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Günümüz Rumencede Türkçe Kaynaklı Kelimeler

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Günümüz Rumencede Türkçe Kaynaklı Kelimeler Türk Dili , TDK, 9/2007, s. 484-495. GÜNÜMÜZ RUMENCEDE TÜRKÇE KAYNAKLI KEL İMELER Dr. Ayfer AKTA Ş1 Özet: Türk Dili tarih boyunca birçok dil ve uluslarla alı ş veri ş içinde olmu ş. Hem yabancı dillerden kelime almı ş, hem de kelime vermi ştir. Balkan ülkelerin birço ğunda oldukça fazla Türkçe kaynaklı kelimeler bulunmaktadır. Geçmi şte bu konuyla iligili birçok ara ştırma yapıldı ğı bilinmektedir. Bu çalı şmada günümüz Rumencedeki Türkçe kaynaklı kelimeler “DEX - Dictionarul Explicativ Al Libii Române” adlı Rumence sözlükte ara ştırılmı ştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkçe, Rumence, sözvarlı ğı, sözlükbilimi. Tarih boyunca diller arasında hep bir etkile şim olmu ştur. Çeşitli uluslarla sıkı ili şkiler kurmu ş ve birlikte ya şamı ş olan, büyük göçler geçiren, büyük sava şlar yapmı ş olan bir ulusun dilinde yabancı dillerden önemli etki görülmesi de do ğaldır (Aksan 2004: 386). Asya’nın kuzeydo ğusundan Avrupa’ya kadar uzanan Türkçenin kullanımı yüzyıllardır bu topraklarda devam etmektedir. Bugün, özellikle Balkanlarda hâlâ çok sayıda ki şinin Türkçeyi kullanmakla kalmadı ğını, bu bölgenin dillerine de çok sayıda Türkçe kelimelerinin geçti ğini biliriz. “Balkan dillerinde kullanılan Türkçe alıntılar, Anadolu’dan gelip Balkan topraklarında yerle şen Türklerin dilinden alınmı ştır. Bu bakımdan bu alıntıların açıklanmasında Balkan topraklarında olu şan Türk a ğızlarının tanıklı ğını kullanmak gerekir” . Çünkü Rumeli a ğızı olarak Balkan dillerine birçok Türkçe kelime geçmi ştir, örne ğin Rumenceye afif (hafif), arman (harman), iatac (yatak) gibi (Türkçe Sözlük 1988: XXIV). Türkçenin Rumence ile olan ili şkisinin ilk ara ştırmaları Rusça ile olan ili şkisinin ara ştırılmaya ba şlanmasından sonraki yıllara aittir. Bu konuda bilinen en eski çalı şmalar Slav dillerinin ilk etimolojik sözlü ğünü hazırlayan ve Slavcadaki Türkçe unsurları üzerindeki çalı şmaları ba şlatan Franz Miklosich tarafından yapılmı ştır. En son ara ştırmalardan biri ise Muammer Nurlu’nun 2002 yılında Romanya’da yayınlanan “Romencede Türk İzleri” adlı çalı şmasıdır (Karaa ğaç 2005: 162-163). Tarih boyunca diller arasındaki etkileşim, bazen kar şılıklı, bazen Rumencede oldu ğu gibi tek taraflı olmu ştur. Aşağıdaki tabloda görüldü ğü üzere Türk Dil Kurumu tarafından Internet ortamında yayınlanan Güncel Türkçe Sözlük’te günümüz Türkçede tek bir Rumence kaynaklı kelime görülmemektedir. Arapça 6454 Latince 77 Macarca 17 Portekizce 3 Fransızca 5180 Almanca 95 Rumca 14 Fince 2 Farsça 1361 Rusça 40 Mo ğolca 13 Norveç 2 İtalyanca 610 İspanyolca 34 İbranice 7 Korece 1 İngilizce 451 Slavca 25 Bulgarca 9 So ğdca 1 Yunanca 422 Ermenice 23 Japonca 9 Arnavutça 1 (http://tdk.org.tr/tdksozluk/sozdil.html) 2 1 Ö ğretim Görevlisi, Marmara Üniversitesi Aksan’ın da i şaret etti ği gibi Osmanlı İmparatorlu ğu’nun yayılmı ş bulundu ğu Balkan yarımadasında konu şulan dillerde, Türkçe’den do ğrudan do ğruya alınma unsurlar yanında, Türkçe’nin etkisiyle meydana gelmi ş şekillere rastlanır (Aksan 2004: 54). Balkan ülkelerin dillerinde Türkçe’nin derin bir iz bıraktı ğını hepimiz