625 18. treat originals irreplaceable. lose sightofthefactthatoriginalcolorslidesareusually tions. Whendealingwithsuchvastnumbers,itiseasy to million B&Wphotographsandcolorslidesinitscollec- fices worldwide.TheBettmannArchivehasmorethan16 York Cityheadquartersandthe64ImageBanksalesof- New — mostly35mmcolorslidesinthecollectionsits cial use,andadvertising,hasmorethan20millionimages izing incolorphotographyforgeneralcoverage,commer- News, Inc.hasoveronemillionslidesinitscollection. lion; Magnumhasoverhalfamillion;andSygmaPhoto pany has3million;Gamma-Liaison,Inc.overonemil- dating fromthelate1930’s;BlackStarPublishingCom- Collection inNewYorkCityhasoveronemillionslides the 35mmformatin1936;TimeInc.MagazinesPicture slides datingbacktotheintroductionofKodachromein tion, includingasignificantnumberofearlyKodachrome D.C. hasbetween10and11millioncolorslidesinitscollec- millions: theNationalGeographicSocietyinWashington, hundreds ofthousands35mmcolorslides.Somehave the UnitedStatesalone.Manyimportantcollectionshave usable negatives. and thePolaroidinstantcolorprintsoftoday:nonehave color slidesarelikethedaguerreotypesofabygoneera which anewslidecanbemade.Inthisrespect,original damaged, orevenlost,thereisnocameranegativefrom camera. cases thesamepieceoffilmthatwasexposedinyour Kodachrome slidethatyouputinyourprojectorismost the originalchromogeniccamerafilm.TheFujichromeor kind transparenciesproducedbyreversalprocessingof originals, thegreatmajorityof35mmslidesareone-of-a- h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter18 Introduction The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs carefully storetheoriginals inthedark.Workingdupli- dure istomakeduplicatesfrom originalslides,andtothen projector-caused fading(see Chapter6).Thebestproce- It isalsoessentialthatslidesbeprotectedfromexcessive is reproducedinabook,magazine,oradvertisingbrochure. jectionable iftheslideisusedtomakeaprintfordisplayor jected onascreen;however,suchdefectscanbeveryob- physical damageisoftentoleratedwhenslidesarepro- physical damage,fingerprints,dirt,andscratches.Minor tives shouldbehandled.Slidesmustprotectedfrom The guidingprincipleforpreservingcolorslidesisto The ImageBank,aKodak-ownedstockagencyspecial- More thanonebillioncolorslidesaretakeneachyearin When anoriginalcolorslidebecomesfaded,physically Although colorslidescanbemadefromnegative Handling andPreservationofColorSlideCollections Slide Pages, andIndividualSlideSleeves Selection ofFilms,SlideMounts, See page629forRecommendations carefully —thesamewayvaluablenega- Ektachrome, andthe“improved”Agfachrome ment (i.e.,75 Presentation Chrome35mmfilm(madeforPolaroidby3 likely toreceiveextensiveprojectionorhandling. taking place. the next50yearsormore without objectionablefading to storeslidesinnormalroom temperatureconditionsfor with thebestprojector-fading stabilityaswelltheability ing theextendedprojection timesaffordedbythefilms the moststableslidefilmsavailable, themostobviousbe- needs. Therearemanypractical advantagesinchoosing decision aboutwhichfilmsarebestsuitedtohisorher above 65–70%forprolongedperiods. els inastorageareashouldneverbeallowedtoremain lection, withorwithoutrefrigeratedstorage,humiditylev- cess valuable materialonearlierfilmssuchasEktachromePro- commercial collections.Especiallyforcollectionsthatcontain cold storageisnotagoodideaforstockagenciesandother obvious deterioration. lifetime —oratleasttheirworkingcareerswithout are reasonablysatisfiedifacolortransparencylaststheir ate needtorefrigeratesuchslides.Mostphotographers photographers andcommercialuserswillfeelnoimmedi- films introducedin1988–89issufficientlygoodthatmost the MostImportantConsideration Choice ofColorFilmIs cates are tory for tially unchangedcondition,refrigeratedstorageismanda- indefinite preservationofcolorphotographsinanessen- in Italy). poor and pre-19913 factured withtheearliertypeofpoor-stabilityyellowdye), 1992, onlyAgfachromeRS1000filmwasstillbeingmanu- Agfachrome RSandCTfilms(atthetimeofthiswritingin their relativelypoordarkfadingstability,areallpre-1989 transparency films.Alsoincludedinthisgroup,becauseof 6 filmswereintroduced),andallAnscoGAFcolor ity ofslidesmadeon vation ofProcess slow furtherdeterioration. made prior to 1978 (when improvedFujichrome Process 1978 to prior made When storedinatypicalair-conditionedofficeenviron- For currentwork,aphotographercanmakeaninformed To avoidfungusgrowthsonfilmemulsions,inanycol- This isnottosay,however,thathumidity-controlled For museumsandarchives,wherethegoalmustbe Refrigerated storageisalsovitalforlong-termpreser- darkfadingstability,refrigerationistheonlywayto E -1, all essential E presentandpastslidefilms,evenKodachrome. -2, and ° F M [24 ScotchChromeslidefilmsandPolaroid E toprotectanoriginalslideifimageis ° E C -4 Ektachromefilms,Fujichromefilms ], 50–60% -3 films,allofwhichhave current Kodachrome,Fujichrome, RH ), thedarkfadingstabil- RS extremely and CT E M -

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: adigadPeevto fClrSieCletosChapter18 Handling andPreservationofColorSlideCollections chrome andKodachrome. among alltheslidefilmscurrentlyonmarket:Fuji- erate concern,therearereallyonlytwologicalchoices sional Filmand Kodachrome64Professional Filminthe tions. Untillate1986,when35mm Kodachrome200Profes- had anumberofpractical limitations formanyapplica- and formostofitsmorethan 50-yearhistorythefilmhas straints, itisnotsuitablefornormal pictorialphotography.) speed —anISOofabout 1—andseveralothercon- ity thanKodachrome.Butbecauseofitsextremelyslow an ultra-stablecolormicrofilm,hasbetterdarkfadingstabil- graphic film[calledCibachromeMicrographicfilm,1984–1991], ing extendeddarkstorage. that remainscompletelyfreeofyellowstainformationdur- ency. Kodachromeisalsotheonlychromogeniccolorfilm any Films AretheBestChoices Fujichrome andKodachrome which includesthefilesof Most ofthemorethanonemillioncolorslidesandotherfilmtransparenciesinTimeInc.MagazinesPictureCollection, collection, thevaulthasbeenmaintainedat60 vault wasdesignedtooperateat0 York City.Constructedin1983topreservethepricelesscollection,whichcontainscolorslidesdatingback1930’s,th now keptinacoldstoragevaultlocatedadjacenttothepicturecollectionon17thfloorofTime&LifeBuildingNe Kodachrome filmshavethebestdarkfadingstabilityof When theimagestabilityofaslidefilmisevenmod- Kodachrome 35mmslidefilm wasintroducedin1936, conventionalcolorfilm,eithernegativeortranspar- Life (Only IlfordIlfochromeMicro- , Time ° F , (–18 Fortune ° C ) and30% ° , F Sports Illustrated (15.5 ° C ) and30% RH . Inrecentyears,however,becauseofheavyusethecolor in 1955,withProcess Kodachrome sheetfilmin1938. Thefilmwasdiscontinued keting Kodachromesheetfilm. (Kodakinitiallyintroduced mar- again once about thinking was Kodak that rumored the expenseofEktachromefilm. Atonepointitwaseven sional photographersincreased forawhile—mostlyat and asaresult,theuseof Kodachromeamongprofes- the situation improved generally labs independent by films in1983and“professional”Kodachromeprocessing were suppliedonlyaslow-speed35mmmaterials: 120 roll-filmformatwereintroduced,Kodachromefilms chrome Most professionalphotographersfeltthatthepreviousKoda- termsofcolorbalanceandfilmspeed. in performance unacceptable gave at KodakProcessingLabsfrequently and thedowngraded“amateur”Kodachromeprocessing the then-available“amateur”Kodachrome25and64films offered byKodachromehadabandonedthefilmbecause otherwise likedthefinegrainandextremelysharpimages 40 (tungsten),and64. RH , The introductionofKodachrome25and64Professional In the1970’sandearly1980’s,manyphotographerswho Money . TimeInc.MagazinesispartofWarner II andKodachrome- , People Magazine E -1 Ektachrome filmofferedasa X , andotherpublications,are filmsgavebetterresults. ISO w e 25,

Carol Brower – May 1983 626

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 627 is that, unfortunately, it has the it unfortunately, that, is finishing labsalso Kodachrome processing.Severalamateur-orientedphoto- Kodak ProcessingLaboratories)stilloffering“professional” shipping thefilmtooneoffewKodaluxlabs(formerly 1992, wasavailableonlyinLosAngelesandMiami,orby cult tocomebyandatthetimethisbookwentpress in fessional-quality processingofthefilmisincreasinglydiffi- an in-houseanalyticallabtomonitorthechemistry.Pro- cially builtmotionpicture-typeprocessingequipmentand lar use.Thecomplexprocessingprocedurerequiresspe- user ormostcustomlabsisaseriousobstacletoitsregu- the factthatKodachromefilmcannotbeprocessedby 1990, salesofKodachromeweredecliningonceagain. secret fromprofessionalphotographers.)Butbyaround than Kodachrome—afactthatKodakwascarefultokeep it couldbeprocessedbytheuser,butwas replacement. TheEktachromefilmhadtheadvantagethat offering the userorbyanyof fachrome, ontheotherhand, canbequicklyprocessedby generally unacceptable. standards thequa h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter18 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs A seriousdrawbackofKodachrome forslide-filmusers leave thefacility. Zarcone, headofthepicturecollection,andLindaKurihara fluctuations withinthevault,as,forexample,whenBeth An outervestibuleminimizestemperatureandhumidity For manyphotographersworkingwithtransparencyfilms, E -6 processing. process Kodachrome,butbyprofessional lity andconsistencyoftheir workare Fujichrome, Ektachrome,and Ag- countless labsaroundtheworld worst projector-fading far lessstable ing thecolorreproduction andimagequality ofthefilms. prais- photographers professional top many the press,with world’s fastestcolortransparency film). ISO 50to1600(processednormally, thisiscurrentlythe sions. SpeedsoftheFujichrome daylightfilmsrangefrom 8x10-inch sheetfilms,inboth tungstenanddaylightver- able inawiderangeofspeedsandformats,from35mm to transparency films.Fujichromeprofessionalfilmsareavail- films areclearlythebestchoicesamongallcurrentlyavailable or otherlimitations,Fujichromeprofessionalandamateur chrome isnotsuitablebecauseofprocessingrequirements 3M ScotchChromeFilms Ektachrome, Agfachrome,and Fujichrome FilmsAreSuperiorto projection timeduringtheentirelifeofaKodachromeslide). tions, thisauthorsuggestsamaximumof20minutestotal of originalsisrequired(forcriticalcommercialapplica- Kodachrome isthebestchoicewhenlittleifanyprojection much aslidemightbeprojectedoveritsentirelifetime. significant thisshortcomingisinpracticedependsonhow stability ofanyslidefilmcurrentlyonthemarket.How by MaryJaneMcGonegalandGeorgeZeno. recorded onacircularchartrecorder,herebeingchecked Temperature andhumidityconditionsinsidethevaultare Fujichrome films have receivedexcellent reviews in Ifsignificantprojectioniscontemplated,orifKoda-

