Niki! Obstat

. . 1 . . P . . Lu . FR H SMITH , O S T

. . M A I . c LL STER . . FR P T , O P

Imprimatu r

. RAYM ND . U US P . . . Lu . FR MEAGHER , O , S T

Prior Provincialis.

Imprimatur W EN . . O . B CORRIGAN , D D

Episcopus Macrensis

i i nsis Adm nistrator Archidioecesis Balt more .

THE

D OMINICAN LAY B ROTHER

’ . M . V . P . s. T V v . N RE . F. o ERY O DA IEL , ,

BUREAU OF THE HOLY NAME LEm 'm N AVENUE AND Sxx 'rm m STREET NEW YORK 1 9 2 1 r a T E n A N D n o u x n n r n u ! L A Y li n o -r u in s ' s u s 'r n o m n u c s P R E S S nou n ncw n oun ! or sm nms ' uu s n x u o r o x , n . c . THE AFFEc rIONATE M EMORY OF

SISTERS ROSA A AND FRAN SCA O. s. D. LI GE ,

’ (MA RY ROSE AN D IDA O DAN IEL) MY SISTERS

BY BIRTH - AND IN RE LIG ION

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAG E FOREWOR D 9 I I . NTR ODUCT OR Y 13

E T I T E N N R E R I I . TH LA Y BR O HER N H DOMI ICA O D 32

I THE I IC A Y R T ER A ND E I G I US E R FEC TI N II . DOM N AN L B O H R L O P O 58

N N A - R T ER M R T RS AND ES SE IV . DOMI ICA L Y B O H A Y BL D 76

N A I T H E NI T T V . DOMI IC AN L Y BROTH ERS N U E D ST A ES 1 1 0

V VI . NO ITIATE AND DAI LY LIEE 154

V 1 C SI II . CON LU ON I N DEX ER R AT A

ILLUSTRATIONS

A GR OU P OF DOMINIC AN L AY BR OT HERS SAINT DOM IN IC RECEIV ING T H E ROSAR Y BLESSE D SIMON BALL ACH I BLESSED JAMES OF U LM BLES SED MA RTIN D E POR R ES BLESSE D JOH N MAS SI AS

FOREWORD

This modest volume has been written in re

spouse to an oft- expressed regret that the province had no work of the kind for the instruction of its la for of s y brothers, or the enlightenment tho e

inclined to enter the Order in that capacity . The i s Its book s not to be con idered as a history. brev

ity precludes this. Yet we sincerely hope that it may inspire some one with more time and r f s d is mo e avorably ituate than the writer, with the idea of giving to the world a work which will be at once more thorough and more com u s c f es plete. S ch a hi tory ould not ail to inter t a a readers in general , s well s those within the

Order. For the present little book the most that can be claimed is that it is historically correct as far d s as it goes. To have ma e it what we hould like it to be would have required vastly more time

sa - ma than was at our dispo l y, even much travel f in many parts of the world . O necessity it was s written at odd moment , and with all too limited far sources at hand . However, in so as we have first been able to ascertain, it is the time that any work of a similar character has been attemp ted for the Dominican lay brothers apart from 10 FOREWORD

s s. s s s i the prie t Thi , it would eem , hould add to ts

- interest possibly to its merit . In spite of the adverse circumstances under which it was put Th n together, we venture to believe that e D omi i can L ay B r other will answer the purpose for has which it been written, and that it will prove as well a source of pleasure as of good to those humble men whom we feel honored to call our brothers. The Order of Saint Dominic has had many s s i s di tingui hed men among t lay brothers. Even a brief history Of these would make several vol ’ umes. The institute s saintly lay brethren are f s. as has very numerou Un ortunately, been s few s s f a tated, only a ource rom which to dr w material for the present volume were available at

f r of the time of writing . By a the principal these w ’ as the Année D ominicazne printed at Lyons. This splendid Dominican hagiology contains

' - f twenty our volumes. But it comes down only i . as s to the early eighteenth century Nor, gen erall s ns y admitted, doe it by any mea exhaust the s for s ubject the period which it covers. The author were obliged to depend largely on the zeal of f rs s for athe in other province material , and they

were not infrequently disappointed . The A cta Ca itulmnm G eneraliwm of p the Order, edited R rt im by Father Benedict eiche , were next in a port nce, in regard to saintly men, among the m s . inco ources used These, however, are quite FOREWORD l l

lete on s s p , and touch only accidentally uch matter as were pertinent to our purpose . For the lay s s sh s s brother who were di tingui ed arti t , archi

e s s rs . te t , culpto , etc , we were obliged to depend ’ principally on Father Vincent Marchese s L ives the M ost E minen t P ain ters Scu l tors and of , p n A rchitects of the Order of St . D omi ic (transla

Rev . . . . s tion by C P Meehan) Father Marche e, for u s fi s s f his unhappily , con ne him el to native

Italy . The difficulty Of our task was augmented by the proverbial carelessness and indifference Of the s s Dominican everywhere, and at all time , about s their own history . They themselve have p u b lished comparatively little on the Splendid work s of and illustriou men the Order, with the result

is Oft ffi if ss r that it en di cult , not impo ible, fo one to Obtain the data which is desired . What has been written on this religious institute is in large part from the pens Of those who were not its

s. member Yet , we are told, the archives and libraries Of Europe abound in manuscripts if which , brought to light, would open to the intellectual world a mine Of useful and inter esting inform ation on the Friars Preacher and their activities in every department of knowl edge and spiritual endeavor . s Off i All thi may be ered in extenuation, f such for s Of be needed, the hortcomings the present unpretentious volume . The last two hundred 19 FOREWORD years of Dominican activity have scarcely been touched by any writer —least of all that which f mo wou ld all within the m Of this work . For s as d thi re on, we ma e no effort to discover the lay brothers who were noteworthy either for holi of f ness li e or otherwise during that time . The d r rc s rea er will thus understand why our esea he , c for co ex epting the United States, do not me down later than the period covered by the Année D in i of om ica ne which we have spoken .

As e s d f wf - s will doubtl s be notice , but e oot note and references are given in the cou rse of these is pages. The reason for this is that the book intended for the general reader rather than for o a s s se the hist rian, while the princip l ource u d in its compilation are noted earlier in the fore es s see es word . Such a plan, b ide ming the b t to was d f s o the writer, a vised by riend , b th in the r us Order and out of it . Their gene o aid and sympathy in the little enterprise cannot be too highly appreciated .

’

P . O. V . F . O DANIEL,

THE DOMI NI CAN HOUSE or STUD V or MERIC CATHOLIC UNI ERSIT Y A A,

SHING TON . . WA , D C

E ST or TH E CRED E RT or ES US F A SA H A J , u e 3 1991 J n , CHAPTER I

INTRODUCIO RY

The religious state or the religious life is

a natural outgrowth of the New Law-m a gener “ ! ous response to the counsels of the Divine f f Master. The early aith ul took very seriously “ r s of st If f ct o the wo d Chri thou wilt be per e , g u ha and sell what tho st , give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasu re in heaven ! and come follow ! s a me (Matthew, XIX , The New Te t ment cc u of th ch s a o nt e early Chur (the common pur e, se of s of the prai virginity, the di cipline labor,

m of s . s s the conde nation riche , etc ) how that the first Christians led something of a community or !

i fe. f rel gious li Indeed, the danger o the early rc s o Chu h , even in apo t lic times, seems not to have “ been that the counsels should be denied or d a s neglecte , but r ther that they hould be con “ ’ founded with the precepts and constru ed as s s command which impo e a universal obligation . was ft f t i It a longing a er per ec ion, a des re to carry out the cou nsels of the New Testament and a hOpe of more effectually conforming their lives to that of Christ that led the early hermits o ese wildem esses u a s int d rt or mo nt in olitu des. The commu nities that gathered around leaders 14 I NTRODUCTORY

of the Spiritual life in these secluded places grew out Of the evangelical counsels as the oak grows f s rom the acorn . From the same coun els they drew their strengt h and vitality as the tree draws

i - fi s ts nourishment from the tap root . These r t s s f attempt at the religiou li e, however, were not

always well regulated . As with the Church her s f so s ff s fte s el , with the e e ort a r a tronger and s f for s higher piritual li e, it took time the e tab lishm ent Of a wiser discipline and a better organi z a i f t on . The lack Of regulation gave too ree a play for excesses in the practise Of penance and m ortification as as for of , well the introduction unwholesome personal fancies; while the absence of definite rules was the source Of occasional s s O s f abu e , and an b tacle to that uni ormity and stability which are so necessary for the perm a s nency Of such a state . This was e pecially the f case with the more capricious peoples O the East . It is true that as the religious life Of the soli Of s tary hermit evolved into that the monk , ome Of f f kind community li e gradually ormed, with a more or less definite ru le and under a recog

iz d s n e superior . Still each community or mona tery ordinarily had its own rule which depended all too largely on the personal magnetism or the

impelling influence of the actual superior . Even in the same institution there was Often a variety Of customs which perm itted individual members Of s great latitude in their choice practises. Thi

16 INTRODUCTORY

too se them vere , and laid aside whatever he u f e ad thought wo ld inter er with , rather than f h c f r t e s . van e and o ti y, e r ligiou state However , he introduced many salutary laws counselled by his c own experien e . d e co Saint Bene ict gave unity, str ngth and herence to the religious life by the vows of obe dience s of and tability , the latter which obliged the monks to remain in the community of their co first fealty . Under this regulation they uld no longer wander from place to place as they ft ’ o en did before the saint s day . Although the vows of poverty and chastity were not expressly his n s taken by mo k , they were included in that of obedience, thus rounding out the evangelical ns s nd ss t s os cou el , a nece itating their prac i e by th e who consecrated themselves to the service of God s under the Benedictine standard . The blessing of s u s e thi r le were e n at once , with the result that it was soon adopted by practically all the mo s s of nastic in titution the West . Like their predecessors in both the East and s es e s s re the We t , however, th e r ligiou in titutes mained contemplative . They sought to place their abodes in secluded spots far removed from

t . e n s contac with the world Her the mo k watched , t se mo ification prayed , prac i d penance and rt , and strove to sanctify themselves by the Observance f o the evangelical counsels. Convinced that ss is of ll idlene the root a evil , they divided their INTRODUCTORY 17 time into hours of devotion and hours of manual s or other labor . They tudied or toiled in the fields or in the library and writing room (scrip tor iwm) Largely through their tireless efforts the Sacred Scriptures were preserved for future s u of es generation ; and the literat re the W t , f was s f d c both sacred and pro ane, aved rom estru f f s o ns o rt . tion at the hand barbaria r m the, no h s s es f f s The same monk drained mar h , elled orest , converted dreary wilds into blooming gardens s f of and field , and con erred every manner tem poral blessing upon Europe . These great communities were composed of persons drawn from every walk in life . Among f the monks were men o much learning . Most of o a them , however , were what we t d y call lay r is s s for b others; that , per on not intended cleri s cal orders. The e were recruited chiefly from s among the poor and the trade people . In times of heresy or some threatened calamity to the of s is Church , or at the command pope , it true , those with education not infrequently came forth from their seclusion and did noble apostolic f work in the cause o Christ . But this was an exception to their rule p r aeter legem) not a

of . part it Their place, according to the norm s Of s s was and pirit their in titute , in the solitude or monastery . The clerical state was merely ss accidental , not e ential , to the vocation of the

. s s s s monk Withal , the e mona tic order , e pecially 2 18 INTRODUCTORY

of s s that Saint Benedict , were chool of useful rs s s w f worke , a boon to ociety and a olid bul ark o the Church . They sent forth efficient mission aries to whom Europe is indebted for much of i nd f w ts civilization , a not a e countries for their

. s was evangelization Thi , too , accidental to s of f s their tate li e, the end and purpo e of which was essentially personal sanctification through

prayer, penance and contemplation . f s Apart rom the great military order , which s s s no longer exi t , other in titute came into exist ence meanwhile and developed the religious life along lines different from those followed by the

s. for purely contemplative Such , instance , were the Canons Re gular and the Premonstratensians f or Norbertine Fathers. Concerning the ounder Of f of the ormer, and the date their origin , there

is considerable uncertainty . Likely , however , they are a resurrection of the Canons instituted and formed into a religious organization by Saint s s Of s his Augu tine , bi hop Hippo, to erve at

Cathedral church . They are essentially a cleri es for s cal body, and d tined work which relate to d s s. a the divine my terie Preaching, teaching, ministration Of the sacraments and other apos is tolic labors fall within their vocation . In th

ff f s s. they di er rom the mona tic order When, in ft fi the twel h century , they de nitely organized f Of s their li e , they took the rule Saint Augu tine as the basis of their own ; but at the same time INTRODUCTORY 19 they adopted from the Benedictines those mo nastic elements which did not conflict with their s s e f duties as cleric admini t ring to the aithful . s R s Thus the Canon egular are religiou , but not of monks, although they have many the mo

O s. os c nastic bservance Ap tolic a tivity, no less rs than contemplation , ente into their lives. To a modified monastic life they added an aposto late for souls. It is the same with the Premonstratensians (or Premonstrants) founded by Saint Norbert at F a e a ao A .D . 1 1 r Prémontré , ne r L n, r nc , 20 . F om “ ! the Statutes (Statuta) of their order we learn that one of its ends is the choral praise of an is for s s God ; and that other zeal oul . In regard to the latter the Statutes say ! Our r is to c Gos O der prea h the pel , to teach the to of is s ignorant , have direction par he , to per ! l f ast a . orm p or l duties , etc Like the Canons ul s Reg ar, the Norbertine Father adopted the of s Rule Saint Augu tine , adding thereto the best of the Benedictine traditions that were s fi n reconcilable with their peci c calli g in life . Doubtless it is for this reason that their official l i s ns tit e s Premon trate ian Canons. Like the ns R u for s s Cano eg lar, and the ame rea on, they

s. are religious, but not monk Both the Canons Re gular and the Prem on stra ts is u s n , it tr e, had lay brother , or members

The at c c c edia Vol . 387 5 . C holi En y lop , XII , 20 INTRODUCTORY

f r not destined o the clerical or sacerdotal state . These brothers belonged to the order in as real s s as f s a en e the ather ; but their lives, apart from

s s . the time given to their prayer , devotion , etc , were consecrated to the manual toil necessary for f of the temporal wel are the monasteries. rs s s c f However , the orde them elve , be ause o their

s ss . vocation , were e entially clerical Like the Benedictines and other purely monastic institutes Of s that and anterior time , both these orders were effective missionary forces in behalf of the ffer s Church , the di ence being that the e labors fell within the calling Of the Canons Regular ns s and the Premo trant , while with the contem la iv p t es they were accidental and supererogatory . was Such , in broad outline , the development “ ! f r s f in r o the eligiou li e , the o dinary accepta of the of tion term , up to the time Saint Dom s f of r inic. Thi ounder the great religious o der s e s his was u that till b ar name born at Caler ega ,

s of 1 1 0 . Old Ca tile, in the year our Lord 7 Not ’ only did some Of Spain s best blood course through his veins (for the holy man was Of the noble houses Of the Guzmans and the Az as) ; he f also belonged to a amily of saints. Educated for st f his st the prie hood rom tendere youth , he w 1 1 94 ft s as ordained in , and shortly a erward joined the Canons Regular of the cathedral at s s Osma . Here the young priest led a mo t aintly w f . as s li e Indeed , although he the younge t INTRODUC'DORY 21

was s member of the community , he oon chosen 1 208 1 204 its subprior . In , and again in , the Az avedo s of Rev. s Right Diego de , bi hop O ma , was sent to Denmark on an affair of state by ’

lf so . s A on VIII Dominic exemplary conduct , w o of for he as a m del every virtue, led to his ’ choice as the bishop s companion on both these occasions. had Prior to this, the holy man longed to be r fi come a missiona y among in del peoples. Now God made use of these journeys to lead him to As his true vocation . the two ambassadors of s s ss s n Chri t and tate pa ed through outher France , their hearts were torn at the sight Of the evils inflicted on that once fair portion of the Church s of by the errors and the evil live the Albigenses. fr sec On their return om the ond journey , now ss was that their mi ion ended , the travellers pro ceeded to Rome and begged to be sent as missionaries among the Cuman Tartars who were then devastating the Church in Hungary and neighboring countries. The christianization ’ of s s ss the e pagan , and po ibly the martyr s crown s had at their hand , long been uppermost in ’ ’ s s Dominic mind . Bi hop de Az avedo s resigna of his see was f s tion re u ed by Innocent III . His was companion , however, permitted to remain in France and labor for the conversion of the l benighted A bigenses.

But to give a picture , even in mere outline , 22 INTRODUCTORY

’ of the saint s life and labors from this time for ward would draw out this chapter to undue 2 as as us fi of length , well take a eld our subject . Suffice it then to state that from the time n his s s Domi ic began apo tolate in outhern France, it was revealed how thoroughly a man Of God he had become —a flaming apostle of zeal and fire of f charity . The piety and love o God and his fellowman that had smoldered in his bosom during the years spent at the cathedral of Osma

s . now bur t into open blaze Indeed , only the

most Christ- like zeal could have been of any s s so s so avail again t a here y tubborn , deep rooted and so depraved as was that of the Al bi f enses. was s s o g It ubver ive alike all civic order, as well as Of faith and morality . Dominic suc rs f ceeded where all othe had ailed . But the price of his success was tirelesslabor and preach r a ing, impe turb ble patience, unquenchable char s ss m ortific tion ity, cea ele prayer , penance and a , and the aid Of heaven which was won by the ’ s holy man s sacrifices. He hrank before no hard ship ; no danger appalled him . To the writer ’ this part of Saint Dominic s life is one Of the most glorious chapters in the history of the f . s s s Church It timulate zeal, com ort the mind, u s and strengt hens tr t in the providence of God . The religious life came into existence under

9 A real authoritative life of Saint Dominic in the English lan

guage is a desideratum .

INTRODUCTORY 23

’ a of or s ns s the inspir tion our L d cou el , coupled with the desire of modelling oneself after the pattern of the Blessed Master . The various re ligiou s institutes are a development of that life ; and they have been brought into existence by s of His God to meet the need Church . Acci so s ff dentally , to peak , they have o ered , and they i ff s s se f m st ll o er, oul eking per ection in that an ner of life a broader field from which to choose the way better suited to their taste or tempera st s s i ment . Hi ory how that all our great rel gious orders arose in times of wide- spread Spiritual sa f s distress, and that their intly ounder were raised up by an all - wise providence to fill the was s want . Such plainly the ca e with the twin

s as Oft o . s order , they are en called , f Saint Franci and Saint Dominic . But it is with the latter only that we are concerned here. was R In Spain Saint Dominic a Canon egular , and there he lived the religious life special to s that order . In outhern France he became a s TO veritable apo tle . a liberal education the noble Spaniard added a thorough knowledge of theology . Not merely did he possess a keen and penetratin g mind ; he was also endowed with a genius for organization . He was not only a s s great aint , but likewi e a philosopher and a constructive statesman . The Europe of his day was s of s s in a tate eething popular di content, intellectual chaos and religious unrest that fore 24 INTRODUCTORY

boded no small danger to both the Church and s s of society . Thi troubled tate things was

brought about largely by two causes. The first Of these was the gradual disruption of the old

f s s - eudal y tem , due in part to an over rapid in du strial development which drew the people to the towns from the neighborhood of the great s s mona terie in the country , where they had been taught by the monks. These workmen were for the most part unskilled laborers with little or no means of support . Thus in their new environment they and their families were hud led f fi s d together in oul and lthy hovel , by com parison with which the worst of our modern tenement houses are veritable palaces. There s s c they lived in mi ery, and were ubje t to temp tations and moral infection . If to this we add f s few if the act that in the new town there were , s f s few any , priest , and that not in requently the e were unqualified for properly attending to the s of ss need the haple people, the reader may readily see the dangers that arose from such a situation

for . morality, religion and the Church The other cause of this spirit of restlessness s was intellectual in character . Grecian philo ophy had been introduced into Europe by way f s of O Spain . The work Aristotle had been f f rendered rom Greek into Hebrew, rom Hebrew

f . into Arabic , and rom Arabic into Latin In these various renditions the philosophy of the INTRODUCTORY 25 old Grecian masters had been vitiated by the specious and seductive interpretation of the Jew ish and Moorish philosophers of the Spanish r was peninsu la . The esult that the orthodox seats of learning gradually became infected with s s for panthei m and materiali m ; Europe, just emerging from the long period of darkness in duced by the wars and inroads of the barbarians fr was r as om the north , eady to gr p at any mental pabulum . In s r f ss s s s thi way, both p o e or and tudent , even r of s the most o thodox, the univer ities drank from s r s r s d t eam that we e poi one at their sources. f s as us r The al e ide th imbibed we e carried home, ns s into the tow and citie , or even into the country s s a d f pari he , and gradually g ine the minds o the f sses. s res s o ma The trange he ie the Albigenses, ’ to combat which was Dominic s special call r r ec of ing, we e a efl tion this unhealthy state of

'

. Rest r rs so things ive p eache al , both lay and of o s s clerical, all s rt prang up like mushrooms in the cities and along the main routes of travel in western Europe . Almost u niversally the ha ran of es s c es gu es th e e tari , whether heretical or e ac s r otherwise , wer att k on the Chu ch and the f authority of the Vicar o Christ . ’ n s e Domi ic ke n, trained mind told him that, ss b t c not ungodline , u ignoran e and error were fi d f the rst evil to be grapple with , i Europe and religion were to be cured of the ills from which INTRODUCTORY

ff ed sa f f they su er , and to be ved rom the ate of Christianity in the East ; that the heretics and enemies of the Church must be met on their own grounds; and that the wide- spread moral cor ruption was a natural consequence of false teach f a of s n ing. He elt th t the bread ound doctri e should be administered to the people hungry

f r u ed as ro . e ed o tr th , or l tray by er r He r aliz the great need of the Church for trained and s s e d learned preacher and teacher , a n e that had s f m s as as his own exi ted in or er age well in , and f r that would continue o all time to come . In the present crisis he sawno other way of keeping s so the universitie , upon which much depended, faithful to the Church and her doctrine . s Nor the monks, nor the Canon , nor any other r as ns ed ff e eligious order, then co titut , o er d an ’ effective cou nterpoise to the evils of the saint s a was o time. Their pl ce principally at h me and fi ted in the cloister . They bene t religion and society rather as a community than as individu al a s. Dominic would have a tr ined and learned band of orthodox itinerant preac hers whose very vocation would be to teach and explain the truths of religion to the people . Accordingly he turned his thoughts towards the establish ment of an order whose members would pass ac fo u es b k and rth through the co ntry , villag , s s s d s u is town and citie , prea ing o nd Chr tian doc H s trine broadcast . is new Order hould have an INTRODUC' mRY 27 apostolate for souls that would be not only in

so - tensely active, but al world wide . t eac of his f r Although he pr hing ria s, in Saint ’ o s a was to si D minic pl n , be mple and within s of all it was not the gra p , to be without elo a quence and thorough prep ration . They were to stu dy that they might preach from the fruits of their contemplation— give to others what rs e for they had fi t learn d themselves. For this he reason, t manual labor which in the other orders was considered an essential part of the f was set as f religious li e, ide by that o Saint o as r s its cs rd D minic , rega d cleri , in o er to give them more time for the study which was so necessary that they might properly prepare for fi and fru itfu lly ful ll their vocation . s Nor was this all . The aint would have the principal houses of the new institute located His near the leading universities. object in this ' was that its members might both study and teach d s s in those great e ucational in titution , and thus not only take advantage of the opportunities r s offered them the e, but al o contribute their part towards the preservation of true Catholic c a doctrine at such intelle tu l centers. In this s ed connection, it hould be notic that Dominic was the first founder of a religious order who made study and intellectual pursuits a primary

obi of his ns . as for ect i titute Another re on this, apart from those of which we have already 28 INTRODUCTORY

s was s his f a s poken , that he wi hed ri r , whatever fi of their eld labor, to exercise their influence for good as individuals no less than as a commu

nity. Salvation of souls is essentially the end of ’

s r . s is r e Saint Dominic O der Thi decla ed , mor its than once, in constitutions. The means for the attainment of this end are preachin g and

teaching . This is also stated in the consti tutions; and it is the reason for the name of “ ! “ ! s r o Friar Preacher , or O der f Preachers , was i which g ven the institute by Innocent III, is s i r i and t ll etained as ts official designation . D omicans f ar The , there ore, e to labor by preach

ing and teaching for the salvation of souls, w e f is her ver ound . This their vocation . That they may properly qualify themselves for such ost an ap olate they are obliged to make a long, f s thorough course o studies in the sacred science . Al l s e thi , ther can be no doubt , entered into ’

s . as u Saint Dominic plan But a backgro nd, preparation and aid to this apostolic ministry the holy man ordained that his breathren should cultivate many of the monastic Observances con s c d s ns his as e rate by age , and co idered in day ss f f or s . s e e ential the religiou li e The e , inde d, f i are to Dominican li e as leaven s to bread . They should so fill the hearts of the friars with a love ofGod and their fellowman that it will Over

flowin a z ealous and effective ministry for souls.

