INFORMATION TO USERS This materia was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most atfraneed technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been ured the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or Mttems which may appear on this reproduction. I.T he sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sretioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of 8 large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, ^wever, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from lotographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver ints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and sific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 900 North Zaab Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48100 74-24,358 LEMBRIGHT, Robert Lee, 1942- * LOUISE OF SAVOY AND MARGUERITE D'ANGOULEME: RENAISSANCE PATRONAGE AND RELIGIOUS REFORM. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1974 History, m o d e m University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1974 ROBERT LEE LEMBRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. LOUISE OP SAVOY AND MARGUERITE D'ANQOULtKEi RENAISSANCE PATRONAGE AND RELIGIOUS REFORM DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillaent of the Requirerants fo r the Degree Dootor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Robert L. Leabright, B.A., H.A. The Ohio State University « Reading Cooardttae Approved by Dr. Francis P. Woisenburger Dr. Sidney N. F isher Dr. Harold J . Grimm r.^iWr—1 —1 Adviser Departmorfk of History VITA . July 17, 19li2 .................... Born - A lliance, Ohio 1?61j ....................... B.A., Miami University Oxford, Ohio 1965-196 6 ........................... Teaching Assistant, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1 9 6 6 ................................... M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1966-1970 • •••«••• Teaching Associate, Deportment of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio I 97 O-I972 •••••••• Qradnate Administrative Assistant, The University College, The Ohio State U niversity, Columbus, Ohio 1 FIELDS OF STUDY Major Fleldt Renaissance and Reformation The Middle East. Professor Sydney N • Fisher The Emergence of Modern America. Professor Francis S. Weiaehberger The Ancient Near Bast. Professor William F* Mo Donald l i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page VITA ........................................................................................................... 11 PREFACE............................................................... lv Chapter I* CHILDHOOD, MARRIAGE, AND WIDOWHOOD.................................... 1 I I . POLITICS, PATRONAGE, AND RELIGION ......................... 36 I I I . YEARS OF T R IA L...................................... 100 IV. THE MATURE YEARS........................................................................... 190 EPILOGUE........................................................................................................269 CONCLUSION............................................................... ..................................272 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................. 278 i l l PREPACE During the last decade of the fifteenth century, France experienced changes of thought which historians have termed the Age of the Renaissance and Reformation* From Italy came new artistic and literary forms, that were quickly incorporated into the literary tradition of France. The northern lands of Europe likewise contributed a long-standing artistic tradition, coupled with an even greater emphasis on religious humanism. The latter movement soon became part of a general desire for religious reforms in the Catholic Church in France even before tho more turbulent period of Martin Luther's break with the Church in 1517* Theoe influences of tho Renaissance and religious renewal were to coalesce in the lives of Louise of Savoy and her daughter Marguerite de1 Angoul&m of Navarre. While the French nonarchs Charles Till, Louis XII, and Francis I again and again revived their dynastic claims in Italy, they also were noted for their introduction and fostering in France of artists and writers. Just as these kings combined their political desires with a great support o f a r ts and le tte r s , so important Frenchwomen soon followed in this tradition. Commencing with Anno de France and Anne de Bretagne, the political affairs, religious Interests, and artistio patronage of French women increased into tho period when Louise of Savoy and M arguerite d'Angoul^tne devoted th e ir en tire lives to these pursuits. These two women helped form and direct iv both tho political and religions policies of Franca, while serving as the foci of patronage. Bren afte r her mother's death, Marguerite d'Angoulftne continued to advise her brother Francis I on important religious and political affairs, while carefully attending to her own Mngdna of Navarre. The queen was often called on to lend her support to artists and writers with liberal gifts of money or positions In France and Navarre. As she had done when her mother was alive, Marguerite continued her protection of religious reformers and humanists. She served as a bulwark against tho conservative Faculty of Theology's attacks upon a ll those who wished to introduce reform into Francs. While investigating materials for this dissertation, I have found several basio works detailing the lives of Louise of Savoy and Marguerite d'Angouldme. Excellent accounts of Louise are those by Paulo Henry-Bordeaux, Louise da Savoie, rogento e t nRoin, and Dorothy 0. Mayer,' Louise of Savoy, the Qreat Regent. There is a d efin itiv e two-volume study on Marguerite d'Angouletoe by Pierre Jourda entitled, Marguerite d'Angoul&na. reina de Navarre. In addition to these biographies, there are many articles wbloh have appeared in the last one hundred years describing the lives of Louise and Marguerite, their activities, and persons whom they supported and protected. However, I believe that none of the authors has sufficiently detailed the artistio patronage and relig io u s protection which these two women exercised in France. I t la ugr hope tb&t I shall be able to describe tbalr patronage as well as their support of ouch religions reforaers as Lefevre dl£taplas> Q&ard Rous a el, Guillaume Briqannat, and Clement Marot. In writing this dissertation I have worked at the British Museum, Bodleian library, Bibliotheque National*, Hnaee de Condo*, Bibliotheque Kazarina, L* Arsenal, Institut de France, Husee de Cluny, and the Bibliotheque de Ste«-Qene vie ve • Z would like to thank all those librarians and archivists who so graciously assisted ne, I an especially grateful to ay adviser, Dr. Harold J. Qriran, whose encouragement and assistance hove made this study possible, and to Mrs. Jane Q atliff and Mrs. Clara Qoldalager of the Inter-Library Loan Department of The Ohio State University, who went out of their way to a s s is t me. CHAPTER I CHILDHOOD, MARRIAGE, AND WIDOWHOOD In September, ll*76> Louise o f Savoy was born to PhiUippa de Bresse, of the House of Savoy, and Marguerite de Bourbon, s is te r of Pierre de Beau Jen, the husband of the regent, Anne de France. This baby was not brought into one of the wealthiest families of France) her father was known as Monsieur Lackland, and his pre­ occupation with warfare constantly drew his attention away from home. Little is presently known about Louise's mother; however, it is through Marguerite's lineage that Louise gained rights to the vast Bourbon lands in the east of France. From her earliest years Louise was a political pawn used by King Louis H in a betrothal to Charles, count d'Angoul&loe, about seventeen years her senior. In 11*78 Louis had demanded this alliance to forestall a marriage between Marie of Burgundy, the greatest heiress of Europe, and Charles.*^ The king and la te r Anne, as regent, successfully prevented this union but they then permitted Mary to wed Maximilian of Austria. The dowry of the Low Countries passed forever out of French control. At the death of Marguerite de Bourbon In 11*83 > Phillippe de Bresse decided to send his daughter and her younger brother Philibert to the court of Anne to be reared. Since Anne possessed all her father's capabilities, she had been named by Loois XX to tbs tutelage and administration of her physically deformed brother, Charles VUI, until be cans of age. As regent over her brother, political and Military authority was concentrated in her hands. Brant&e says of her actions that "she governed as sagely and virtuously as if she were one of the great kings of France Under Anne's care, Louise's education was supervised by Madams de Segrl' at the chateaux of (lien and Anboise.^ Her conpanioRS were her brother Philibert and Marguerite d'Autriche, the fiancao of Charles VIH. The educational training which Louise received must hove been similar to that which Anne set down in a book dedicated to her own daughter, Susanna, the Enaeigneraents d'Axme do France.