Carol Brower – May 1983

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: adigadPeevto fClrSieCletosChapter18 Handling andPreservationofColorSlideCollections Fujichrome films,however,haveapproximately lowish stain-limited,darkstoragestability(seeChapter5). film andFujichromefilmsallhavegenerallysimilar,yel- identical projector-fadingstability.CurrentEktachrome “Plus” and“X”typesofEktachromefilmsprovedtohave is calledEktachrome100 chrome 100PlusProfessionalFilm(the“amateur”version fare atthe1988WinterOlympicsinCalgary,wasEkta- Fujichrome films.Theresult,introducedwithmuchfan- try tomatchthebrilliantcolorsaturationofferedby ened —andthecompanyembarkedonacrashprogramto professional marketintheU.S.hadbeenseriouslythreat- — thiswasthefirsttimethatKodak’sstrangleholdon Fujichrome filmsinthemid-1980’sgreatlyalarmedKodak Fujichrome films: in 1988–89isbetter thanpreviousAgfachrome films,nei- chrome films,Fujichromefilmsaremorethan ter 6).ThoughnotasstableindarkstorageKoda- projector-fading stabilityofEktachromefilms(seeChap- transparency filmsintheworldtoday. and duplicating—clearlystandoutassuperiortoallother stability. Inthisregard,Fujichromefilms—bothcamera projector-fading is performance film slide factor in ity chrome, andEktachromefilms—themostcriticalstabil- good darkfadingstabilityofcurrentFujichrome,Koda- more stablethanKodachromeinprojectorfading! Thom O’Connor,writinginNewYorkCity’s of the“improved”Agfachrome are notrecommended.Although thedarkfadingstability News most other bility ofthesefilmsisinferior tothatofFujichromeand tively goodprojector-fading stability, thedarkfadingsta- In thisauthor’stests,boththestandardandnew Comments likethisandtheincreasingacceptanceof Although current3 In mostcommercialapplications—giventherelatively , gavethisreportononephotographer’sreactionto rapher inmybuilding.” Finally, IsoldoffmyEktachrometoaphotog- seemed important,soIkeptusingFujichrome. I’d usethatonunimportantjobs.Buteveryjob Ektachrome inmyrefrigerator,soItoldmyself gradually startedmovingtoFuji.“Ihadalotof had nolife.” heavy contrast.TheEktachromelookedflat,it a lotlikeKodachrome,butwithoutthereally incredibly brilliant,withalotoflatitude.Itwas was amazedathowgoodFujilooked.It and haditprocessedafewdifferentways.I it. with afavorablereviewonthefilm,sowetried lot, buthegavemeacopyofphotomagazine he suggestedweuseFujichrome.Ilaugheda mosaics onabuilding,”recallsSalzano,“and three yearsagobyarchitectCharlesFazio. tographer JimSalzanowasintroducedtoFuji Salzano, aheavyEktachromerollfilmuser, “We shotbothFujichromeandEktachrome, “Charles wantedtomakephotographsof New Yorkadvertisingandannualreportpho- E -6 films;forthisreason,ScotchChrome films M ScotchChromeslidefilmshave rela- HC Film). 1 RS and CT filmsintroduced Photo District twice 5 times the Agfachrome filmsisequaltothatofFujichrome. ther darkfadingnorprojector-fadingstabilityofthenew Process introduced in1990,isthesharpestandfinestgrainofall chrome 64). image structure,VelviaissubstantiallysuperiortoKoda- tion andveryfinegrainofKodachrome25film(interms of ness photographer,hadthis to sayaboutVelvia: magazine, GalenRowell,an internationally knownwilder- of KodachromeFilm Equals orExceedstheImageQuality Fujichrome VelviaProfessionalFilm first Fujichrome VelviaProfessionalFilm,a50-speedfilm before 1984,whenAgfaconverteditsfilmstoProcess that older,humidity-sensitiveAgfachromeslides(made brought tothemeeting.Concernhadbeenexpressed ing inIowaCity,1982examineAgfachromeslides Participants attheMid-AmericaArtSlideLibrariesmeet- short period. chrome imageshadfadedsignificantlyinarelatively indicated thatatleastundersomeconditions,theAgfa- dom fromcollections,andthissubjectiveexamination chrome slides.Agfachromeslideswerepulledatran- were lessstablethanEktachrome,Kodachrome,orFuji- Writing intheJune1990issue of E On thelighttable thenextmorning,Isaw the chrome 25,Kodachrome64, andFujiPro50. -6 filmtoequal—orevenexceedthehighresolu- E I rancontrolledtestsofVelvia againstKoda- -6 compatibletransparencyfilms.Velviaisthe Outdoor Photographer (continued onpage 630) E -6)

October 1982 628

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 629 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter18 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs Colornegativefilmsshouldbeconsidered fororiginal • Duplicatingfilms:FujichromeFilmisrec- • Filmstoavoid:3 • KodakcardboardReady-Mountsandthe • Slide Mounts Chooseslidefilmswiththebestcombinationofprojec- • Slide Films can beusedtomakehigh-qualitycolorand tion, handling,orshipping.Inaddition,colornegatives outright lossofirreplaceableoriginalsduringprojec- This eliminatesconcernaboutfading,scratching,or in asafeplace,newslidescanbemadeasneeded. slides areprintedfromnegatives.Withnegativesstored parency filmsandcolorcorrectionscanbemadewhen tives havemuchgreaterexposurelatitudethantrans- printed onKodakVericolorSlideFilm5072.Colornega- photography. Tomakeslides,colornegativescanbe negative), FujicolorPositiveFilm cassettes. Forlarge-volumeduplication(withaninter- is hopedthatFujiwillsupplythefilmin36-exposure ommended. Currentlyavailableonlyin100-footrolls,it stability ofanycurrentlyavailableslidefilm. fortunately, Kodachromehastheworstprojector-fading chromogenic colorfilm—transparencyornegative.Un- the dark,Kodachromeismorestablethananyother stain formationduringlong-termstorage;whenkeptin fading stabilityandcompletefreedomfromyellowish the bestfilmtousebecauseofitsunsurpasseddark projection oforiginalscanbeavoided,Kodachromeis able thirdchoice,afterFujichromeandEktachrome.Where for mostapplications.Agfachromefilmsareanaccept- jector-fading stability,Fujichromefilmsarerecommended Velvia filmsarefarsuperiortoEktachromeinpro- storage stability.ButbecauseFujichromeand chrome filmshavegenerallysimilar,stain-limited,dark age. AsdiscussedinChapter5,EktachromeandFuji- critical factorindeterminingtheeventuallifeofanim- tor-fading anddarkfadingstability.Thisisthemost 3 Presentation Chrome35mmfilm(madeforPolaroidby of makingslides(and/orcolorprints)shouldbeavoided. and Agfamotionpicturecolornegativefilmsasamethod rate processorsnotwithstanding,useofEastman,Fuji, ings. AdvertisingbySeattleFilmWorksandothercut- image quality,andnumerousotherpracticalshortcom- ommended becauseofpoorimagestability,very PolaChrome instantcolorslidefilmsalsoarenotrec- chrome, Kodachrome,andAgfachrome.Polaroid dark fadingstabilitycomparedwithFujichrome,Ekta- these filmsshouldbestrictlyavoided. CP2 printfilmshaveverypoordarkfadingstabilityand Color PrintFilm5384arerecommended.AgfaCP1and mation isavailableonothertypes ofcardboardmounts). mounts aresatisfactoryformost applications(noinfor- ful tocolorslideimagesduring prolongedstorage;the rials, andacceleratedtestsindicate theyarenotharm- Kodak ProcessingLabs)aremade oflong-lastingmate- mounts usedbyKodaluxProcessing Services(formerly M ) arenotrecommendedbecausetheyhaveinferior M ScotchChromefilmsandPolaroid LP 8816andEastman Recommendations B&W prints. • Slide Pages Keeptheprojectiontimeoforiginalslidesornonreplaceable • Projection • With commerciallyproducedduplicateslidesintendedfor With • mountsofferprotectionfromfingerprintsandscratches Glass • (glassless)plasticslidemountsmadebyWess Open-frame • are best(e.g.,20 Recommended: Ektachrome donotexceed2 ceed about5hours(4forFujichromeVelvia);with accumulated projectiontimeforFujichromeshouldnotex- duplicates toaminimum.Forgeneralapplications,thetotal tion backup. slides orduplicatesintendedforreproductionpreserva- mounts. Photogardshouldnotbeusedtocoatoriginal mounts arerecommendedasalow-costsubstituteforglass Photogard anti-scratchfilmcoatingandopen-frameplastic vertical storageofglass-mounted slidesinfilecabinets. glass-mounted slidesandis particularly recommendedfor frame, moldedpolystyreneslide “page,”issatisfactoryfor Distributors Corp.ThePlastican SlideFrame,arigid,open- frame polypropyleneSaf-T-Stor slidepagessuppliedbyFranklin necessary for glass-mounted slides), are the rigid, open- used inconjunctionwithKimacindividualslidesleeves(not with framesforhangingfiles.Alsorecommended,when books orwithsteeltop-barsforuseinfiledrawersequipped Super-heavyweight pagesareavailableforring-bindernote- sions, Film-Lok,and use inslidelibrariesandotherreferencecollections,3 Plastic, Inc.isrecommended. tion, thetaped-glassArchivalMountavailablefromWess for librariesandotherusersthatdonotrequirepin-registra- slides arehandledfrequentlybystudents,faculty,andstaff; mounts areroutinelyusedinslidelibrariesbecausethe the rateoffadingduringprojectionorindarkstorage.Glass during projection.Glassmountsdonot,however,reduce during handlingandalsomaintainthefilminaflatplane mounts werenotavailableatthetimeofthiswriting. although acceleratedagingdatawithslidefilmsinplastic Plastic, Gepe,Pakon,andothersappeartobesatisfactory, pylene pagesavailablefrommostothersuppliers. ter handlingcharacteristicsthantheflimsier3.5-gaugepolypro- 5.0 gaugeofthesehigh-claritypagesgivesthemmuchbet- been modifiedinotherwaystoincreaselightingintensity. standard, high-intensityquartz-halogenlampsorthathave projectors. Likewise,donotuseprojectorsfittedwithnon- cating filmisrecommended.Avoidhigh-intensityxenonarc pendable duplicateswheneverpossible;Fujichromedupli- slides repeatedlyshouldbeespeciallycautious.Useex- tion, iswhatimportant.Lecturerswhoprojectcertain mulated projectiontime,notthelengthofaparticularprojec- accumulated projectiontimesarerecommended.Theaccu- (see Chapter6).Forcriticalapplications,muchshorter not exceed2hours;withKodachromedo1hour ommendation isthe pylene pagesmadeby20 Polypropylenenotebookpagesforslides th CenturyPlastics,C-Line,LightImpres- line ofEZ DW Viewpacks).Thisauthor’stoprec- th CenturyPlastics,Inc.Theheavier 2 1 C ⁄ 2 Super-heavyweightpolypro- hours;withAgfachromedo EZ 2 M C

