Halogen Basics Halogen Light Bulbs Operate Les Tic T on the Same Principle As Ar En E P Am V N Fil a Standard Incandescents Te
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An Alternate Graphical Representation of Periodic Table of Chemical Elements Mohd Abubakr1, Microsoft India (R&D) Pvt
An Alternate Graphical Representation of Periodic table of Chemical Elements Mohd Abubakr1, Microsoft India (R&D) Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India. [email protected] Abstract Periodic table of chemical elements symbolizes an elegant graphical representation of symmetry at atomic level and provides an overview on arrangement of electrons. It started merely as tabular representation of chemical elements, later got strengthened with quantum mechanical description of atomic structure and recent studies have revealed that periodic table can be formulated using SO(4,2) SU(2) group. IUPAC, the governing body in Chemistry, doesn‟t approve any periodic table as a standard periodic table. The only specific recommendation provided by IUPAC is that the periodic table should follow the 1 to 18 group numbering. In this technical paper, we describe a new graphical representation of periodic table, referred as „Circular form of Periodic table‟. The advantages of circular form of periodic table over other representations are discussed along with a brief discussion on history of periodic tables. 1. Introduction The profoundness of inherent symmetry in nature can be seen at different depths of atomic scales. Periodic table symbolizes one such elegant symmetry existing within the atomic structure of chemical elements. This so called „symmetry‟ within the atomic structures has been widely studied from different prospects and over the last hundreds years more than 700 different graphical representations of Periodic tables have emerged [1]. Each graphical representation of chemical elements attempted to portray certain symmetries in form of columns, rows, spirals, dimensions etc. Out of all the graphical representations, the rectangular form of periodic table (also referred as Long form of periodic table or Modern periodic table) has gained wide acceptance. -
16 CFR Ch. I (1–1–20 Edition) § 305.22
Federal Trade Commission Pt. 305 PART 305—ENERGY AND WATER 305.27 Paper catalogs and websites. USE LABELING FOR CONSUMER ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS PRODUCTS UNDER THE ENERGY 305.28 Test data records. POLICY AND CONSERVATION 305.29 Required testing by designated lab- ACT (‘‘ENERGY LABELING oratory. RULE’’) EFFECT OF THIS PART SCOPE 305.30 Effect on other law. 305.31 Stayed or invalid parts. Sec. 305.32 [Reserved] 305.1 Scope of the regulations in this part. APPENDIX A1 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATORS DEFINITIONS WITH AUTOMATIC DEFROST APPENDIX A2 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATORS 305.2 Definitions. AND REFRIGERATOR-FREEZERS WITH MAN- 305.3 Description of appliances and con- UAL DEFROST sumer electronics. APPENDIX A3 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATOR- 305.4 Description of furnaces and central air FREEZERS WITH PARTIAL AUTOMATIC DE- conditioners. FROST 305.5 Description of lighting products. APPENDIX A4 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATOR- 305.6 Description of plumbing products. FREEZERS WITH AUTOMATIC DEFROST GENERAL WITH TOP-MOUNTED FREEZER NO THROUGH-THE-DOOR ICE 305.7 Prohibited acts. APPENDIX A5 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATOR- FREEZERS WITH AUTOMATED DEFROST TESTING WITH SIDE-MOUNTED FREEZER NO 305.8 Determinations of estimated annual THROUGH-THE-DOOR ICE energy consumption, estimated annual APPENDIX A6 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATOR- operating cost, and energy efficiency rat- FREEZERS WITH AUTOMATED DEFROST ing, water use rate, and other required WITH BOTTOM-MOUNTED FREEZER NO disclosure content. THROUGH-THE-DOOR ICE 305.9 Duty to provide labels on websites. APPENDIX A7 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATOR- 305.10 Determinations of capacity. FREEZERS WITH AUTOMATIC DEFROST 305.11 Submission of data. -
Your Fluorescence Microscope Transmitted-Light
Your Fluorescence Microscope Transmitted-light. Bright-field Bright-field microscopy = Transmitted-light INVERTED UPRIGHT Fluorescence microscopy = Reflected-light Mercury Lamp Heat Filter Emission Filter Mirror Excitation Filter Collimating Lens Dichromatic Mirror (From:http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu) You need to know … Your light source Your filters Your objective Your detector Spectrum of a Mercury Lamp Your Light Source • Mercury lamp Wavelength (nm) • Xenon lamp Spectrum of a Xenon Lamp • Metal halide lamp • Halogen lamp • LED • Laser Wavelength (nm) (Modified from: h6p://www.cairn-research.co.uk) Your Light Source 1) Halogen lamp 2) Mercury lamp 3) Xenon lamp 4) Metal halide lamp 5) LED 6) Laser Tungsten – Halogen lamp • White light source • Inexpensive long lasNng bulbs • Used mainly for brighQield illuminaNon • CAN be used for fluorescence excitaNon above 400nm • Ideal for live cell imaging (low power, no UV) • “Colour” changes with temperature Mercury (HBO) lamp PROS • white light source • 10-100x brighter then halogen • focused intensity light-source • very bright intensity peaks at specific wavelengths for many standard fluoreophores CONS • short bulb life (≈200-400h) • generates a lot of heat • requires bulb alignment • no uniform intensity (peaks) • bulb are hazardous waste • long warm-up time • excitation wavelength cannot be • Intensity decay over Nme, intensity controlled independently flickering Xenon lamp PROS • white light source • relaNvely even intensity across visible spectrum • focused intense light source CONS • requires bulb alignment • bulbs are hazardous waste • Intensity decay over Nme • weaker intensity in UV • generates a lot of heat in the IR region • relaNvely low power in visible range • excitaNon wavelength cannot be controlled independently Metal Halide lamp PROS • white light source • brighter intensity between peaks than mercury lamp • no bulb alignment, more uniform field of illum. -
