Mechanism of the Interimage-Effect in Color Reversal System and Its Application to Improve Color Reproduction
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Automatic Compensation for Camera Settings for Images Taken Under Different Illuminants
Automatic Compensation for Camera Settings for Images Taken under Different Illuminants Cheng Lu and Mark S. Drew; School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 fclu,[email protected] Abstract image − no-flash image ), to infer the contribution of the flash The combination of two images shot for the same scene but light to the scene. But to make this computation meaningful, the under different illumination has been used in wide applications images must be in the same camera settings. These include: ex- ranging from estimating scene illumination, to enhancing pho- posure time, ISO, aperture, and white balance. Since different tographs shot in dark environments, to shadow removal. An ex- lighting conditions usually cause changes of camera settings, an ample is the use of a pair of images shot with and without a flash. effective registering method to compensate for the difference, for However, for consumer-grade digital cameras, due to the differ- the image pair, is necessary. Unfortunately, this problem has never ent illumination conditions the two images usually have different been investigated carefully. This is partly because the difference camera settings when they are taken, such as exposure time and between the two images is a composite of the difference of cam- white balance. Thus adjusting (registering) the two images be- era settings and of the light arriving at the camera, and they are comes a necessary step prior to combining the two images. Un- difficult to separate. fortunately, how to register these two images has not been inves- In this paper, we present a method which uses a masking tigated fully. -
Color and False-Color Films for Aerial Photography
Color and False-Color Films for Aerial Photography RATFE G. TARKINGTON and ALLAN L. SOREM Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company Rochester, N. Y. ABSTRACT: Color reproduction by the photographic process using three primary colors is discussed, and the 11se of these photographic and optical principles for false-color reproduction is explained. The characteristics of two new aerial films-Kodak Ektachrome Aero Film (Process E-3) and a false-color type, Kodak Ektachrome Infrared Aero Film (Process E-3)-are compared with those of the older products they replace. The new films have higher speed, im proved definition, and less granularity. OPULAR processes of color photography are KODAK EKTACHROME AERO FILM (PROCESS E-3) P based upon the facts that (1) the colors perceived by the human eye can be produced BLUE SENSITIVE YELLOW POSITIVE IMAGE by mixtures of only three suitably chosen =====::::==l=====~=~=~~[M~ colors called primaries; (2) photographic GREEN SENSITIVE MAGENTA POSITIVE IMAGE emulsions can be made to respond selectively REO SENSITIVE CYAN POSITIVE IMAGE to each of these three colors; and (3) chemical reactions exist which can produce three in dividual colorants, each capable of absorbing FIG. 1. Schematic representation of a essentially only one of the chosen primary multilayer color film. colors. Although theory imposes no single unique set of three primary colors, in prac in a scene, but the results obtained with tice the colors chosen are those produced by modern color photographic materials are re light from successive thirds of the visible markably realistic representations of the spectrum: red, green, and blue. When these original scene. -
Mindful Photographer
Operating Manual for the Mindful Photographer Ed Heckerman Copyright © 2017 Cerritos College and Ed Heckerman 11110 Alondra Blvd., Norwalk, CA 90650 Second Edition, 2018 This interactive PDF was made in partial fulfillment for a sabbatical during the academic year 2016 - 2017. No part of the text of this book may be reporduced without permission from Cerritos College. All photographs were taken by Ed Heckerman and produced independently from sabbat- ical contract. Ed Heckerman maintains the copyright for all the photographs and edition changes. No images may be copied from this manual for any use without his consent. Contents Part 1 — Insights and Aspirations 1 contents page Introduction 1 What is Photography? 2 What is a Photograph? Motivations — Why Make Photographs? Photography and Mindfulness 6 Thoughts On Tradition ��������������������������������������������������������������������������12 Part 2 — Navigating Choices ������������������������������������������������������������� 14 Cameras Loading Your Camera Unloading Your Camera Manual Focus Autofocus Sensitivity and Resolution — ISO Controlling Exposure — Setting the Aperture and Shutter Speed Shutter Speed Coordinating Apertures and Shutter Speeds Exposure Metering Systems ��������������������������������������������������������������� 25 Full-frame Average Metering Center Weighted Metering Spot Metering Multi-Zone Metering Incident Metering -
A Masking Technic for Photographic Reproduction of Roentgenograms