30 INTRODUCTORY

has r lic doctrine, it the added pu pose of pre paring learned men in all the sciences that they s v s s may er e the Church , religion and oul in every way and emergency . ’ Nor must it be forgotten that until Dominic s day preaching was regarded as the special pre of s rogative the bishop . None could undertake s ffi ss thi o ce unle authorized by the ordinary. But our saint would have his brethren universal s In f preacher . order that they might be reer ss of to carry on their mi ion, and greater u se f ss s of w ulne to the Church , their phere action as s not to be limited by dioce an boundaries. It was C s not merely to embrace all hri tendom , but of likewise the pagan nations. Still the man s of s God , in pite opinion to the contrary, did not seek to disassociate the office of preaching from s s hi the hierarchy . He imply wi hed that s new Order of Preachers should hold their commision Of s s from the Holy Father, the prince bi hop ; s s its f s and thi he de ired, not that riar might act of s independently the ordinarie , but that they ff s s v might the more e ectively ub er e them, help s s them in their charge , and thu lighten their burdens. Such were the breadth and the originality of ’ was of Saint Dominic s plan . It an ideal the religious life which no one before his time had s ever sought to crystallize . It was perhap the novelty of the idea that gave rise to many of the INTRODUCTORY 31

fir of objections to the con mation the new Order. Another reason for Opposition was doubtless the vastness of the scheme and the difficulty of bar n iz in s f as s mo g the religiou li e, then under tood ,

so s s . s with broad and inten ive a mini try Hi tory, s s s i however, how that the aint bu lded wisely and a s r s his well . For more th n even hund ed year has s s Order tood the te t without division, and s s a f without ub t ntial change or re ormation . Its s t s and e i great saint , doc or pr achers; ts noted men in every sphere of science and religious ac tivity ; its brave martyrs and fearless defenders of the faith ; its staunch fidelity to the Church and her supreme pastors ; its fruitful labors on the foreign missions ; and its tireless efforts for the purity of Catholic doctrine everywhere - all these furnish matter for some of the brightest f pages o ecclesiastical history . As a has ss the re der doubtle noticed, the part which our saint mapped out for his Order in the activities of the Church give it an essentially and

- pre eminently clerical character. Still it has s alway had , and will ever have, though in fewer rs s as as s s numbe , lay brother well prie t . The s as i ns as brother are truly Dom nica the clerics. They belong to the First Order no less than do f s s. o s the prie t But to tell the e, and of their rt r place and pa in the O der, will be the burden of the subsequent chapters. CHAPTER II

LAY OT THE M THE BR HER IN DO IN ICAN ORDER .

as has s s ed his Saint Dominic, the reader een , wi h

s s . Its s e Order to be inten ely apo tolic cleric , ther f r his ar r o e, in plan, e to make a long and tho ough course of preparation within their cloistered walls. Then they should go forth into the open arena of the world to preach and teach the word of f eternal li e, returning ever and anon to their seclusion in order to replenish their own hearts of with the love God and a zeal for souls. But while the holy patriarch desired his institute to s f of be compo ed chie ly learned men , he had no idea of closing its doors to those whom lack of education or other circumstances might withold f its s f rom the priesthood or apo tolic li e . as of f of We know that , a matter act, one the earliest recruits to the new Order was a lay was i . His Oder c brother name Brother , and he was chosen by Saint Domin ic himself as one of ’ those to be sent to the Order s principal house ric wa of that in Paris. Ode s the first the long

line of holy religious called by all - wise prov [ an idence to serve God in the Order of Saint D om e s of ini , and, though placed in the lowlier tate a n r lay brother, to aid their more lear ed b ethren THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER 83

of s s s. f in the vocation aving oul Un ortunately, of this firstling brother little more is known than was fa f his was that he ith ul in duty, loved by his f res s i f con re , lived a a ntly li e, and died a holy s d f death . Reader , dazzle by the ormidable array of great ecclesiasties produced by the Dominican d its s Order, may be tempte to judge that tandard is too far above the ordinary mind ; or that a lay ’ s s brother po ition therein , by contrast, must be one of undue humiliation . A mere turn of the a s ff page, however, reve l quite a di erent and

’ n s e ac ll Domi ic gr at heart embr ed a classes. s of s st In matter the oul he knew no di inction , except the distinction which God Himself recog i of s n z es . , purity heart and un elfish love The saint realiz ed that as the stars of the heavens ff f di er the one rom the other in glory, but all its contribute, each in own way , to the harmony, Splendor and beauty of the universe ; so men vary s fts in talent , gi and vocation, but all are called l s of to the ove and ervice the one God . Knowing ’ that in the Father s kingdom there are many s s f of man ion , the ounder the Friars Preacher wished the doors of his institute opened to th e nl many who knocked thereat , taking care o y that the learned or apostolic element should be notably

ro s. s of more nume u Indeed, the hi tory the Order of ac s is as s if Pre her a va t tableau , or, you will , a cinematograph , whereon are shown not only 34 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

s s of the accompli hment great and learned men, but also the lives of many whose humble labors f were hidden rom the world, yet were redolent of s with the charm evangelical implicity. s Thi , there can be no doubt , Dominic foresaw a s s in prophetic vi ion . He knew that in the r s s world we e many pure oul that, although not possessed of the learning or endowed with the s c ss for ssa of talent ne e ary an amba dor Christ, needed only the proper environment to blossom f of ss orth into the flower holine . He felt also n t few s that there would be o a who e humility, in spite of their high rank and intellectual attain s s s f ment , would cau e them to hrink rom the f r s s s of s aw ul e pon ibilitie the prie thood, while they would welcome an asylum and a refuge from the world in the Order in the more lowly ’ s position Of a lay brother. The aint s vision has been realized . ’ The Order s father set the example of admit ting into his white- robed band of spiritual athletes the unlettered artisan side by side with the uni rs f ss ve ity pro e or, the eloquent preacher and the

“ His h as f versatile writer. example been ollowed through all the succeeding ages. But to preserve the learned character and prestige Of the institute strict caution has ever been observed that the i s greater number of ts members hould be clerics. s s as as For the ame rea on, all authority , well all

- is s s. law making power, ve ted in their hand THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER 35

This fact ex plains the many enactments re garding the reception and place of lay brothers s of found in the chapter the Order, whether pro

ial . vinc or general We may remark , however, that this circumstance really makes for the hap piness of the brothers by freeing them from cares and responsibilities. Another regulation that tends to the same end is the fact that they form so ss of a society, to expre it, their own, adapted

s c s s s. s to their pe ial need and a piration Thi , ’ b f s s there can e no doubt, o ter the brothers con tentm ent ; for it removes them from those offices

r for and labo s which they have not been called . f is c r its The li e e tainly not without charm . f s Oft re Indeed, ather have en been tempted to gret that they did not become lay brothers instead of priests. The life of a lay brother in every religious ns is es i titute one largely devoted to dom tic ,

s f . f manual or u e ul labor Saint Dominic , ollow

- s s ing a time honored cu tom, made uch work the ’ brother s special vocation in his Order . The holy patriarch wished his priests to give them selves with zest to study and spiritual labors for i the salvation of souls. That they m ght be free for s a s s uch vocation , the con titution , or law , f . s f exempted them rom manual toil Thu , rom of s w the very beginning the Order, uch labor as s r given to the lay brother , who we e not only to contribute to the support of the community in 36 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

s ls thi way, but a o to be an aid to their clerical confreres by leaving them greater freedom for s s their piritual avocation . In accordance with s was s the ame principle, it advi ed that lay postu 1 s s s in s art lant hould be killed ome or trade . This, was s s s however, not alway in i ted upon as an s s s for ss indi pen able requi ite admi ion . s fr From the out et, men om nearly every walk f r of s in li e, wea y the world and eeking an abode wherein they could serve God with greater peac e ss s f and happine , have ought re uge under Saint ’ Dominic s standard in the capacity of lay broth f ers. s o f Mo t them, however, have come rom s the arti an or laboring classes. But in these sanctu aries of piety the former slave has at times s of e f O lived on term quality with the reeman . S has the American Indian become the friend and of s w s brother the er t hile Spani h conqueror. Nor has it been altogether rare to see those whose s s s fo rank, po ition and talent held out hope r the c s s of higher pla e and better thing the world, humbly prostrating themselves before superiors of Dominican monasteries and begging the honor of being vested with the habit of the lay brother . Although they came from various stations in

Some writers have concluded from this and similar enactments in general or provincial chapters that the Order was not anx ious to

a e ma la r t rs. us e er seems a the ur r h v ny y b o he To , how v , it th t p po t of these decrees was merely to prevent the convents from being i e r n overstocked with religious who m ght be n ithe pious or useful .

38 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

— and health according to the needs of their con r c of vent and p ovin e, or even the Order . In the olden days the office of soliciting alms from use use was r s ho to ho ent u ted principally to them . But s c us has f thi tom allen into desuetude . t s f has d O herwi e their li e remaine unchanged . s as as we Thu today, in the p t, find them per forming all the offices necessary for the upkeep of a well regulated household . They look after s u c sa s the hou e, ch r h and cri ty ; they attend to d s fi s the age , ick and in rm ; they are baker , s s s s s rs cook , tailor , hoemaker , carpenter , painte , s c s s s plumber , ele trician , engineer , bookbinder ,

s s f s . In printer , gardener , armer , etc a word. as of s today, old, the brother labor in any and every way that helps to support the convent or the province and to give the fathers greater freedom and more time for their apostolic activ s o d ities. The li t given ab ve esignates the character of the occupations in which the lay s brethren ordinarily pend their lives. Other em lo m ents e p y , however, have be n and continue to be assigned them according to their aptitudes and previous training. But of these we shall speak later. Although to the un initiated the life of a Do minican lay brother may seem vastly different f of is a rom that a Dominican cleric, it practic lly r es ff the same . The g eat t di erence between s s s t fr s brother and prie t , apar om the acerdotal THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER 39

a t is a of and m char c er, th t education e ployment, and certain modifications of the law adapted to suit their various activities. They have the one f S ic a d common ather, aint Domin , n labor for of l sa sou s. the same end , lvation The lay ss ha est hi brother, no le t n the pri , must do s part ds c n the s of towar advan i g apo tolate the Order. r o the sa e ows They a e b und by m v , observe the same rule, and enjoy an equal participation in s oo r s an d suff a the merit , g d wo k r ges of the s s m a ca institute . The prie t y be lled master the s ass s workmen, lay brother i tants. During ’ all the centuries of the Order s ex istence the lay r e usef breth en have be n not only ul , but e ven s os r invaluable, allie in the ap tolic wo k inau gu rated by Saint Dominic . And they have taken as as f an honest pride, well ound much happi ss e e ne , in the part which they hav b en enabled to cont ribute towards the spiritual uplift of the world . To the clerics belong the duty of saying the divine office in choir . In place of this the lay o hcrs P aters br t have their and Aves . Like the s e ss cleric , they have th ir ma and their medita

. ns s s R s tion I truction , piou reading, the o ary ,

etc . u S s s , ro nd out their piritual exerci e . Their r s are s o t for ress s p ayer h r er the exp purpo e that , nu o h by their ma al lab r, they may make t e clerics freer for the spccific duties and obligations allotted to them . 40 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

’ ed is r s a Inde , it a b other duty to pply himself heart and sou l to whatever work is assigned to of . As ess Ro a s him Bl ed Humbert m n , a master of the spiritual life and the fifth General of the ass es us is Order, ur , the cleric , who obliged by his vocation to occupy himself with spiritual “ ! s f s things, hould be care ul not to abu e prayer in a c a is such a way th t he may be ome nu ance. From this Humbert concludes that the lay brother s e a ecause a for l o e p ci lly, b me nt manua lab r, who should act in this wise cannot free himself

is s . from censu re . Nor thi all The holy man es not es a e sa r do h it t to y that the b other who, after having performed the devotions that are a t es s f of obligation, he r ily giv him el up to his n s l r of r work and thi k ittle mo e p ayer, is better in the sight of God than one who slights his work in order to pray the more . first s s as Although , at ight. thi sertion Of se s a Bless ed Humbert may em tr nge , it is qu ite i r s far s s e . true . Nor the ea on to e k Labor s f is o for God s ls it el prayer, when b rne or ou , ’ se is of a and or becau it oblig tion , is per

i r s r . formed w th the ight pi it Nay, it is far more acceptable to the Bless ed M aster than menta l or vocal prayer engaged in when one s t n shou ld be occupied at ome hi g else. This is precisely the case with the lay brethren in the

o n . are Order of St. D mi ic They never more pleasing to God than when they are laboring THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER 41 with a good will and a good heart so that their clerical brethren may reap a more fruitful harvest

. s o of souls By uch toil, more ver, they participate in the merits of the apostolic ministry itself. s r a s The greater their ze t , the g e ter al o will be their reward therefor. of as From the earliest days the Order, the s s has s history of their lives how , it been in thi way that its holiest brothers have sanctified is fi d ls themselves. One not only grati e , but a o dified s e in f fu e and in pir d , reading how aith lly and conscientiously they toiled on at the tasks as signed them . They realized that they not merely ’ s ac did God holy will, but even ted the part of true Friars Preac her and fulfilled their voca

‘ tion as Dominicans by thus lending themselves f to the apostolic work o the Order. For although ac ac they did not pre h , nor tually play the part of os es d for s ap tl , they prepare the way other , or enabled them to engage in the ministry for souls without let or hin drance . s s Every lay brother hould keep thi in mind, re membering that he is as really and trul y a mem ber of the Order as is the priest ; that he has an equal - share in its merits ; that this is his way of n its S v s as f contributi g to piritual har e t, well as O sa nctifyin g his own soul ; and that his prayers i fi ss w ll pro t him little, unle he at the same time faithfully applies the hands with which he is set for blessed to the work apart him . A lay 42 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

as ed s brother, inde any Chri tian, can by his prayers draw down the gr ace Of God upon sin s its ss s s ner , the Order or mi ionarie and teacher , for of obtain them the help heaven, and enrich f Of r the ruit their labo s. But he never comes into such direct and immediate touch with the real apostolic life of the institute as when he is

engaged in manual occupation . Toil he must

. as in order to be a true Dominican For, the s has e set the reader will remember, thi be n as ide by the very constitutions as his part in the

Dominican apostolate . Pray also he must at

the allotted times. But unduly to spend in extra prayers time which should be spent in labor c s ss f retards rather than advan e holine of li e . Friars Preacher the lay brothers certainly are ; for co s not ntent with their own alvation , they actively labor that salvation may be carried to r others through their clerical b ethren . Their s vocal and mental prayer may be shortened . But their faithful toil is a most acceptable prayer in the sight of God ; and it is all ordained to the apostolate of the Order in which they

have consecrated themselves to our Divin e Lord . The relations of the lay brothers among them i s of o ft e se selves, n matter lab r, have o en be n tho

. f f of teacher and pupil A beauti ul and edi ying, Of though not exceptional , example how they lived and toiled together is found in the lives Of Bless ed James of Ulm and Brother Ambrogino THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER 43

(little Ambrose) Of Soncino who is also often popularly called Blessed . Both were lay brothers and experts in the painting and making of sta ined r art fr glass. Amb ogino learned the om Blessed

James. They vied the one with the other in f holiness o life as well as in artistic work . After of s o the death Blessed Jame , Ambr gino wrote f his biography as a token o love and gratitude .

It was the life of a saint written by a saint . The labors of which we have spoken so far are f those which ordinarily all to the lay brethren . They Show the kinds of work which persons entering the Order in that capacity may gener ss ally expect . Doubtle through all the years of ’ the institute s existence such sanctified toils per f d s in se s orme by the brother their clu ion, no less s e s c of than their prayer , have be n a our e grace that brought added fruit to the efforts Of the f s as s ather , whether preacher or teachers. But ’ for s as for s s s the brother , the prie t , the Order S broad, democratic pirit , together with local or s has d fi general need , opene many elds of activity a r cco ding to their aptitude and previous training . s Indeed , many brother have played a not s s s of incon picuou part in the hi tory the Order. few of ffi Not a them , in their o ces of catechists s s e and in tructor , have be n veritable apostles among children, the poor and the ignorant . But in this capacity they have perhaps been especially useful on the foreign missions and in 44 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

new Countries ; for fewwere the missionary bands that were not accompanied by one or more

o s. a br ther In L tin America , it would seem, they did splendid work along this line for the r s as as for o s conque or , well the ab rigine , the

negroes and the mixed breeds. Everywhere the s x rws of brother , by e ample or othe i e , have been no little aid to the fathers in fostering devotion

o . f among the pe ple Some, in act , have done

noble work in this regard . Fra Vincenz o da st i for s c s is Confra Pale r na, in tan e, e tabl hed the ternity of the Holy Saviour in the Church of w n R . s as 1 5 96 the Mi erva, ome Thi in , and the confraternity was long a source of great good to

religion in the Eternal City . At times those who were expert penmen or possessed of a fair education have been employed

as s s of s . s r s s s copyi t book , etc , ec etarie to uperior

or in other clerical positions. Brothers gifted with musical talent have been organists in the

of . s churches the Order Other , again, have been engaged along with the fathers in the work In s of educating secular youth . thi connection, it may be noted that Brother Diego (James) de Santa Maria was the founder of the College of ft rds Saint John Lateran , Manila, which a erwa became one of the principal feeders for the great

s s . University of Saint Thoma , in the ame city f has s re No employment, in act , been con ide d foreign to the vocation of the Dominican lay

46 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

t of be unwor hy Him to whom they were offered .

As t s as - c r s as s rs as archi ect , wood a ver , cul pto , i s as s s as s pa nter , miniaturi t , maker of stained ass s— in gl window a word, in all the broad field

of ecclesiastical art - “ the Dominicans have ex

. st Of celled Along with the udy architecture, of s quite naturally, went that engineering . Thi s for of s cience, in their zeal the good ociety, they

’ not infrequently devoted to the const rII ction of s of work public utility or civic embellishment . Nor was the Order slow to avail itself of the s s fts s f its killed hand , cra man hip or genius o lay

e . ed t c brethr n Inde , here we have in elle tual Spheres wherein the brothers have vied with the fa s— Oft s s ther en surpa sed them . Side by ide priest and brother frequently labored in a spirit ’ of u f o s s holy em lation to beauti y G d hou e, to render religion more inviting and in telligible for ss s c s s of the ma e , to dire t oul in the path virtue ,

or even to make civic and public improvements. There is perhaps no country in Europe that has not had its Dominican lay brothers who were renown ed for their work in one or all Of f is these branches o ecclesiastical art . What of is of true Europe , equally true Latin America s s s and the Philippine I land , where the Friar Preacher have long been one of the most numer Al r ous s. and influential order though , th ough ’ the proverbial negligence of the institute s chron i l rs s of c e and the de tructive agencies time , the T T C PT 47 ARCHI EC S , S UL ORS, ARTISTS names of many of these devotees of art have f s of allen into unde erved oblivion, the memory a sufficient number still survives to Show us how

t wi - s r zealous, unwearied , excellen and de p ead c s were their labors. More than this ; the re ord , s f as r canty and imper ect they are, p ove that these lay brethren devoted their artistic talent not only to the beautification of the house of ft of f f s to God and the upli the aith ul , but al o ific i their own personal sanct at on . They made their very toil a prayer . As we read the sketches of s s f see their live , we almo t ancy that we can them as they hasten from their labors to their f choral duties, and rom the choir back to toil . We wonder which was the more meritorious in the s of ssed s ight the Ble Ma ter, their work or their prayers. We ask ourselves! Was it the o f of irony f ate, or the reward their zeal and s humility, that their plendid temples, their ex qu isite tableaux or miniatures and their gor eous s r e for g window emain d centuries, or still n remai , preaching and teaching, while the elo d c quent divine, the learne le turer and the ardent ss r fi mi iona y, or even the proli c writer, have long since been forgotten! Space and time do not permit us to attempt a detailed account of the lives or works of any of

s e - r the e devot d lay b other artists. Su flice it then to mention a fewof those who not only stood at of s c fess s the head their re pe tive pro ion , but also 48 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER left monuments Of art for the admiration and 2 of f enlightenment uture generations. f ’ s o . The convent Florence, St Mark s and Santa for s f Maria Novella, in tance , ormed two cele brated schools in which Dominican artists were for s f trained purpose o their own Order . From among the architects who belonged to the latter s s f s in titution , we may elect our brother who are apt illustrations of the u se which the Order made of i Fra ts talented lay brethren . These were is of l R s of S to F orence, Fra i toro Campi, Fra Gio vanni Brachetti (commonly called Fra Giovanni f m of his da Campi ro the place birth) , and Fra ac J opo Talenti of Nipoz z ano . Fra Sisto and Fra Ristoro designed and began the great DO m in ican church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence , is s ft s of which to thi day, a er the lap e more than Six s of fi s s t centurie , one the ne t building in a ci y noted for its a rtistic taste and splendid monu s ments. From Florence they were ummoned to

Rome by Sixtus III for work in the Vatican .