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: Storeslidesinthedarkareasonable environment. • Toavoid potentially serious,irregularimagefadingcaused • • With valuable slides, retain the retain valuable slides, originals Withand supply • Slidesmadewithcomparativelyunstablefilms(e.g.,pre- • Donotallowslidestoremainonilluminatedviewersor • Handleslidescarefullytoavoidfingerprints, scratches, • Handling Slides Unlesskeptininactivestorage,slidesshouldbein- • Sleeves forIndividualSlides Productstoavoid:Polyvinylchloride( • adigadPeevto fClrSieCletosChapter18 Handling andPreservationofColorSlideCollections The storagetemperatureshouldnotexceed75 whenever possible. or damagingoriginals,provideforin-houseduplication sent toclients,andsoforth.Toreducetheriskoflosing slides,cate can beedited on light tables, projected, to-day use.Theworkingcollection,madeupofdupli- originals, isnotprojectedorotherwisesubjectedtoday- rate divisions.Thepreservationcollection,consistingof users. Importantcollectionsshouldestablishtwosepa- duplicates toeditors,artdirectors,lecturers,andother brightly illuminatedwithfluorescent lampsordaylight. or tabletops.Beespecially careful inroomsthatare by roomlights,donotleaveslides uncoveredondesks ticularly sensitivetothisand other typesoflightfading. cause significantfading.Kodachromeslidesarepar- tended exposuretolightfromanilluminatedviewercan light tablesanylongerthanabsolutelynecessary.Ex- (e.g., 20 valuable negatives. originals, shouldbetreatedwiththesamecaregivento and abrasion.Slides,especiallyone-of-a-kind,irreplaceable most collections. each, thehighcostofholderswillrestricttheirusein shipping andhandling;however,atapriceofabout$1 Inc., areexcellentforprotectingvaluableslidesduring ImageGuard rigidslideholders,fromImageInnovations, the Kimacsleevesandthereforearenotrecommended. Impressions individualslidesleeveslackthesnugfitof prints andotherdamage.Kimacsleevesarebest.Light serted intoindividualacetatesleevestoavoidfinger- 1978 Ektachromefilms,pre-1989Agfachrome3 mercial collections(seeChapters19and20). should beusedtopreservevaluablehistoricalandcom- prolonged periods.Humidity-controlledrefrigeratedstorage stored wheretherelativehumidityisabove65–70%for sible —toavoidfungusgrowths,slidesshouldneverbe and therelativehumidityshouldbekeptaslowpos- Impressions, andClearFile)alsoarenotrecommended. density polyethylenepages(e.g.,Vue-All,PrintFile,Light placed inhumidity-controlledrefrigeratedstorage. cated onFujichromeDuplicatingFilmandtheoriginals show anysignsoffadingorstainingshouldbedupli- picture printfilms,etc.)andslidesofanytypeoragethat film, slidesprintedonpre-1984EastmanColormotion ScotchChrome films,andPolaroidPresentationChrome especially thewidelyavailableplasticized th CenturyPlasticsandmanyotherfirms).Low- PVC PVC ) slidepages, slidepages ° F (24 ° C M ) tography business, wherethefastturnaroundof tography pho- fashion,andstock advertising, in thequality-conscious inroads inthetraditionalKodachromemarket—especially new copiescanbeprepared as needed. if theslidefadesorbecomes damagedinhandlingsince made fromacolornegative, it maybeoflittleconsequence for example,KodakVericolor SlideFilm5072.Ifaslideis internegatives madefromoriginal transparencies,using, of otherpracticaldrawbacks(seeChapter1). films haveverypoorimagequalityandsufferfromahost potential hazardisnotcurrentlyavailable.PolaChrome during long-termstorage,althoughanassessmentofthis airborne pollutantsandbycontaminantsinfilingmaterials also beunusuallysusceptibletodeteriorationcausedby silver imagelayeronthesurfaceofPolaChromefilmsmay a resultofprolongedprojection.Thephysicallydelicate ence potentiallyseriousandunevenimagedegradationas storage stabilityinhumidconditions;theycanalsoexperi- for generalapplicationsbecausethefilmshavepoordark high-contrast PolaChromecounterpartarenotrecommended don Kodachromealtogether. below acertaincriticallevel,Kodakcoulddecidetoaban- phers stoppedusingKodachrome.Ifthemarketshrinks and moredifficulttofind,increasingnumbersofphotogra- were forcedtoleavetheKodachromeprocessingbusiness. film comingintomakemoneyontheirinvestmentand processing linesinthelate1980’snolongerhadenough Francisco thathadinstalledcomplexandcostlyKodachrome of majorcommerciallabsinNewYork,Chicago,andSan chrome filmmovedtoVelviaandotherE-6films,anumber of theprofessionalmarketthatuntilrecentlyusedKoda- cessing isacompellingadvantage.Aftersignificantpart and Internegatives Slides fromColorNegatives Should BeAvoided PolaChrome InstantSlideFilms Since itsintroductionin1990, Velvia hasmadeserious If onlyonecopy ofaslideisrequired,shooting with directly fromcolornegatives,or printed be can Slides Polaroid PolaChromeinstantcolorslidefilmandits As high-quality Kodachrome processing becamemore As high-qualityKodachrome blue skiesorfacialshadows. much indark,continuoustonedareassuchas Kodachrome 25becauseitdoesn’tbuildupas my tests,thegrainoftenlookstighterthanin Kodachrome 64’s10,andFujiPro50’s11.In 9 equalsthatofKodachrome25,andexceeds yet withricherblacks.Itsgranularityratingof eye, exposurelatitudeequalstheotherfilms, Kodachrome’s relativelymutedcolors).Tomy (although somephotographersmayprefer of tonesoverFujiPro50andtheotherfilms I preferredthecolorsaturationandseparation exceed Kodachrome25andtheothertestfilms. to appeared resolution Its existing worlds. my opinionwasthatVelviathebestofall end ofanerainmyresults.Attheveryleast, 2 E -6 pro- 630

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 631 million slidesprintedonEastman ColorPrintFilms.Harold Stamford, Connecticut,wasforced toreplacewelloverone remains oftheironcefull-color brilliance(seeChapter9). strophic dyefading.Aghastly reddishimageisallthat fered thesamefate:allofthem havebynowsufferedcata- projected. Motionpicturesprintedonthesefilmshavesuf- lengthy projectionorwerestoredinthedarkandnever faded regardlessofwhethertheyexperiencedfrequentand images, theyarenowtotallyworthless.Theseslideshave shift —theresultofcatastrophiccyandyefading.Ascolor libraries andnearlyallhavesufferedaseverereddishcolor slides madeontheseearlierfilmscanbefoundinslide still haveverypoordarkstoragestability).Millions of dark fadingstability(currentAgfaCP1andCP2printfilms tive-positive motionpictureprintfilmshadextremelypoor man ColorPrintFilm5384,allKodak,Fuji,andAgfanega- until about1983). [1974] —5381and5383werebothusedbyslideproducers by EastmanPrintfilms5385[1962],5381[1972],and5383 early 1960’swithEastmanColorPrintFilm5382(followed volume, low-costproductionofcolorslidesbeganinthe negatives andinternegativesisFujicolorPositiveFilm matched to5384.Alsosuitableforprintingslidesfrom its comparativelylowcostandbecauseitissensitometrically with EastmanColorNegativeFilm5247,bothbecauseof purposes. Inmostlargerlabs,internegativesaremade cies, thusrequiringthataninternegativebemadeforprinting originals usedforhigh-volumeduplicationaretransparen- printed fromacolornegative.Inmostcases,however,the have generallysimilarprojector-fadingstability. dark storagethanVericolorSlideFilm5072;thetwofilms Fuji orAgfa.Eastman5384isconsiderablymorestablein 5384, orasimilarmotionpicturecolorprintfilmmadeby the colorimageonscreenisprojectedfromEastman either black-and-whiteorcolor.Whenyougotoamovie, foot thananyother35mmfilmmanufacturedbyKodak— for thispurpose.Infact,Eastman5384costsfarlessper Color PrintFilm5384isthefilmnowmostcommonlyused Costing muchlessthanVericolorSlideFilm5072,Eastman large numbersofduplicatesfromanoriginalarerequired. tice toduplicateslidesonmotionpicturecolorfilmwhen tive filmsarealmostalwaysselected. need (byportraitphotographers,forexample),colornega- sal films.Conversely,whencolorprintsaretheprimary reasons, whenslidesarewanted,mostshotwithrever- than withslidesprintedfromcolornegatives.Forthese ally canobtainbetterresultsfromreversal-processedslides conditions aregoodandtheexposureisprecise,oneusu- the quickestandleastexpensivemethod.Iflighting reversal filmssuchasFujichromeorEktachromeisbyfar Now FadedAlmost Beyond Recognition Pre-1983 EastmanColorPrintFilmsAre Millions ofColorSlidesPrintedon 8816, anothermotionpictureprintfilm. h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter18 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs One ofthemajorartslide producers, Sandak,Inc.of Unfortunately, untiltheintroductionin1982–83ofEast- The useofcolormotionpictureprintfilmsforhigh- Because 5384isanegative-positivematerial,itmustbe For reasonsofeconomy,ithaslongbeenindustryprac- LP chusetts.) pany, adivisionofMacmillan,Inc.locatedinBoston,Massa- Sandak, Inc.,retiredandsoldthefirmtoG.K.Hall&Com- years ofoperation,HaroldandRuthSandak,theowners nearly putthecompanyoutofbusiness. Sandak, thefounderoffirm,saidfadingproblem for projectssuchas have beenafarbetterchoicefortheoriginalphotography using thefilms. to discourageslideproducersintheU.S.andEuropefrom but thecompanywithheldinformationanddidnothing films wouldbecomeseverelyfadedafteronlyafewyears, characteristics ofallitscolorfilmsandwasawarethatthe them. Atthetime,Kodakhadextensivedataonfading ingly poorstabilityofthesefilmswhentheystartedtouse and otherslideproducerswereunawareoftheexceed- first appearedonthemarket,untilearly1980’s.Sandak which Kodakadheredtofrom1935,whenKodachromefilm Kodak’s policyofsecrecyaboutcolorstability,a into theslidemarketwasoneofunfortunatelegacies had beenproducedandsold. the early1980’s,manymillions ofextremelyunstableslides finally madedarkfadingstability dataforitsfilmspublicin cates withpre-flashedKodachrome). BythetimeKodak years Kodakprocessinglaboratories madeallslidedupli- film thathadbeenpre-flashed toreducecontrast(formany also havebeenbettertomakeduplicatesonKodachrome reddish-magenta coloronlyafewyearslater: to beadisasterwhenalloftheslidesfadedhorrendous A 1961articledescribedthemassiveproject—whichproved Color PrintFilmforartslideproductionintheUnitedStates. Foundation —wasoneofthefirstapplicationsEastman sities, andmuseums,withasubsidyfromtheCarnegie sets ofupto4,000slidesthatweresoldcolleges,univer- Instead ofcolornegativefilms,Kodachromefilmwould The introductionofunstablemotionpictureprintfilms The Sandakproductionof matic slideprojector. thin glasswhichpermitstheiruseinanauto- in aspeciallydesignedplasticframebetween slides. lar inEuropeasameansofproducingcolor industry, andhasmorerecentlybecomepopu- technique whichhasbeenemployedinthemovie decided tousethecolornegativeprocess,a accurate duplicatesreadilyavailable,theproject original. Tocombatthisproblem,andmake slide, witharesultinglossoffaithfulnesstothe are duplicatedbyrephotographingtheoriginal accuracy ofreproduction.Usuallycolorslides insure to used technique photographic the and colorreproductionscanbemade. from whichcolorslides,andblackwhite form apermanentcollectionofcolornegatives graphing ofover4,000itemsAmericanato cently sponsoredamajorproject,thephoto- . Alloftheslidesarepermanentlymounted . Animportantfeatureoftheprogramis The CarnegieCorporationofNewYorkre- Arts oftheUnitedStates 3 Arts oftheUnitedStates (In 1988,after30 . Itwould —

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: adigadPeevto fClrSieCletosChapter18 Handling andPreservationofColorSlideCollections sion ofprojector-causedfading, refertoChapter6). compared withanunfadedoriginal (foracompletediscus- exhibit imagefadingthatisreadily apparentiftheslideis to 2or3hoursoftotalprojection time,slidesonmanyfilms projections overaperiodof weeks ormonthsaccumulate little as15minutesofprojection time.Whenrepeated obvious aschangesinhighlightcolorbalance—after of animage,slidesmayshowperceptiblefading—most speed film),Eastman man ColorNegativeFilm5247(atungsten-balanced100- man tungsten-balanced 500-speedfilmintroducedin1989),East- and otherchemicalsinthe films) willsloughoffandcontaminatethecolordeveloper machines thatarespeciallydesignedformotionpicture and awatersprayrinse,inprocessing buffing chanical that issoftenedandremovedinanalkalinebathwithme- tion layercoatedonthebacksideofmotionpicturefilms backing (ablackanti-halation,anti-static,scratch-protec- negative chemicals—ifbyaccidenttheyare,therem-jet havoc withaprocessingmachine. motion picturefilmwillgetthroughundetectedandcreate negative film;labworkersliveinconstantfearthataroll of mine whetherornotitisre-spooledmotionpicturecolor ine everyrolloffilmtheyreceiveforprocessingtodeter- same run.Thisdangerhasforcedphotofinisherstoexam- have themisfortuneofgoingthroughprocessorin Projection ofSlides sure-lengthening daylightconversionfilter. daylight orelectronicflashphotographywithoutanexpo- tungsten-balanced andthereforeshouldnotbeusedfor motion picturecamera,andalmostallofthesefilmsare MSI Still-Camera Photography Should beStrictlyAvoidedforConventional Motion PictureColorNegativeFilms negative filmsaredesignedforexposureat disaster foranyKodacolororothernormal of cut-rateprocessinglabs,includingSeattleFilmWorks, are soldtounsuspectingamateurphotographersbyanumber man KodakandFujimotionpicturecolornegativefilms balanced 50-speedfilmintroducedin1989),andotherEast- Kodak’s publicationsonthesubject. color printsareneeded;thereaderisurgedtoconsult for stillcameraapplications,especiallyifoptimum-quality tive filmsspooledin35mmcassettes. Fuji, norAgfahaseversuppliedmotionpicturecolornega- in anefforttokeepcustomerscomingback.NeitherKodak, even includeafreereplacementrolloffilmwitheachorder are madeaswell—allatverylowcost.Someprocessors set ofslides.Ifthecustomerdesires,colorprintsonpaper similar FujiorAgfamotionpictureprintfilmtoproducea cessing, thenegativesareprintedonEastman5384ora tional, Inc.,andothers.Uponreturnofthefilmforpro- Depending onthefilmandpictorialcharacteristics Re-spooled incassettesfor35mmstillcameras,East- These films Use ofmotionpicturecolornegativefilmsisill-advised /Heritage ColorLabs, EXR ColorNegativeFilm5245(afine-graindaylight- cannot beprocessedinstandard EXR RGB ColorNegativeFilm5296(a C -41 process.Thiscanbea ColorLab,ImagesInterna- 4 Motionpicturecolor 1 C ⁄ 48 -41 filmsthat secondina C -41 color should notexceedoneminuteperslide.” exposure tolightwouldbefarmoresevere. cause significantfading,thedeteriorationcausedby if aslidewereprojectedlongenoughforprojectorheatto fading causedbytheprojectorillumination).Inanyevent, temperatures duringprojectioncanincreasetherateof there issomeevidencethatwithcertaindyes,veryhigh tures andtimesofaging(itshouldbenoted,however,that dark fadingtestsinheatedovensatequivalenttempera- bution tofading.Thishasbeenconfirmedbyaccelerated during projection—initselfmakesanegligiblecontri- slide isexposedtoheatinaprojectormeansthat temperature duringprojection,therelativelyshorttimea entirely bylight.Althoughslidesareheatedtoafairlyhigh many years;insomecasesa slide willremainonthescreen to beprojectedeverytimea talkisgivenoveraperiodof accompany lectures.Itisnot unusualforaparticularslide in educationalandtrainingfields whereslidesareusedto not obstructed. erly andthatairintakesexhaustairflowoutletsare ing, makesurethattheprojectorfanisfunctioningprop- wattage lampsshouldbeavoided.Tohelpavoidoverheat- ommended bythemanufacturershouldbeusedandhigh- be operateduntilitisreplaced.Onlyprojectorlampsrec- light intensity;ifthefilterbreaks,projectorshouldnot removed fromaprojectorinanefforttoincreasescreen cooler duringprojection. radiation thansilverimagesandthereforetendtostay projection. Colordyeimagesabsorbmuchlessinfrared causes thetemperatureofslidestorapidlyriseduring infrared, incombinationwithabsorbedvisiblelight,that sorb most,butnotall,infraredradiation).Itisabsorbed in Ektagraphic,Carousel,andmostotherprojectorsab- frared orheat-absorbingglassfiltersanddichroicmirrors absorb infraredradiationfromtheprojectorlamp(thein- conventional colorslideswithdyeimages.Silverimages parencies —maybemoresusceptibletoheatdamagethan instant colorslidesandalltypesofblack-and-whitetrans- Glass-mounted slidesareparticularlypronetoheatdamage. distorted orpartiallymeltedbyexcessiveprojectorheat. and otheremulsiondamage.Plasticslidemountsmaybe distortion ofthefilmbaseand,notuncommonly,blistering erate temperaturesthatarehotenoughtocausephysical receive anexcessive likelihood that,duringnormaluse,anyparticularslidewill intent inadvocatingshortprojectiontimesistoreducethe after hoursofcontinuousprojection.ApparentlyKodak’s so hotthatphysicaldamagetothefilmwilloccur—even and ingoodworkingcondition),aslidewillneverbecome projectors (unmodified,withKodak-recommendedlamps, slide projectors,suchasKodakCarouselandEktagraphic portionate amountoffadingtooccur.Withconventional excess heatwillcausebothphysicaldamageanddispro- hot ifitisprojectedlongerthan1minuteandthatthe have misinterpretedthistomeanthataslidewillgettoo In thepastKodakoftenadvisedthat“projectiontimes Fading thatoccursduringprojectioniscausedalmost Excessive projectionoforiginals isoftenencountered Infrared orheat-absorbingglassfiltersshouldneverbe Slides withsilverimages—includingPolaroidPolaChrome High-intensity xenonarcprojectors,however,maygen- total projectiontimeduringitslife. 5 Manypeople 632