25 WORDS CHLORINE Chlorine, Cl, Is a Very Poisonous Green Gas That's
25 WORDS CHLORINE Chlorine, Cl, is a very poisonous green gas that's extremely reactive. It's used for sanitizing, purifying, and was used as a weapon during World War I by the Germans. But in chemistry, it is an oxidizer. Chlorine, Cl, is a green gaseous element with an atomic number of 17. This halogen is a powerful oxidant and used to produce many things, such as cleaning products. Chlorine; it's chemical symbol is Cl. Chloride is abundant in nature and necessary for life but a large amount can cause choking and and poisoning. It's mainly used for water purification but has other uses. Chlorine is a halogen and to test if it has a halogen, we use the Beilstein Copper Wire Test. It is also used to produce safe drinking water. Chlorine, atomic number seventeen, is a halogen that is found in table salt, NaCl, making it essential to life. However, pure chlorine, Cl2, is a poisonous gas, detectable at even 1 ppm. Chlorine, (Symbol Cl), belongs to the halogen family of elements, found in group 17 on the periodic table. Chlorine has an atomic number of 17 and atomic weight of 35.453. Chlorine is the 17th element on the periodic table, and is in the "Halogens" group, which has a tendency to gain one electron to form anions. Its anion can be found commonly in table salt Chlorine (symbolized Cl) is the chemical element with atomic number 17. Clorine is a powerful oxidant and is used in bleaching and disinfectants. It is a pale yellow-green gas that has a specific strong smell. -
Driving Halogen Lamps Application Note
Application Note 1604 Driving Halogen Lamps Abstract: This application note looks at the suitability of the Ultimod wide trim powerMods for applications driving Halogen lamps. An incandescent lamp generates light by heating is that the powerMod will go into a protective a tungsten wire or filament until it glows (at current limit. The characteristics of this current around 2,500 ºC) by passing an electric current limit are shown in Figure 1 below. through it. A halogen lamp is basically a modified version of an incandescent lamp. The difference is that the bulb of a halogen lamp has a small amount of a halogen gas added. The presence of this halogen in the bulb produces a chemical reaction (known as the halogen cycle) that redeposists tungsten evaporated by heating back onto the filament. In a standard incandescent the constant evaporation leads to the eventual failure of the lamp as the filament progressively thins and breaks or “burns out”. Since in a halogen lamp the tungsten is redeposited back on the filament Figure 1 Current Limit Characteristics its lifetime is extended, and it also be heated to a higher temperature (in the region of 3,000 ºC), which increases its efficiency. You can see from Figure 1 that when we increase the load (by reducing the loads The high operational temperature of the filament resistance) and the current increases above the results in a challenge for a constant voltage set current limit of the modules we enter a mode power supplies like the Ultimod due to the of operation known as straight line current different resistance of the tungsten filament limiting where the current is held constant and at room temperature and its resistance at 3,000 the voltage is reduced. -
Fluorescence Cell Imaging and Manipulation Using Conventional Halogen Lamp Microscopy
Fluorescence Cell Imaging and Manipulation Using Conventional Halogen Lamp Microscopy Kazuo Yamagata1,2, Daisaku Iwamoto3, Yukari Terashita1,4, Chong Li1, Sayaka Wakayama1,Yoko Hayashi-Takanaka5, Hiroshi Kimura5, Kazuhiro Saeki3, Teruhiko Wakayama1* 1 RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan, 2 Research Institute for Microbial Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan, 3 Department of Genetic Engineering, Kinki University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan, 4 Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, 5 Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan Abstract Technologies for vitally labeling cells with fluorescent dyes have advanced remarkably. However, to excite fluorescent dyes currently requires powerful illumination, which can cause phototoxic damage to the cells and increases the cost of microscopy. We have developed a filter system to excite fluorescent dyes using a conventional transmission microscope equipped with a halogen lamp. This method allows us to observe previously invisible cell organelles, such as the metaphase spindle of oocytes, without causing phototoxicity. Cells remain healthy even after intensive manipulation under fluorescence observation, such as during bovine, porcine and mouse somatic cell cloning using nuclear transfer. This method does not require expensive epifluorescence equipment and so could help to reduce the science gap between developed and developing countries. Citation: Yamagata K, Iwamoto D, Terashita Y, Li C, Wakayama S, et al. (2012) Fluorescence Cell Imaging and Manipulation Using Conventional Halogen Lamp Microscopy. PLoS ONE 7(2): e31638. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031638 Editor: Sue Cotterill, St. Georges University of London, United Kingdom Received September 12, 2011; Accepted January 10, 2012; Published February 8, 2012 Copyright: ß 2012 Yamagata et al. -