While in the Eternal City, they likely drew the

2 i e it was This little book has been written at odd moments. Wh l u er wa the rk the r ter had at a ea i s ec a nd y, only wo w i h nd d l ng p i lly with Dominican artists was Lives of the Most Eminent Painters. ! cu rs and rc tects th e Or er ai m c a r S lpto A hi of d of S nt Do ini , by F the

. Vi . . e a c arc ese . P . ra s a e b Rev . n ent M h , O , (t n l t d y C P M eh n) arc s e er es 0 M he e, how v , giv

su i t devotees of the bl me and he beautifu l .

50 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

i r of lamo Bianched , a lay b other Faenz a, although he lived at a much later period than that covered by this volume. In the course of s of M centuries the plendid Church the inerva, of R had the only Gothic temple prayer in ome, been SO disfigu red by incongruous chapels and other additions out of harmony with its archi tecture that the grand structure had lost its f former beauty and grace ul proportions. More than one architect declared it impossible to re store the sacred edifice to its original purity of Fra was f style . Girolamo then brought rom Faenza ; and he at once entered on his difficult f s wa 1 848 . task . Thi s in Un ortunately , in the f n f of ollowi g year, he ell a victim the revolution IX that drove Pius into exile at Gaeta . But ft a s Girolamo le pl n which were later carried out , with the result that the Minerva is again one of the most beautiful churches in the Capital of Christendom ’ In the Order s cultivation of the beautiful the s of sc tudy ulpture, whether in wood or in stone, of went hand in hand with that architecture. of its s s of Some best culptor were brothers. One those deserving mention was Fra Giacomo di of Andrea, a native Florence . He belonged to Santa Maria Novella and seems to have been s d v f equally kille in wood car ing, the making o s ass tained gl and architecture . Doubtless his home convent and church reaped no little ad E PT ‘ R ARCHIT CTS, SCUL ORS , A TISTS 51

vantage from his talent . But Rome and Viterbo of his r st were also fields a ti ic labors. He died at the latter place in 1 86 9 . Nor must we overlook n Fra Guglielmo Ag elli, more generally known as Fra Guglielmo da Pisa from the place of his r in his birth . He ente ed the Order native city, his f and there learned pro ession . Although of f his ‘ an honorable amily, humility led him to er become a lay brother rath than a priest . Fra ’ Guglielmo s skilled hands found employment in Pisa and other cities ; but the work which has specially immortaliz ed his name is the marvel lous tomb of Saint Dominic in the Dominican

r . Chu ch , Bologna ’ What Fra Guglielmo did for the Order s f s h ounder, that al o two Frenc lay brothers did for its st a c greate theologi n and intelle tual light , s of es Saint Thoma Aquin . Th e were Brothers s Borre Ra of Claudiu y and John ymond, both of R the convent Saint omain, Toulouse, France . They designed and executed the splendid m as sive tomb of the Angelic Doctor which adorned the Dominican church in Toulouse for more s O than two hundred year , but which , like S many O s of c es as was ss other bject e cl i tical art , ruthle ly es d troyed by the French Revolution .

of n a s or In the art painti g, whether on c nva f es as was s in r co, perhap only natural , the Do minican priests have rather surpassed their lay s brethren . But that the brother also engaged 52 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

zealously and successfu lly in this domain is shown by such names as Fra Giovannino (little John) of M arcojano ; Fra Marco and others of the com munity of Santa Maria Novella ; Fra Girolamo Monsigniori of Verona ; and Fra Paolino (so called from his diminutive stature) or Paolo da Pisto a s j , not to mention many brother belong of ing to the Convent Saint Mark , Florence, and

monasteries of the Order elsewhere . In the history of miniature and the art of ssa s illumin ating mi l , antiphonaries and other books used for the divine services the Domini ’ cans have ranked high . The Order s lay brothers have likewise contributed their quota to its fi of glory in this eld activity . Santa Maria ’ Novella and Saint Mark s cultivated miniature in s e and illumination an e p cial manner. In both convents many of the best miniaturists and

n s s. illumi ator were brother Indeed , had Saint ’ Mark s produced no other illu minator than Fra st of Eu achio, a native Florence, it would still s of have de erved well Italian art. It is note as worthy, indicating the ardor with which that s for f community cultivated a ta te the beauti ul , that a number of its members gave up their ecclesiastical stu dies after attaining deaconship in order to have more time for their artistic of s work . Two the e were Fra Bartolomeo della

Porta and Fra Filippo L appaccini- u the former a st painter, the latter a miniaturi and illuminator

54 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER were sculptors of stone and carvers Of wood as

a artificers ass. s well s in gl Other , again, were s s of r painters in the ordinary en e the wo d , or even architects of note ; for in former ages the lines between the various arts and trades were as not so strictly drawn they are today . At n times, agai , one convent or province would borrow a brother from another for some special s s s ex ecu work or need . Thi perhap explain the tion of a stained - glass window in the choir of ’ n s s n Saint Catheri e , Pi a , by Brother A drew, a

native of Poland . s for c Tar ia , or inlaid woodwork de orative pur is s i Of fine s DO poses, t ll another the art which m inican lay brothers have cultivated and aided f . s in bringing to per ection In thi connection , for s of s nl the ake brevity, we hall mention o y f o . the Convent Saint Dominic, Bologna Here, f of s in the early hal the ixteenth century, we find four brothers who were renowned for their

as s . of s Fra t r ia, or mo aic wood One the e, Dam

few hi . iano da Bergamo, had equals in s art

The other three, Fra Bernardino, Fra Antonio s n A i elli and Fra Antonio da Lunigiana , while SO fi e as not pro ci nt their teacher, Fra Damiano, still executed decorations in inlaid wood which ss po essed no little merit . n e s w I de d, almo t every here have Domin ican atr es conversi rs fi , or lay brothe , engaged in s arti tic work . Other names might be adduced TE T T RT T ARCHI C S, SCULP ORS, A IS S 55 of those who attained renown as modellers in

as etc. s ffi has bronz e, pl ter, But u cient been said to Show how broad and varied the work offered by the Order to men desirous of serving God in ar for religion, yet unprep ed , or unwilling to the res ons l es of s assume p ibi iti the prie thood. s s f For the ame rea on, we orbear to mention of se r S any tho who we e killed engineers, civil or Su flice st military. it to ate that the lay brothers r of s as Of the O der Preacher , indeed the brothers s s u s s of all religiou in tit te , while anctifying their s s s own oul , have merited plendidly not merely f as o so . of religion, but ciety well We have only to regret that , owing to the ungrateful silence of s ss ss of historian , the ruthle ne men and the s of f destructive agencie the time, too many o s them have been con igned to unmerited Oblivion . s s h So, too, with our available ource , as the inde ! ! “ ! i F r iere Fm term nate , or (Brother) in O s was which, the lden day , so indiscriminately d es applie to pri t and lay brother alike , often made it impossible to determine to what category some of s is r s s d the e Chr tian a ti t belonge . In every age art has been prim arly devoted to

religion . It is when consecrated to this sacred Object that it atta ins the heights of the Sublime

f . rc d f i and beauti ul Divo e rom religion, ts tend is s ency to cater to luxury and plea ure, to c be ome debased and immoral . Workin g hand s s in hand with the prie t , under their direction, the 56 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

artists among the Dominican lay brothers have consecrated their talents to God . Their skillfu l hands (it cannot be repeated too Often) reared magnificent temples whose domes or steeples ward and s pointed heaven , who e interior beauty was so devotional that the soul of the worshipper was wafted on high . Religion was the fountain source of inspiration for these humble friar e s artists. They bequeath d to the world ublime w as . moral lessons. Nor this all They left i s in s beh nd them poem marble , tone, bronze , s a r wood , canva or gl ss that not only se ved to of quicken the piety and devotion all , but even taught the unlettered the saving doctrines of fi Christianity . They sancti ed themselves at the f r f od same time that they labored o the glory o G , the good of religion and the spiritual betterment of their fellowm an. At times the chroniclers and annalists seem not to know which to admire s i f the more, their work or their hol ness of li e . Blessed James of Ulm and Fra Abrogino of ns n n of Marco ano G u l So i o, Fra Giovanni o j , Fra g r rs ielmo Agnelli, B othe Claudius Borrey and R ia of e John aymond, Fra Dam no B rgamo, Fra us s o E tachio, Fra Si t and Fra Ristoro are a few among many conspicuous examples of the holy

s s - r live led by the e lay brother a tists. Their names were chosen because they represent the various branches of the ecclesiastic art specially cultivated by the order . E T T R RT T 57 ARCHIT C S, SCULP O S, A IS S

Such in briefest outline is the life of the lay Of ni Al brother in the Order Saint Domi c. though so much of the chapter has been given to the artistic work that fell to the lot of some s e of the brother , it wer not true to conclude that such labors are assigned to a proportionately f s is large number . In act, thi rather in the r of e ac natu e an exc ption , and cording to the s of a needs and pirit province or convent . It is history, however, that many have been thus em in c of ployed the ou rse centuries. Still the ordi s s of s are nary ta k brother , and have ever been, such as those mentioned on a previous page r mo e humble indeed in the intellectual sphere, ess s for but not l whole ome the soul, nor less f us s o God. meritorio in the ight This, however, r s f f will be eadily een rom the ollowing chapter . CHAPTER III

T H E D O M I N I C A N L A Y B R O T H E R AND RE LIG IOUS PE RFECTION

Every Catholic knows the meaning Of the m r s s s ter the eligiou tate, or the religiou f ! li e . Yet it is not SO easy to give the term a s fi a clear , ter e de nition . Suffice it then to s y that the religious state is that in which one leads a life in common with the members Of the religious Its order or institute to which one belongs. ss s s of s e ential are the vow poverty , cha tity and O bedience . Without these vows there is no s s s s religiou tate, order or in titute in the trict 1 s Of canonical ense the word . s st s f for The religiou ate , or the religiou li e ( s as is the term used here are synonymous) , em braced by persons who aspire to greater sanctity f is and per ection ; that , to a more intimate union with God and a more abundant participation in His s Of grace . The three vow which we have spoken bind religious to an Observance of the

See the new Codex Juris Canonicl Canon 48 7 fi De Religio Solemn vows and common life make the religious order ; ut the simple vows and common life make the religious institute. B ! ! ! ! terms order and institu te are often used indiscriminately in this i e u e ecause its ur se es re uire a ri i a ere ce l ttl vol m , b p po do not q g d dh n i The i ica s ake s e s and eir a e se. to th techn c l s n Dom n n t ol mn vow ,

thus are an order . THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER 59

a evangelical counsels. They c nnot be content s with a mere Observance of the precepts. Chri tians living in the world are bound only by the e u s precepts or commandments . R ligio are held

for ws u to more, by their vo they have reno nced the world in order to make God their exclusive s s portion . Indeed, they oblige them elve to the narrower but straighter way of the counsels which leads more directly and securely to per fection of soul . It is for this reason that the religious life is s of f is s called a tate per ection ; that , becau e it f ct s ss leads to per e ion , or becau e holine , when f is s u s is i such a li e crup lou ly lived up to, ts log s be ical goal . Here, however, it hould noted that, s u s as all theologian tell , while the religious f i s of f s s li e s a tate per ection, t hi doe not imply that every religious must be actually perfect ; but merely that everyone who h as thus given

s f us s f c him el to God m t trive to become per e t . s is Sin for In other word , it no a religious not to be perfect ; but it is a sin for him not to aim

f c . f c of at per e tion In a t, in every age Christian ity there have been souls in the world who were far f ct more per e than many a religious. Yet s s under ordinary circum tance , the religious life is not only the better way, but likewise one that i f f s s s. is reer rom danger and hindrance It , f s moreover, a li e con ecrated by the Church to s Of s the ervice the Divine Ma ter. 60 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

All this the various religious orders have in common . As every Christian is obliged to Oh s c s i erve the ommandment and avoid s n , so all s religiou , in addition to these , are constrained to f Of aim at ollowing the evangelical counsels. their own free choice they bind themselves to God s c f in an e pe ial manner, and to ollow the , of s path alvation pointed out by Christ . Now, as s ws our Saviour teache and experience sho , the s t sin s a of thing that, nex to , t nd in the way the f of s s for s higher li e the oul are thir t riches, plea f es o s of . ur the fle h , and love honor and power Against these obstacles to salvation our Blessed Lord gives the three evangelical counsels of pov ert s s v y , cha tity and Obedience . Their Ob er ance is the surer and more expeditious way of gaining the victory in the perpetual warfare between — body and soul between earth and heaven . These counsels of our Lord religious not only e l of f he d, but also make them a bounden m e li e of for by their three vows. By the vow poverty , ns s s ss ss of i tance , they relinqui h per onal po e ion f s earthly goods. By the vow o cha tity they give up the right Of lawful marriage and arm them selves against the inclinations Of the flesh ; while by that Of Obedience they surrender their own will in all that is not contrary to law and f f as . o s re on Thus the li e a religiou , when lived

- r is o in a whole hearted Spi it , a c mplete immola ’ tion of one s self on the altar of divin e love .

62 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

e of ea s h as The Ord r Pr cher , and not inaptly,

of s. s f been called an Order Saint Hi tory, in act , shows that it ranks high among the religious institutes whose members have been conspicuous fo fi r delity to their vows and rules. Nor have its ren r s lay breth , in propo tion to their number , fallen behind its clerics in the way of eternal f s c li e ele ted by Saint Dominic . Though more priests than brothers of the Order have been s the of a f rai ed to honor the alt r, noted or their es st f r sa holy liv , or di inguished o their intly s s is fa death , thi largely due to the ct that the priests have always greatly outnumbered the brothers. Those who have lived in a community can attest the saintly lives led by many humble

brothers. Although their memory often fades f i s of f t rom the m nd men, they are not orgo ten o f G od ; neither do they go unrewarded by Him . s s of s What with the cau e which we have poken, and what with the time and sources at our dis s r to s po al , it were idle to p etend give the name Of all the Dominican lay brethren who have f s r n ss. d been conspicuou o their holi e Indee , the s s se s s s ubjoined li t, it em quite certain , how only a small part Of those who were eminently men of God during the eeriod which it covers; that ’ is fi s five s of s , during the r t centurie the Order s f t as st is exi tence . However , imper ec the li , it will serve to give the reader an idea of the AND RELIGIOUS PERFECTION 63 the fidelity with which these more lowly Friars i s as Preacher have served the Div ne Ma ter, well as to Show the opportunity offered pious souls in the Order to sanctify themselves in the humble t e state Of a lay brother . Prac ically all mention d are known to have attained the heights of sanctity and to have died most happy deaths. Not a fewof them were declared saints by pcpu are r as lar estimation . Some now rega ded rs c n o nl venerable, while othe onti ue c mmo y to be ca lled blessed, a title given to them by an 2 admiring people . of s s For want of time and dearth ource , our researches extended only to the beginning of e the eighteenth century . Could they have be n o s more thorough , and br ught down to the pre ent

s e r a t . time, the li t would have be n g e tly ex ended

Still it forms a very creditable lay- brother hagi As far as e asc r ology. we have b en able to e tain, it is the first time that the names of these holy brothers have ever appeared in a list by them

s . s s selves. Thi , it would eem , hould quicken s interest in our little work . Perhap it may inspire others to undertake studies along the n s ct es same li e in their re pe ive provinc , with the result that some day we may have a far more

3 “ ! ! ! It goes without saying that the terms saint and blessed are the u ar s s us d the e e an d t at th e employed here in pop l en e e by p opl , h writer has no intention of anticipating any decree of the Church e sam re ar a es t e ua rce bestowing these titles. Th e m k ppli wi h q l fo “ ! to the term venerable 64 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER complete table of those who have thus served God the rd i , O er and relig on in the humble a t of la cap ci y y brother. the a of s In chronologic l order their death , as far s sc r a we have been able to a e tain, the list of these holy men runs as follows!

’ BR T ER ODERIC of r a the rder s ear ies la O H No m ndy, O l t y br ie in ra in a l the t irtee t other. D d F nce the first h f of h n h

ROT ER of ai . ie in orocco frica B H JOHN Sp n D d M , A ,

arc 4 1938 . M h ,

T ER ie a . ie in t a ci ri 96 BRO H LANDI of S nn D d h t ty , Ap l ,

1 960.

ROT T . ied in eru ia B HER HADDEUS SCALZI D P g ,

cto r 91 1956 . O be ,

ROT ER R . ie at a tare rtu a a B H MA TIN D d S n m, Po g l , p

parently between 1 950 and 1960 .

a a tare a u the sa e BROTHER DOMINIC . Died t S n m bo t m

time as the above .

a a tare a out the BROTHER GONZALEZ . Died t S n m b

Same time as the two j u t mentioned .

‘ ie at eru ia a u BROTHER ANDREW MANCINI . D d P g , J n a r 4 y 1 , 1960 .

m Ma 15 m o. PM . ie at r BENVENUTO D d , y .

ie at antarem Por BROTHER MARTIN ( another) . D d S ,

tu a ece er 94 1969 . g l, D mb ,

E . ied at i o es ra ce BROTHER PETER FRACH T D L m g . F n ,

ec r 99 1965 . D embe ,

f eru ia . ied at eru ia a u BROTHER BLAISE o P g D P g , J n

ary 97, 1967 .

NDE . ied at eru ia e ruar BROTHER BENINTE D P g , F b y

10, 1967 .

a et ee T . ie at a rs r ce BROTHER MAR IN D d C ho , F n , b w n

1960 and 1970 .

ied at ri es ra ce BROTHER ELIAS MARTEL . D B v , F n ,

ri 1 1 1975 . Ap l , AND RELIGIOUS PERFEC TION 65

ROT ER ET R ssisi . ie at eru ia ct er B H P E of A D d P g , O ob

91 , 1979 .

’

T R . ie in orence 1983 . FRA RIS O O D d Fl ,

’ FRA T . Died at Rome in arch 1989 . SIS O M ,

T ER . ie at eru ia u e 8 1990 . BRO H DOMINIC D d P g , J n ,

ROT R ETER R E . ied at imo es ra ce B HE P BO N T D L g , F n ,

arc 5 1999 . M h , — R of Ba sam . ie at or i a date FRA CA INO l o D d F l , It ly , variousl i e as ri 1 u ust 8 and e er 19 y g v n Ap l , A g Nov mb ,

1993 .

During the second half of the same century, f r ! or early in the ou teenth , there died

FRA of rviet in t at cit BUONO O o, h y ,

T ER R at an are ortu a BRO H HEN Y , S t m , P g l,

OT R at Basel Switaeriand BR HER LEONA D , , ,

OT or REY isa and BR HER REGINALD NOLD of P ,

OT R i an BR HE NICHOLAS of M l .

ied a ou 1300 . BROTHER STEPHEN of Meta. D b t

f e abou 1300 . BROTHER JOHN o Basel . Di d t

T E . ie at i es Ma 96 BRO HER MARTIN BON L D d L mog , y ,

1309.

' ' MAZEI TO . ie at re c cto r 1 1 18 10 . FRA D d Flo n e , O be ,

ROT R de or bi . ied at Jerea a i B HE JOHN T i o D , Sp n ,

e tem er 7 13 19 . S p b ,

ES of l re ce . ied ebruar 90 1318 . FRA BORGH E F o n D F y , BROTHER WILLIAM AGNELLI ( commonly known a s

Fra u iel da isa . ie u ust 18 1818. G gl mo P ) D d A g ,

FRA R 9 . T . ie at re ce 181 ALBE TINO MAZZAN I D d Flo n ,

R T R r i in the r B O HER GERA D o SIGWIN . D ed old P ov f w i ce o acia et ee 18 10 and 1 . n D , b n 390

or . ie at revis ri 94 FRA BONINO BUONO D d T o , Ap l ,

1390 . ROT R eru ia . ie at eru ia a u B HE ANDREW of P g D d P g . J n

ary 15 , THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

“ ! T ER dc er e . ie at eru ia te BRO H JOHN V n D d P g , Sep m

ber 94 , 13m.

’ T ER E d A ello . Died at Peru ia Feb BRO H R GINALD g g ,

r 5 183 1 . rua y ,

ER BLASB . at Peru ia 1331 . BROTH Died g ,

' ' BROTHER JOHN BRACHEI TI ( Fra G iovanni da G ampi ) .

e F re ce 1339. Di d in lo n ,

Z . isa 1340. FRA FA IO Died in P ,

of arc a . i in r ce FRA GIOVANNINO M oi no D ed Flo en ,

r 16 1348 . Ap il ,

at isa a ut the same t m as the BROTHER LOT . Died P bo i e

e in BROTHER JAMES ( Fra Jacopo) TALENTI . Di d

re ce ct r 2 362 . Flo n , O obe , 1

i at BROTHER JAM ES ( Fra Giacomo) d Andrea . Died

V ter 1369 . i bo,

During the same century (the 1 4th) died

FRA BENVENUTO of Bologna and

BROTHER NICHOLAS of Imola .

as . ie at mar rma BROTHER PETER of B el D d Col , Ge ny ,

m r 1 8 1420. Nove be ,

R T a es . ie in a cit e tem er B O HER PETER of N pl D d th t y , S p b

30, 1450.

. e a r 24 1460 . BROTHER BONIFACE Di d in Bologn , Ap il ,

TT . at e a em er 25 BROTHER MA HEW Died G no , Nov b ,

1475 .

R FRANCHIOTE . e ali i B OTHER FELIX Di d in G c a.

a em r 15 1484 . Sp in , Sept be ,

RO a . ie a nz a r 8 B THER JOHN of Bologn D d in F e , Ap il ,

1494 . i i . e n a es u e 13 1500. BROTHER ANGELUS D d N pl , J n ,

. e a e ruar 5 1 1 . FRA AMBROGINO Di d in Bologn , F b y , 5 7

R T Fra ro am B O HER JEROME ( Gi l o) MONSIGNORI . e at a tua a e ar us i as 1 Di d M n d t v io ly g ven 500 and 1519 . AND RELIGIOUS PERFECTION 67

ta a BRO THER GONZALEZ de San M ria. Died at Guima

raens rtu a cem er 8 1 522 . , Po g l , De b ,

T R e r rtu a . e t BRO HER PETE of Av i o, Po g l Di d a that

lace a uar 12 1528 . p , J n y ,

FRA T S . i at o na ul 1529 . ANAS A IO D ed Bol g in J y,

R TT de la . at alama ca BROTHE MA HIAS PAZ Died S n ,

r 2 1535 . Ap il ,

Pisto a. u ust 3 1547. FRA PAOLINO of j Died A g ,

RO ENT a t m nic. at r a B THER VINC of S in Do i Died Co dov , 4 May 17, 15 8 .