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 633 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter18 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs the Smithsonian staffandtooutsideclients. negatives madefromnitrate-base originals.Wallacesuppliesslideduplicates,madeinthe department’s well-equippedlab,to original slidesarepreservedin thevault,togetherwithhundredsofthousandsblack-and-white negativesandduplicate color slidesinthePhotographic Services’coldstoragevault,whichismaintainedat40 James H.WallaceJr.,directorand curatorofPhotographicServicesattheSmithsonianInstitution inWashington,D.C.,examine Most oftheslide collectionhasbeenputonvideodisc foreaseofreference. #267–5 (100%) ° F (4.4 ° C ) and27% RH . Morethan175,000

November 1987 s

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: adigadPeevto fClrSieCletosChapter18 Handling andPreservationofColorSlideCollections mit.) Asetof proofprintsisobtainedwhen thefilmis Reala 100filmisalsoused when lightingconditionsper- cause ofitsfinergrainand superior sharpness;Fujicolor this authorchangedtoFujicolor 400Professionalfilmbe- (Initially KodakVericolor400 filmwasused,butin1991 everything exceptin-house studio andcopy-standwork. for lectureslides. that point,Fujichromebecamethisauthor’sfilmofchoice altogether becauseofitspoorprojector-fadingstability.At most valuableslidesthisauthorstoppedusingKodachrome more frequentlyshownslides,andmadeduplicatesofhis concerned aboutthefadingthatoccurredwithsomeof slides wereEktachromeandKodachromeoriginals.Then, rial everytimetheyaregiven).Initially,mostofthisauthor’s of presentation(thelecturesareupdatedwithnewmate- projection oforiginalsbyusingonlyduplicatesforthissort ciation oftheproblemsinherentinattemptingtoavoid photographic materialsandhasgainedafirsthandappre- slide lecturesonthestabilityandpreservationofcolor slide “duplicate.” tiple originals.Thisisthebestandleastexpensiveformof for example—thephotographermaybeabletotakemul- eration duplicateisfrequentlyunacceptable. with eachgeneration—theimagequalityofathird-gen- the duplicationprocess—allofwhichareaccentuated degradation, andotherimage-qualitylossesinherentin Because oflossesinshadowandhighlightdetail,color have tobemadefromthesecond-generationduplicate. and onlyaduplicateexists,third-generationcopywill new duplicates.Ifanoriginalisdamagedorlost,however, carefully preservedoriginaltimeandagaintomake portant tocarefororiginalsproperly.Onecangobacka plicate slidesaremorefrequentlymade,itisnolessim- it isbeneficialtochoosethemoststablefilmsavailable. tions wherefrequentorprolongedprojectionisanticipated, damage tocrucialmaterialcanbeavoided.Inallsitua- tinue tobeusedofteninthefuture.Inthisway,serious shown arefrequentlyprojectedandthatlikelytocon- ticularly importantones,andofthosethatexperiencehas the slidesincurrentuseandhaveduplicatesmadeofpar- review periodically—perhapsonceevery6monthsall practical approachtotheprojector-fadingproblemis deadlines, canbedifficult,expensive,andunwieldy. ever, tryingtoduplicateeverything,especiallyundertight extended periods,duplicatesarealwaysadvised.How- When HeavyUseofaSlideIsLikely Duplicates ShouldAlwaysBeMade and visuallystrikingimages! kind ofself-selectionfordestructionthemostvaluable projected mostfrequently,andforthelongestperiods—a tunately, itisusuallythemostimportantslidesthatare eventually theslidewillsufferdevastatingfading.Unfor- Many hoursofprojectiontimewillsoonaccumulateand for 15minutesorlongertoaccompanyadetaileddiscus In 1988,thisauthorswitched tocolornegativefilmfor During thepast10years,thisauthorhasgivenmany In somesituations—landscapesandstudiostill-lifes, In commercialandaudiovisualapplications,wheredu- For educatorsandotherswhogivefrequentlectures,a When slidesarelikelytobeprojectedoftenand/orfor sion. able originalslides. ing concernaboutfading,scratching,orlossofirreplace- tives arestoredinafrost-freerefrigerator,thuseliminat- previously beenobtainedwithcolorreversalfilms. has generallyresultedinbetterqualityimagesthanhad justments thatareroutinelymadewhenslidesprinted, tive films,togetherwiththecolorbalanceanddensityad- tion sources,andthewideexposurelatitudeofcolornega- difficult availablelightingconditionswithmixedillumina- originals. Muchofthisauthor’sphotographyisdoneunder than workingwithoriginalslidesandduplicatesmadefrom tory, ifsomewhatmoreexpensiveandtimeconsuming, the colornegatives. make reasonablygood-qualityblack-and-whiteprintsfrom tive. Whenrequiredforpublication,itisasimplematterto or fourslidesareusuallymadefromeachselectednega- make slidesforprojection.Tohavesparesonhand,three the negativesareprintedonVericolorSlideFilm5072to processed and,afterselectionsaremadefromtheprints, writing in because ofitsimage-qualitycharacteristics.LarryLipsky, Duplicating Filmisalsopreferredbymanyphotographers chrome DuplicatingFilmisrecommended.Fujichrome duplicating filmshavesimilardarkfadingstability),Fuji- in projector-fadingstability(FujichromeandEktachrome until 1985.BecauseFujichromeissuperiortoEktachrome plicating Film rately reproducethe excessively grainy(ideally,aduplicatingfilmshouldaccu- shadow andhighlightdetail.Also,regularslidefilmsare their curveshapedoesnotallowoptimumreproductionof duplicating becausetheircontrastismuchtoohighand Duplicating FilmsandSlideDuplicators cating Film characteristics asstandardEktachromecamerafilms. tachrome duplicatingfilmshavethesameimagestability nation (bothfilmsarenominallytungsten-balanced).Ek- will workbestwithshort-durationelectronicflashillumi- sion batchesof5071filmthatKodak’stestshaveindicated duplicating Kodachromeoriginals)andEktachrome tors); EktachromeSlideDuplicatingFilmTypeK/8071(for Duplicating Film5071(fortungsten-illuminatedduplica- duplicating filmsaremanufactured. extremelyand fine-grain high-resolution, low-contrast, To meettherequirementsforduplication,speciallow-speed, without addinganyvisiblegrainofitsowntotheimage). States. the mostcommonlyusedslide-duplicatingfilmsinUnited Conventional slidefilmsarenotwellsuitedfor Fuji’s slideduplicatingfilm,calledFujichromeDupli- At thetimeofthiswriting,KodakEktachromeSlide After processingandprinting,thisauthor’scolornega- Overall, thisapproachhasproventobemoresatisfac- vary frombatch tobatch,Ipersonallyfound filter andfilmspeedsettings, whichcanoften though allthreefilmscomewith recommended certain preferenceforthe Fuji product.Al- both theKodakandFujifilms, Imustconfessa SO After severalyearsofexperimenting with Outdoor Photographer -366 isKodak’sdesignationforselectedemul- CDU SO -366 (forelectronicflashduplicators)were , wasnotactivelymarketedintheU.S. grain structure magazine,commented: oftheoriginalslide, SE Du- 634

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 635 ata oo rn im58 $0.02 $0.10 Eastman ColorPrintFilm5384 Kodak VericolorSlideFilm5072 $0.07 $0.07 Ektachrome SlideDuplicatingFilm5071 Fujichrome DuplicatingFilmCDU al 1. CostofFilmtoDuplicateaSlideorMake 18.1 Table processing andslidemountingcostsareadditional. Film costsbasedon1992listpricesforFujiandKodakfilms; * Recommendedduplicatingfilm. and deliveries areavoided.Eveninsmall quantities,the orders donothavetobewritten outandbecausepick-ups leave thebuilding,andtime willoftenbesavedbecause or damagetooriginalsisreduced ifslidesdonothaveto made tosuitthedesiresof photographer.Riskofloss cating isthatdensityandcolor balancecorrectionscanbe cessing). Asignificantadvantage indoingone’sowndupli- be, theexposedduplicatingfilmcanbesentoutforpro- advantages tohavingaslideduplicatorin-house(ifneed dard Fujichrome. duplicating films;5384alsoisnotasstableinprojection stable indarkfadingaseitherFujichromeorEktachrome ing machineryandchemicals.Eastman5384isnotas both ofthesemotionpicturefilmsrequirespecialprocess- print theslidesonlow-costEastmanColorPrintFilm5384; tive (oftenonEastmanColorNegativeFilm5247)andto slide, itisgeneralindustrypracticetomakeaninternega- h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter18 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs with variousKodakandFujifilmsisgivenin chrome films.Theapproximatecostofduplicatingaslide that of5384—or,formatter,FujichromeorEkta- nega application of5072istomakeslidesfromoriginalcolor cial laboratoriesoptforEastman5384instead.Theprimary relatively highcostofthisfilm,mosthigh-volumecommer- print duplicateslidesfromaninternegative,butduetothe (1,000-foot roll–fromnegative) (100-foot roll–fromnegative) (100-foot roll–fromslide) (100-foot roll–fromslide)* For routineslideduplicating,therearemanypractical Kodak VericolorSlideFilm5072(processedwithstan- When largenumbersofduplicatesarerequiredfroma tives. Thedarkfadingstabilityof5072isnotas C color saturationandpleasingcontrast. are incrediblysharpandcrispwithexceptional to workwith.Duplicatesmadewiththisfilm Fuji’s -41 colornegativechemicals)canalsobeusedto CDU a SlidefromNegativeorInternegative filmtobemoreconsistentandeasier (Large Quantities) 6 Table 18.1 good as . *The recommendedFujichromeDuplicatingFilm $7.50 Kodalux processingandmounting $8.95 36-exposure rollofEktachromeSlide CostofDuplicatinga35mmSlide Table 18.2 Costs arebasedon1992KodakandKodaluxlablistprices. nately werenotavailableatthetimeofthiswriting. plied onlyin100-footrolls;35mmcassettesofthefilmunfortu- ( effective useof4x5duplicates isTonyStoneWorldwide plicates haslimitedtheiruse. Oneagencythathasmade done on4x5-inchsheetfilm, butthehighcostofsuchdu- going outofthecountry. foreign clientstoavoidpossiblelossordamageslides supply originalstodomesticclientsbutsendduplicates Others, suchasBlackStarPublishingCompany,generally Gamma-Liaison nowroutinelysupplyduplicatestoclients. New YorkCityagenciessuchasTheImageBankand begrudging, acceptanceofduplicatesinthepublishingfield. with modernduplicatingfilms,thereisanincreasing, if work andtheincreasedimagequalitythatcanbeobtained lishers prefertoworkwithoriginals.Butcareful duplicates forpublicationpurposes;givenachoice,pub- from agoodoriginal,thereisoftenresistancetoaccepting degraded imagequalityinherentinanyduplicatemade tory forprojectionpurposes,butbecauseofthesomewhat White purchased Click/Chicago, aleadingmidwest stockagency. Table 18.2 cost perslideismoderateforin-houseduplication(see written Kodakbook, the scopeofthisbook;readerisreferredtowell- “flashing” oftheduplicatingfilmduringexposure. a feature contrast-reduction duplicator), and that allows filtration (whichthisauthorconsidersessentialinaslide tungsten andelectronicflashillumination,built-indich Beseler Dual-ModeSlideDuplicator,whichfeaturesboth range of$600to$1,200.Particularlyrecommendedisthe TSW Duplicating Film5071* The highest-qualityduplicates havetraditionallybeen Correctly madeduplicatesareusuallyquitesatisfac- Detailed discussionofduplicatingproceduresisbeyond A numberofgoodduplicatorsareavailableintheprice ), headquarteredinLondon, England.In1988