A MASKING TECHNIC FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC REPRODUCTION OF ROENTGENOGRAMS Preliminary Report T. WARREN STRAUSS Department of Photography and ARTHUR S. TUCKER, M.D. Department of Radiology OENTGENOGRAPHS detail that ordinarily cannot be reproduced by R- conventional photographic methods may at times be preserved by means of a masking technic. The method described here is not entirely original, but is a modification of several previously described technics aimed at development of a simple yet effective process. The basic problem with which radiologists and medical photographers are faced is the difference in contrast between roentgen film, which is viewed in transmitted light, and photographic paper, which is viewed in reflected light. The brightness range of a roentgenogram may run from 1 to 1000 or more; whereas, that of a photographic print may run from less than 1 to 50.1 To offset this wide difference in contrast ranges, it has been common practice in making prints of roentgenograms to use a dodging or blocking procedure that decreases the exposure of the less dense areas of the roentgenogram. Dodging usually is accomplished by passing the hand or other opaque object between the source of light and the printing easel. Dodging is a type of masking pro- cedure; in photographic terminology a mask is a device for screening light to secure visualization of details of contrast that otherwise would be lost in the process of reproduction. We currently are using a positive film mask. Exposure is made simultaneously through both a negative film and a positive film (mask) of the roentgenogram. This preserves details that otherwise would be beyond the range of contrast of the paper. -
EASTMAN TRI-X Reversal Film 7278™
TECHNICAL DATA / BLACK-AND-WHITE REVERSAL FILM February 1999 • H-1-7278 H-1-7278 EASTMAN TRI-X July 1996 Reversal Film 7278™ DESCRIPTION For more information about medium- and long-term EASTMAN TRI-X Reversal Film 7278 (16 mm) is a high- storage, see NAPM IT9.11-1992, and KODAK Publications speed, panchromatic black-and-white film with an anti- H-1, KODAK Motion Picture Film, and H-23, The Book of halation undercoat that makes it suitable for general interior Film Care. photography with artificial light. It can be used in daylight and is particularly useful for photographing sports at regular EXPOSURE INDEXES speed or in slow motion in low-light conditions late in the Use the following exposure indexes for recommended day or with an overcast sky. This film is characterized by reversal processing: excellent tonal gradation and high resolving power. Tungsten (3200K)—160 When processed as a reversal film, the resulting positive Daylight*—200 can be used for projection or for duplication. If processed as Use these indexes with incident- or reflected-light exposure a negative material by conventional methods, this film will meters and cameras marked for ISO or ASA speeds or yield satisfactory results, although there will be some loss in exposure indexes. These indexes apply for meter readings of speed. average subjects made from the camera position or for readings made from a gray card of 18-percent reflectance BASE held close to and in front of the subject. For unusually light- This film has a gray acetate safety base with an additional or dark-colored subjects, decrease or increase the exposure anti-halation undercoat. -
Using KODAK EKTACHROME 100D Color Reversal Film 7285 in Your Super 8 Camera CURRENT INFORMATION SUMMARY March 2010 • CIS-287
Using KODAK EKTACHROME 100D Color Reversal Film 7285 in Your Super 8 Camera CURRENT INFORMATION SUMMARY March 2010 • CIS-287 Kodak has recently announced the availability of KODAK Below is a detailed table summarizing the suggested EKTACHROME 100D Color Reversal Film 7285 in the filtration, Exposure Index, based on the available light Super 8 format. 100D Color Reversal Film features bright source: saturated colors, fine grain with excellent sharpness. It is important to note that KODAK EKTACHROME Light Source KODAK Filters on Camera Exposure 100D Color Reversal Camera Film 7285 is a daylight Index balanced film. No additional filtration is required when Daylight (5500 K) None 100 using the film in daylight conditions. The film cartridge is Tungsten (3000 K) WRATTEN Gelatin No. 80A 25 notched appropriately for the speed and color balance, Tungsten (3200 K) WRATTEN Gelatin No. 80A 25 which will allow it to perform optimally in automatic Fluorescent, Cool Color Compensating Filter 80 cameras. White CC20M Many older manual cameras will require some special Fluorescent, Deluxe WRATTEN Gelatin No. 82C 80 attention. Due to historical reasons (e.g. the films available Cool White at their time of manufacture), most of these cameras Metal Halide (H.M.I.) None 100 assume that the film to be used is tungsten balanced and either EI40 or EI160. This publication will help you get the EXPOSURE best possible results using 100D Film in these cameras. KODAK EKTACHROME 100D Color Reversal Camera Film FILTER USAGE 7285 is an ISO 100 rated product. It is important when exposing the film under daylight conditions that the Many cameras utilize an internal conversion filter to camera is set as close to ISO 100 as possible. -