R ER ETE a Dom nic. rtu a B OTH P R of S int i Died in Po g l ,

em er 3 1548 . Sept b ,

T . rence m e te r 95 1 5 . FRA EUS ACHIO Died in Flo , S p be , 55

B REGO de Aren a. at ae ai ROTHER G RY Died J n, Sp n ,

em er 24 1556 . Sept b ,

O of GOD . e at uc e a BR THER JOHN Di d L hent , Sp in ,

ecem er 3 1556 . D b ,

E e the BROTHER BARTHOLOMEW MAT OS . Di d on

coas r a ec er 1559 . t of Flo id , D emb ,

E . a a Mex BROTHER GR GORY CASTANO Died in Chi p ,

ico u ust 5 1564 . , A g ,

T de a a ar a. at Bemfica BRO HER REGINALD S nt M i Died ,

r u a ruar 1 3 1 574 . Po t g l , Feb y ,

er . i at a es u us BROTHER PHILIP of Vit bo D ed N pl , A g t

13, 1 575 .

de la a th as BROTHER PETER Magd lena . Died in e E t

ies ruar 15 1 580. Ind , Feb y ,

. the es ies BROTHER ALBERT GARNICA Died in W t Ind ,

r 1 3 1580. Ap il ,

’ O d Andrada . e c Oc BR THER GONZALES Died in M xi o ,

er 20 1584 . tob ,

R de e a. ma eru BROTHER MA K M n Died in Li , P , No

e ar 10 1584 . v mb ,

T . in Ph ebla e ic BRO HER FRANCIS GARCIA Died , M x o ,

r 6 1586 . Ap il ,

h i i i es T Z . ie in t e BROTHER PE ER MARTINE D d Ph l pp n ,

ec m er 9 1591 . D e b , 68 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

OT a ta ar a. v e De BR HER PAUL de S n M i Died in Se ill ,

cember 30, 1597 .

The following five lay brothers also died in the same century (the sixteenth) ; but we have not been able to learn the precise dates of their deaths!

R E I a mas at Val B OTH R SERVAT US of S int Tho ,

ladolid,

ROT ER ET de la ruz at al a B H P ER C , V l dolid ,

ROT r San e cr in B HER JULIAN of Bo go S pol o , F re c lo n e,

R T as u ra at Val B O HER CHRISTOPHER de P q e ,

ladolid, and

ROT A dc am ra at ax aca e ic . B HER MICH EL Z o , O , M x o

e in BROTHER VINCENT of Palestrina. Died in Rom late

the sixteenth or early in the seventeenth century .

T de r es. i at aen BRO HER CHRISTOPHER T oy D ed J ,

a a uar 7 1600. Sp in , J n y ,

de Paiacios. anu BROTHER GABRIEL Died in Seville, J

ary 9, 1600.

ai as . in a i a BROTHER DOMINIC of S nt Bl e Died M n ll ,

u 20 1600. J ne ,

’ OT d Ochoa . at a a uar 4 161 6 . BR HER PETER Died J en , J n y ,

ROT T NY . at ma B HER AN HO RODRIGUEZ Died Li ,

ru arc 2 1619 . Pe , M h ,

ROT E E . the miss s of artar B H R AL XIS Died on ion Old T y ,

em er 10 1620. Nov b ,

O . i at o BROTHER DOMINIC G NZALEZ D ed T ledo,

a u ust 7 1626 . Sp in , A g ,

E T de arra a . i at ma u us BROTH R MAR IN B g n D ed Li , A g t

3, 1627 .

R T . ar ra ce B O HER JOHN GERVAIS Died ne Avignon , F n ,

ct r 27 1629. O obe ,

THONAT . at Se BROTHER GERVASE Died Avignon , p

t m r 16 1639. e be ,

70 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

ie BROTHER CHRISTOPHER dc Todos Santos. D d in

a a a ai Ma 5 1 648 . M l g , Sp n , y ,

e n BROTHER GREG ORY de Santa Maria . Di d in Sa Lucar

dc arrame a ai u e 18 1648 . B d , Sp n , J n ,

de uirr . at er ca a a u BROTHER JOHN Ag e Died J i , Sp in , bo t

1648 or 1 649.

de ra a . i in e e BROTHER HYACINTH Mi nd D ed S vill ,

a uar 27 1649. J n y ,

. ie in aris u 1 1 649 . BROTHER JOHN CHAPON D d P , J ly ,

de u r a. ie at uc e e a . BROTHER PETER Q i og D d L h nt , Sp in

e e er 4 1649 . S pt mb ,

i h i c BROTHER NICHOLAS de Cidonia . Died n t e Prov n e

reece 1649 . of G , in

de i i i in i ce BROTHER JOHN C don a. D ed the Prov n of

reece in 1649. G ,

dc a i r i ce BROTHER FELIX C ndia. D ed in the P ov n of

re ce in 1 649 . G e ,

H PT T andi ie in the Pro BROTHER JO N BA IS de C d . D d

i ce reec 1649 . v n of G e, in

The seven brothers whose names immediately follow died some time between 1 640 and 1 65 0

ames de esus at a BROTHER DIEGO (J ) J , Rond , ai Sp n .

T O in arta e a a BRO HER J HN ROBLEDO , C g n , Sp in ,

O MANSU ETU S V e BR THER ITRY , in Rom ,

O O O a BR THER J HN GUERRER , in Sp in ,

O sar in rtu a BR THER JOHN of the Ro y , Po g l ,

O in a and BR THER DOMINIC GEROS, Sp in ,

O R e. BR THER JAMES , in om

a er . e in me u e 24 BROTHER JAMES ( noth ) Di d Ro , J n ,

1650.

R a u us i i i B OTHER FRANCIS of S int A g t ne. D ed n the

i s er 12 1 650. Ph lippine , Septemb ,

a u us i e a e BROTHER FRANCIS of S int A g t n ( nother) . Di d i he i i M n t es a 14 1 65 1 . Ph l ppin , y , AND RELIGIOUS PERFECTION 7 1

T i Béz iers BRO HER BERNADINE HERAUD . D ed in ,

ra ce anuar 3 1652 . F n , J y ,

OT . ie in ma eru Se BR HER SIMON GARCIA D d Li , P , p

te er 16 1 652 . mb ,

T T . e in ar s an u BRO HER CHARLES RAS EAU Di d P i , J ar y 26 , 1655 .

. ie at T r ra ce BROTHER ANGELUS BLANC D d ho , F n ,

ri 5 1655 . Ap l ,

at Aca BROTHER DIEGO (James) de Santa Maria . Died l u co ex c ab u 1657 . p , M i o , o t

O ma ru de ue a. i e BR THER JOSEPH R d D ed in Li , P ,

r 4 1658 . Ap il ,

ia dc uar a a e. e at r BROTHER THOMAS G d v ll Di d So no ,

ta m r 5 1659 . I ly, Nove be ,

BR D e at Soria OTH E ANTONINU S de Ceresano. R i d no ,

a e r 5 1659 . It ly , Nov mbe ,

i u e O . e n e ic 7 BROTHER FRANCIS M NTES Di d M x o , J n ,

1 661 .

O . Die at a i a e BR THER JOHN ESTRADA d M n l , Nov m

ber 26 , 1662 .

! i - ax i i de a a . at a BROTHER JOHN L p D ed S int M m n ,

ra ce Oc er 3 1663 . F n , tob ,

T CARAYOL . e at G a BRO HER BALTHASAR Di d p,

ra ce c r IS 1 664 . F n , O tobe ,

’ ie BROTHER WILLIAM O GORMAN (an Irish exile) . D d in a ri a u 1665 M d d , bo t .

O . ied in a s u 12 1668 . BROTHER RAYM ND D N ple , J ly ,

O BORREY . i at u u se BR THER CLAUDIUS D ed To lo ,

ra ce e ee 1 660 and 1 670. F n , b tw n

i a er ici O V a Carleone. e BR THER INCENT D d in P l mo , S ly ,

between 1660 and 1 670.

A . e at u use ran ce BROTHER JOHN R YMOND Di d To lo , F , e 6 b tween 1660 and 1 70.

ie at BROTHER RICHARD (or Edmond) HUSSEY . D d

ra ee r a a u 1 671 . T l , I el nd , bo t

i ari a uar 5 des r es . e in s BROTHER PETER Fo g D d P , J n y ,

1 679 . 7 2 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

CROISSON i at ra ce Ma BROTHER LOUIS , d ed Albi , F n , y

25 , 1 685 .

TEXIER. at es ers ra ce BROTHER RAYMOND Died B i , F n ,

ct er 22 1689 . O ob ,

at i t- a BROTHER VINCENT FUNEL . Died Sa n M ximin ,

ra ce ri 1 5 1694 . F n , Ap l ,

TEYSSERE. e at a ce BROTHER DOMINIC Di d V len ,

ra ce em er 4 1698 . F n , Nov b ,

at Rom in the se e BROTHER JOHN of Pesaro . Died e v n

teenth century .

’ rela in BROTHER RICHARD O CLEARY . Died in I nd

the seventeenth century .

R CHARRACIN . e at s ra ce B OTHER JOHN Di d Lyon , F n ,

u 98 1702. J ly ,

’ T T ora . at u us N vem er BRO HER PE ER d nge Died To lo e , o b

8, 171 0 .

The following brothers were overlooked in their proper order

P t ucar BROTHER ILDE HONSUS de la Cruz . Died a San L

de arram a ai u ust 9 1646 . B ed , Sp n, A g ,

OT DALMATIUS . ie in er a BR HER CIURANA D d G on ,

a Ma 7 1647 . Sp in , y ,

a 47. . ie in a u e 99 16 BROTHER JAMES GROU D d M lt , J n ,

T de a ta ar a. e i e arc BRO HER PAUL S n M i Di d in Sev ll , M h

21 , 1648 .

Could destroyed annals be restored ; could scattered records which belonged to suppressed convents or provinces be recovered ; and could es es r our r earch have been more tho ough , and r b ought down to the present day, there l s no doubt but that the names of very many other holy men might have been added to the forego

s . e ing li t Inde d , there is every reason for be AND RELIGIOUS PERFECTION 73

lieving that there is not a day in the year which woul d not be marked by the death of one or more Dominican lay brothers whose saintly lives o and fidelity to duty would be a m del , and even f for s a source o inspiration , tho e who succeed

them generation after generation . Several of s os s r re the brother wh e name are en olled he , it s ses r seem to the writer, were their cau p operly se a c d s of pro cuted , might be c orde the honor the ffi altar without any great di culty . o hr i Indeed , the D minican Order, t ough ts well balanced combination of the active and contem lati f as s p ve li e , h produced on one ide remarkable rs apostles and docto , and on the other stern as ceti s cs and great mystic . The reader has seen e a u how the lay brethr n, through their m n al toil , have contributed their part in the production of n s these lear ed and apo tolic men . He has also seen that not a few of the brothers themselves ff c as a have e e tively engaged , c techists and in st ructors ac of sa i , in the tive work v ng souls, s was a a to although thi ccident l their vocation . s s as as s s Many have likewi e hone cetic and my tics, for s s or their heroic Chri tian and religiou lives. s s te It hould al o be no d that, in the course of s a es O our limited re e rch , a number f Dominicans were discovered the brief records of whom woul d

indicate that they were brothers. But as this was ss s not expre ly tated , their names were not

s . placed in the li t However, in the lives of 6 74 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER those who are mentioned is exemplified to an eminent degree every virtue that can be prac tised by persons seeking to serve God in that f a of state. They came rom all cl sses society, fr and om every walk in life . Some were highly s f r t d t s virtuou be o e they en ere the Order . O her sought therein to make atonement for their f w rl i ss v for Ol s of ormer o dl ne , or e en their d way sin s i . In thi latter connect on, we may mention Brother Carino as a most striking example of extreme wickedness transformed into great holi r his ness. He c owned crimes with the murder fr of Saint Peter Martyr. Saved om the death en i f r p alty by a Domin can ather, Carino ente ed

r w is. t the Orde to hich h vic im belonged, thence

f led s - fe c orth a Chri t like li , did penan e, and died me d Of s ti . x in the odor anc ty So , again, e change the soft robes of nobility for the coarse garb of a a he s fic es a Fri r Pre c r, or acri ed rich , or gave up a os c brilli nt pr pe ts in the world, that they might the more readily practise evangelical poverty ’ w for s s e. as as God ak It out or humility, a rule , that these preferred to be admitted among the brothers of the Order rather than among its i s of s clerics. St ll other were the pea ant and h laboring classes. W atever their place in the s s world, their one purpo e in becoming religiou was that they might be the more intimately God s find ss united with , and thu happine , peace

Of soul and salvation in His service . AND RELIGIOUS PERFECTION 75

Among so many it would perhaps be unfair to select a few and give sketches of their lives as

for s cc so s in . models their u es r the Order Besides, this would un duly extend the present chapter . Suffice it then to say that those whom we have d name , on leaving the world, gave themselves so f f f O heart and ul to their new li e, aith ully h m le of sc ul served the the Order, and rup ously discharged the various duties apportioned them

e s s. was s by th ir uperior It in thi way that they, together with many others whose names are now of ea s known only in the kingdom h ven, ancti

fied their souls and won the crown immortal . CHAPTER IV

DOMIN ICAN LAY - BRO THE R MARTYRS A ND BLESSED

It is not without reason that the Order of

Preachers has been called an order of saints. it has ss e Nor have s lay brothers, it doubtle b en ed d for notic , lagge behind in the conquest holi of f s of has ness li e . Their con uming love God given not a fewof them the strength and forti ’

f r r s r . tude necessary o the marty c own But , owing to the causes given in the preceding Of of chapter, the blessed memory all too many these athletes of the faith has been irretrievably s s lo t to hi tory, although they are known by the

angels and saints in heaven . Wherever the fathers were in any numbers they ordinarily had If on r s . b other associated with them then , we c sider the myriads of Dominican martyrs in s s assa s of s previou age , the m cre the ixteenth and s s r eventeenth centurie , both in Eu ope and on f ss s s the oreign mi ion , it would eem that only a a very small proportion of the lay brethren who have sealed their devotion to God with their rt s of blood will ever be known . The ma yr the

s s. Order run , high into the thou and Among

78 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

of n. a ts. the as s BROTHER PETER S in Died in E t Indie ,

1600 r the crue es rs. in , f om lti of the Moo VENERABLE BROTHER HUMPHREY (or Onuphrius )

. art r in the es u e 8 1695 . PALAO M y ed Philippin , J n , VENERABLE BROTHER FRANCIS and VENERABLE

BROTHER MATTHEW KIFIOYE . Both martyred in

a a u ust 1 5 1633 . J p n , A g ,

in BROTHER CORMAC EGAN ( or Mac Egan) . Martyred

rela a ou 16 42 . I nd, b t

’ BROTHER DONALD O NEAG HTEN (or Naughton) .

art re in r a a u 1 648 . M y d I el nd , bo t

. ar r in re a 1 648 . BROTHER DAVID FOX M ty ed I l nd , in

During the religious wars of the seventeenth r Ol of R ss centu y, the d Dominican province u ia , which embraced eastern Galicia and extended d W ss into Re , hite, and Black Ru ia, had many s f ds martyrs. Among tho e who ell by the han of the Cossacks in the years 1 6 48 and 1 6 49 were the following sixteen brothers. Doubtless other lay brethern won the crown of martyrdom in s r the ame p ovince at that period , but their es as far as nam , we know , have not been pre served .

T and T at em er . BROTHER PE ER BRO HER PLACID, L b g

' '

MA I THIAS at us . BROTHER , B ko

T at amie . BRO HER MARIANUS, Podk n

T and at BRO HER PAUL BROTHER FORTUNATUS ,

Constantinow.

' ' T MA I THIAS at at cz . BRO HER , L y ow

O and T at Bar . BROTHER INN CENT BRO HER FELIX,

OT at ie . BR HER INNOCENT, K f

OTH at Czernobil . BR ER STEPHEN, MARTYRS AND BLESSED 79

E at Cserni ow. BROTH R JOHN , g

R at r rs . BROTHE JAMES, Novgo od Seve k

R and RO at BROTHE MARCELLUS B THER JOHN , u Jes pol .

! R E at Mostisca i BROTHE JAM S, ( )

T R T or BRO HE JAMES MORAN , BRO HER DOMINIC ( atus and R T R H OVETON Don ) BLAKE B O HE RIC ARD , were martyred in Ireland in 1 650 or

’ R art re r la in BROTHE BERNARD O KELLY . M y d in I e nd,

1653 .

T SIMPLICIAN . art r ar m r BRO HER M y ed ne Le be g,

u ust 26 1672 . A g ,

BROTHER FRANCIS de la Vega and BROTHER JOHN de la Vega were martyred in Chili during the seventeenth

century .

MA RTYRE D BROTHERS WHO HAVE BE EN BEATIFIED

ur . art re at vi BLESSED GARCIA of A e M y d A gnonet ,

ra ce in 1 242 . F n ,

4 i ee t ere ere mor la r thers a the se e Likely , nd d, h w e y b o mong v nty two m rt rs the r ce uss a s ames are i in the a y of P ovin of R i , who e n g ven Acts of the Gen eral Chapter of 1650 as having received the crown r B t of immo tality in 1648 and 1649 . ut th ose men ioned in the above ex r list are the only ones p essly noted as such . 5 a er ic ard Oveton t e r is i in the c s A F th R h , of A h n y, g ven A t of the General Chapter of 1650 as martyred in Ireland in 1649 ; while “ ! r er r Oveton of the same lace is me t a Fr . (B oth ) Richa d p n ioned in cts the a t r 166 6 as ein r red in 1 1 e the A of Ch p e of b g ma ty 65 . Som a t ere is a c usi a es the atter a er and think th t h onf on of d t by l Ch pt , at t r was but one Oveton mart r at r Oveton was th he e y , the F he who

rt re in 1649. the r ter r t ese see to a e ee ma y d To w i , howeve , h m h v b n

two difierent persons. 80 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

ESS N E E BL ED A DREW, BL SSED PETER , BL SSED ESS and CYRIL , BL ED JEREMIAH BLESSED THOMAS r mart r at a m r la we e y ed S ndo i , Po nd , in S T BLES ED AN HONY of Saint Dominic. M artyred in

a a e tem r 8 1629 . J p n , S p be , BLESSED DOMINIC MANGAROCHI and BLESSED the sar ere art re in a a em THOMAS of Ro y w m y d J p n , Sept

ber 10, 1622 .

E of ai T as. art r in a a BL SSED MANCIO S nt hom M y ed J p n , m r 12 1 t e 699 . Sep e b , BLESSED PETER de Santa Maria and BLESSED MANCIO de la ruz ere mar re a a u 26 1627 C w ty d in J p n , J ly ,

r r BLESSED THOMAS of Saint Hyacinth . Ma ty ed

a a e te er 8 1698 . J p n , S p mb ,

Of the majority of these martyred lay brothers little more is known than the fortitude with which they laid down their lives in defense of the f aith . But their constancy not only in the great est s s ff s f of trial and u ering , but even in the ace s f is r f s o of f death it el , p oo po itive ftheir purity li e

and heroic virtue . The cause of the brothers who shed their blood in Ireland is now under less s way, and their names will doubt oon be ’ placed on the Church s catalogue of blessed . A ff rt s s rt is is little e o , it eem ce ain, all that required to have a similar honor accorded those who gave their lives in the same cause in the Province of ss 1 6 4 Ru ia during the years 1 648 and 9 . The same may be said of the other martyrs given in fi the rst list . To these again might be added a

rt - e mi ica s ere art re in a mir at t is t me Fo y nin Do n n w m y d S ndo h i , and it is quite probable that there were other lay brothers among

them besides the six whose na mes are given in the above list . MARTYRS AND BLESSED 81 number of the lay brethren mentioned in the preceding chapter . With the happy issuance of all these good causes the Order of Saint Dom in ic would certainly have a list of brothers hon ored on the altar of the Church in which it might take an honest and justifiable pride . s s s s f of Be ide the martyr ju t mentioned , our ’ the Order s brothers have been beatified. These Ballachi ss s of are Blessed Simon , Ble ed Jame ss in res Ulm , Ble ed Mart de Por and Blessed John M assias s of , the la t two whom belong to the hagiology of the New World . Owing to their heroic virtue and the honor which the Church has s s c of s f be towed upon them , a ket h the e our brothers seems not merely to fall within the s of cope our little volume, but even to be de f m anded. So we now lay before the reader a brie outline oftheir history in the chronological order f o their lives.

BLESSED SIMON BALLACHI

Blessed Simon Ballachi was born in the town of ’ R a Sant Arcangelo, near imini, It ly, about the

of s middle the thirteenth century . Some writer tell us that he belonged to a noble and rich fam of his s was s of R ily, that one uncle bi hop imini , and that he had a brother who was a most saintly priest . Simon embraced a military career . But of s s at the age even and twenty year , realizing of s n the vanity the world, the young oldier e 82 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

tered the Order of Saint Domin ic at the convent o his f Rimini . Despite social rank and connec s his l tion , humi ity led him to seek to be enrolled among the lay brothers rather than among the

clerics. s his f Entering heart and oul upon new li e , B o c of r ther Simon became at on e a model virtue . Almost from the outset he was regarded as a s An aint by the community . enemy of idleness s he trove not to waste a moment . The more a r s as ss meni l and labo iou the t k a igned to him , w the greater as his happiness. The garden was his a ordinary ch rge, and he tended it with the greatest care ; but it was his special delight to rc for labor in the chu h , the holy man would of have the house God without spot or stain . So ’ too would he have the home of God s servants clean and cheerful even in its poverty . For this s s f f rea on , he took it upon him el requently to sweep the convent from roof to cellar. Not con ’ his s s tent with own labor , Brother Simon charity urged him to share those of his confreres that he might thus lighten their burdens and contribute his to their happiness. In humility he imagined se f es of s s f him l the vil t men , ought to put him el s s in the lowe t place , and trove to become the servant of every one in the community . But the man of G od did not permit his mani f f old duties to interfere with his spirit o prayer . as Not only did he pray he toiled , and make B L E SSE D SI M ON B A L L AC H I

84 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

His for of was love the Mother God unbounded . The evil one often subjects holy persons to sore s was ss temptation . So it with Ble ed Simon ; but God gave him the wisdom and the strength to s triumph over every uch trial . fi s of Forti ed with the right the Church , this holy religious surrendered his pure soul to God 1 8 1 9 ds a hi in . Great crow came and vener ted s Hi body as that of a sain t . s clothes were cut in f r s f f pieces o relic . In li e Simon per ormed many es s s i miracl , and uch wonder cont nued to be

ft . 1 8 1 wrought by him a er death In 7 , nearly five s c centuries later, Piu VII pla ed him on the ’ s of ss set Church catalogue ble ed , and November 3 for , the day on which he died , the celebration of his f s was fi s ea t . Simon the r t Dominican lay r s of b other granted the honor the altar. He rose to the heights of sanctity by fidelity in small things.