and

). Color , 7 (Small Quantities) aswellotherreferencesinthefield. Copying otprdpiae $0.46 Cost perduplicate: oa otprrl:$16.45 Total costperroll:

and

Duplicating

in

CDU Black-and- issup- TSW roic

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: adigadPeevto fClrSieCletosChapter18 Handling andPreservationofColorSlideCollections are senttoanoutside lab. also, andmuchmoreimportantly, eliminatesthepossibilityofdamageorlossthatcanoccur whenirreplaceableoriginals makes duplicatesoforiginalswith aChromaProslideduplicator.Producingduplicatesin-house notonlylowerscostsbut Douglas Wechsler,directorofthe VIREO collectionofbirdphotographs attheAcademyofNaturalSciencesPhiladelphia,

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This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 637 reported: age areameasuringabout2 erything elsegoesoutasoriginals.” ev- dupe; 70mm areproduction-grade out send we these, stored inafireproofvault.If someonewantstouseoneof than 300,000slidesonfileandofthese,“thetop500are operate withasmallstaffinAlbany,California,hasmore Mountain Lightagency,whichheandhiswifeBarbara is anotheradvocateofenlarged70mmduplicates.Rowell’s around thecountry, available atmoderatecost.Producedbyanumberoflabs A duplicates: photographer, isoneprofessionalwhoadvocates70mm film duplicates.CarlPurcell,aworld-travelingfreelance plicates, andtheyaremuchlessexpensivethan4x5sheet ness andfiner-grainimagesthanconventional35mmdu- graphs inRowell’s recent book, tion withprospective clients. Rowell typicallyhasabout3,000 transparenciesincircula- produced from70mmduplicates. Aprolificphotographer, h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter18 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs Photo Recently, 70mm“enlarged”slideduplicates,withanim- Wilderness photographerandmountaineerGalenRowell of thelargeststockagenciesinworld.” can stockagencies,whichwouldmakeusone U.S. isonparwiththetoptwoorthreeAmeri- more than20timeseachyear.” pictures areduped80timesormoreandsell prospect ofmultiplesales.“Ourbest-selling many differentmarkets,greatlyincreasingthe posite images,enhancingcolorsandcropping. on-site labhasthecapabilityofcreatingcom- created. Hedid,however,saythatthecompany’s original, althoughhewouldn’tsayhowtheyare ity” —Stonesaysthattheyarebetterthanthe dupes arecreatedin“perfectreproductionqual- Taking onlythebestimagesonfile,50orso4x5 pictures, butduplicatesthemmanytimesover. concentrates onarelativelysmallnumberof the Chicagooffice,isfactthatagency success, apolicywhichwillbecarriedoverto sions onaninternationalbasis. making possiblemultiple,simultaneoussubmis- outstanding imageasmanytimesdesired, sically, itallowsaphotographerto“clone”an tures, bothdirectlyandthroughagencies.Ba- change thewayphotographersmarkettheirpic- an integralpartofbothaspectsthetrade. ing yourimages—or“duping”is,therefore, images aswellcarefulmarketing.Duplicat- business involvescarefulsafeguardingofone’s pher outofbusiness.Thestockphotography tially cutprofitsorevenputastockphotogra- age totheoriginalimage,whichcouldsubstan-

District Stone says,“Oursalesvolumeoutsidethe The dupesareofferedatthesametimein Stone saysthekeytohisagency’soverseas I believethe70mmdupewilldrastically There isalwaysthedangeroflossordam-

News 9 theseduplicatesofferbettersharp- articleonClick/Chicago’snewowner 1 ⁄ 8 x3 Mountain 1 ⁄ 4 inches,havebecome 10 11 Thecolorphoto-

Light , were , re- 8 cations. printing inmagazines, books, or other for publi- images separations canbereproduceddirectlyfromtransmitted Hell, Crosfield,orothergraphicartslaserscanner,color InterfacedwithaScitex, mode. production-resolution” digitized can images be transmitted and stored in a “re- ner ($30,000)andPhotoManagementWorkstation($18,000), per image,dependingonitssizethescreen. monitor screen;transmissiontimeisfrom12to50seconds one, four,nine,orsixteenimagesappearingonthecolor to receivinglocationsforpictureselection,with mitted tobe trans- “previews” quick allows system Digital tional clients. occur alltoofrequentlywhenmaterialsareinthehandsof jector-caused fading,andotherdamage(orevenloss)that ping transparencies,aswellfingerprints,scratches,pro- but alsoavoidsthehazardsinvolvedinship- time saves ents whohaveaccesstoanimagereceiver.Thisnotonly physically sendoriginals(orduplicates)toprospectivecli- the world. Digital systemtotransmitimagespublicationsaround Chicago, Illinois.TheWhiteHousealsohasaNational ers; ShostalAssociates;andtheClick/Chicagoagencyin Picture Group;AfterImage,WoodfinCamp;PhotoResearch- fices; SygmaPhotoNews,alsoinNewYorkCityandParis; tems wereSipaPressinitsNewYorkCityandParisof- Norristown, Pennsylvania. Burdett &Ginn(asubsidiaryofSimonSchuster,Inc.)in cluding HoughtonMifflinCompanyinBoston,andSilver Digital Corporation, lections willoperate.Atthetimeofthiswriting,National lution inthewaypublishersandcommercialpicturecol- images overtelephonelinesmarksthebeginningofarevo- associated softwaretotransmithigh-qualitydigitizedcolor sion systemsto ogy, hadsuppliedhigh-resolutiondigitalimage-transmis- on thereactionofJohnEchave Newsweek of ColorSlideandNegativeImages Digital TransmissionandStorage Report in bothitsNewYorkCityandWashington,D.C.offices),to The The introduction computerequipment recent of and Peter Tatiner,writingin With theNationalDigitalProductionResolutionscan- scanner image the ($7,000), Na- low-resolution a With Electronic transmissionsystemseliminatetheneedto Among thepictureagenciesusingNationalDigitalsys- via advance onabreakingstory. ..”Previewing New Yorkoffice.“Wecan see somethingin though, istopreviewpictures sentdownbythe require lotsofpictures.The most frequentuse, research especially,hesays,forstoriesthat guarantees toparticipatingagenciesandfor it todecideimmediatelyonwhethergrant ing betterthananyoneexpected.”Echaveuses partment has the actualartworkinhand. and layoutpagesbeforethe productionde- afterusingtheNationalDigitalsystemforayear: “It’s fantastic,”saysEchave.beendo- NDC magazine,andtoseveralbookpublishers,in- allowsthemagazinetoselect pictures U.S. 12

News aleaderinthisemergingtechnol-

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This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: adigadPeevto fClrSieCletosChapter18 Handling andPreservationofColorSlideCollections or magnifier,afford anexcellentvisualrecord of thematerialinstorage. Jones forcolorslidespreserved inthemuseum’scoldstoragevault.Theinexpensiveindex slides,viewedwithaprojector Cambridge, Massachusetts,explains tovisitingconservatorDavidKolodytheingenious“index slide”systemdevelopedby Daniel Jones(left),photography curatoratthePeabodyMuseumofArchaeologyandEthnology atHarvardUniversityin

1981 638

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 639

April 1988 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter18 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs age inthePeabodyMuseumvault. loged andhousedinmetalboxes forstor- plied byFranklinDistributorsCorp. arecata- Rigid polypropyleneSaf-T-Stor pagessup- 25% the fieldbynotedanthropologistandfilmmakerRobertGardner(thefounderofHarvard’sFilmStudyCenter). Included inthePeabody’sholdingsisalargecollectionofcolorslidesand16mmmotionpicturefilmphotographed Constructed in1979withtheaidofagrantfromNationalScienceFoundation,vaultismaintainedat35 Daniel JoneslookingatcolorslidesinSaf-T-StorpolypropyleneslidepagesinsidethePeabodyMuseumcoldstoragevault. RH . Itwasthefirsthumidity-controlledcoldstoragevaultforphotographsinanacademicinstitution(seeChapter20). the projectbecause ofitssharp,fine-grainimages. are visible.Kodachrome40,a tungsten-balanced film,waschosenfor and fromabovesothatserialnumbers, dates,andcaptioninformation slides. Slidesinpagesarelighted frombelowtoilluminatetheimages, This cameraset-upwasdevised byDanielJonesforproducingindex ° F (1.7 ° C ) and

Daniel Jones – 1982 Henry Wilhelm (2) – April 1988

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: adigadPeevto fClrSieCletosChapter18 Handling andPreservationofColorSlideCollections States, after GeorgeBushwaselectedpresidentoftheUnited Newsweek’s tion issue.Thepicturehadbeentakenonlyhoursbefore was featuredonthecoverofmagazine’sspecialelec- and campaignworkersatavictorycelebrationinHouston, showed BushandhiswifeBarbaragreetingsupporters offices inNewYorkCity.Oneofthephotographs,which election returnswithhisfamilyandstaff,tothemagazine’s where Bush(avotingresidentofTexas)hadwatchedthe tem totransmitcolorslideimagesfromHouston,Texas, In theearlyhoursofNovember9,1988,morning Stuart Craig, on thestaffofNationalDigital, expects stored. T-Stor rigidpolypropyleneslidepageinwhichtheyare page. TheseslideswerephotographedinthesameSaf- An indexslidecontainstheimagesof20slidesina [graphic artslaserscanner] system. written totapeandloaded into theCrosfield scanned inproductionresolution, transmitted, selection. Twooftheseimages werethen ages (at500-lineresolution) forviewingand looking atagroupoffivepreview-quality im- minutes later,pictureeditorsinNewYorkwere in Newsweek’sHoustonofficeat2:45a.m.Ten Newsweek On Wednesday,November9,thefilmarrived 4:00a.m.pressdeadline: magazineusedaNationalDigitalsys- 14 catalogs ofimages toits60salesofficesworldwide. years, TheImageBankhas usedvideodiscstodistribute for thePhoto man Kodakfor$25millionin 1991,willbeaprovingground a leadingNewYorkCitystock agencypurchasedbyEast- are reduce handlingoforiginalsandlowerduplicationcosts plify distributionofcolorimageswhileatthesametime B&W Cataloging andDistributionofColor keeping.” to behandledorshipped—theycanputawayforsafe- on digitalopticaldiscs,andoriginals“willnolongerhave that valuableandfrequentlyneededimagescanbestored have NationalDigitalequipmentandsoftware.Craigsays agencies thatselltomagazinesandotherclientswhoalso that operateinmorethanonelocationandforpicture sion willbeasan“office-to-officesystem”forpublishers that initiallytheprimaryapplicationofdigitaltransmis- the KodakPhoto images arelargeenoughformostidentificationneeds. When projectedorexaminedwithamagnifier,the400 index slidescanbephotographedonasingleframe. To produceanevenmorecompactreferencetool,20 For stockphotoagencies,twotechnologiesthatcansim- the CD-ROM Imageswith 15 CD (compactdiscread-onlymemory), and CD inthistypeofapplication. Forseveral introducedin1992.TheImage Bank, CD-ROM ’s andPhoto (continued onpage 644) CD 's