KODAK EKTACHROME 100D Color Reversal Film 5285 / 7285
KODAK EKTACHROME 100D Color Reversal Film 5285 / 7285 TECHNICAL DATA / COLOR REVERSAL FILM February 2010 • H-1-5285 KODAK EKTACHROME 100D Color Reversal Film 5285 / EXPOSURE INDEXES 7285 is a 100-speed, high-color reversal motion picture Daylight (5500K): 100 camera film intended for photography under daylight Tungsten (3200K): 25 (with 80A filter) illumination (5500K). It offers strikingly saturated color Use these indexes with incident- or reflected-light performance while maintaining a neutral gray scale and exposure meters and cameras marked for ISO or ASA accurate flesh reproduction. speeds or exposure indexes. These indexes apply for 5285/7285 Film has exceptional sharpness that is meter readings of average subjects made from the camera unsurpassed by any other 100-speed reversal film, and its position or for readings made from a gray card of grain performance is excellent. This film also offers very 18-percent reflectance held close to and in front of the strong reciprocity uniformity and keeping stability. subject. For unusually light- or dark-colored subjects, This film offers outstanding results in outdoor and decrease or increase the exposure indicated by the meter studio applications where strong color saturation is accordingly. desired. It is excellent for advertising, nature cinematography, documentaries, music videos, and is Super 8 Exposure especially good for telecine transfers and television Some older cameras may automatically set the exposure to filming. ISO 160. In many situations, results at an ISO 160 exposure 5285 Film is available in 35mm formats. 7285 Film is setting (approximately 1⁄2 stop underexposed) would still available in several 16mm formats, as well as Super 8 50-ft be acceptable. -
Introduction to Basic Color Photography Edition Date
SUBCOURSE EDITION SS0514 A INTRODUCTION TO BASIC COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY EDITION DATE: SEPTEMBER 1994 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY Subcourse Number SS0514 EDITION A United States Army Signal Center and School Fort Gordon, GA 30905-5074 5 Credit Hours Edition Date: September 1994 SUBCOURSE OVERVIEW This subcourse presents you with information on color photography, including theory, exposure, and printmaking. Topics covered include the theory of light, how colors are formed, and color print materials--their structure and exposure. Color negative developing using the popular C-41 process is explained, as well as the Ektaprint 2 process that is most often used to make color prints from negatives. The E6 reversal processing and the two methods of making prints from slides are examined (color coupler (conventional reversal paper) and dye destruction (like Cibachrome)). In addition, this subcourse defines general quality control procedures. Since duplicate transparencies are often required, the generation process is explained. There are no prerequisites for this subcourse. This subcourse reflects the doctrine which was current at the time it was prepared. In your own work situation, always refer to the latest official publications. Unless otherwise stated, the masculine gender of singular pronouns is used to refer to both men and women. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE ACTION: You will identify procedures for color negative printing techniques, color reversal film processing and printing, and slide duplicating techniques. CONDITION: You will be given information from TM 11-401-2, STP 11- 25S13-SM-TG, and Photographer's Mate Training Series NAVEDTRA 373-02-45-83, MOD 2. STANDARD: To demonstrate competency of this task, you must achieve a minimum score of 70% on the subcourse examination. -
KODAK TRI-X Reversal Film 7266
TECHNICAL DATA / BLACK-AND-WHITE REVERSAL FILM August 2003 • H-1-7266t KODAK TRI-X Reversal Film 7266 We are committed to black & white film—improvements to DARKROOM RECOMMENDATIONS our family of reversal films prove it. New KODAK TRI-X Reversal Processing Reversal Film 7266 offers finer grain and increased All processing operations should be carried out in total sharpness, and includes EASTMAN KEYKODE Numbers darkness until the bleaching step has been completed. If for easy cross-reference of shots in minutes, not hours. necessary, the film can be examined (for a few seconds only) Reduced static support allows for a cleaner image after development is 50 percent complete. Use a throughout the filmmaking process. And because our new KODAK 3 Safelight Filter / dark green, with a 15-watt bulb, films do not require processing in a bleach containing heavy no closer to the film than 1.2 metres (4 feet). Following metals, they are easier on the environment. Our improved bleaching, normal room lighting can be used. films provide the rich blacks and high contrast you have come to expect from KODAK Black & White reversal films. Negative Processing KODAK TRI-X Reversal Film 7266 (16 mm) is a No safelight is recommended until after the stop bath. high-speed, panchromatic black-and-white film with an Unprocessed films must be handled in total darkness. antihalation undercoat that makes it suitable for general interior photography with artificial light. It can also be used in daylight and is particularly useful for sports pictures STORAGE taken at regular speed or slow motion in weak light (overcast Store unexposed film at 13°C(55°F) or lower. -