BLESSED J AMES OF ULM

Blessed James first saw the light of day at w Ger 1 1 1 40 . as Ulm , many, October , 7 He born of good Christian parents who brought him up H s f o . i s in the fear and love f God ather, who e was of name Theodoric, died at the age one hun s was s of dred and three year , and a model oldier

Christ throughout his long life . The careful Christian education which James had received at home soon stood him in good MARTYRS AND BLES SED 85

o fi e stead . At the age f v and twenty years he made a pilgrimage to Ro me that he might sat isfy his piety by praying at the tombs of the apostles and visiting the holy places in the

. s Eternal City Thence he journeyed to Naple . s s se There, induced by ome young men who e e es quaintanc he had made, Jam entered the of lf s i of s army A on o V, k ng Aragon, Naple and r Sicily, and took pa t in the battle through which that sovereign temporarily lost his crown and liberty . It was as a soldier that our young German received his first insight into the wickedness of s f s the world . He pent our year in the army, and found his comrades anything but good f Christians. Thanks to the spirit o piety re ceived f his r s his s of rom pa ent , habit prayer, of s s b and the grace God, Jame did not uccum i to the temptations then thrown in h s way . Finally securing a discharge from his military s r s of obligation , he ente ed the ervice a nobleman s fi his st so at Capua , who e con dence hone y com pletely won that he was placed in charge of the affec entire estate . Under an impulse of filial f f s s tion, however, the uture riar oon gave up thi h s s employment , and retraced is tep northward in order to visit his parents who still lived at

. r en Ulm But when he a rived at Bologna, he listed anew as a soldier under the leadership of

as r s one Captain Thom Ta tari . Thi , it would 86 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

’ was o s for s s seem , G d plan howing the piou

i . young German h s true vocation In Bologna, of mi James visited the church Saint Do nic . While engaged in prayer at the tomb of the an holy patriarch, he heard inward voice that admonished him to give up the military life and consecrate himself to the service of God in the Order founded by that chivalrous Spaniard . ’ The pious man s next step was to secure his release from Captain Tartari that he might obey the mysterious voice which had spoken to his heart . Then he retu rned to the Dominican d a convent . Although possessed of an e uc tion and other endowments that would have made his acceptance among the clerics of the Order e or ss as certain, James humbly begg d f admi ion w 41 as as 1 . a lay brother. This in 4 He w then four and thirty years of age. Like Blessed his f Simon, James embraced new li e with a as so n r as holy ardor, and w o rega ded a model religious in a large community noted for its in s . T e s trict observance h virtue which he, s s un s f firs very wi ely, ought to gro d him el t were os of an d f u th e obedience humility , the o ndation of f his stones the religious li e . In humility the good brother candidly believed himself the s mo t unworthy member of the convent. In his obedience he not only readily and ass idu ou sly performed the duties allotted him by the s s s s u c uperior , but al o o ght to anti ipate their MARTYRS AND BLESSED 87

s us an every wish . To thi genero d prompt spirit was added a purity of heart never sullied by o s sin efie griev u , even on the battl ld or in the ’ s rs was r s oldie camp . It pe hap largely the external reflection of a pure soul that gave ’ a s n e Brother J me counte anc a charm which , s s us f s of s hi tory tell , won the riend hip tho e with

whom he dealt . But a compassionate charity i r had also ts pa t in his personal magnetism . While severe with himself and given to the ac s of r or ificat ions nd s pr ti e g eat m t a penance , the man of God sought to soothe the sorrows and lighten the burdens of his confreres by tak

ing their trials and their labors upon himself. J s red Like every good lay brother, ame decla ssa ss s r ince nt war on idlene , which he con ide ed the most effective weapon in the hands of the

n of s s. aste o n e emy oul He never w d a m me t ,

for he felt that well- spent time was a most ao l ff ce tab e . ess p o ering to God Like Bl ed Simon , this exemplary religious not only prayed while

s of his . at work, but al o made a prayer very toil Besides the devotions and prayers prescribed for ’ r s s his s se lay b other , he hortened night repo that

! he might hold further communion with his was s o Creator . It through thi c ntinual watch fulness and Spirit of contemplation that our form er soldier triumphed over the temptati ons is to which human nature heir, and grew in f favor be ore both God and man . 88 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

While under the paternal roof at Ulm Blessed James had learned the art of painting and mak u i ing stained glass. This he was now to se to h s own spiritual advancement as well as to the ad a of hi vant ge s community . Scarcely had the

German novice put on the Dominican habit , when he was set to work at this art in ornament ing the church and convent of the Order in h his Bologna . Such was is talent and such assiduity that he soon became one of the fore most painters and makers of stained glass of the time. A true Friar Preacher, the holy lay brother employed his artistic taste not only for

sanctific tion of his s s a the a own oul, but al o as medium of imparting moral and religious in i struction to others. This was h s part in the f of apostolic li e the Order. Nor did James suffer his success as an artist to

lessen his spirit of humility and obedience. Readily would he lay down the brush for the

most menial duties of the household . On one s is s had s occa ion, it tated, when he ju t put a delicate piece of work in the furnac e to fix the

s was s . color , he ent out on a quest Without a ’ s f s moment hesitation, though he elt ure that the ss s s his gla would be reduced to a he , he obeyed ’ us superior s command . We may imagine the pio ’ rt s s s r s fi his e a i t u pri e at nding, on r turn, that was the picture not only uninjured , but had even taken on tints more delicate and perfect than he B L E SS E D J A M E S O F U L M

90 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

s o X I . 1 825 I f la ting venerati n In , Leo con erred the honors of the altar upon the friar artist with “ ! of H the title Blessed . is feast is celebrated by f f the Order on the twel th day o October .

BLESSED M ARTIN DE PORRES

The New World has shared with the Old in the honor of giving to the Church beatified lay ’ s of s firs brother Saint Dominic family . The t of s sse es was the e, Ble d Martin de Porr , in many

s H f as few way an extraordinary man . is li e h

a r parallels in history . He w s the wonderwo ker f o the New World .

wa 9 Martin s born in Lima, Peru , December , His f rs f u s ather, the biographe in orm , was o s a s of o J hn de Porre , Spani h knight n ble rt his o s ne bi h ; m ther Anna Vela quez , a native

a gress of Panama who h d come to Lima . But we have been told by Dominican fathers of Peru and Spain that there was also a strain of Indian is s. s as blood in her vein Be thi it may, it quite certain that Martin inherited the complexion and coarse features of his African mother . rt fi s f Angry and mo i ed at thi , the proud ather as s refused to recognize the child his own . Thu the future saint became the victim or parental neglect . s as of God , however, had cho en Martin one

7 ’ Some authors place Blessed Martin s birth several years later .

e er the a e ic we e see s uc re r a e . How v , d t wh h giv m m h mo p ob bl MARTYRS AND BLESSED 91

His s es elect , and be towed many grac upon s fts s him . Among the e gi were a ingularly good nature and an extraordinary charity and love for his r s s neighbor, which won the hea t and e teem of all with whom he came in contact . The bud ding virtues of little Martin touched even the s acknowl proud Don John de Porre , who now as his edged him child, and placed him in a s s s s school . But the e good di po ition were short ’ o o s s lived . The pi us y uth tudies had not pro gressed far when the unnatural father appren s f ticed him to a barber , and then ent him adri t

to his . rt make own way Fo unately the mother, s s s through who e dark kin glowed a white oul, had grounded her son in Christian doctrine to of s the best her ability . The e early lessons in s piety had been empha ized by good example, as as f s f s well o tered by urther in truction, during the two or three years which her boy spent at college . This vessel of divine predilection was still a mere child when pitilessly turned from the pa s s f rental home. But he eem to have ound a sympathetic master in the barber for whom he c labored, and to have re eived kindly treatment from the good Christian lady with whom he

. was s lodged Martin indu trious. He possessed o a go d mind and a retentive memory . From his earliest youth the poor outcast had combined a tender piety with his ardent love for the u n 92 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

f as f f . w ortunate Now, there ore, that he ree , he s his s pent all pare time in prayer, reading relig

s s s . iou book , and tudying medicine He heard

ass . s m daily At that time, in Latin countrie , a certain knowledge of surgery went with the a s trade of a barber. It w s thi that led to Mar ’ his s tin s study of medicine . But earnestnes therein was whetted by the realization that skill in this art would enable him to do more for the o s his al po r of Christ . To the e services were

a If fee w ys given gratuitously . he accepted a f s s was imm edi rom a patient under per ua ion , it f ately spent in charity . The money received rom his employer was distributed in the same way . For himself the future friar was content with the of f as s barest necessaries li e . He counted lo t that day on which he had not given an alms to f the poor, or aided them in their a fliction, or solaced them in their want and misery . So wore along several years given to the prac of tise of every Christian virtue . Part the night ’ Christ s valiant servant always devoted to prayer and contemplation . Indeed , the young mulat ’ to s saintly life became so well known in the Pe ru vian capital that his name was spoken by not f few s o . a with accent veneration Meanwhile, s f however, he longed to give him el more com his pletely to God in the religious state . But in humility Martin would not undertake such a fi s ns his f ss step without r t co ulting con e or, on

94 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

’ s as s Be thi it may , the young man exemplary f se s was f s li e , it em certain, known to the ather , and he found a ready response to his petition for acceptanEe as a member ofthe community of Our

of - Lady the Rosary . He was then twenty two 8 years of age . As might have been expected from s s s s f uch a oul , the religiou tate, by giving reer its s s s o play to heavenly longing , cau ed it o n to

blossom forth into the choicest flowers of sanctity . s r was From the out et , Ma tin not merely a model

r us s . eligio , but al o an exceptionally holy man The way prepared by a generous and com lete of f s of s p oblation sel , the brave oldier Chri t mounted ever higher and higher in the way of for perfection . It would seem impossible one to ’ have a greater love for God and one s fellowman than that which consumed the heart of this m u H . is latto brother humility and patience, like his s of st poverty, obedience and pirit prayer, almo i pass the limits of credibility . H s penance and

m ortification e s . wer mo t extraordinary Here , f s s ft st in act , the uperior had o en to intervene le

the holy man should go to fatal excesses. s ss While we mu t admire Ble ed Martin, it were ns f unwise , without an i piration rom on high , to attempt to imitate him in some of his ex traordi

nary practises.

8 Some writers tell us that Martin de Porres entered the Order But h i e i e s i when only fifteen years of age. is l f ts lf hows th s to

be quite u nlikely . MARTYRS AND BLESSED 95

’ The saint s marvellous spiritual life did not interfere with the manual labor of a lay brother . w With him to toil as to pray . He did the work f o s . so everal men In truth , that he could do s so in many thing , and do them all well , would dicate that Blessed Martin was su pem atu rally His of assisted . knowledge medicine was espe ciall f wa y help ul to the community . He s at

c infirm arian on e appointed , a charge in which was m s ss s he o t a iduou , and which he retained f hi f until the end o s li e .

s ffi a To thi o ce, though the community w s was of ft large , added the duty looking a er o the poor who came to the convent f r help . It was a charge that often carried the tender hearted brother about the city . Wherever there was s ss s ss ickne , want or di tre , whether in poverty s s s of s s tricken hovel , ho pital or barrack oldier , thither Blessed Martin mi ght be seen wending

his , f . way with medicine ood or apparel Nothing , f was o for s he elt, too go d or too delicate the ick ’ or for Christ s poor. In these ministrations of rc s me y he knew no di tinction between Spaniard , f for a as A rican , or Indian , he reg rded all equally

of . as f the children God Now , be ore, the holy man would suffer no day to pass without its quota of charitable deeds. This was a labor oflove which

s ss. afforded him the greate t happine But, that no time might be lost and his efforts in behalf of the destitute and afflicted accomplish the 96 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

r was g eater good , all done with much care and s s y tem . Because of his daily journeys in the s of s was intere t charity, perhap no one better w kno n in Lima than was Blessed Martin . For s s w s s the ame rea on, he a univer ally beloved and d f regarde as an angel o mercy. This brought f for his him donations rom the rich poor, or even for for s masses the souls in purgatory . Toward the Church suffering he had a profound devotion . Thus both the living and the dead shared in his benefactions . His of rs patron, Saint Martin Tou , once gave f hi hal s cloak to a beggar . Martin de Porres ft his was his o en gave entire mantle . It delight s f to be with the sick and poor. Whil t he elt was for that nothing too good them , he thought fo f nothing too wretc hed r himsel . He wore the s s find as mo t mi erable habit that he could , and a rule took only a little bread and water for his f s o s ood . However arduou the lab r in which he s s of s s ess had pent the day , in ca e eriou illn at the convent , the kind brother would not think of in rm ar leaving the fi y at night, happy to take a little repose on the floor at the foot of his sick ’ His for few confrere s bed . ordinary couch the hours of sleep in which he indulged was the bier used for the burial of the dead that was kept in

- of his . the chapter room . He had no cell own ’ Blessed Martin s benevolence extended to On misery and misfortune in whatever form .

98 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

As a a see s s the re der may re dily , the e variou occupations left our saint fewmoments of leisure . is s Indeed, it aid that the only relaxation that he s f was s s ever allowed him el an occa ional vi it, on f as s ss M assias of e t day , with Ble ed John , Saint ’ s o Mary Magdalen C nvent, and a holy Fran ci a sc n lay brother who also lived in Lima . But the object of these visits was that the three men of God might encourage one another in their f r efforts o heaven . ’ With Martin s other virtues was joined an angelic purity of heart which he assiduously guarded against every attack . It was but s his s natural , notwith tanding color, that uch a man should be treasured in a Catholic comm u w m . as. s ity So he More than one archbi hop , c s s s of f his e cle ia tic , people every walk in li e , and e e as s own brethr n rever d him a aint, delighted his in company , and were happy to honor him f f as f . O o s a riend Peter Ghent , a Franci can has s was s lay brother , it been aid that he bi hop

of . Of s r Mexico thi mulatto lay brother, Ma tin r s s de Por e , it may be aid with equal truth that w rc s of as s of . rv he a hbi hop Lima The e ant God , s f however, who e pro ound humility made him sincerely believe that he was the most unworthy of sis s men , marvelled why people in ted on how ing him an esteem which he sought in every way to avoid . is s ss But what more than all thi , Ble ed Martin B L ESSE D M A R T I N D E P O R R E S

100 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

s s s s as again t all uch courge , well as against ven om ou s insects and reptiles. So lived on this ext raordinary friar until his s f s f eventieth year, glori ying God , ancti ying his own s o s oul , and doing go d, both piritual and his f as corporal , to ellowman . He died he had s of s H lived, a true ervant the Divine Ma ter. is

occu red 3 1 639 was death , which on November , ,

deeply mourned by the entire city . f Young and old , rich and poor, Spaniard , A ri can and Indian flocked to the church in which of lay the body the dead brother, that they might venerate in death one whom in life they had

regarded as a saint . All sought to touch the s s s body with their ro arie and medal , and even to procure a portion of his cloak or habit as a treas f u red relic . Not only were the athers obliged to dress the remains several times; they were even compelled to ask for the protection of a of n guard of troops. The Sec Lima being the a of without a metropolit n, the dean the cathe f ass s dral sang the uneral m , at which were pre r s as ent the royal colonial cou t, all the eccle i tical

s s of s s s the authoritie , the head religiou hou e and rs s of es s s most eminent pe on the city, b ide crowd w of people of every race and alk in life . Among

- the pall bearers were the Most Rev . Felician

rc s of Rev . de la Vega , a hbi hop Mexico, Peter de s of Clincon Ortega , later bi hop Cuzco, Count de ,

r Penafiel of viceroy of Pe u, and John de the MARTYRS AND BLESSED 101

of royal court Lima . It may be doubted, indeed, if ever one who had led so humble a life was so honored in death as was Blessed Martin de

Porres. as f es s In death, in li e, miracl atte ted the holi of ness the man of God . These were now multi

as as 1 65 9 s s plied , and early tep were taken

s his beatification was fav toward . Although it orabl R s as ft y received at ome, the cau e, o en hap

s s . ou pen , dragged lowly along However, Sep ’ e 1 0 1 83 6 X VI s temb r , , Gregory enrolled Martin ’ name in the Church s list of blessed . As Nov 3 of his ss ember , the date death , had been a igned Ballachi to Simon , anotherDominican lay brother , the fifth day of the same month was designated f of as the east Blessed Martin de Porres.

BLESSED JOHN M ASSIAS

Another glory of the Church and the Order of

ia Saint Dominic in Peru is John Mass s. John fi s saw of R r t the light day at ivera , in the Prov His of r 2 1 5 85 . ince Palencia, Spain, Ma ch , ’ s d Arcos s parent , Peter and Agne Sanchez, were f o . poor but noble extraction However, they

were rich in virtue, and brought up their children

piously . The subject of this sketch seems to have added c an exceptional piety to a precocious mind . Mu h his given to prayer, he delighted to gather play mates around him that they also might join in 102 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTH ER

s s s st thi religiou exerci e, or to in ruct them in holy f things. Un ortunately death robbed him of his w parents hile still a mere child . John M assias was then plac ed under the charge of a peasan t set to his who him watch over flocks. But the s h little hep erd , though rather neglected, did not lose the spirit of piety and prayer which he had his s his f imbibed in earlie t youth , avorite devotion f f being the Rosary . The quiet li e o the country for . f gave him much time meditation In act , the boy seems to have received many wonderful s f rs his s upernatural avo in rural olitude . An interior voice urged John to abandon the w s s f orld and con ecrate him el wholly to God ; nay, it told him to go to the New World for this pur

os . u his p e Accordingly, he gave p flocks and started on the long journey with no other s r s his s f re ou ce than trong aith , and no other pro tection of his than that patron, Saint John the s fi st Evangeli t . He went r to Seville, but thence continued his way to Jeres de la Frontera to wait there until he could secure passage on a ship for s s bound America . At Jere he eems to have

s for s . ojourned ome time There, at any rate, he f f s s ormed a riend hip with the Dominican Father , who possibly aided him and told him of the two convents of the Order in Lima . The future friar fi s f for r nally ailed rom San Lucar Ca tagena, New

. s ms Granada, now Columbia The voyage ee to have been pleasant and exceedingly quick for

104 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

was a f ss whom he riend and a rival in holine . ’ Nor were the fathers of Saint Mary Magdalen s slow to realize that they had secured a treasure f . e in the new brother Ind ed , rom the begin ning they regarded him as a model of every

e o s . r ligi u virtue On the other hand, although s f s f he had received many pecial avor rom heaven, ’ John s great humility led him sincerely to be lieve not only that he was the most undeserving of e for men , but even that he had won no r ward f o heaven by his ormer life . The brave son f f s his Saint Dominic, there ore , now trove with all fo might to make amends r the past . Each day was marked by an advance in the way of per

fection . Like holy lay brothers both before and since his hu day, John keenly realized that the rule, m ility and obedience are the foundation upon which the religious life in any order must rest .

s as s s fi s For thi re on, the piou Spaniard ought r t to saturate himself with the rule and spirit of s f s Saint Dominic , and to ground him el in tho e w his s s. as s virtue It thi that made way ea ier, S of his his ss in pite age, and progre more rapid , as well as won him the esteem of his confreres and enhanced his usefulness to the community . ’ s s The former hepherd prudence, gentlemanly manners and fidelity to duty soon caused his ap wa pointment as porter of the convent . It s a responsible position that required no little judg MARTYRS AND BLESSED 105

for ment and tact , it obliged the holy man to deal with people of every imaginable character s distrib and disposition . It al o made him the ’ s s s uter of the community alm to the de titute, and largely placed under his care the sick poor A who looked to the friars for aid . s great pov erty prevailed among the masses in the Peruvian s s f f capital and province , number ought relie rom is s s i s. monastic in t tution Brother John, it aid, gave food and clothing to some two hundred ’ daily at Saint Mary Magdalen s. He never

- o . turned any ne away empty handed Yet, while was e his s s he ev r ready with help , in order to y tem atiz e his charity and save time for his prayers s s of f e and other dutie , two hour the or noon ’ (from ten to twelve o clock) were specially set apart for the distribution of alms among such

as called at the priory . But the servant of Christ did not confine his fa s s bene ction to tho e who visited the convent . The destitute ashamed to make their wants s of i known were pecial objects h s charity . Other hours of the day were set aside for visits to such as s s for o f a the e and the ick , or c llecting ood , p ’ for s parel , medicine and money God poor . One marvels how he could succor so many and so ef f ll ectu a y . The many friends whom Brother John made among the wealthier classes in his position as porter of the convent stood him in good stead s 106 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

i f w h s o . as H in work charity Nor this all . is reputation as father of the poor which had c n be ome know through all Peru , brought him s f far for donation rom and near the holy cause . his or Whenever an unexpected call came, or dinar s s f or s f r y ource ailed, he wi hed o something s pecial , the good Samaritan never hesitated to have recourse to the Mother of God in behalf of his beloved clients. And it is said that his ap peals neverwent unheeded . But our Blessed Lady was not content with merely answering her ser ’ s ft she vant prayers. O en made known to him where he would fin d some Sick or impoverished

s s for s s . per on , or obtain mean uch piou work Perhaps no saint has ever cultivated a greater love for his neighbor than did Blessed John

M a a f s ssi s. His solicitude or others did not top i at their temporal needs. In all h s corporal s of s s work mercy he ought to reach the oul , either for its conversion or to bring it nearer to

. be s s be s t God While di tributed alm , in truc ed st the poor in Chri ian doctrine, taught them their s f f prayer , and urged them to be aith ul in the practise of their religion and in the reception of s his is s the sacraments. He did the ame on v it s wa ss with the sick . No occa ion s let pa deli cately to remind sinners of the state of their spiritual lives; and it is said that such adm oni f ff tions seldom ailed to e ect an amendment . In his charity the man of God embraced also the

108 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

s f m f under an in piration ro heaven . In act, ’ Blessed John s superiors were often obliged to es s its intervene, l t he hould tax his body beyond s t treng h . It was but natural that such a life should

inspire all with great esteem and veneration . People from the highest ranks to the humblest ar as s reg ded our lowly lay brother a aint , and they came in numbers to commend themselves his s S his to prayers. Thi was a severe hock to for s s f humility, he sincerely con idered him el an s s s unworthy inner . He ever ought to avoid uch s f vi itors. Not in requently God worked a miracle that His servant might be Spared the ordeal of

interviews of that character. The favor of heaven followed this man f rom his s of his en earlie t youth . From the time trance into religion God showered blessings upon was s f f s s him , and he mo t aith ul to the impul e of as s divine grace . It w thu that he attained r f the heights of holiness. Apa t rom the many fo his f s f was miracles which he per rmed, li e it el of his s s a miracle . The knowledge anctity pread

far his s and wide, while charity and good deed was f s of won all hearts. It , there ore, a cau e s of universal sorrow when, late in the Augu t 1 645 t , word went abroad that Bro her John , the ! f father of the poor, had allen ill , and that ft there was no hope of his recovery . A er a pain hom e s his fu l sickness patiently , he urrendered B L E SSE D J O H N M AS S IA S

