Creating a Platform to Address the Techniques Used in Creation and Protection of Environment and in Economic Management of Water in the Soil
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Visegrad Grant No. 21730049 December 2018 Outputs from the project Visegrad fund: CREATING A PLATFORM TO ADDRESS THE TECHNIQUES USED IN CREATION AND PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT AND IN ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT OF WATER IN THE SOIL. Project Manager: Máchal Pavel Project participants by alphabetical order: Badalíková Barbora Czech Republic Bartlová – Novotná Jaroslava Czech Republic Bogomaz Urszula Poland Csaba Juhász Hungary Czellér Krisztina Hungary Famielec Stanisław Poland Findura Pavol Slovakia Geršl Milan Czech Republic Gliniak Maciej Poland Jobbágy Ján Slovakia Kiełbasa Paweł Poland Knaga Jarosław Poland Koloman Krištof Slovakia Konečný Ondřej Czech Republic Kovács Györgyi Hungary Krakowiak-Bal Anna Poland Krábková Žaneta Czech Republic Kročko Vladimir Slovakia Kurpaska Slawomir Poland Máchal Pavel Czech Republic Malaga-Tobola Urzsula Poland Mareček Jan Czech Republic Němcová Martina Czech Republic Popardowski Ernest Poland Prístavka Miroslav Slovakia Rutkowski Kazimierz Poland Růžička Daniel Czech Republic Sikora Jakub Poland Sinka Lúcia Hungary Slaný Vlastimil Czech Republic Šindelková Ivana Czech Republic Šotnar Martin Czech Republic Tomal Aleksandra Poland Tuba Géza Hungary Urbanovičová Olga Slovakia Zagórda Mirosław Poland Zemianczyk Urszula Poland Zsembeli József Hungary Outputs from the project Visegrad fund: Creating a platform to address the techniques used in creation and protection of environment and in economic management of water in the soil. Content Application of lysimeters in agricultural water management .................................................................. 5 Modern approaches to groundwater analysis results ............................................................................. 22 Evaluation of the system for improvement of microclimate in a greenhouse ....................................... 27 Possible threats to groundwater through executing Skalička Dam located near Hranice Karst and Hranice Abyss ..................................................................................... 35 Climate change at local level on the base of the air temperature and precipitation data of the weather station of Karcag .................................................................................................... 43 Influence of seepage of water from domestic waste water treatment plants on groundwater ....................................................................................... 50 Identification of spatial variability of moisture and soil compaction .................................................... 54 New techniques in agricultural water management ............................................................................... 69 Irrigation of potatoes and its impact of infiltration ............................................................................... 80 The use of soil conditioner and its effect on soil physico-mechanical and hydraulic properties ....................................................................................... 88 Effect of seed position on the utilization water in the soil .................................................................. 100 Impacts of soil activators aplications on basic soil conditions and water regime in soil .................... 107 Impact of post-industrial landfills on the quality of the Wilga River in Krakow ................................ 133 Selected elements of water management in facilities under cover with cultivation of plants on an inert substrate ................................................................ 139 Designation of optimal location for the construction of an agricultural biogas plant using spatial information systems ....................................................... 156 4 Application of lysimeters in agricultural water management József Zsembeli1, Krisztina Czellér1, Lúcia Sinka2, Györgyi Kovács1, Géza Tuba1 1Research Institute of Karcag Institutes for Agricultural Research and Educational Farm University of Debrecen H-5300 Karcag, Kisújszállási út 166 [email protected] 2Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management University of Debrecen H-5300 Karcag, Kisújszállási út 166 Abstract: A review of lysimeter research is presented involving the brief history of studies with lysimeters, describing the main lysimeter types and introducing the lysimeter related experiments carried out at (RIK) recently involving our main scientific achievements. Research activities with lysimeters have significant role in agricultural science in Europe: 2985 measuring devices (89.5% lysimeters) representing 148 stations and 20 countries are registered by the