Daniel Jones (2) – 1982 640

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 641

Carol Brower (2) – May 1983 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter18 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs some ofthe pages. Shownhere isSusanDuane,apictureresearcher atMagnum. the agencyreplacedallof the collectionhavereachedsuch anadvancedstageofdeterioration, film surfaces.Althoughonlya small percentageofthe accessible hangingpages,stored infile The notebookfilingsystemat Magnum hasbeenreplacedbymore pages, whichwerebeingphasedoutwhenthispicturewastakenin1987. in news,documentary,andfeaturephotos.Liningthewallatreararering-bindernotebooksfilledwithslides also maintainsanofficeinParis,France.Acooperativeagencyownedbyitsmemberphotographers,Magnumspecializes In excessofonemillioncolorslidesareinthecollectionMagnumPhotos,Inc.HeadquarteredNewYorkCity, PVC pagesstucktoslidesandleft gooeydepositson PVC pageswithnewpolypropylene drawers. Magnumfoundthat PVC pagesin and, ifprojection canbeavoided,Kodachrome. stable slidefilmsavailable— currently Fujichrome ing workthroughpictureagencies choosethemost photographers that sell- images torically valuable Because ofthis,itiscrucialfor thesurvivalofhis- humidity without special and temperature cold storageasunwieldly.Slides arestoredatroom commercial pictureagencieshave generallyviewed With theneedtoaccessslidesonadailybasis, control. PVC

Carol Brower – October 1987

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: Philip Jones Griffiths – May 1983 adigadPeevto fClrSieCletosChapter18 Handling andPreservationofColorSlideCollections either originals or duplicatesaresubmittedto clients. onthenatureofrequestandtimeconstraints, ing copies ofslidessenttoclientsaround theworld.Depend- Magnum hasanin-houseslide duplicatorformaking digital imagesscannedfromphotographicoriginalstobedistributedsalesofficesanddirectlyclientsworldwide. increasingly adopting president ofMagnumatthetime,conferswithcomputerprogrammerJeffreySchlesinger.Commercialagenciesare Like mostlargepictureagencies,Magnumhascomputerizeditsfiles.Here,PhilipJonesGriffiths(left),photographerand CD-ROM ’s, Photo CD ’s, andelectronictransmissionequipmenttoallowlow-and/orhigh-resolution clients fortheir consideration. of slidesinnotebookpages.The colorcopiesaresentto copier thatcanreproduceeither individualslidesorgroups Bookkeeper VijayaAllenoperates aXerox6500color

Carol Brower (2) – May 1983 642

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 643 the total!). (black-and-white photographsaccountedforamere2% of 16 billioncolorphotographsmadebyamateursintheU.S. 1990 colorslidesaccountedforjust5%oftheapproximately in been incolornegativefilms.Ithasestimatedthat phy, nearlyallofthegrowthinamateurmarkethas verted enmassetocolorfromblack-and-whitephotogra- Types ofSlideCollections relative of the color slide, still is popular in elementary in popular is still the color slide, relative of in educational training fieldsand (the filmstrip, a close popular very also are slides Color films). color negative nalism use (although photographersmost newspaper now photography, advertising and photojour- magazine phy, continue tobethenormincommercial andstockphotogra- prints isnottheprimaryneed. Colortransparencyfilms slide showisonthevergeofbecomingathingpast. have fallensteadilyoverthepastfewyears,andhome strong preferenceforcolorprints.Slideprojectorsales h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter18 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs During thepastdecade,assnapshotphotographerscon- In manyapplications,however,theavailabilityofcolor stability areessential.Fujichromefilmsrecommendedfororiginalsandduplicates. hundreds ofthousandscolorslides.Inademandingenvironmentsuchasthis,goodprojector-fadinganddarkfading Art slidelibraries,suchasthislargefacilityattheSchoolofUniversityTexasinAustin,Texas,frequentlyc 16 Amateurphotographershaveshownavery room lightsorthe moreintenseilluminationofslide viewers. A noticewarnsusersofthehazard ofexposingslidesto ontain

March 1981 (2)

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: adigadPeevto fClrSieCletosChapter18 Handling andPreservationofColorSlideCollections equipped with along-rollback). matter toshoothundredsof identical slideswithacamera photographing apaintingor other stillobject,itisasimple tion pictureprintfilm,and$5 ormorefor“originals”(when each forcopiesmadeonreversal duplicatingfilmormo- world. Pricesforslidesinthis fieldaretypically$2or$3 suppliers, museums,andother organizationsalloverthe most ofwhichareduplicatespurchasedfromcommercial usually quitelarge—manyincludemorethan100,000slides, art orarchitecturedepartments.Thesecollectionsare collection foundinmostcollegesanduniversitiesthathave Academic SlideLibraries AV with theexplodinguseofcomputergraphics,totaldollarsfor systems intotalexpendeddollars.Infactthispastyear, E photographers andmagazinephotojournalists. among professionalphotographers,especiallycommercial mid-1980’s Fujichromefilmshadgainedaloyalfollowing versal choiceofmagazinephotographers,althoughbythe Kodachrome filmshaveuntilrecentlybeenthealmostuni- parencies. IntheUnitedStates,35mmEktachromeand Geographic Societyconsistalmostentirelyofcolortrans- Collection (partofTimeWarnerInc.)andtheNational zine collectionssuchastheTimeInc.MagazinesPicture avoided. ance variationsthatusuallyappearinmakingprintsare color balancearecorrectintheoriginalslide—bal- Editing issimplifiedand—assumingtheexposure with noadditionallaborormaterialsrequiredtomakeprints. phy becausetheycanbevieweddirectlyafterprocessing transparencies arethelowest-costformofcolorphotogra- parencies orprintsfrominternegatives.Slidesandlarger third-generation duplicationorthemakingofpositivetrans- ency, thereisnolossofimagequalitycausedbysecond-or tions areusuallymadedirectlyfromtheoriginaltranspar- magazines, catalogs,books,etc.Sincetheprintingsepara- transparencies whenphotographsaretobereproducedin parencies —thevastmajoritybeing35mmslides. Press, andSygmaworkalmostexclusivelywithcolortrans- Researchers, TonyStoneWorldwide,TheImageBank,Sipa cial pictureagenciessuchasBlackStar,Magnum,Photo charts, andspecialeffectsisexpandingrapidly.Commer- with computer-generatedcolorimagesfeaturinggraphs, conferences andtechnicalmeetings;themarketforslides schools). Slide-accompaniedlecturesarewidelyusedat inch (35mm)slidemediumcontinuestodominateall analyst, commentedonthe1986slidemarket:“The2x2- have beenpopularinrecentyears.TomHope,amarket or moreprojectors,oftensynchronizedwithasoundtrack, Elaborately producedmulti-imageslideshows,usingtwo mercial andindustrialphotographyoverthepastdecade. for fast-breakingnewsphotography. out complexequipment,theyarepreferredoverKodachrome and tungstenversionscanberapidlyprocessedwith- -6 compatiblefilmsareavailableinhigh-speeddaylight slidesandequipmentjumpedtomorethan$7billion.” The academicslidelibraryisaspecializedtypeof Because Fujichrome,Ektachrome,andotherProcess The colorphotographsinlargedocumentaryandmaga- There areanumberofpracticaladvantagestocolor Slides havealsobecomeincreasinglyimportantincom- AV 17 collections: thepermanent run theonlypracticalsolutionistoestablishtwoseparate slide libraries,thisauthorhasconcludedthatinthelong by thefilm. price topayconsideringtheextendedusefullifeafforded Fujichrome duplicatesisonlyabout$0.05each—asmall an internegative,thetotalpass-alongcostforbetter film with motion pictureprint istomakethemon than it make duplicatesonFujichromereversalduplicatingfilm ommended for“originals”).Whileitismoreexpensiveto (Fujichrome andFujichromeVelviacamerafilmsarerec- the recommendedfilmforduplicatessoldtoslidelibraries and darkfadingstability,FujichromeDuplicatingFilmis ones thatgethandledthemostandprojectedlongest. after year.Themostimportantslidesinevitablyarethe ing apaintingordrawing,andtousethesameslideyear image onthescreenfor15minutesormorewhilediscuss- jection —itisnotunusualforaprofessortohaveslide yet theslidesaresubjectedtofrequentandprolongedpro- production andretentionofsubtlehighlightdetailarecritical, demanding applicationsforcolorslides:precisere- number ofimportant advantagestothisapproach: circulated atanygiventime. Fortheuser,therearea only oneduplicatemadefrom eachpurchasedoriginalis come toanequitableagreement thatwouldensure their sales,bothusersand suppliersshouldbeableto violate theircopyrightsand fearingthatitcouldreduce suppliers willobjecttothisproposal, claimingthatitwould (refrigerated ifpossible),low-humidityenvironment. poses. Theyarestoredinthedarkareasonablycool never projected,andareaccessedforstudypur- vendors; theseslidesremainintheiroriginalmounts,are outside from purchased duplicates first-generation and tion. Thepreservationcollectionholdsalloftheoriginals plete setofduplicatesmadefromthepreservationcollec- expendable In examiningthepreservationproblemsofacademic Because ofitssuperiorcombinationprojector-fading The academicslidelibraryrepresentsoneofthemore against imagefadingduringprojectionorinstorage. dling; however,glassmountsoffernoaddedprotection Glass mountscanprovidephysicalprotectionduringhan- Although itisrecognizedthatmostcommercialslide working