CHAPTER V

LAY BROTHERS IN THE UNITED STA TES

There are two provinces of Dominicans in the s a of s of United State , th t Saint Jo eph and that of the Holy Name Jesus. The Province of Saint Joseph embraces the states that lie east of the f i Rocky Mountains. The letters patent o ts e ss 1 805 erection wer i ued in , but it did not come into existence until late in the following year . s fo Similarly, the document unding the Province Of s f the Holy Name, which extend rom the R s fi e ocky Mountain to the Paci c Ocean, wer exe

cu ted 185 0 was set f 1 85 1 . in , and it on oot in Thus these two American provinces are among

the youngest in the Order . No less than their older sisters they have had (and they still have) their quota of lay brothers who were men after ’ fu God s own heart. Faith lly have they walked

f of . in the ootsteps Bishop Edward D Fenwick , the patriarch of Dominican life in the United s i a a s . V l rras State , and Father Jo eph S who 1 f fa organized the same li e in the r west . s r t s Like mo t eve y hing el e American, the piety and religion of these brothers have been char

a er e c u e the r i ce Sa se and a er F th F nwi k fo nd d P ov n of int Jo ph , l t i as the became the first bishop of Cincinnati . Father V larrasa w r i founder of the Province of Califo n a. BROTHERS IN THE UNITED STATES 1 1 1

acteristically practical . Deeply imbued with of s f the spirit the religiou li e, one could hardly wish a more exemplary and docile , humble ,

- industrious and self sacrifi cing body of men . Promin ent among their virtues have ever stood for s out a deep reverence the prie thood , an ex m lar t s of c e p y prac i e poverty and obedien e, and a conscientious use of their time that the clerics might be freer to prepare for the sacred minist ry of or to engage in the quest souls. d ss s Indee , in the early mi ionary day , which were s of t s of s al o a period ex reme want, the labor the e faithfu l lay brethren were one ofthe chief main stays of the convents. In Ohio and Kentucky they managed and tilled the farms upon which s s s s not only the tudent , but even the prie t , prin ci all for s o p y depended their upport . The pe ple f h were poor . Thus the at ers received little or for os s s nothing their ap tolic admini tration , con i t nu ous and extensive as they were . Not infrequently were the convents obliged to draw upon their scant resources in the cause of charity while priests and students alike were of ten compelled to measure their physical strength of with that the brothers at manual toil . Those of B were truly days trial . ut none bore the s s s t s hard hip , privation and rial more patiently or fi with greater edi cation than did the lay brethren . s for is Thi alone, it a true criterion, would oblige u s to pronounce those early lay friars genuine men 1 12 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

of God. Nor have their successors been less con spicuous for the same virtues and Spirit of relig

Ion . We think it no stretch of fancy to say that the American lay brother would bear comparison his f r with con re e the world over. Owing largely s s of is to the circum tance the country , it true and the same may be said with equal truth of the other orders Dominican brothers have not been proportionately so numerous in the United s a s of State s elsewhere. Yet the li t given below those who have lived saintly lives and died holy deaths in the provinces of Saint Joseph and the s s s s s Holy Name, year and number con idered, how how faithful and true to their vocation have been such humble members in the two branches of Friars Preacher which serve the Church in the

great American republic . In the chronological r of s s e s o der their death , the li t r ad

BROTHER DOMINIC MORAN and BROTHER JOSEPH ’ ie at ai se s ear ri fi MULHOLLAND d d S nt Ro , n Sp ng eld, e tuc e ee 1845 and K n ky , b tw n ’

McKENNA . e at ai se s BROTHER PATRICK Di d S nt Ro ,

ct er 16 1852 . O ob ,

’

HUTID N . ie at ai s s BROTHER PETER D d S nt Jo eph ,

ear erse i e er 28 1853 . n Som t , Oh o , Sept mb ,

ie at BROTHER MATTHEW FRANCIS COYNE. D d ’ ai se s arc 8 1 855 . S nt Ro , M h , ’ e at a os s BROTHER PATRICK SHEPHERD . Di d S int R e ,

u e 17 1860. J n ,

2 The ex act dates of the deaths of these two brothers cannot now

be determined .

1 14 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

t BROTHER DENIS DOMINIC CROWLEY . Died at Sain ’ se s Ma 31 1887 . Jo ph , y ,

T R . e in San ra c sc BRO HER F ANCIS HORNICK Di d F n i o ,

r 17 1888 . Ap il , i t t BROTHER MAURICE PETER POWERS . D ed a Sain ’

se s Ma 22 1 890 . Jo ph , y ,

ie at t BROTHER LAWRENCE FLAHERTY . D d Sain ’ s s un 9 1890. Ro e , J e ,

e in ea s BROTHER BERNARD HANLON. Di d Minn poli ,

e em er 1 I 1890. S pt b ,

’ R E . e at a os s BROTHER F ANCIS MADD N Di d S int R e , M 14 ay , 1892 .

R . San ra c sc BROTHER MA TIN CASSIN Died in F n i o , Se er m 29 1892. pte b ,

’ O CASINAVE . at a t s s BR THER LOUIS Died S in Ro e ,

em er 23 1893 . Nov b ,

’ at ai t se s BROTHER PATRICK FEENY . Died S n Ro ,

May 20, 1895 .

’ E E . at a t se s BROTHER JAM S GAFFN Y Died S in Ro ,

e e er 3 1 895 . S pt mb ,

BROTHER PATRICK JOSEPH DOHERTY . Died in

i ea s em er 6 1895 . M nn poli , Nov b ,

e in as t BROTHER THOMAS CASHIN . Di d W hing on ,

. C. Fe ru ar 14 1896 . D , b y ,

’ T . at a s s BRO HER THOMAS TULLY Died S int Jo eph ,

ecem er 4 1901 . D b ,

e BROTHER JOHN ANTONINUS KEHEELEY . Di d in

New a ecticu Ma 12 1902 . H ven , Conn t , y ,

w r T O E . e in Ne BRO HER MICHAEL C NN LL Di d Yo k,

u e 2 1902. J n ,

T . e in San ra c sc BRO HER PHILIP CARROLL Di d F n i o ,

ece er 8 1902 . D mb ,

’ ie at a s s BROTHER JAMES HOLDEN . D d S int Jo eph ,

r 24 1907 . Ap il ,

. ie o um us BROTHER DOMINIC GUBBINS D d in C l b ,

a uar 22 1909 . Ohio , J n y ,

i at BROTHER PHILIP FRANCIS MURPHY . D ed

o erse Ma 2 1909 . S m t, Ohio , y , BROTHERS IN THE UNITED STATES

i t BROTHER THOMAS ANTHONY HICKEY . D ed a ’ a s s ec m er 24 1914 . S int Ro e , D e b ,

O E . e as t BR THER CHARL S SANDIN Di d in W hing on ,

. C. ebruar 20 1916 . D , F y ,

T . i at e ic a a i r ia BRO HER JAMES FAHY D ed B n i , C l fo n ,

u 8 1916 . J ly ,

’ T T O . e San ra c sc BRO HER AN H NY O KEEFE Di d in F n i o ,

ri 10 19 7 . Ap l , 1

R T . ie as in BROTHE HOMAS HENRY D d in W h gton ,

m er 21 1 9 1 7 . . C. ce D , De b , w T E . e in ar Ne BRO H R FRANCIS CORLEY Di d New k,

erse M 14 191 9 . J y, ay ,

O H U . e in Ncw a e BR THER JO N B TLER Di d H v n , Con

necticut m er 23 1 919 . , Nove b ,

Although none of these brothers could be accredited with the almost superhuman things which we have seen attributed to many of their f s i and con rere n Europe in Latin America, they a were holy men nd true Dominicans. Their virtue was of that practical kind characteristic of i the best Cathol cs in the United States. Not one s among them, we think, would have he itated to i f f sacrifice h s li e rather than give up the aith . f b t e Un ortunately, u little mor than the memory

of of s. s too many them remain Thi , however, s is is not only cheri hed ; it even held in veneration . It therefore affords the wr iter real pleasure to be allowed the privilege of perpetuating such s f memorie by means o this little volume . An other source of satisfaction to him is the realiza tion that the two American provinces of Friars 1 16 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

Preacher have had fewlay brothers who were not of s taunch character .

‘ f x we or With three or our e ceptions, knew more less intimately all those whose names are given n s and ft 1 8 6 in the precedi g li t, who died a er 8 , whether their deaths occurred in the eastern or

in the western province . Their lives were not s f only exemplary, but al o highly edi ying. So n a of agai , in the d ys our studies and early priest it was and hood, both a delight a stimulus to hear the older fathers tell of the lives led by the lay brothers who had gone to their glory before

- f . e God our time They wer earing men, much

given to prayer, devoted to their vocation, indus ns s of ru f f trio , ob ervant the le, aith ul and exact in f fi of o the ul llment their all tted duties. Their was s o example an in pirati n that led to imitation .

Humility and obedience were the com er- stones w s fi upon hich they built their piritual edi ce . s far n Although , thu , the Dominica provinces in the United States have not had in the ranks of their la y brethren geniuses like unto those s e s een in a pr viou chapter, our American brothers have filled with credit most of the positions of f which we have spoken earlier in the volume . O s one, Brother Michael Whelan, the writer till entertains a grateful remembrance for his in stru ctions in catechism . But perhaps not the least of the blessings bestowed upon the Prov ince of Saint Joseph by its early lay brothers

1 18 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

s f was s a d s robu t rame, u ually eng ge in labor

s r that required greater strength . A uperio could hardly wish for more exemplary or docile s e ob ubjects than were these men . They wer s v of er ant the rule, much given to prayer, prompt to obey without even the suggestion of

s s m of a complaint , crupulou in the e ployment d their time . Whatever the task assigne to s them , they gave it their whole heart and oul . s fi of They were the per oni cation charity , and wholly consecrated to God and His love and

s . In ac ervice their cont t with the people,

s through their piety , charity and religiou de

rc s s for corum , they exe i ed a trong influence

d s S good . No more nee be aid to how that ’ they were men after Saint Dominic s own heart .

’ Tradition learned at the time of the writer s sojourn in the western province tells the same s of s is tory Brother Anthony Perry , Franc Hor s nick and Martin Cassin . The la t named was His was quite a noted man . spare time spent in the propagation of the Rosary and in making beads for those who cultivated this excellent de is votion to the Mother of God . Th and other activities made him well known throughout the “ state of California .

3 This tradition h as just been confirmed by a letter from one of the fathers in the west . ’ BROTHERS or SAINT JOSEPH S PROVINCE

BRO THER PATRICK M e KENNA

McKenna was n Brother Patrick bor in Ireland , a 1 9 8 bout 7 , and came to America when a young ’

. 1 825 s s man In , he entered Saint Ro e Priory, fi . s near Spring eld, Kentucky Three year later, 1 0 1 828 November , , having completed the long tertianship then required by the constitutions f s s o the Order, the piou young Iri hman received the habit of Saint Dominic and began his no ‘ of vitiate . The vows religion which he took on f s of s rc 1 9 1 830 the ea t Saint Jo eph , Ma h , , were is of made to B hop Fenwick, then commissary ’ s f the Order General and head o the province . From the beginning of his religious life Brother was of s Patrick a model every Chri tian virtue, and grew ever more and more in perfection with

a f the p ssing o his years. Brother Patrick lived at a time when the province was oppressed with a poverty which was so dire that it subjected the brethren to all manner of privations and hardships; but he bore these with a joy and patience which were an inspiration to the others. The more menial

Formerly a lay brother was required by lawto spend three years r a his as a tertia y postulant . Then beg n novitiate which lasted for one ear and at the end s t e ma e his re us ro y , of thi im he d ligio p The c e lawhas s ri fession . new od of canon hortened the pe od of i ne tertiansh p to o year . 120 TH E DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER and onerous the labor to which he was assigned

was his . the greater contentment Indeed , he s a was eemed never so happy s when he at work, and he strove to waste no moment of time . No ’ one could but admire this brother s exemplary s of se humility, piety, pirit prayer and ob rvance f o . His e was s the rule ob dience the prompte t , while his uniform temperament and ex t raordi nary charity caused him to be deeply loved by his r both brethren and the people . Brothe ’ Patrick M cKenna s life as a Dominican was ’ s o s s of his pent at Saint R e , the convent pro f i s ff of his ess on . There he bore the u erings last illness with the same patience and su bm is sion to the will of heaven that had characterized f d as his entire religious li e . The holy man die ‘ d a he had live , calmly and in pe ce with the as f rt fi sa s of Divine M ter, o i ed with the crament rc s of s the Chu h , joyou in the thought oon meet ing his God .

BROTHER PATRICK SHEPHE RD f Brother Patrick Shepherd, amiliarly known “ ! s r was a B other Shepherd , born at Kilbeggan ,

1 5 1 6 . Westmeath , Ireland, in 77 or 77 Nature had given him a good mind and a strong char a was d fu r s cter, to which adde a care l eligiou training by his Catholic parents. A true pa as l as d his r triot, wel devote to Chu ch , young Shepherd was so disappointed at the failure to

122 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

e s b came acquainted with the Dominican Father , thus learning oftheir poverty and of their arduous ss mi ionary labors in Ohio and Kentucky . He therefore determined to enter their Order that he might help them by the labor of his hands and ! s of his the weat brow . s his Accordingly, the hone t laborer now made s fo way to Kentucky, where he a ked r admittance ’ into the community of Saint Rose s as a lay s w . as 1 82 brother Thi about 7 . Although Shep was r f herd then one o two and fifty years o age, h s s f hi i trong rame, owing to s previous orderly ! s f s habit and regular li e, till retained all the f f s sss o . s re hne and vigor youth Thi , together his s with candid , upright character and the need of f s the convent , induced the ather to accept him f . w r at once It as a t ue call rom God . From se s s of his the out t , the new po tulant , in pite s of s year , became an example ob ervance, and gave promise that he was destined to become a most

useful member of the Order . Brother Patrick

c 1 0 1 830 . re eived the Dominican habit on June , 1 2 1 83 1 A twelvemonth later, June , , he took the '

f Ste n H . s o Rev. he solemn vow religion . p Mont ’ of o s ffi gomery, then prior Saint R se , o ciated on s s both occa ion . ’ s ffi s s s Brother Patrick o ce , uch were the need

of s . the time, eem to have been quite varied was ss Whatever a igned to him , however, he did s of his s not only to the be t ability, but al o with BROTHERS IN THE UNITED STATES 123

has n u s alacrity . It been handed dow to that he f sought even to anticipate the wishes o superiors. With this ready obedience he joined a profound i s of m ortificat on . pirit humility , prayer and It would be hard to conceive a more industrious s s s his s per on, or one more con cientiou in dutie and obligations. Not long after his profession Brother Patrick ’ wa s o s s s s . ent to Saint Jo eph , near S mer et, Ohio The poverty of that institution was indeed ex

. f s as treme The ather , we are told by one who evidently wrote from personal knowledge of the ’ s s s s tate early Catholic hi tory, had a mi er s sis s s for f able ub tence, con i ting, a good while, o o s d as s f corn bread and r a te wheat , a ubstitute or — coffee and often not enough of those . It was a desire to alleviate just such hardships as these for the miss ionaries that first gave the good d of hearte man the thought entering the Order. r f is We may imagine , the e ore, that th northern mission was in no wise contrary to Brother Pat ’ s his s for rick will , and that he did utmo t the ’ betterment of the community s table . He was ’

. s s f s an excellent cook Brother Patrick u e ulne s, was f however, not limited to the temporal wel are s u s of the convent . Tradition tell that he was of great assistance to the missionaries in teaching is s t children the catech m and in truc ing converts. For this purpose he often accompanied the fathers r s s on their miss iona y tour through the tate . 124 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

’ R s s d Saint o e , however, whither he returne f was s f rom Ohio, the principal cene o Brother ’ f Patrick s efforts in behal of religion . Here he labored for God and the good of his Order with an untiring zeal worthy of the Divine Master .

The convent garden, yard , cemetery and vine ’ yard were the holy man s special ca re during his s second soj ourn in Kentucky . These variou charges he so assiduously attended to almost until his death that they were an object of ad

miration which people came in numbers to see. fi o s Nor labor, nor age, nor in rmity c uld chill thi ’ s of S of good brother love God , pirit prayer and His ardor to fulfil l his rule to the letter. zeal led him to interest himself in the souls of those f r employed on the a m or around the convent , and of those who came to the church or visited s o the house . In thi way Br ther Patrick Shep as d herd came to be much loved and revere , and s as as s of almo t widely known , any prie t the a s community . It w s probably thi that gave him ! the affectionate name of Brother Shepherd The last six or seven months of his life the pious brother suffered much from the weakness that comes with great age ; and this time he Spent principally in the presence of the Blessed a his s f was S crament . Throughout religiou li e it one of his delights to be present at the choral recitation of the divine office by the fathers and his ss novices. During illne the venerable patri

1 26 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

Brother Patrick Shepherd are still household ’ words at Saint Ro se s that recall the virtues which should characterize the lives of faithful

lay brothers.

SOM E BROTHERS IN OHIO

was Brother William P. Hutton, who pro ’ fessed at Saint Rose s on the feast of Saint s 1 834 was s s Thoma , March 7 , , oon ent to Saint ’ s s s o Jo eph , near Somer et, Ohio, where he pr bably as replaced Brother Patrick Shepherd . He w the first Dominican brother to die at Saint ’ s o his his Jo eph s. The tradition f piety and

faithful labors is still retained at the convent , and has ever served as a stimulus for those who ft came a er him . It should be noted, however, that between his first reception to the habit and his profession Brother William gave up his design of becoming a religious and left the s was convent . But thi only a temporary weak ess of God s n which , through the grace , he oon

overcame . Doubtless it made him the more f ft his s care ul a er return, and purred him on in his efforts to lead such a good life that its influ is s s ence still felt, though more than ixty year a h have p ssed since is death . ’ No doubt William s example had its part towards the formation of the next generation f s o plendid brothers who lived, labored and ’ s s died at Saint Jo eph William Glennon , BROTHERS IN THE UNITED STATES 127

o Patrick Simon G ugh , Patrick Devereux, as s R Thom Shield , Patrick edmond, Paul Doyle, o s s Simon Brady , L ui Lynch and Deni Dominic

Crowley . Like him , they lived and toiled f r f f o God and or the good o religion . They s fi s s as as ancti ed their oul by labor, well by ’ fi s of f prayer and delity to the Order rule li e . s s o There are tho e till living, b th within the

Order and without, who remember with what zeal and joy of heart some of these good men ’ served the Blessed Master. In the writer s student days they were often the subject of con s f s s ver ation among the older ather and brother , and their names were never mentioned other f s than in terms o prai e and reverence . They all

f n . died holy deaths. Some ell in har ess Others s lived on to extreme old age, and pent their s time, when no longer able to labor, mo tly in the chapel or the church in prayer before the

Blessed Sacrament . But of Brothers Simon Brady and Louis Lynch it should be further noted that they were of s men con iderable education, and probably s f of of cho e the li e a lay brother out humility .