biliriz. Böylece Balkan ülkelerin dillerinin birço ğunda oldukça fazla Türkçe kaynaklı kelimeler bulunmaktadır. Geçmi şte bu konuyla ilgili birçok ara ştırma yapıldı ğı bilinmektedir. Bu çalı şmada da günümüz Rumencedeki Türkçe kaynaklı kelimeler ara ştırılmı ştır. Bu çalı şma için Academia Român ă tarafından yayına hazırlanan ve Romanya’da en çok kullanılan Rumence sözlük olan “DEX - Dictionarul Explicativ Al Libii Române (1998)” sayfa sayfa taranarak bu sözlükte bulunan Türkçe kaynaklı kelimeler çıkarılmı ştır. Bu sözlük internet ortamında da sürekli yenilenmekte oldu ğu için, kelimelerin hepsi tek tek bir daha “DEX online” sayfasında kontrol edilmi ştir. Bu çalı şma sadece leksikolojik bir çalı şma oldu ğu için, kelimelerin semantik ve etimolojik yönlerine dikkat edilmemi ştir. Türkçe kaynaklı kelime olarak do ğrudan Türkçeden Rumenceye geçmi ş olan ve “Türkçe kaynaklıdır” açıklaması bulunan kelimeler kabul edilmi ştir. Halk arasında veya metinlerde kullanılan tüm kelimelerin hemen sözlüklere geçmedi ğini biliriz, ama yine de sözlükler dillerin söz varlı ğı üzerine toplu bir fikir verir (Türkçe Sözlük 1988: XXVII). Rumencede de mutlaka bu çalı şmanın ortaya çıkardı ğı Türkçe kelime sayısından çok daha fazla Türkçe kökenli kelimeler bulunmakta ve halk arasında kulllanılmaktadır. Ayrıca Türkçe ve Rumencede ortak kelimeler oldukça fazla oldu ğu için, örn. çay (ceai), fırtına (furtun ă), kablo (cablu) gibi, bu sayı daha da yüksektir, ancak adı geçen sözlükte aşağıda gösterilen toplam 1020 Türkçe kaynaklı kelime bulunmaktadır. aba < aba; abanoz < abanos; abra ş < abra ş; acadea < akide; acaret < akaret; acmac < ahmak; achingiu < akıncı; aferim < aferin; afif < hafif; afuzali < Hafızali; ag ă < ağa; ag ărlac < ağırlık; ageamiu < acemi; adet < âdet; afion < afyon; aian < ayan; aiar < ayar; alagea < alaca; alai < alay; alem < âlem; alim < alim; aliotman < Ali Osman; alı şveri ş < alı şveri ş; ama < ama; aman < aman; amandea < amade; amanet < emanet; anasana < anasını; anason < anason; anison < anason; anteriu < anteri (entari); aralic < aralık; arbiu < harbî; arc ă < arka; arcan < arkan (urgan); arman < harman; arn ăud < arnavut; arpagic < arpacık; ar şic < âşık; ar şin < ar şın; arz < arz; arzmahzar < arz-ı mahzar; ascher < asker; astereal ă < astar; at < at; atlaz < atlas; avaet < hava et; avan < havan; av ă < av; avlie < avlu (avli); baba < baba; babalık < babalac; baclava < baklava; bac şiş < bah şiş; baga < ba ğa; bagdadie < ba ğdadî; bagea < ba ğa; bairac < bayrak; bairam < bayram; balama < ba ğlama; balc ăz < balkız; balimez < balyemez; baltag < balta; bam ă < bamya; barbut < barbut; barem < bari (barim); basma < basma; basmangiu < basmacı; ba ş < ba ş; ba ş-aga < ba şağa; ba ş-bulucba ş < ba şbölükba ş; ba şbuzuc < ba şıbozuk; ba şca < ba şka; ba ş-caimacam < ba şkaymakam; ba ş- ciohodar < ba şcuhadır; batal < battal; băkan(1) < bakam; băkan(2) < bakkal; bărdac < bardak; becher < bekâr; bei < bey; beilerbei < beylerbeyi; beilic < beylik; beizadea < beyzade; belaliu < belâlı; belea < belâ; benghi < benek; berat < berat; berbant < berbat; berechet < bereket; be şleag ă (be şli-aga) < be şli a ğası; be şlic < be şlik; be şliu < be şli; bidinea < badana; bidiviu < bedevî; bigi-bigi < cici bici; bimba şă (bimpa şă) < binba şı; bina < bina; binagiu < binacı; bini ş < bini ş; bini şliu < bini şli; birlic < birlik; boccea < bohça; bocceagiu < bohçacı; bocceal ăc < bohçalık; bocciu < bokçu; bogasiu < bo ğası; boi < boy; boia < boya; boiangiu < boyacı; borangic < bürümcük; bondoc < bunduk; bosma < bozma; bostan < bostan; bostangiu < bostancı; bozafer < boza ver; bre < bre; briceag < bıçak; buciuc < buçuk; bucluc < bokluk; budala < budala; buhur < buhur; buhurdar < buhurdan; bulgur < bulgur; buluc < bölük; 2 Bu sayılar sürekli de ğişmektedir. Yazıdaki veriler 15.10.2006 tarihlidir. bulucba şă < bölükba şı; burghiu < burgu; burlan < boru; burnuz < bornoz; bursuc < porsuk; but < but; buzdugan < bozdo ğan; cabaz < hokkabaz; cabazl ăc < hokkabazlık; cabul ă < kabul; cealma < kaçırma; cacom < kakım; cad ănă < kadın; cadiascher < kadıasker; cadiu < kadı; cafea < kahve; cafegi-ba şa < kahveciba şı; cafegiu < kahveci; cafenea < kahvehane; caftan < kaftan; caia < kaya(r); caiac < kayak; caic < kayık; caicciu < kayıkçı; caid < kayıt; caimac < kaymak; caimacam < kaymakam; calabal ăc < kalabalık; calafat < kalafat; calcan < kalkan[balı ğı]; caldaram < kaldırım; caldaramgiu < kaldırımcı; calem < kalem; calembec < kalembek; calemcheriu < kalemkâr(î); calemgiu < kalemci; calf ă < kalfa; calp < kalp; calpac < kalpak; calpuzan < kalpazan; calup < kalıp; canat < kanat; cange < kanca; căntar < kantar; cantaragiu < kantarcı; capac < kapak; capama < kapama; capan < kapan; capanliu < kapanlı; capcan ă < kapkan; caplama < kaplama; capot < kaput; capuchehaia < kapı kâhyası; capudan < kaptan; capugiu < kapıcı; caraghios < karagöz; caraghioslâc < karagözlük; carmangiu < karmancı; carnaxi < karnaksı; carvasara < kervansaray; casap < kasap; ca şcaval < ka şkaval; cataif < kadayıf; catar < katır; catifea < kadife; catran < katran; cauc < kavuk; cavaf < kavaf; caval < kaval; cazacliu < kazaklı; cazan < kazan; cazangiu < kazancı; cazma < kazma; călăuz ă < kılavuz; căleap < kelep; căntar < kantar; cârc ăiac < kırkayak; cârcserdar < kır serdarı; cârjaliu < kırgali; cârmaz < kırmız; cat < kat; ca şti < kı şt; ceacir < çakır; ceac-pac < çatpat; ceac şiri < çak şır; ceadiriu < çadır; ceair < câir; cealma < çalma; ceam < çam; ceamur < çamur; ceanac < çanak; cărăbăni < çek arabayı; ceapcan < çapkın; ceapraz < çapraz; cear şaf < çar şaf; ceau ş < çavu ş; cecmegea < çekmece; cepchen < cepken; cercevea < çerçeve; cerchez < çerkez; cerdac < çardak; cervi ş < çervi ş; chebap < kebap; chef < keyif; chefliu < keyifli; chehaia < kâhya; chehailac < kâhyalık; chel (cheală) < kel; chenar < kenar; chepeng < kepenk; cherem < kerem; cherestea < kereste; cherestegiu < keresteci; cherhana < kerhane; chervan < kervan; ches < kes; chesat < kesat; che şchet < ke şkek; chiabur < kibar; chibrit < kibrit; chiftea < köfte; chihlimbar < kehribar; chil ă < kile; chiler < kiler; chilim < kilim; chilipir < kelepir; chilipirgiu < kelepirci; chilom < külünk; chimion < kimyon; chimir < kemer; chindie < ikindi; chiocec < köçek; chiolhan < külhan; chior < kör; chiostec < köstek; chio şc < kö şk; chirigiu < kiracı; chirpici < kerpiç; chisea (1) < kâse; chisea (2) < kese; chiulaf < külâh; chiup < küp; ciacar < çakır; ciair < çayır; cicârâc < çıkrık; cichirgiu < şekerci; ciflic < çiftlik; cilibiu
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