the grain recognition can be Transfer adaptation learning easily done by less number of images. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license. -
Genetic Variations for 'Nam Hom' Coconut (Cocos Nucifera L.) Grown
Volume 14, Number 1, Pages 12 - 20 Genetic variations for ‘Nam Hom’ coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) grown in the western region of Thailand using AFLP markers Pongnart Nartvaranant Division of Crop Production Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand Abstract Using 10 selected Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primers, to investigate the genetic diversity and relationships among ‘Nam Hom’ coconut grown in the western region of Thailand, resulting in amplification of 169 reproducible polymorphic fragment products out of 416 bands scored. The percentages of polymorphic markers for AFLP ranged from 70.00% for E-ACC/M-CAT to 24.14 % for E-ACC/M-CAA primers. The phylogenetic tree dendrogram showed that the 55 coconut accessions grown in western region of Thailand could be classified into four groups at 0.88 of similarity coefficients. This grouping observation is consistent with existing morphological classification of coconut tree. The first group to the third group in this study contains tall coconut group and mutant coconut from dwarf coconut group. While, the forth group contains all coconut which belongs to the dwarf coconut group including ‘Nam Hom’ (‘Kon Chip’ and ‘Kon Klom’ strains) and ‘Nam Wan’ coconut from all production area with 0.895-1.00 of similarity coefficients indicated the narrow genetic diversity. Moreover, the results indicated that the ‘Nam Hom’ coconut samples both ‘Kon Chip’ and ‘Kon Klom’ strains collected in different locations were for the main part genetically similar with cophenetic correlation (r) = 0.9347. Keywords: ‘Nam Hom’, coconut, AFLP, genetic diversity, Cocos nucifera L. -
Isan Stupas: Reflections of Value, Utilization and Cultural Heritage
Asian Culture and History; Vol. 7, No. 1; 2015 ISSN 1916-9655 E-ISSN 1916-9663 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Isan Stupas: Reflections of Value, Utilization and Cultural Heritage Laddawan Mahachod1, Boonsom Yodmalee1 & Kosit Phaengsoi1 1 The Faculty of Cultural Science, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang Sub-District, Kantarawichai District, Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand Correspondence: Laddawan Mahachod, The Faculty of Cultural Science, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang Sub-District, Kantarawichai District, Maha Sarakham Province 44150, Thailand. E-mail: [email protected] Received: June 30, 2014 Accepted: July 24, 2014 Online Published: September 22, 2014 doi:10.5539/ach.v7n1p53 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v7n1p53 Abstract Nowadays much religious architecture has been destroyed, which affects the local religious identity of Isan people. Valuable aspects of community culture have been lost, so this research aims: 1) to study the history of IsanSim and 2) to reflect on the value of utilization and cultural heritage of IsanSim. For this research, data was collected through field notes in the provinces of Mahasarakham, Kalasin and RoiEt. The research sample was selected by purposive sampling and totaled 81 individuals. Analysis was conducted by analytic induction and typological analysis. The results show that the first stage of Sim construction in Isan was influenced by LanXang culture and later incorporated architectural styles of the Rattanakosin period. This became the identity of IsanSim, as remains in the architecture of WatPhotharam, Wat Yang Thawongwararam and WatKlangKosum in Mahasarakham Province, Wat Wang NueaThamuang and Wat Sri Than in Roi Ed Province and WatUdompracharat, WatUmungkla and WatKlangKok Kho in Kalasin Province. -
“Northern Touch” - the Rascals
“Northern Touch” - The Rascals [Hook: Kardinal Offishall] Yo... We notorious; ain't nobody can bang with us Rascalz, Checkmate, Kardinal and Thrust Choclair coming down with that Northern touch, yo... Why you people wanna bang with us Ain't nobody can hang with us Rascals, Checkmate, Kardinal and Thrust Choclair coming down with the Northern touch Tiggy touch, biggie baby... [Verse 1: Rascalz] Check the lingo we spread through the atmosphere So distinctive no other style comes near So when you hear you've got to peer over the ledge to get a glance To know who is the man with the talents Flipping my words like my body on the apparatus Sky's the limit so I'm bound to break through the stratus With these rhymes that are classics Forget the fads and the fashions Step in and make on the microphone Aiyo world domination is the base of foundation No time wasting Fire walk we trail blazing Burn to the next destination Flexing on this world exploration Teamed with the best in the nation Yes and who that be Custom design fine rhymes into salary All the way from t-dot to the van city all stars Rude boys freak you like a fantasy Word up... [Interlude: Choclair] Yes from the northwest And the t-dot, o-dizot check [Verse 2: Choclair] I like chillin, Monday Night Raw watching Me and Dan-E-O at the SkyDome when it's in town My peoples know I just be regular So haters start dissin But steady reciting my lyrics All with my dick in they mouth They swallowin Talking bout they need oxygen People need to know Choclair Don't move in no slow-mo Into women like