L ate o in f f f li e Simon ell heir to a ortune in Ireland, and it was this that enabled the fathers to erect f the present Convent o Saint Joseph . Brother Paul Doyle is said to have had Indian blood in If s is a s. w his vein thi be true, in h c se as carried ’ s for was out the province early tradition, it the 1 28 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

first province of religious in the United States that attempted to enroll this race among its

members. Doyle was the first brother who made his novitiate and religious profession in

Ohio . One who knew him well has just come to u s of remind Dominic Crowley . Brother Dom inic seems to have spent a part of his religious f s sc s . f li e at Sin inawa , Wi on in Faith ul and tire was n less he alike i prayer a nd in work . With a deep piety he combined a kindly and generous h f re S . is or pirit In old age, unable toil that s e s f quired tr ngth , he sought to make him el useful by helping in the kitchen with things his that he could do while sitting . In advanced years he claimed the privilege of waiting on the f for s sick . No one could be more thought ul the e is s than was this good Samaritan . It perhap in remembrance of such excellent qualities that ! Dominic is still spoken of as the dear old man . The holy men whose names have just been given bridged over the time between Brother Peter Hutton and Brothers Maurice Peter Pow rs n m s s e , Bernard Hanlo , Tho a Tully, Jame s s Holden, Dominic Gubbin , Philip Franci Mur f phy and others. Some o these made their

novitiate in Kentucky . Others spent practically

all their religious lives in Ohio . They were all to B well known the writer, except Brother ernard h saw ffi Hanlon w om we only in the co n, at the

130 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

’ was sf s s vent tran erred to Saint Jo eph , where he his remained until death . For many years he

tended the garden . With Brother Thomas wa s s . urely to work to pray A model religious, was as of s as f he well cleanly per on pure o soul . ft One marvelled how, a er coming almost straight f his rom manual toil , he could appear in choir ds f a with han , ace and habit imm culate . God s ast fiv s f granted him many year , the l e or ix o w was S hich , now that he unable to labor, he pent

for ath in prayer, meditation, and preparation de . Brother James Holden was somewhat blunt ss ss d in manner, and po e e a temper over which was s he obliged to keep a con tant guard . But s f as thi ailing, he held it in check, perhaps really

s his . was increa ed merit He a good man, much s s s s given to prayer, indu triou , and con cientiou f o his in the per ormance f duty . Brother James was a widower when he entered the Order . From 1 874 to 1 890 he was stationed at Z anes ft s is ville, and looked a er the acr ty and church . ’ s s Thence he returned to Saint Jo eph , where he

had become a Dominican . This good brother

of - five s died at the ripe old age eighty year , more than fifty of which had been spent in the f religious li e . s of f f The next in thi band aith ul men, in the of s was order their death , Brother Dominic

Gubbins. Dominic entered the Order at Saint ’ s s fi 1 86 1 Ro e , near Spring eld, Kentucky, in or BROTHERS IN THE UNITED STATES 131

His 86 2 his s s 1 866 . 1 , and took religiou vow in s s f ds good judgment , indu try and kill ul han made him a most useful man about that insti his u i n . s s t t o The ame qualitie , together with s ss s s good executive and bu ine ability , oon cau ed ’ s s s Brother Dominic to be ent to Saint Jo eph ,

where he took charge of the convent farm . s was 1 8 0 Thi in 7 , and he remained at that place 8 c 1 892 was s u ntil 1 8 9 . Then e to he tationed ’

s s . . at Saint Dominic , Wa hington , D C The remainder of his life was spent successively

Z s s s . in ane ville , Somer et and Columbu , Ohio ’ Brother Dominic s keen native Irish wit made s ff s him well known in the e di erent place , while his staunch religious character and fidelity to

duty caused him to be universally esteemed . f S He was a true son o Saint Dominic . In pite o his s f s f f bu y li e and many labor , he ound much

time for prayer and means of mortification . f ss s The pain ul , lingering illne which re ulted in his death Brother Dominic bore with heroic

patience . The Order of Saint Dominic is noted for the I broad lines along which it trains its men . ts purpose in this is to allow individuals the free dom of action necessary for spiritual growth in c fts a cordance with their natural gi and bent , and not rigidly to mold all according to a given is s s f pattern. It thi that explain the wonder ul freedom and individualism which the student 132 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

s f l notice in the lives o Dominican saints. A s for s though not to the ame extent, their phere of a is so so s ction neither wide nor varied , thi formation obta ins in the training of the brothers as as well in the training of the clerics. There can be no doubt that to such a discipline was ’ s largely due Brother Philip F . Murphy spiri tual growth . Brother Francis was both an ascetic and a r mystic . He practised m ortifications that e mind one of those of the saints in the early d im and mid le ages. Through meditation he bibed a spiritual wisdom that often astonished s s tho e with whom he conver ed . Withal , the

good brother was a diligent worker. With the exception of a short period in Kentucky and his s few s s s la t year , which were pent at Somer et, ’ he lived his long religious life at Saint Joseph s. ’ r s s s f The e our brother trong, vigorou rame s eemed never to tire, and he labored the live long day at any and every task ; but he did f his s is not orget prayer , nor neglect h penance m ortification s f his ff s and , nor cea e rom e ort to ’ keep the body under the soul s mastery . In s of his f e s of n u the latter year li e, b cau e an s of teady hand and an affection the throat ,

Brother Francis was excused from shaving . At s his tail st s s thi time, , erect ature, tern, tately bearing and long white beard gave him the ap c f pearan e o a venerable patriarch . He died at

134 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

s on in the pre ent chapter . The same traditi tells u s that both were saintly men and died holy deaths. s d a or They were ucceede , to pl ce them in the of s r rs s der their death , by B othe Matthew Franci

Coyne, Peter Pitt, Michael Lombard , Michael ’ a s O Brien s h s o! Fr nci , Jo ep Dwyer, Jame Corc B t ran , Martin oughan, Mar in Peter Clancy,

John Mahoney and Michael Whelan . Brother Francis Coyne lived only a few years after his s of entrance into the Order, but they were year f f aith ul toil consecrated by prayer, patience and

s of . In as the practi e virtue the world , we learn f rom tradition and a little note still on record, s he had been a man of some means. The e he to brought with him religion, and laid them on the altar of divine love as an ofiering of grati tude for the vocation that was granted him . They were a godsend to the province in that day ’ h f s en of poverty . T e date o Brother Pitt trance into the Order cannot now be found . s s s He eem to have been an Engli hman, and a f dis convert to the aith . With a kind , gentle position he combined an earnest effort after holi

ss of f of s s s. ne li e, the memory which till urvive Brothers Michael Lombard and Francis ’ O Brien , two very worthy men, received the s f ss d habit on the ame day, were pro e e together, s and died only two years apart . Their religiou lives were not long, but they were exemplary . BROTHERS IN THE UNITED STATES ISS

s of s Brother Jame Corcoran , a novice plendid s his s f ss his promi e, made religiou pro e ion on

- death bed . Brother Joseph Dwyer wore the honored garb of the Friars Preacher for more i of . than a quarter a century What s more, this time was generously given to the service of

God and religion . His memory is still cher ’ ished by the older people of Saint Rose s Parish ’ as as of s well by those Saint Louis Bertrand , in s s his s s as sac Loui ville, where he pent la t day

ristan and porter of the convent . Brother Mar tin Boughan served the convent faithfully and prayerfu lly for some fifteen years before his death ; while Brother Peter Clancy lived only a

short time after his religious profession . Of Brothers John Mahoney and Michael Whe

lan we have some recollection . Both were old ’ s men in the writer boyhood, and their venerable of appearance, together with the tradition their h s f s a t . virtue , le a very pleasant memory Both were rather advanced in years when they entered w of the Order. Brother Michael as a man some

- . e s r education He had be n a chool teache , but gave up his profession in order to become an

as s humble Dominican lay brother . It w perhap his s f so f of pa t li e that made him ond children ,

and taught him how to win their confidence . ’ s s o s The good man kind, gentle di p sition cau ed o him to be much loved by the pe ple , whether s young or old . Both the e men were exemplary 136 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

f as as s . in every way, well u e ul to the community rt r s o s Lawrence Flahe y, F anci Madden, L ui Casinave s ff , Patrick Feeny and Jame Ga ney were r a brothe s whom we knew well . L wrence had e e was as fif s of a be n marri d , and p t ty year ge ’

R s s. s s when he went to Saint o e Thi perhap , to his has m t s gether with rather ty te per, at ime f r ad made it a little hard o him to obey . In vanced s his s os year , however, age mellowed di p i h s of ifi com tion, while is pirit prayer ed ed the

. r wa munity Brother Law ence s a good worker. wa s f his In this way, he s a u e ul man with trade His of s s . as be hoemaker, and otherwi e l t care , f c f for was of ore be oming too eeble work , that ss f s the mi ion horses. The other our brother mentioned here were exceptionally kind men. s s ff Franci and Jame (Madden and Ga ney) , be us of fi f ca e age and in rmity, had retired rom work ’ f s be ore the writer entrance into the novitiate . But they had toiled long and faithfully at vari o s f — for of Go us kind o labor all the love d, the good of religion and the sanctification of their rt of s souls. The greater pa their declining year they spent in prayer. Their devotion to the Mother of God and the Blessed Sacrament was f extraordinary . Almost any time o the day they f es might be ound in the chapel , or on their kne before an altar or a statue of the Virgin Mother. Brother Francis Madden attained the great age

- ff of eighty seven years. Brother James Ga ney

138 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

obeyed on the instant . For many years Patrick looked after the large flock of sheep then kept on h h rd f . was s e e the conventual arm He a true p , Q f faith ul and tireless with his charge . While he ss f ce s his R s pa ed rom place to pla , he aid o ary , or recited his P aters and Aves. No one could be more punctual or devout at the religious ex er cises than was this true servant of Christ . So he s his lived and labored , prayed and ob erved rule until God took him at the age of some four score

d a sa . an five years. Everyone regarded him s a int

BROTHERS IN VARIOUS PLACES

’ s Ros s o In the early day , Saint e and Saint J ’ se h s e s p were the only conv nt in the province , and they long remained its two principal houses. s s f s so Thi explain why , in ormer time , large a proportion of the brothers spent their lives and s a of died at tho e pl ces. But with the growth the province there came a change in this regard . f s Now the lay brethren, like the ather , live s mostly in the cities. Among the earliest ent to help in the urban convents were Brothers s Jo eph Dwyer, Bernard Hanlon, Dominic Gub s s ns bin , Jo eph Huggi , Michael Connell and

s s . s as Thoma Ca hin They were uperior men , well as good religious. With the first three of these the reader has already been made acquainted . Brother Joseph Huggins entered the Order at BROTHERS IN THE UNITED STATES 139

’ f Saint Joseph s. Early in li e he had learnedthe ’ - he s e as s . t ton m on trade Later, while in em f c s ployment o the celebrated Catholic archite t ,

M r . a s . . ew William and P C Keeley, he cquired oo of a g d knowledge architecture, an art to which he afterwards devoted himself with no ’ os s little advantage to the province. Saint J eph

was 1 86 4 . conventual church burned in January, r in his of The new b other, then period proba was set s e tion, to work at once on the recon tru f s is tion o the de troyed edifice . Hardly was th ’ s e was s R s s ta k compl ted , when he ent to Saint o e that he might plan and superintend the erection of m d a new convent uch nee ed there, and to look after the building of the Church of Saint s r s s for Loui Be trand , in Loui ville, preparation

. w 86 6 which were under way This as in 1 . He d 1 remaine in Kentucky until 871 , when Saint ’ s s was fin s s Ro e convent i hed , and Saint Loui ’ s of fi Bertrand Church, one the nest in the city w f s as s or . even to thi day, almo t ready u se Brother Joseph was then ordered to Saint ’

s s . Dominic , Wa hington, D C . There a new s church had al o been begun ; but , owing to a of ns s f lack mea , the wall had stood in a hal fin ished state so long that th ey were in danger of

falling. Our humble friar now worked on this hi structure with s accustomed energy . Not only did he see that the architectu ral plan of the fi was f f sacred edi ce aith ully carried out, and 140 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

superintend its construction ; he likewise often his s f was tried trength , rail though he , with the was common laborers at the hardest toil . It a ’ - — s for s long drawn out ta k , the community pov w erty as great ; money scarce and hard to obtain .

fa was not 1 8 5 In ct, it until 7 that the church was f r s ready o divine service . Nearly two year more were required for its completion . When ’ fi fin s s was is nally i hed , Saint Dominic , and it s of fi s s s s r s till , one the ne t eccle ia tical t ucture in 7 the National Capital . s s While laboring in Wa hington , Brother Jo eph contracted a stubborn cold that brought him to the grave . Broken in health , he returned to die ’ a s s at S int Jo eph , where he had entered the f w s . e Order Here , within a month , he breathed forth his pure soul to God with sentiments of n of his u se te der piety , and when at the height f ss. s a ulne A mo t kindly and gentle char cter, as well as a most faithful and exemplary relig s s of f s iou , who made a ho t riend wherever he of s was c lived , the death thi good man an o ca of sion deep and universal sorrow . i Brother Michael Connell , l ke more than one of his o f r s was of f c n re e , a good amily , and would f s c s . have commanded re pe t in any ociety In act , be exchanged a remunerative business for the f of as humble li e a Dominican lay brother. It w

7 ese ree c u rc es ere esi ed the essrs. ee e Th th h h w d gn by M K l y , with whom Brother Joseph had worked .

142 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

s s had a trong mind, and a trong will ; but these did not prevent him from being instant in his ’ obedience . The good friar s personal neatness and outward calm were the reflection of a pure and s ss s His c . oc r inle oul within death , which u ed in

his s - s was fi eventy ixth year, a tting close to a

noble life .

s s . Brother Thoma Ca hin, although he died at w as of . an earlier date , a later generation ft his f ss 1 88 1 was Immediately a er pro e ion , in , he ’ ss r s a igned to Saint Vincent Ferre , New York

. s s s fi City Thoma had a plendid phy ique, re ned s s s manner , con iderable per onal magnetism , and s good business ability . A general utility man for c f was the onvent, there ore, he invaluable

to his community . His sincerity and candor endeared him alike to his brethren and the llcn . was was ex ce t people What more, he an f f s religious. But to speak o the good riar in thi respect were only to repeat much of what has

been said of Brother Michael Connell . Suffice it then to say that Thomas toiled faithfully on 1 895 was in New York until late in , when he ’

s to s s . C. ent Saint Dominic , Wa hington , D , in the hope that the milder climate of the south

is . would restore h broken health There, how f ever, he rapidly declined, and died in the ollow s ing February . No good religiou could well desire higher praise than to have it stated w rs his that he as unive ally loved by Order, and BROTHERS IN THE ' UNITED STATES 143

that his death was mourned as a great loss.

This is certainly true of Brother Thomas Cashin . Brothers Patrick Joseph Doherty and John s Keheele Antoninu y entered the Order young, and died in the flower of their early manhood . f w They reaped a rich reward in a e years. Brothers Francis Corley and John Butler came f e later in li e, but they lived a longer tim . s s his s ft f ss Franci pent day , a er pro e ion, at Saint ’ s Vincent Ferrer , New York , and Saint Antoni ’ n u s s . , Newark , New Jer ey John labored in is many places. With a placid, agreeable d position Francis combined an industrious and f exemplary religious li e . John was cast in a rougher mold . But he was an excelle nt relig s s of iou , ob ervant the rule, obedient , and ever for s w ready whatever ta k as assigned to him . s Brother Charle Sandin, a Swede and a con f was of fi s vert to the aith , a man ni hed education f and a writer o some note . After his conversion he thought of becoming a priest ; but as a marked deafness u nfitted him for this state of f of li e, he entered the Order Saint Dominic as a lay brother. Death , however, came upon the s s earne t convert while till a postulant . He made his s f ss his - w religiou pro e ion on death bed . It as a second baptism that cleansed his soul for a s heaven . Simil rly Brother Thoma Henry died h s f early in i period o probation . As he was f killed by a all , he could not take the vows of 144 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

f o r . was s eligion But he a piou young man , is fi s f l f s and died in h r t ervor . On y a ewhour before the fatal accident Thomas had received his Eucharistic Lord . Extreme unction and conditional absolution were administered to him s s while he lay in an uncon ciou state .

BROTHE R THOM AS A NTHONY HICKEY

It is not always those in the higher stations of f s li e who accompli h the greater good , or enjoy to a greater degree the privilege and the happi ness of possessing the confidence and affection of

their fellowmen . Few have illustrated this truth in a more striking way than did the Dominican f s lay brother o whom we now write, Thoma

. was Anthony Hickey Thomas born in Ireland , but he was brought to the United States in early 1 862 s of childhood . In , then but nineteen year s s f age, he enli ted with the troop rom Ohio, wa fought through the Civil War, and s in many of the severest battles waged in Mississippi and

s . . Tenne see . He accompanied General W T Sherman on his famous march through Georgia

to Savannah . s The war ended, our gallant young oldier s returned to outhern Ohio, where he engaged in ri business as a grocer . But the harrowing eX pe ences through which he passed while in the army s s had exerci ed , perhap unnoticed, a deep influence

146 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

’

- priesthood . But such was the ex soldier s humil ity and dread to touch things holy with hands which he had every reason to fear had dealt f of his death , though through no ault own , to

his f ss a ellowman, that he could not be di u ded f h rom is determination of becoming a lay brother . of In religion he took the name Anthony, and received the habit from the hands of the great ! ! o orat r, Father Tom Burke , then visitor to the

province . s was not From the out et, Brother Anthony only exemplary in piety and in observance of the rule ; he was likewise energetic and ever for f of anxious the welfare o the convent . One his first charges was a water- power grist and flour mill then in great favor with the country people f or s . mile around Indeed, the mill remained his s under care until it cea ed to operate , more s s was than thirty year later. Thi , however, only ’ the beginning of the former soldier s usefulness to the convent— one of the minor ways in which o he served the c mmunity . Anthony was a lay brother after Blessed ’ o Humbert s ideal . Industrious and ever n the alert for something with which to fill in his spare s s moment and to aid the community , he ought and obtained permission from the superiors to reclaim or improve unfruitful portions of the com f . s s u n convent arm Here, too, he howed uch mon talents that he was soon plac ed in charge of BROTHERS IN THE UNITED STATES 1 47

f f s f ss . w the arm Only a e year , in act , had pa ed before we find him authorized to act as procura tor or syndic with rather broad powers in the management of the business affai rs of the com munity— an extraordinary privilege for a lay for st of s of brother, the be owal which the con ent ’ the Order s Father General was required . All these functions the zealous man performed until i h s death . ’ Brother Anthony s keen mind quickly con vinced him that not only a more scientific culti of s vation the land, but al o greater care in the s c s of s ss ele tion and rai ing live tock , were nece ary, if the best returns were to be obtained from his his s of f s. labor In pirit initiative , there ore, he began a close study of agriculture and allied s c s s was so ubje t , with the re ult that he on recog niz ed as one of the most expert farmers in cen was s tral Kentucky . A pioneer he in a cience is then too much neglected in the state . In th ’ s was way, Anthony worth incalculable, not his of merely to convent , but to a large area f o far Kentucky as well . Farmers came r m and to s o s s or near con ult him , and to b erve , tudy, his ss s even copy methods. The le on which he s his s thu taught, in humble, unpretentiou way , f ss o bore rich ruit . They brought ble ings up n ’ our good brother s head and upon many a far ’ His a m s s . s s mer home po ition iller, yndic and manager of the farm gave Brother Anthony a 148 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

hi of f s. m large circle riend In truth , it made one of the most widely known men in central s s Kentucky. Alway the Chri tian gentleman , his fin f his e, open character and cheer ul manner, unselfish spirit and good sense won him the warm friendship of the many with whom he came into

o s ss s . c ntact , whatever their religiou a ociation The good that he thus did in the way of break ing down prejudice is incalculable . Most of those with whom Brother Anthony was ass ociated in his days as a religious favored the side opposed to that for which he had fought in the great civil conflict that rent the country f 1 861 1 865 his o rom to . But , in g od judgment, he entertained a high regard for the honest con of victions of his former opponents . The people ss ed Kentucky, whose bravery he had witne on

t - field s nd st the bat le , and who e chivalry a hone y es he had learned to admire, he held in the high t

a . s admir tion All thi , there can be no doubt, d nfi c to helpe to win their co den e, added the ’ i r t s ul a him r k ndly b o her pop arity, m de the mo e es e d its a highly t eme , and had p rt in enabling him to be the instru ment for good that he was in the section of the state in which he passed the greater part of his life . Other qualities that served ou r humble Friar Preacher in his apostolate for good among the ’ eo who ve ou n a o Sain Rose s re p ple li d r d b ut t , we

150 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

’ c re s s as as his olo d man oul well to body , and instructed him in his religion no less than n f taught him how to ma age or himself. Yet the man of God did not permit his char ities or his many occupations to interfere with his s s the r e s of religiou dutie , or with equir ment his of f ft rule li e. He had le the world and a profitable business that he might sanctify his f w e s . s as oul Thi , there ore , the one thing ev r s in h s d uppermo t is mind ; thi he never neglecte ,

l for his . e whatever else ca led attention Inde d , one could hardly say too much in praise of his life r s s of as a religious. All the vi tue poken in the is as previous sketches Anthony practiced . H l t was of se f ss n his s was thought l , unle whe oul was his as us concerned . It character a religio , ss n his as of s ss no le tha worth a man bu ine , that ’ kept him at Saint Rose s from the time he en r n his a of re tered the O der u til de th, a period mo

- fi n f a than forty ve years. The conve t elt th t it

needed just such a brother .

a A true Friar Pre cher, Anthony took a deep

personal concern in the congregation . He loved d re its simple country people ; they admire , is r s . H vered and t u ted him death , December 4 1 91 4 was s of s f 2 , , an occa ion the deepe t grie

for n alike them , the country rou d about , the re community and the province . The colo d peo ple and the poor mourned his loss as that of a ’ has f R s s father . Seldom a uneral at Saint o e BROTHERS IN THE UNITED STATES 1 51 been attended by so many as was that of Brother is as as Anthony . H memory cannot die long ’ Kentucky s oldest Catholic institution is not forgotten . The foregoing sketch of Brother Anthony Hickey completes our outlines of the lay breth f f ren of the United States. Yet a urt her brie r s of s wo d on, or rather a ré umé the virtue s which stood out prominently in their live , will

f as s for s not be out o place a clo ing thi chapter . One would look in vain for a more ready obe dience s of , a greater humility, a truer pirit

s f- sacrifice r ss poverty and el , or a more ti ele industry than those pract ised by our American f rs. s o s brothe Another characteri tic their , the r d was f reader need not be eminde , pro ound s respect for the priesthood . Thi made them ever ready to aid the fathers in every possible way . They were true Dominicans who loved their

r e O der, and they took a ke n delight in the good done by its clerics for the salvation f of s s for s of . o oul , or the cau e religion Men prayer were they who prayed not only at the s s m o appointed time , but even in their lei ure ments and while at their work . Not unlike ts f Saint Paul , they made toil i el a prayer by for o of s r doing all the l ve Chri t our Lo d . Faith fu l s of to the tradition the Order, they one and all cultivated a tender and profound devotion to 152 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

ess of the Bl ed Sacrament , the Mother God , the

cross and the Rosary . They loved to hear and s v ss ss s er e ma , and to take part in the proce ion s s s or and other religiou exerci e , whether public r s s p ivate . This pirit gave ze t to their humble f s ft its s s its li e, while it o ened hard hip , lightened its s s s fi s. burden , and weetened acri ce s of In common with the re t humanity , the s s s o s ss aint included, the e br ther doubtle had their f a little aults. Yet they were s we have described o of f u s God . them , true religi and men Faith ully and earnestly did they labor to sanctify them s s s o elve , and that alvation might be b rne unto f ss s others. They ound great happine in the dutie

that brought them near the altar, the center o s around which revolved their devoti n , and in the o was realization that their t il , however menial , an o of aid in spreading the kingd m Christ on earth . s o u s s Thi not nly ennobled their h mble t service ,

s for s s becau e done the Divine Ma ter, but al o made them a veritable oblation to God who never fails to reward those who give with a good

heart . The same virtues and spirit characterize the

o s of . f ss lay br ther today Their li e and work, le the hardships and privations necessitated by ex rt f s s treme pove y in ormer time , remain the ame

as os of s s th e the brother who lived in earlier day . s The labor , however, grow in variety with the f expansion o the province and change in its needs.