Polymorphism, Halogen Bonding, and Chalcogen Bonding in the Diiodine Adducts of 1,3- and 1,4-Dithiane
molecules Article Polymorphism, Halogen Bonding, and Chalcogen Bonding in the Diiodine Adducts of 1,3- and 1,4-Dithiane Andrew J. Peloquin 1, Srikar Alapati 2, Colin D. McMillen 1, Timothy W. Hanks 2 and William T. Pennington 1,* 1 Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; [email protected] (A.J.P.); [email protected] (C.D.M.) 2 Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA; [email protected] (S.A.); [email protected] (T.W.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Through variations in reaction solvent and stoichiometry, a series of S-diiodine adducts of 1,3- and 1,4-dithiane were isolated by direct reaction of the dithianes with molecular diiodine in solution. In the case of 1,3-dithiane, variations in reaction solvent yielded both the equatorial and the axial isomers of S-diiodo-1,3-dithiane, and their solution thermodynamics were further studied via DFT. Additionally, S,S’-bis(diiodo)-1,3-dithiane was also isolated. The 1:1 cocrystal, (1,4-dithiane)·(I2) was further isolated, as well as a new polymorph of S,S’-bis(diiodo)-1,4-dithiane. Each structure showed significant S···I halogen and chalcogen bonding interactions. Further, the product of the diiodine-promoted oxidative addition of acetone to 1,4-dithiane, as well as two new cocrystals of 1,4-dithiane-1,4-dioxide involving hydronium, bromide, and tribromide ions, was isolated. Keywords: crystal engineering; chalcogen bonding; halogen bonding; polymorphism; X-ray diffraction Citation: Peloquin, A.J.; Alapati, S.; McMillen, C.D.; Hanks, T.W.; Pennington, W.T. -
Of the Periodic Table
of the Periodic Table teacher notes Give your students a visual introduction to the families of the periodic table! This product includes eight mini- posters, one for each of the element families on the main group of the periodic table: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Boron/Aluminum Group (Icosagens), Carbon Group (Crystallogens), Nitrogen Group (Pnictogens), Oxygen Group (Chalcogens), Halogens, and Noble Gases. The mini-posters give overview information about the family as well as a visual of where on the periodic table the family is located and a diagram of an atom of that family highlighting the number of valence electrons. Also included is the student packet, which is broken into the eight families and asks for specific information that students will find on the mini-posters. The students are also directed to color each family with a specific color on the blank graphic organizer at the end of their packet and they go to the fantastic interactive table at www.periodictable.com to learn even more about the elements in each family. Furthermore, there is a section for students to conduct their own research on the element of hydrogen, which does not belong to a family. When I use this activity, I print two of each mini-poster in color (pages 8 through 15 of this file), laminate them, and lay them on a big table. I have students work in partners to read about each family, one at a time, and complete that section of the student packet (pages 16 through 21 of this file). When they finish, they bring the mini-poster back to the table for another group to use. -
Flashlight Ebook
FLASHLIGHT PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Lizi Boyd | 40 pages | 12 Aug 2014 | CHRONICLE BOOKS | 9781452118949 | English | California, United States Flashlight PDF Book App Store Preview. The source of the light often used to be an incandescent light bulb lamp but has been gradually replaced by light-emitting diodes LEDs since the mids. Some models of flashlight include an acceleration sensor to allow them to respond to shaking, or to select modes based on what direction the light is held when switched on. LED flashlights were made in the early s. Perf Power. This was the first battery suitable for portable electrical devices, as it did not spill or break easily and worked in any orientation. CS1 maint: archived copy as title link U. Water resistance, if specified, is evaluated after impact testing; no water is to be visible inside the unit and it must remain functional. The standard described only incandescent lamp flashlights and was withdrawn in Colored light is occasionally useful for hunters tracking wounded game after dusk, or for forensic examination of an area. Solar powered flashlights use energy from a solar cell to charge an on-board battery for later use. Remove All. Don't feel overwhelmed with our surplus of options. Retailer Walmart. Anodized Aluminum. A flashlight may have a red LED intended to preserve dark adaptation of vision. Price Free. And it even goes with a compass, giving you the direction in the darkness. Lanterns Lanterns. The working distance is from the point of view of the user of the flashlight. An IP X8 rating by FL1 does not imply that the lamp is suitable for use as a diver's light since the test protocol examines function of the light only after immersion, not during immersion. -