collection preservation , whichconsistsofacom-

collection andthe

March 1981 644

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 645 Types ofSlideMounts Chapter18 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs .Open-frameplasticmounts. 2. .Glassmounts. 3. .Cardboardmounts 1. .Glassmountswithtapebinding. 4. • Concern about loss, damage, and projector-caused and damage, loss, Concern about • Unfadedoriginalsphotographedbystaffwillbeavailable • Unprojectedslidesinthepreservationcollectionare • Replacementduplicatescanbemadeasneeded;the • Overtime,moneywillbesaved.Slidesneedpur- • Originalslides,whetherpurchasedfromoutsidesources • There are currently four types of commonslidemounts: maintained. the collectionis of integrity the reduced; is fading to makeduplicatesdistributeotherslidelibraries. has takenplace. ing collectiontodeterminewhetherexcessivefading available forvisualcomparisonwithslidesinthework- collection canbemaintained. the working slides in of quality reproduction color chased onlyonce. or photographedbystaffmembers,willbepreserved. the mostpopular, was thefirstwidelyavailableplasticmountandisstill transparency films,includingduplicates. Kodachrome, Ektachrome,Fujichrome,andallother continue touseKodakcardboardReady-Mountsfor Processing Laboratories,nowoperatedbyQualexInc.) jected.) Kodaluxprocessinglaboratories(formerlyKodak glass mountsbeforethetransparenciescouldbepro- then hadtobecutintoindividualframesandplacedin processed Kodachrometothecustomerinstripswhich duction ofthecardboardReady-Mount,Kodakreturned 35mm filmbecameavailablein1936.(Beforetheintro- troduced byKodakin1939—3yearsafterKodachrome board slidemountwastheKodaslideReady-Mountin- tic, Inc. or aluminumframes;glassmountsmadebyWessPlas- glass sheetsalreadyinplaceeasy-to-assembleplastic now onthemarket. the glass(interior paperoraluminum-foil masksare piece offilm“encapsulated”within, intightcontactwith to sealtheedgesoftwo sheetsofglasswiththe alized polyesterpressure-sensitive tapehasbeenused together withgummedpaper tape.Morerecently,met- position andcovernon-image areas;theywerebound an interiorpaper“mask”tolocate thefilminproper originally weremadewith2x2-inchsheetsofglassand repeated handlingbystudentsandfaculty,glassmounts prints andotherphysicaldamagethatcanresultfrom academic slidelibrariestoprotectslidesfromfinger- they arenotwithouttheirproblems(discussedbelow). fingerprints, and scratches against protection offer multi-image slidepresentations.Althoughglassmounts arequirementfor positioning ofthefilminmount— glass mountshave“pin-registration”tosecureprecise 19 andGepe Mostglassmountsaresuppliedwiththe 18 20 . Theprototypeofthemoderncard- althoughmanyotherbrandsare areamongthemostpopular.Some ThePakonplasticmount Longpopularwith from thefilmto thecoolerglass. glass actsasaninsulator,retarding thetransferofheat fan, and faces oftheglassareconstantly cooledbytheprojector sons: faster andstayshotterthanthecoverglassforthreerea- called “steaming-up,”orthe“heateffect.”Thefilmheats age. Thismoisturecondensationproblemissometimes may beobservedscatteredoverdifferentareasoftheim- the screen.Sometimesanumberofsmaller“steamclouds” cloud” thatissuperimposedovertheprojectedimageon glass; theresultisadisconcertingamoeba-like“steam then immediatelycondenseonthecomparativelycoolcover evaporate fromtheheatedemulsionandfilmbase paper oraluminum-foilmasks)areprojected,moisturecan environments. dence offungusattackwhenslidesarestoredinhumid another. Glassmountsalsoappeartoreducetheinci- images areprojectedside-by-sideorsuperimposedoneon particularly importantinmulti-imagepresentationswhere accurately maintainedoverthewholeimagearea.Thisis that thefilmremainsflatduringprojectionsofocusis little ifanysignificanceintermsofimagelife. ods ofexposuretothehighertemperaturesappearhave deformed orsufferotherphysicaldamaged,theshortperi- unless theglass-mountedfilmshouldgetsohotastobe comes hotterthanfilminopen-frameslidem aged). Duringprojection,filmmountedbet tally broken,inwhichcasetheslidecouldbeseriouslydam- age duringhandling(unless,ofcourse,theglassisacciden- fingerprints, dust,andscratchesotherphysical Glass mountsdo,however,offercompleteprotectionfrom fast asdofilmsinopen-framemounts(seeChapter6). impressions. stamp rubberreadily acceptand write andprint on, easy to nicely, weighmuchlessthanplasticorglassmounts,are them, prefercardboardslidemountsbecausetheyhandle film image stability. Many photographers, this author among mounts, andglassmountsintermsoftheireffectoncolor is availableonothertypesofcardboardmounts),plastic tween Kodalux(Kodak)cardboardmounts(noinformation studied, thereappearstobenomeaningfuldifferencebe- and Newton’sRingsinGlassMounts The Problemsof“SteamClouds” absorbed bythetransparent glass, the dyeimage—andisinturn convertedtoheat—thanis When slidesintraditionalglassmounts(withinterior One principaladvantageofglassmountsistoinsure When projected,colorfilmsinglassmountsfadejustas Although thesubjecthasnotyetbeencomprehensively (described below). Wess ArchivalMountsuppliedbyPlastic,Inc. the likelihoodoffungusgrowth.Recommendedis prevent emulsiondamageduringprojectionandreduces helps this humidity; relative high of periods during sion the interiorofmountandminimizesmoistureintru- glass preventsdustandfungussporesfromentering in aplasticormetalframe.Sealingtheedgesof not recommended).Thetapedglassunitisthenplaced (a) (c) morelightandinfraredradiation isabsorbedby theairinthincavitybetween thefilmand (b) theoutsidesur- ween glassbe- ounts, but dam-

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: adigadPeevto fClrSieCletosChapter18 Handling andPreservationofColorSlideCollections by A.G.TullinEngland, when slidesarestoredinhumidenvironments. adhere tothecoverglass.Theproblemisespeciallyacute will ferrotype(developareasofirregulargloss)oreven tually itdisappears.Inextremecases,thefilmemulsion shape ofthe“steamcloud”changingconstantlyuntileven- re-absorbed bythegelatinfilmemulsion,withsizeand ture “steamcloud”tore-evaporate—thewatervaporis usually becomehotenoughtocausethecondensedmois- and airinthethinspacebetweenfilmglasswill after mounting wascompleted. moisture equilibriumwithambient storageconditionssoon ture-permeable paperbinding tape,theslidesreached and filmbystaticelectriccharges. Sinceheusedmois- environment toavoidattraction ofdusttothecoverglass Tull suggesteddoingtheactual mountinginafairlyhumid pressure sensitivematerial totheoutsideofmount. non-image areasweremaskedbyattachingstripsofablack, inch piecesofcoverglassandgummedpapertape;the 1970’s), Tullrecommendedassemblingmountswith2x2- tory forslidebinding(Tull’sarticleswerepublishedinthe is avoided. glass getswarmer,andmoisturecondensationonthe interface. Duringprojection,thefilmstayscooler, minimizing thetemperaturedifferentialatfilm/glass direct heatconductionpathfromthefilmtoglass,thus with theglass.Theeliminationofairspaceprovides a are notincludedandthefilmissecuredintightcontact ommended “glass-contactbinding”inwhichinteriormasks moisture “steamclouds”andNewton’sRings,herec- cover glasswastheprincipalcauseofbothcondensed- mount frame). may resultfromthemethodofattachingglassto to beplacedoneontopofanotherinthesamemount,orit (this maybeintentional,toallowtwoormorepiecesoffilm slight separationbetweenthetwosheetsofcoverglass but inmostcasestheirdesignnonethelessmaintainsa incidence butdoesnotalwayseliminatetheproblem.) the filmandglass.“Anti-NewtonRing”glassreducestheir by loose,irregularcontactbetweenthesmoothsurfacesof when aglass-mountedslideisprojected.Theyarecaused tical interferencepatternsthatmayappearonthescreen rainbow-colored op- are Rings Rings. (Newton’s Newton’s surfaces inaneffort — which is often unsuccessful — toavoid may mask mount,the the cific of design mount, betweenthefilmandglass.Dependingonspe- or papermasklocatedintheinteriorof aluminum avoided ifcertainguidelinesarefollowed. commonly encounteredwithglassmountscanbelargely condensed-moisture “steamclouds”andotherdifficulties L. SundtintheU.S., (d) separately duringthemountingoperation,and/or handled two sidesofthemountsothatglassdoesnothavetobe projected image, in theproperposition, Investigation oftheproblemsglass-mountedslides Ifprojectioncontinueslongenough,thecoverglass Finding then-availableplastictapestobeunsatisfac- Tull demonstratedthattheairgapbetweenfilmand Some glassmountsaremadewithoutinteriormasks, Glass mountstraditionallyhavebeenmadewithathin provideasmallairspacebetweenthefilmandglass (c) 22 attachthecoverglasssheetsto hasmadeitclearthatformationof (b) 21 andmorerecentlybyChristine providesharpborderstothe (a) holdthefilm mask (twoaperture sizesareavailable). Theprojected tant Norylplasticframe.The frameitselfservesasthe in apocketmoldedlight gray, high-temperature-resis- during projectionorstorage). Theglassisheldinposition frame (soasnottocausebuckling shouldthefilmexpand glass sheetsthatareslightly largerthanastandard35mm manufactured ifthereissufficientinterestinthedevice. and precisely;themachine,whichcostsabout$300,willbe chine totapetheedgesoffilm/glasssandwichrapidly Wess Plastichasalsodevelopedamanuallyoperatedma- agreed toworkwithheronthedesignofnewmount. reading severalofSundt’sarticlesonslidemounting,Wess suitable replacementproduct.After producinga in company the of glassslidemounts,toseewhethershecouldinterest 1987, SundtcontactedWessPlastic,aleadingmanufacturer Perrot-Color mountsceasedtobeavailableintheU.S. aluminum-framed Perrot-Colorglassmounts.Butwhen troduced in1988. tic, Inc.inconsultationwithSundt. Wess ArchivalMount,whichwasdevelopedbyPlas- sence ofinteriormasks,isthebasisfordesign mount framefortaping,andthis,togetherwiththeab- that thecoverglasssheetsbeeasilyremovedfrom tape. the slideboundwithlow-permeabilitymetalizedpolyester tioned andmountedinalow-humidityenvironment, most importantrecommendationsisthatfilmsbecondi- to commerciallyavailableglassmounts.OneofSundt’s contact binding”method,andhasadaptedtheprocedure ber ofimprovementstoTull’srathertime-consuming“glass- mounts andmountingtechniques,hassuggestedanum- Oregon whohasdoneconsiderableresearchonglassslide the Architecture&AlliedArtsLibraryatUniversityof The WessArchivalSlideMount the mountmayalsobeusedwithouttapebinding. egon. Althoughdesignedspecificallyfortapebinding, a slideandphotographcuratorattheUniversityofOr- developed byWessinconsultationwithChristineSundt, The recommendedglassWessPlasticArchivalMount Taping theglassandfilmtogetherofcourserequires Christine L.Sundt,aslideandphotographcuratorin The mountsaresuppliedwith anti-NewtonRingcover For someyearsSundthadrecommendedSwiss-made, 23 24 Themountwasin-

Wess Plastic, Inc. 646

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 647 ommended bySundt). avoid pinholesandtoimprovemoistureresistance,isrec- alized PolyesterTape,whichismetalizedonbothsides to (Horizon TapeProductsCompanyNo.425UltraThinMet- together aroundtheedgeswithmetalizedpolyestertape pressurized air. should beblownawayusingachild’searsyringeorcanned, should becarefullyexaminedandparticlesofdustorlint cotton cloth.Priortomounting,boththeglassandfilm by swabbingwithethylalcoholanddriedacleanwhite ture contentoftheemulsiontoaverylowlevel). may bepresent,whileatthesametimereducingmois- of apiecefilm sealedinamountaccording toSundt’s is alsokeptfreeofdust.The equilibriummoisturecontent rotyping” againstthecoverglass. Theinteriorofthemount hood ofNewton’sRings,fungus growth,andemulsion“fer- film sealedwithinthemount. Thishelpsreducethelikeli- high humidityintheslidestorage areafromaffectingthe in anyeventshould thus avoidingtheneedtoapplytapefilmitself(which film/glass sandwichpriortoplacingitintheslidemount— by applyingmetalizedpolyestertapetotheoutsideof image areacanbefurtherreduced(masked)ifnecessary tioned inalow-humidityenvironment(40% be usedwithouttaping. costing about$0.25each.Ifdesired,themountscanalso and Ektagraphicslidetrays;themountsareinexpensive, thick andwillfitinstandard80-capacityKodakCarousel ture of140 minute ortwo(Sundtsaysthatheatingslidestoatempera- tioned byprojectingtheminanopen-framemountfora for severalhours—orovernight.Slidescanalsobecondi- h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter18 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs With thefilminplace,film/glasssandwichistaped Sundt recommendsthatglasscoversheetsbecleaned slides duringhandlingandediting. Kimac sleevesforslidesintheiractivefilestoprotectthe Washington, D.C.andmanyothermajorcollectionsuse in Kimacsleeves.TheNationalGeographicSociety dling. Mosttypesofslidepagescanaccommodateslides protection fromfingerprintsandscratchesduringhan- Made ofcellulosetriacetate,thesleevesofferexcellent A slideisinsertedintoaKimacindividualsleeve. Mounting slideswiththisprocedure preventsperiodsof Prior tomounting,theslidesshouldbemoisture-condi- ° F [60 ° C ] appearstokillanyfungussporesthat never 25 bedone!).Themountsare3mm RH orlower) colorless solventadhesive. tive sleevesforthecurrenttype,manufacturedwithastrong, tended usage.Kimachasofferedtoexchangethesedefec- adhesive thathadatendencytocomeungluedwithex- were madewithasemi-opaque,pressure-sensitiveseam snug fitoftheKimacsleeves). Corporation haveoverlysharpsidefoldsandlackthenice ter individualslidesleevessuppliedbyLightImpressions Kimac sleevestobetheonlysuitableproduct(thepolyes- large, slidesmayfallout.Todate,thisauthorhasfound If thefoldsaretooloose,orifsleeveisevenslightly are tootight,slideswillbedifficulttoinsertandremove. factured, withsidefoldsoftheproperradius.If commercial operations. Society collectionandinmanyothermajorpublication sleeves protectcirculatingslidesintheNationalGeographic and frommostmajorphotographicsupplyhouses.Kimac directly fromKimac(see sleeves areavailableinquantitiesof100,500,and1,000 separations. Atacostofonlyabout$0.05each,Kimac ing, loanedtoclients,orgivenprintersformakingcolor sleeves whenbeingsenttoalabforduplicationorprint- mented drawers,etc.Slidesshould also fitintomosttypesofslidestorageboxes,compart- into theindividualpocketsofmostslidepages;slides remove whendesired.SlidesinKimacsleevesreadilyfit out duringhandling,butthesleevesarealsosimpleto cut. Thesleeveshaveasnugfitsothatslideswillnotslip plied bytheKimacCompany,Ltd.,ofGuilford,Connecti- be obtainedwithKimaccellulosetriacetatesleeves,sup- dirt forindividualslidesduringhandlingandshippingcan 3 tion. slide holdersofferanexcellent, ifratherexpensive,solu- dling byclientsandlabs,ImageGuard rigidtransparent of IndividualSlides Kimac SleevesforProtection 3 will havelittleeffectonthesealedfilm. by, forexample,aweekortwoofrainysummerweather, Short-term humiditychangesinthestorageareacaused value oftheyear-roundconditionsinstoragearea. method will,overalongperiodoftime,assumeanaverage Slide Holders ImageGuard RigidPlastic ommended forvaluableoriginalslides. destroying thefilm;forthisreason,Photogardisnotrec- Once applied,Photogardisimpossibletoremovewithout films fromscratches,fingerprints,moisture,andfungus. Photogard isanabrasion-resistantcoatingthatprotects economical alternativetoglassmountsforduplicateslides. M M Physical protectionfromfingerprints,scratches,and Producers ofslidesforslidelibrariesshouldconsider For protectingvaluableslides duringshippingorhan- Some Kimacsleevesmanufacturedinthemid-1980’s To beserviceable,slidesleevesmustpreciselymanu- Photogardfilmcoating(discussedinChapter4)asan PhotogardforCoatingSlides 26 Atapriceof about$1each,theslideholders ac- Suppliers attheendofthischapter) always beinindividual