CHAP TER VI

NOVITIATE AND DAILY LIFE

The novitate is a period of probation wherein an aspirant to the religious life is tested in order l to ascertain if he h as such a vocation . Al the orders rightly regard this test as of supreme im f . is o o portance The novitiate , more ver, a time spiritual formation when the candidate is trained for s f s s the religiou li e , learn the rule and regu lations of the institute to whose membership he s s s s f s s a pire , and accu tom himsel to the practi e of the order. ’ s f as s s Indeed, one entire li e a religiou depend

largely upon this early spiritual apprenticeship . If is f s s r it per ormed well , the religiou tate o di narily not only becomes a source of unspeakable ss s ss s s ble ing and happine , but even prove ea y f If is ss d and joy ul . , on the contrary, it pa e in a ff s f careless, indi erent manner, uch a li e can hardly fail to be irksome as well as productive of little of s or no spiritual good . It is a realiz ation thi f has s s act that cau ed the order , and even the r s f s t Chu ch her el , to urround the novitia e with s f s nd every a eguard, and to oblige all , cleric a s s e of lay brother alike, to go through thi p riod

is s . re s probation . Nor thi all As a rule, ligiou NOVITIATE AND DAILY LIFE 155 institutes have flourished or decayed according to the spirit which they instilled into their pro spective members during this crucial time . Until recently one desirous of becoming a ft s of Dominican lay brother, a er a hort period s c postulant hip and the re eption to the habit , was obliged to spend three years in some house f a f o s . i the Order a tertiary Then , judged rt was se for wo hy, he nt to a convent designated s s that purpo e to begin his novitiate . This la ted for on its if s one year ; and expiration, he per e e was s s of ver d , he admitted to the imple vow

. s hi s religion Three year later, he made s olemn ‘ profession . The N ew Code of Canon L awwhich became ff c s 1 91 8 has e ective on Pente o t Sunday, , led to f changes in the oregoing regu lation . The three as rt r t years a te ia y have been se aside . But every candidate to the lay brotherhood of our Order must now pass through a postulan tship ix of at least s months. Then he receives the s his habit , and begin novitiate. The novitiate s or its still continue f a twelvemonth . On ex

Formerly there were many opinions in regard to the difierence i nd he r l th between s mple a solemn vows. In t p esent canon aw e ifi n i i d ere ce comes from the determ nation of the Church . It s much re diflicult to ai a s e at r th As a mo obt n di p ns ion f om e solemn vows.

a ter ac e are rare is e se i . r m 1 85 7 to 1 9 18 m t of f t, th y ly d p n d w th F o , in re i us r ers se mem ers ta e s em s it was neces l gio o d who b k ol n vow , i i u sa ry that a s mple profess on sho ld precede the solemn pr ofession . the c an e a e ius in 1 85 7 si e s ere Until h g m d by P IX , , mpl vow w not

taken by the Dominicans. 156 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

iration ws p , the novice takes temporary vo which s for s of s la t three year . At the end thi period ,

if so es is f r . he d ires, he ree to eturn to the world If s s his s he remain in the Order, he renew vow for s of another three year , at the end which he s is his is permitted to take perpetual vows. Thi s s f olemn profession . By it he become a ull fl d e ged Dominican . has The new law, however, made no change in f has ss the purpose o the novitiate . Nor it le ened of the obligation, either on the part the Order of f s or on that the novice, care ully to devote thi time to the Spiritual formation so necessary for i f s the relig ous li e . On the contrary, the omi sion of the long tertianship really emphasizes s thi obligation . The novitiate is the nursery whence the Order is s s s s upplied with ubject , whether cleric or r ff b others. That it may the more e ectually accomplish its purpose of properly training f s of st is uture member the in itute, it placed in f is charge o a special priest . He called the novice master ; and he is selected partly because of his S s s be own deep piritual en e, and partly cause of gifts that adapt him to the responsible office of training and forming others in the re li io f s g us li e . At time the clerical and lay

brother aspirants have the same master. But as rs s a rule , the brothe have their own di tinct a is s for novice m ster. It to him they mu t look

1 58 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

is of the vocation a brother, and that one enter ing the Order in that capacity must not expect

find s f r to abundant lei ure o prayer . For the is lay brethren , to work to pray ; but their toil , if f s is f per ormed with the right pirit, itsel a s mo t meritorious prayer . The reader need not be reminded that thousands have thus sanctified s s fli is their oul in the Order. Still su cient time set for God apart holy converse with . So may the brothers— and they should— utter pious ej ac u lations as they ply their hands to their various

s s. P ater s Aves s s s ta k , , and other hort ori on is may well go along with toil . It not at all ss s s nece ary that the mind, heart and lip hould

be idle while the hands are busy . The brothers should put their whole heart s is for in their work, remembering that thi

a c ifica ion . them the appointed way of s n t t Yet , while they should strive to become keenly inter ested s s in the task allotted them, they mu t not suffer themselves to become so wedded to any particular work that they would be unwilling if s s s to relinquish it any time, the uperior wi he

them to leave it and take up some other duty . Ready obedience is the greatest of the religious is s s n virtues. A reluctant obedience a ure ig that a religious does not serve God so much as is l . s he serves his own Sweet wi l At time , it s s s s true, uch command may eem quite unrea on ’

s . s re able, and try one patience But we mu t NOVITIATE AND DAILY LIFE 159 member that the religious life without trials

m ortifica i ha and t ons s little merit . In detailing the daily life of a brother we can not do better than to take as an example that s of s led by the lay brethren at the Hou e Studie , f f s . . fi t o Wa hington , D C There are een them , and their life presents a striking and edifying

. s s picture Unhappily , our pace permit no more i than a mere outline of ts daily routine . Early

s i to bed and early to ri e s the rule . At the first sound of the morning hell they all rise f of rom their couches. The habit getting up

is s is o promptly oon acquired . Nor it s hard

as s f w many person in the world imagine . A e

s ar o moment e allowed f r dressing .

s c s Then, on a e ond ignal , they proceed to the

for s choir or chapel a short prayer. Thi over,

s rv ss they hear or e e ma , at which they receive

s h as our Euchari tic Lord . Frequent communion

s alway been a cherished custom of the Order .

Since the issuance of the well - known Decree

Sacra, THden tina S nodus of s X c y Piu , De em 1 905 has ber, , daily communion become a uni versal practise of the brothers throughout the

world .

ass s of The m e are over by the clock , and the brothers now assemble again in choir for meditation which they make with the rest of 160 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER

2 ’ the community . At seven o clock the break i f f fast bell s rung . A ter break ast they make a brief visit to the Blessed Sacrament . Here it may be noticed that devotion to the Eucharistic Christ has ever played a conspicuous part in f . s s s Dominican li e For thi rea on , the brother are urged to visit their Sacramental Lord as f o o ten as their duties all w . s s h as When thi vi it to the chapel been made, they go about their respective duties and ocen ations s s s s p , or bu y them elve with uch other tasks as may be assigned to them for the well s being of the community . These labor round out the rest of the morning until shortly before off the noon hour . At a given time they leave work to prepare for devotions and prayer in f . se choir The are ollowed by dinner, which in turn is succeeded by another attendance in the

s f . chapel . Then come a brie recreation The

3 The i i e ffice the c erics is c se se e ar s d v n o of l ompo d of v n p t , known ! ! as the ca nica urs a e ! a i s r me erce Se no l ho , n m ly M t n , P i , T , xt, e Ves ers and m i e so ca ed r the me at c e Non , p Co pl n , ll f om ti whi h th y ’ s u be sai . The la r ers oflice ecause eir a rs is ho ld d y b oth , b of th l bo , ! is ertai u er ers and much shorter . It composed of a c n n mb of Pat ! “ ! es etc . for eac the urs . is r i ar sa at eir Av , , h of ho It o d n ily id th

c e ie ce so a ma i er ere i t e r rk. onv n n , th t it y not nt f w th h i wo At cer ai t mes e er e are i e a te c r i e the t n i , how v , th y obl g d to t nd hoi wh l c erics are reci i the i i e ffice or are e a e in er r i i us l t ng d v n o , ng g d oth el g o

x ercises. our use u es for the sa e the re i us e At Ho of St di , k of l gio r a i the s u a and v ce r ers the cust m is for fo m t on of po t l nt no i b oth , o them to attend choir and recite their office at the same time that the eri he i is ex a s eir r e cl cs chant t canon cal hours. Th pl in th f equ nt a in the e r in ir ttendance chapel as not d he e the daily life.

162 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER brother who habitually injects a ray of sunshine into the periods of recreation is a blessing to the

convent in which he lives. The evening recreation is followed by spiritual

reading . A conference by the father master ft s of o en take the place this pious exercise . At stated intervals it is also replaced by the chapter of faults which is a characteristic feature of the s f is religiou li e, and held in high esteem by

s s s. s f s a cetic oul Nor hould we orget, in thi c of s conne tion, to mention that the reading piou o s s of so s s b ok , the live saints and holy per n , e pe ciall s of s of instru c y tho e the Order, and work is s s tion not only permitted, but al o coun elled or of f even urged . Works this character are ood

f r s . o s . s the oul Catholic paper , periodical , etc , S are likewise allowed . When piritual reading s s s for i over, the brother retire to their room a ’ - eam ed s s well night repo e , happy in the thought that they have filled the day with good works s s and merit , and that they may now leep peace ’ fully with God s blessing upon them . ns of The devotio the Order, quite naturally, also play an important part in the life of these s fi s of brother . On the r t Sunday each month , s a r is ss of for in t nce, the e a proce ion in honor the Blessed Virgin ; a similar procession in honor of

the Holy Name is had on the second Sunday . of So again , on the third Sunday the month there is a procession in honor of the Blessed NOVITIATE AND DAILY LIFE 163

Sacrament ; while on the fourth still another is of had in honor Saint Dominic . The Holy ! is Hour observed every Saturday evening . These religious exercises are a source of great s s piritual con olation to the brothers. They take part in them with a piety and decorum that f edi y . Their devotion to the holy cross is strik ing ; and they are most faithful in making the “ ! of of the Way Calvary . One the character ’ istics of Saint Dominic s Order is frequent

for s for its s prayer the dead, e pecially member f and bene actors. In this also none show greater zeal than that manifested by the brothers. Although this description of the daily life of a i f lay brother s drawn rom that led at one convent , but few accidental changes would be required in its setting to make it apply with equal truth to the life of a brother in any house of the s Order . The pre ent chapter might be drawn

r . out to much g eater length Yet , we venture s ffi has s to believe, quite u cient been aid to give the reader a fair idea of the holiness of such a ’ of f s for s s state li e ; and with thi , brevity ake , we must here be content The brother who is faithful to his vocation cannot fail to be intima

tely united to his God - a union that brings goodness and happiness! CHAPTER VII

CONCLUSION

Catholics of today often do not understand why one enters a religious order in the humble f f o . in re capacity lay brother Indeed, not “ quently does one hear the question ! Why do ! men become lay brothers in this age ! The difficulty is born of a worldly spirit — or perhaps f f is o a want o knowledge . It to be hoped that what has been said in the course of this little volume has given its readers a clearer idea of ’ the reason for such a consecration of one s self s f is to God ; nay , howed them that such a li e a

sacred calling. “ ! m s Still , it ight be a ked , why a whole ! s s ! s book , all about imple lay brother Thi u s s has question, let al o hope, likewise been answered ; for it seems to u s that one can hardly have read these pages without being convinced that a brother is a far more important personage is f than generally imagined . More requently is is his f than not , it true, there little in li e that s to o s s appeal the ambiti u , or elicit the admi d s ration of the worldly minde . He devote him self to the service of God in labor and retirement ; so his virtues and his goodness are known only

166 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER precisely one of the purposes of the lay brother in of has the Order Saint Dominic . That he nobly f fi s ss f r ul lled thi mi ion, we take it o granted , the s fi reader mu t acknowledge . Through his delity to duty he largely made possible the splendid ’ s s of s accompli hment the Order s cleric , and he has ss a right to participate in their glory , no le f than in the merits o their works. ’ s s By no mean , however, have the lay brother virtue and services to religion and society always f s His s been hidden rom the out ide world . labor in ’ c f s s for conne tion with the ather endeavor good, s f both religiou and civic , have o ten not merely f s brought him temporary ame, but even cau ed his name to shine with a luster that is not likely f . his t to grow dim Some o work in archi ecture, s s s is art and culpture, or even in the cience , imperishably recorded on the pages of history . s has s s All thi been seen in previou chapter , and it was all done for the glory of God and the f f betterment o the world . Linking aith with s s rs simplicity in their production , the e lay brothe ' have wedded the immortal verse of Dante to

s s . canva , wood and tone But perhaps still more to their credit than s f is f d these work o art the ree om which , by their rs s for humbler labo , they gave the cleric the s is apostolic life of the Order . Yet higher prai e due them because of the earnestness with which ’ they strove to ground themselves in the Order s CONCLUSION 167

f s S s s s. s pirit , and to ancti y their oul Thi al o , we h as venture to believe, been remarked by the s reader. Among the Dominican saint in general there is a characteristic predominance of the s intellectual over the emotional qualities. Thi is likewise the case with the piety of the saintly s is ss lay brother , and doubtle largely due to

association with their more learned confreres. As u s a r le, they were trong men with good com s mon sense . Their religion was virile . The ame f s was s holds true o the brother today . It thi trait that stood out strongly in many of the lay r f brother marty s when acing death , even under f s the most painful tortures. Some o the mo t remarkable men in the galaxy of Dominican athletes of the faith who gave up their lives for s S Christ were lay brothers. Thi alone hould suffice to prove the caliber and the character of those who have consecrated themselves to the s of Go d s ervice in thi humble capacity , and to Show the honor in which this state of life should

be held . was of o It no idle dream Count de M ntalembert , s s im when he wrote that monk , like oak , are

mortal . That noted author rather used the term monks as significative of the religious life in

its s s s . s wide t en e Taken in thi meaning, they

are as old as Christianity . From the earliest s of im time the Church , men , acting under the ’ s of s s s f o pul e our Lord coun el , withdrew r m the 168 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER world that they might the more readily lead a f of f li e per ection and union with God . So it has been century after century since . So will it ’ continue to be . Christ s mission on earth was to

u s . His s was o fol make better mes age ! C me , ! “ for wa low me ; I am the y , and the truth , and the life It has always been in response to this ss s s f r ss d me age that many oul , hungry o the Ble e s f Ma ter, have le t the world and entered the relig ious orders that they might the more quietly So and securely possess and enjoy His presence . of will it be until the end time . s n In the earlie t Christian days, such arde t so s os s s for ul m tly led olitary live . Later , the f fi of a better ul llment their desires, no less th n for es protection, they gathered in communiti r which gradually grew into the religious orde s. s s s as s ft f The e order , ju t a thir t a er per ection, are f a natural outgrowth o Christianity . This ex s r s f if s ss plain why, like the Chu ch her el , uppre ed

s . in one place, they pring up in another Put s f them to death today, and they will ri e up rom s s s s s their a he on the morrow . Thi how that

they are necessary and immortal . As the elo quent Pé re Lacordaire so well expresses the same truth ! Nothing ever revives which is not neces s s n s f ary, and doe not contai in it el the condition f o immortality . Death is too terrible an assault f if ass im to admit o recovery , the ailed be not ! !

. s s mortal Re urrection, indeed, is the mo t

170 THE DOMINICAN LAY BROTHER erudite brethren ; neither will they have less merit and reward in the sight of God for their

f f- lives o sel sacrifice. With these remarks we may now close our has e little volume, adding only that what be n s of f aid the Dominican lay brother, apart rom his s c of f pe ial rule li e, may be applied with equal truth to the lay brother in the other religious orders.

THE E N D INDEX

N AM ES OF LA Y BROTH ERS A R E IN DEX E D UNDE R THEI R R ELIG IOU S N AM

i enses eres 21 25 a Law New o e La Alb g , h y of, , C non , C d , y i c Fra r t er u er 155 Ambrog no of Son ino , , B o h nd , r 42 58 56 89 Ca i ons e u lar u Wo k of, , , , R g , Fo nding of, as asi Fra s a e ass l g An t o , , t in d gl a rtis 53 89 ari r er e 74 t, , C no , B oth , Lif of, re r er a ar es a r er 143 And w , B oth , of Pol nd , Ch l , S ndin , B oth , ai e - ass ar s 54 ra er the st n d gl ti t , Conf t nity of Holy Sa ic e r er viour esta s 44 Anthon H k y, B oth , , bli hed , Sketc 144 of, ’ O K eefe r er 1 17 amia da er am Fra Anthony , B oth , D no B g o , , err r er 1 18 saic ar is 54 56 Anthony P y , B oth , mo t t , , i us Keheele r t er ie o de a a ari a r er Anton n y, B o h , D g S nt M , B oth 143 e e u e 44 Coll g fo nd d by, i si e Fra saic i ic ai i e and r Anton o A n lli , , mo Dom n , S nt, L f Wo k arti s 54 20 m 5 1 t , of, ; to b, i da u a a Fra i ic r e r er 1 27 Anton o L nigi n , , Dom n C owl y , B oth , sai c art s 54 i ic u i s r t er 128 mo i t, Dom n G bb n , B o h , , ris e P i s 24 1 30 138 A totl , h lo ophy of, , ’ Art La r t ers and 45 fl ic ra r er 1 38 , y B o h , Domin Mo n , B oth , u usti e ai u e 18 i ica s u i 26 A g n , S nt, R l of, Dom n n , Fo nd ng of, ; !

Az avedo . Rev. e de arac er r er 26 fl , Rt Di go , Ch t of O d , is Os a 21 art rs 76 77 78 80 n B hop of m , M y , , n , , ; use Studies Washin ton Ho of , g ,

art e e a r a Fra . C. 159 . ee a s La B olom o d ll Po t , , D , S l o y ai er 52 r ers p nt , B oth e e c Sa e and r B n di t, int , Lif Wo k 15- 16 us ac Fra i u i a r 52 of, E t hio , , ll m n to , , e e icti es u 15 56 B n d n , Fo nding of, 18 er ar a r r er 1 1 7 a r r ames 1 1 7 B n d G yno , B oth , F hy , B othe J , d a r t er 128 e ic i er ar s ar D . B n H nlon , B o h , , F nw k, B hop Edw d , 1 29 138 u er mi ica r , Fo nd of Do n n p ov Ber ardino Fra m sa c a rt s i ce 1 10 c m issar 1 19 , , o i i t, n , ; o m y , s‘p F i La accini u i a r il ppo pp , ill m n to rt e r er au ius scu 62 Bo y , B oth Cl d , lp tor 5 1 56 ra cis r e r er 143 , , F n Co l y, B oth , ra cis e r er 134 F n Coyn , B oth , Califom ia Dominican La r ra cis Hom ick r er 1 18 , y B oth F n , B oth , ers in 1 17 ra cis a e r er 136 I , F n M dd n , B oth , 1 72 INDEX

Fra i cis ur ro er 128 a re ce lahert r er 136 M phy , B th , , L w n F y , B oth , 1g2 La r ers i ica i e y B oth , Dom n n , L f ’ ra cis O Brien r er 134 and r 32- 57 151 - 1 53 F n , B oth , Wo k of, , , 1 64- 170 ; and Religious Per fection 58 - 75 ear is iac drea Fra scu , ; l G omo di An , , lp y L t of

- ea s 64 ar rs and es tor 50 53 D th , ; M ty Bl , sed 76 - 10 i ar rs i a i rac e i ra arc i , 9 ; s G ov nn B h tt , F , h L t of M ty Beatified 77 is Be tect 48 49 not , ; L t of , , tified ar rs 79 Beatified i a i Marco ano Fra , ; , G ov nn no of j , , M ty is 8 1 in . . 1 1 a er 52 56 ; S , 0 ; p int , , U L t of

ea s . . 1 1 2 St . ir a Bianchedi Fra arc i S , ; G ol mo , , h D th in U of ’

- se s r i e 1 1 ee 49 50 c , 9 ; t t , Jo ph p ov n in i 12 in 1 33 ir a si ri O , 6 ; e u c , ; G ol mo Mon gno , h o K nt ky

itiate and ai i e 1 54 . ai er 52 l , p nt , Nov D y L f u ie e i Fra scu See als a es i ndi i ua s. G gl lmo Agn ll , , lp o n m of v d l Loui Casinave r er 1 36 tor 51 56 , B oth . , , , l 3; uis nc r er 127 r ss e e i a 97 Lo Ly h , B oth 9 Holy C o , Coll g of L m , ame esus i i a l , c Ho y N of J Dom n n arc ese a er Vi ce ci e r vi ce M h , F th n nt, t d , , 1 1 0, 1 12 p o n 1 1 48 11 o sar i e , l e , H y Ro y Conv nt M nn arc Fra a ter 52 a lis 12 M o , , p in , po , 9 rtin u a r er 134 M Bo gh n , B oth , , al35 acu a e ce e e Imm l t Con ption , Coll g ar i assi r er 1 1 8 M t n C n , B oth , as i C. 159 of, W h ngton , D . , ar i de rres esse 90 M t n Po , Bl d , ce II I , 21 , 28 Inno nt ar i . a c r er 134 M n P Cl n y , B oth , , 1 3g sc a e ti Fra i oz Massias esse 101 J opo T l n , , of N p , Bl d John , z an archite 48 r er 128 d aurice . ers o , , M P Pow , B oth , i Ja nes rc ra ro er 1 34 ee a Rev . . P . ra s a Co o n , B th , , M h n , C , T n l t on iss 1 1 48 n by , , a es aff e r t er 1 36 Micl ael ConnelI r er 1 38 J m G n y , B o h , , B oth , , a es e r er 1 28 130 14b J m Hold n , B oth , , ’

a es esse r ic ae . O Brien r er J m of Ulm , Bl d , wo k of, M h l F , B oth , 42 53 S e c 84 1 34 , ; k t h of,

. K eheele r er 143 ic ae ar r er 1 34 John A y , B oth , M h l Lomb d , B oth , n u er r er 143 ic ae W e a r er 1 16 Joh B tl , B oth , M h l h l n , B oth , , Jo l n a e r er 134 1 34 1 35 M hon y, B oth , , , i35 i er a urc the e M n v , Ch h of , Rom , a n r t er scu 49 50 John R ymo d , B o h , lp , tor 5 1 56 Mo talembert u de ci e , , , Co nt , t d , se er r er 143 1g7 Jo ph Doh ty , B oth ,

se er r er 134 er Rev . S e e Jo ph Dwy , B oth , , Montgom y , t ph n H

1 35 , 1 38 1 22 se u s r er 138 Jo ph H ggin , B oth , se u a ro er 133 r er Sai r er u e Jo ph M lholl nd , B th , No b t, nt , o d fo nd d 1 9 by ,

ee e i ia and . C. ar r er i e a ers 1 8 1 9 K l y , W ll m P , No b t n F th , , hi c tects, 139, 140 n e u c La r ers in 1 33 Oderic ro er r 32 K nt ky , y B oth , , B th , wo k of, Lacordaire ere cite 168 O i La ro ers in 1 26 , P , d , h o , y B th ,

ERRATA

L argely because of the necessity of us ing the t e over and over a ain a nmnber ( er r ata yp g , f wer e not detected u n til it was too la te to cor r ect

them in the tex t . A tten tion shou ld be called to those in thej b llowing list!

5 2 5 s for Page , line , read Mon ignori Mon signiori a 5 5 1 6 fo and P ge , line , omit the be re time ; “ ! “ ! in line 29 add or before under their direction ! “ a 6 1 24 so ss for so P ge , line , read to expre it ! to express . e 6 2 2 a for eriod Pag , line 7 re d period g ! “ 6 4 a s for s Page 7 , line , re d conte t conque t “ ! “ ! 83 8 ea s for s Page , line , r d pirit pirt ; and “ ! “ ! in line 28 an opportunity for a opportun ity . “ ! “ a 1 02 29 r a o for P ge , line , e d C lombia Colum ! bia .

1 0 2 - o sa for Page 7 , line , read well w rn ro ry ! - a well known ros ry . 1 1 9 of ! Page , at end note, read The new code of canon lawh as done away with the period of ! “ tertianship for h as shortened the period of ter ! i n hi o a t a s p to ne ye r . a 1 26 1 6 o for P ge , line , read Br ther Peter “ ’ ! Brother William and in line 25 Peter s in “ ’ ! stead of William s a 1 3 6 a o s of for P ge 7 , line , re d the p i e mind ! that poise of mind .