Halides and Halogens. What Do I Need to Know? John Vivari, Nordson EFD
Halides and Halogens. What do I need to know? John Vivari, Nordson EFD Abstract With halogen-containing substances in the public eye due to scrutiny by the European Union and a variety of non- governmental organizations (NGOs) as possible additions to the list of substances banned from electronics, we at EFD have received numerous inquiries from customers asking how this subject will affect them and their processes. Having just overcome the hurdle of RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances), they want to know what halogens and halides are, and what changes they should be prepared for if required to stop using them. Halide-free materials are not new. Some segments of the electronics industry have been sensitive to halides and their significance for decades. This paper will give the reader a working knowledge of halogens and halides. Armed with this education, the reader will be able to make informed decisions when required to use halogen-free materials, either because regulations dictate it or social pressure makes acceptance preferable to resistance. Key Words: halide, halogen, bromine, chlorine, flame retardant, RoHS What are halogens and halides? damage. Brominated flame retardant use is not limited to electronics. It is also in common usage in furniture, At their most basic level, halogens are the electronegative construction materials and textiles. elements in column 17 of the periodic table, including fluorine (F), chlorine, (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I) and Other sources of halogens in circuit boards include astatine (At). In electronics fiberglass sizing, epoxy curing agents and accelerators, applications, iodine and resin wetting and de-foaming agents, flux residues, and astatine are rarely if ever contamination from handling. -
The Halogens Family Word List
The Halogens Family Word list Halogen – halogenas Any of the electronegative elements, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, bromine, and astatine, that form binary salts by direct union with metals. Fluorine – floras The most reactive nonmetallic element, a pale-yellow, corrosive, toxic gas that occurs combined, especially in fluorite, cryolite, phosphate rock, and other minerals. Chlorine – chloras A halogen element, a heavy, greenish-yellow, incombustible, water-soluble, poisonous gas. Bromine – bromas An element that is a dark-reddish, fuming, toxic liquid and a member of the halogen family. Iodine – jodas A nonmetallic halogen element occurring at ordinary temperatures as a grayish-black crystalline solid. Astatine – astatas A highly unstable radioactive element, the heaviest of the halogen series, that resembles iodine in solution. Bleach - baliklis A chemical agent used for bleaching. Ion – jonas An atom or a group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons. Compound – junginys A pure, macroscopically homogeneous substance consisting of atoms or ions of two or more different elements in definite proportions that cannot be separated by physical means. Solid – kieta medžiaga Having three dimensions (length, breadth, and thickness), as a geometrical body or figure. Vapour – garai Particles of moisture or other substance suspended in air and visible as clouds, smoke, etc. Conductor – laidininkas A substance, body, or device that readily conducts heat, electricity, sound, etc. Hydrogen – vandenilis A colorless, odorless, flammable gas that combines chemically with oxygen to form water. Sodium – natris A soft, silver-white, metallic element that oxidizes rapidly in moist air, occurring in nature only in the combined state. -
Basic Physics of the Incandescent Lamp (Lightbulb) Dan Macisaac, Gary Kanner,Andgraydon Anderson
Basic Physics of the Incandescent Lamp (Lightbulb) Dan MacIsaac, Gary Kanner,andGraydon Anderson ntil a little over a century ago, artifi- transferred to electronic excitations within the Ucial lighting was based on the emis- solid. The excited states are relieved by pho- sion of radiation brought about by burning tonic emission. When enough of the radiation fossil fuels—vegetable and animal oils, emitted is in the visible spectrum so that we waxes, and fats, with a wick to control the rate can see an object by its own visible light, we of burning. Light from coal gas and natural say it is incandescing. In a solid, there is a gas was a major development, along with the near-continuum of electron energy levels, realization that the higher the temperature of resulting in a continuous non-discrete spec- the material being burned, the whiter the color trum of radiation. and the greater the light output. But the inven- To emit visible light, a solid must be heat- tion of the incandescent electric lamp in the ed red hot to over 850 K. Compare this with Dan MacIsaac is an 1870s was quite unlike anything that had hap- the 6600 K average temperature of the Sun’s Assistant Professor of pened before. Modern lighting comes almost photosphere, which defines the color mixture Physics and Astronomy at entirely from electric light sources. In the of sunlight and the visible spectrum for our Northern Arizona University. United States, about a quarter of electrical eyes. It is currently impossible to match the He received B.Sc.