Lysimeter Research Group. The state-of-the-art of agricultural related lysimeter research involves the precise determination of the elements of the hydrological balance (even the amount of dew), water use efficiency studies (even for specific environmental conditions), irrigation and climate change relations, and nutrient loss and contamination issues. Lysimeter researches have been carried out at RIK since 1983, in this paper some characteristic experiments and the results gained from them are reviewed in order to demonstrate the versatile utilization possibilities of lysimeters serving soil management researches. There three types of lysimeters operated at RIK making it unique in Hungary: 8 lysimeters with compensation system, 30 simple drainage lysimeters (26 were reconstructed and are used recently), and 6 electronic weighing lysimeters. On the base of the scientific and practical experiences gained during the long- term operation of the weighing lysimeters at Karcag, we figured out that the facilities provide very accurate data that can contribute to the better understanding of the salt- and water balance of the soil especially regarding the evaporation moderating effect of water preserving soil cultivation systems, the water use efficiency of different crops, the optimization of irrigation, and the mitigation of the harmful effect of secondary salinization. Keywords: lysimeters, water balance, soil management, water use efficiency INTRODUCTION The Research Institute of Karcag, Institutes for Agricultural Research and Educational Farm, University of Debrecen (RIK) is situated in the Trans-Tisza Region of the Great Hungarian Plain, in the eastern part of Hungary. The ecological conditions of this region are unfavourable from several points of view. The low amount of annual precipitation (500 mm) and the high evapotranspiration result in a shortage of moisture of 100-300 mm in the vegetation period, which means a limiting factor of crop production by itself. But the so called "air-drought" makes the situation worse in the summer months. These effects cause considerable damages in quantity and quality for the regional crop production. The unfavourable soil conditions of our region must be mentioned as the third limiting factor. Significant rate of our heavy textured soils with bad water-, air- and heat regime is endangered by salinization. These unfavourable factors altogether give the reason why our institute emphasise the research of water- and salt balances of the soils of our region. In 1983-84 our institute established a compensation lysimeter station for the completion of the research results of our large-scale amelioration and water regulation experiments (Karuczka and Zsembeli, 1997). The main goal was the examination of vertical substance movements and calculation of water- and substance balances of soil 5 monoliths. Because of the necessity of more accurate water balance measurements the lysimeter station was enlarged with 6 weighing lysimeter units in 1992-1993. In this paper we give a review of lysimeter research presenting the brief history of studies with lysimeters, describing the main lysimeter types and introducing the lysimeter related experiments carried out at RIK recently involving our main scientific achievements. MATERIAL AND METHODS The term “lysimeter” was derived from the Greek words “lysis” and “metron” meaning dissolving and measuring, respectively. The term is thus applicable to any device utilized for studying the rate, amount and composition of percolation water through a porous medium. Indeed, many definitions refer to “instruments or devices that contain soil and receive natural rainfall or irrigation and are provided with an arrangement for collecting and measuring the percolate”. Percolation is an important phase of the hydrologic cycle; it recharges groundwater and discharges into streams (Aboukhaled et al., 1982). For McIlroy and Angus (1963), a lysimeter consists of “a block of soil, together with vegetation, if any, enclosed in a suitable container and exposed in natural surroundings to permit determination of any one term of the hydrologic equation when the others are known”. Similarly, Tanner (1967) refers to a “device in which a volume of soil, which may be planted to vegetation, is located in a container to isolate it hydrologically from the surrounding soil in order to assess or control various terms of the water balance equation”. The WMO (1968) uses the term “evapotranspirometers” or “soil evaporimeters” for “containers of soil and vegetation from which the water loss is measured by weighing or accounting for all incoming water at the surface and all outflow from the bottom of the container”. Hiller et al. (1969) defined lysimeters as “large containers filled with soil, generally located in the field to represent the field environment, and in which soil-water- plant conditions can be