Film Carriers, Proofs & Plates
FILM CARRIERS, PROOFS & PLATES There are many products manufactured specifically to assist the film assembly technician and to check the quality and accuracy of the technician’s work. These in- clude film carrier materials, masking materials and proofing materials. In addition, a wide-range of printing plates are available to meet various requirements. FILM CARRIERS AND MASKING MATERIALS The choice of a film carrier material, commonly called a flat, by a film assem- bly technician is based upon two major considerations. First, the technician must consider if the plates that are to be used for the job are positive- or negative-acting. Many lithographic plates (especially those used in Europe), screen-printing plates and gravure plates are positive-acting. The emulsion on a positive acting plate creates an image identical to the film from which it is exposed – a negative image from a negative or a positive image from a positive. In most cases, positive-acting plates will be exposed from positive films (the only exception would be reverse images that are, in fact, negative images). Exposed areas of positive-acting plates become non-image areas while unexposed areas become image areas. The positive films must be mounted to a transparent material so that all non-printing areas of the plates are exposed. The choice in this case is clear polyester. Most lithographic work in the United States uses negative-acting plates. Exposed areas of negative-acting plates become image areas while non-exposed areas become non-image areas. Negatives must be masked with a material that will not allow actinic light (the chemically-active light that exposes an emulsion) to reach the plate so that all non-printing areas of the plate are not exposed. -
Masking Protection Solutions Masking Protection Solutions
Masking Protection Solutions Masking Protection Solutions 6,000+ masking parts in-stock and ready to ship caps plugs tapes die-cuts hooks & racks company overview SEARCH PRODUCTS BY TYPE I caps ................................................................................................16-35 For more than 65 years, Caplugs has been I plugs............................................................................................. 36-67 the leader in product protection with I miscellaneous masking & kits ................................................66-73 innovative parts that solve industrywide I masking tapes ............................................................................ 74-79 challenges. Comprehensive manufacturing I masking die-cuts.......................................................................80-95 capabilities, processes and a wide range of I hooks, bars and racks ............................................................96-103 materials allow us to meet your needs. PAGE GUIDE Over 400 million caps, plugs, packaging, selector guide .........................................................................................6-7 tubing and masking products are always why caplugs .............................................................................................. 8 in-stock and ready to ship. While a dedicated experience and expertise ...................................................................... 9 team of in-house engineers is also available for complete custom designs. With a global quality -
Pre Pricelist.Pdf
Please note: All Black-and-White CAT No. Price Placing an order EI Ratings are without filtration. KODAK TRI-X Reversal Film 7278 EI 160 (Tungsten) EI 200 (Daylight) Not all products are stocked in all CAT No. Price Perforated One Edge - Winding B - Super 16 warehouses. 35 mm Black & White Negative Films 147 2190 1 roll 400 ft Core $71.40 EASTMAN PLUS-X Negative Film 5231 Peforated Two Edges To facilitate ordering KODAK Motion EI 64 (Tungsten) EI 80 (Daylight) 147 2133 1 roll 100 ft Spool $18.85 Picture Film, please have the following 167 7723 1 roll 400 ft Core $124.56 147 2166 1 roll 200 ft Spool 36.70 information available: 111 6417 1 roll 1000 ft Core 311.40 147 2182 1 roll 400 ft Core 71.40 For High Speed Cameras 1. Your Customer Number (if you have an EASTMAN DOUBLE-X Negative Film 5222 147 2158 1 roll 100 ft Spool $18.85 EI 200 (Tungsten) EI 250 (Daylight) account with Eastman Kodak Company). 173 7279 1 roll 400 ft Core $124.56 2. The Catalog Numbers of the items you Super 8 mm Black & White Films wish to purchase. KODAK PLUS-X Reversal Film 7276 16 mm Black & White Negative Films EI 40 (Tungsten) EI 50 (Daylight) 502 9087 1 cart. 50 ft $9.65 EASTMAN PLUS-X Negative Film 7231 For more detailed product information, EI 64 (Tungsten) EI 80 (Daylight) KODAK TRI-X Reversal Film 7278 you may request a Price Catalog when Perforated One Edge - Winding B - Super 16 EI 160 (Tungsten) EI 200 (Daylight) you order film.