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: adigadPeevto fClrSieCletosChapter18 Handling andPreservationofColorSlideCollections deteriorated, withgooeyplasticizersexudingfromthe transparency andhandlingcharacteristics.Unfortunately, polyvinyl chloride( Most ofthesepagesaremadeheavyweightplasticized become apopularmeansofstoringandviewingslides. cations. pages beavoidedforanythingotherthanshort-termappli- this, thisauthorstronglyrecommendsthatflexible sheet andstickingtothesurfacesofslides.Because of Photographic 1991, ANSI PVC Hazards ofPlasticized Plastic SlidePagesandthe factory forlong-termstorageofslides. spective clients).ImageGuardslideholdersarealsosatis- discouraging unauthorizedprojectionorduplicationbypro- the slidecannotberemovedwithoutbreakingseal(thus applying apressure-sensitivelabeloverthetopofholder, are onlyslightlylargerthantheslidesthemselves.By commodate bothcardboard-and-glassmountedslidesand tute, saidina1985report: conservation scientistatthe CanadianConservationInsti- ter 14,itisworthrepeatinghere whatR.ScottWilliams,a graphic enclosurematerialarediscussedindetailChap- number offlexible of debate,thisauthorandothershavefoundadisturbing might causeduringlong-termstoragehasbeenthesubject Enclosures While theactualdamagetocolorslidesthat During thepasttwodecades,plasticslidepageshave placed allofthe Photos, Inc.TheNewYorkCityagencyhassincere- surface ofKodachromeslidesinthecollectionMagnum Plasticizer oozedfromaflexible Although theproblemsofplasticized isoneofthematerialsspecificallyprohibitedin storagestandards—see,forexample: poly(vinyl chloride) enclosures.Inthefirstcase, damaged bystorageinphthalate plasticized American I haveexaminedtwocaseswhere slideswere

and

Processed

Storage

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pages IT9.2 Filing PVC PVC – - slide pagesarethe able fromanumberofmanufacturers. addition ofplasticizers.Polypropylenepagesarenowavail- nyl chloride,canbemadenaturallyflexiblewithoutthe pages ispolypropylene,aclearplasticwhich,unlikepolyvi- cost about$0.45 each,handlemuchlikethe popular Are Recommended Polypropylene SlidePages manufacturers. The 3.5-gauge polypropyleneslide pagessuppliedbymostother gidity andbetterhandlingcharacteristics thanthethinner 5.0-gauge polypropylenethat givesthemmuchgreaterri- chapter). Thesehigh-clarity pagesaremadewithheavy Los Angeles,California(see slide pagesmanufacturedby20 film tosticktheslidepage. Plasticizer exudingfromthe In thisauthor’sopinion,thebestflexiblepolypropylene Probably themostsatisfactorymaterialforflexibleslide disturbing possibilitythatthe to preventthisdegradationthat to produceacidichydrogenchloridegas.Itis the and thatthesecomponentswerealsofoundin monly asheatstabilizersinpoly(vinylchloride), of thetypeusedaslubricantsormorecom- showed ittobecomposedofcarboxylatesalts have thewaxyfilm.Analysisoffilm Unglassed slidesinthesameenclosuredonot with glasscoversshowthisphenomenon. slides withprotectiveglasscovers.Only are visibleasdisfiguringspotsontheimage. sures. Whenprojected,thedropletsonslide those containedinthepoly(vinylchloride)enclo- identified asphthalateplasticizersidenticalto oily dropletswereformedonslides.These before theyescapefromtheplastic. reactions ortoscavengedegradationproducts highly compoundedwithadditivestoinhibitthese In addition,thereisthefurther,oftencited, In thesecondcase,awaxyfilmformedon PVC oftheenclosure. EZ EZ 2 C 2 Super-heavyweightpolypropylene C Super-heavyweightpages,which PVC Suppliers th causedtheKodachrome CenturyPlastics,Inc.,of PVC PVC maydegrade attheendofthis 28 mustbe PVC

1983 648

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 649

July 1991 plied bytheBritishfirm, pages aretheSuperArchival20TransparencyFilessup- avoided.) are notsafeforlong-termslidestorageandshouldbe cabinet drawers. bars forsuspension instandardletter-sizefile hanging der thePerma-Safname.Thesepageshaveprovisionfor 20 name,andfromFranklinDistributorsCorporationun- from theJoshuaMeierCorporationunder ration, andothersunderprivatelabel. Light ImpressionsCorporation,Kleer-VuPlasticsCorpo- available isan from thetop;and hanging files: top-bar foruseinfiledrawersequippedwithframes scribed previously). UseofKimacsleeves incombination modate slidesinKimaccellulose triacetatesleeves(de- Lok Archivalpages,andmost otherslidepagescanaccom- leading supplierofplasticized pylene slidepagesmanufacturedby heavyweight pages.( physically coverbothsidesoftheslides. slide pages.Thepageshaveindividualpocketsand Chapter18 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs Viewpacks SuperArchivalpages, what lesstransparentthantherecommended pages, whichcostabout$0.35each,arethinnerandsome- polypropylene pagesundertheCentury-Polyname;these Plaines, Illinois.The (see pages wereintroducedtotheAmericanmarketin1985 Super Archivalpagescostasmuch$2.50each. binder notebooks: in severalformats,including3-holepagesforusering- See] Super-heavyweightpolypropylenepagesareavailable Another goodifratherexpensivelineofpolypropylene 20 20 Flexible polypropyleneslidepagesarealsoavailable top-bars forfilecabinetsequippedwithhangingframes. are suppliedforringbinders(3-ringnotebooks)orwith thor asthebestavailableflexibleslidepages.Thepages slidepagesarerecommendedbythisau- polypropylene 20 Probably alsosatisfactoryarethePoly- Suppliers th th th CenturyPlastics CenturyPlastics,Inc.alsosupplieslessexpensive CenturyPlastics #EZHTL attheendofthischapter). EZ #EZJV #EZTL 2 C slidepagefittedwithaplated-steel C 20 -00, whichcostabout$0.75each. -Line pageshavealsobeensoldby EZ th 2-00, whichareside-loading.Also 2-00, inwhichslidesareinserted 2 CenturyPlastics,Inc.isalsoa EZ C DW Super-heavyweight5-gauge 2 C PVC ViewpacksLimited.The Super-heavyweight, C -Line Poly- slidepages;thepages C -Line, Inc.ofDes C flexiblepolypro- EZ DW C 2 EZ pages,Film- C VPD Viewpacks [Easy-To- 2 C Super- Hang- DW mended flexible associated withpolyethyleneandpolypropylenepages.) for discussionofsurfacecoatingsandstickingproblems or leaveundesirableresiduesonthefilm.(SeeChapter14 polyethylene) pagescouldeventuallysticktofilmsurfaces coated materialsusedtomakeflexiblepolypropylene(or The sleevesalsoeliminatethepossibilitythatsurface- scratches onslideswhentheyareremovedfromapage. dling; inaddition,thesleevespreventfingerprintsand of physicalprotectiontoslidesduringstorageandhan- with polypropyleneslidepagesprovidesaveryhighdegree oped attherequest ofPeterWatersatthe LibraryofCon- manufactured withpolypropylene. Thepagesweredevel- Distributors Corporationin 1975, wasthefirstslidepage Polypropylene SlidePages Saf-T-Stor Rigid protect filmsurfacesfromplasticizerresidues. collection ofcolorphotographsbirds. of Philadelphia, Chapter 19).LocatedattheAcademyofNaturalSciences nals arecarefullystoredinfrost-freerefrigerators—see reference duplicatefilesatthe Saf-T-Stor rigidpolypropyleneslidepagesareusedfor When slidesarestoredforlongperiodsinnon-recom- The Saf-T-Storrigidslidepage, introducedbyFranklin PVC VIREO pages,Kimacsleevesare issaidtobetheworld’slargest VIREO collection(theorigi- essential to

November 1987

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: adigadPeevto fClrSieCletosChapter18 Handling andPreservationofColorSlideCollections thology ( Harvard University,andtheVisualResourcesforOrni- the PeabodyMuseumofArchaeologyandEthnologyat number ofinstitutions,includingtheLibraryCongress, without saggingorcurling.Saf-T-Storpagesareusedbya flexible pages,canstandverticallyinfiledrawersorboxes Saf-T-Stor pageshandleandstackbetter,and,unlikethe more storagespace.However,becauseoftheirrigidity, require and pages polypropylene flexible than thicker cover sheetsthepagesareratherunwieldytohandle. an accessory(about$1each),butwhenfittedwiththe transparent full-pagecoversheetscalledSaf-T-Coversas slide inatransparentKimacsleeve.Franklinsupplies damage. Thisproblemcanbealleviatedbyplacingeach tected againstscratches,fingerprints,andotherphysical open-face slidepocketsleaveonesideoftheslidesunpro- are moldedfromasinglesheetofpolypropyleneandthe used withslidesinglasslessslidemountsisthatthepages Saf-T-Stor and other“rigid”pages).ThePlastican pages, better supporttoglass-mounted slidesthandoFranklin and theextrarigidityof Plastican SlideFramesgives mounted slidesareheavierthan slidesinglasslessmounts, age ofglass-mountedslides in filecabinetdrawers(glass- sagging andareparticularly well-suitedforverticalstor- as thePlasticanCorporation callsthem,resistflexingand Plastican SlideFrame.Theseheavy-dutypages,or“frames,” mounted slidesistheopen-frame,moldedpolystyrene uted intheUnitedStatesbyLeedal,Inc. they aresoldundertheJournal24name,anddistrib- fiers. ThecassettesaremadeinWestGermany,where cabinets forthecassettes,illuminatedviewers,andmagni- chased inquantity.Accessoriesincludestorageboxesand viewing. SystemJcassettescostabout$5eachwhenpur- to slideswhileatthesametimeallowingunobstructed modates 24slidesandofferscompletephysicalprotection sided boxwhichopenslikeabook,eachcassetteaccom- of rigid,transparentacrylicplastic.Similartoathin,two- storing slidesistheSystemJslidecassette,whichmade ences ofPhiladelphia(seeChapter19). Other TypesofSlidePages C rigid an accessory). net drawers(hangingbarsareavailableforthepagesas notebooks, storedinboxes,orplacedstandardfilecabi- accommodate 20slides;thepagescanbekeptinringbinder rigid translucentwhitepageshaverecessedpocketsto gress inWashington,D.C.ManufacturedJapan,the much morethan20 not appearonthepages. N.J. 07834.”Surprisingly,theSaf-T-Stornameitselfdoes binder holeswith:“No. Stor pagesareidentifiedalongtheedgeoppositering should becarefulthattheproperpageisobtained.Saf-T- -Line Poly- Saf-T-Stor pages,withtheirrecessedslidepockets,are A significantdrawbackoftheSaf-T-Storpageswhen A rigidslidepagethatcanberecommendedforglass- A verygoodbutratherbulkyandexpensive“page”for Saf-T-Stor pagesareverysimilarinappearancetothe At apriceofabout$1.30each,Saf-T-Storpagescost PVC VIREO pagessoldbyJoshuaMeierCorporationandone C , andotherflexiblepolypropyleneslidepages. ) collectionattheAcademyofNaturalSci- th CenturyPlastics PV -20 –FranklinDist.Corp.Denville EZ 2 C Heavyweight, are superiortoplasticized Print File,Inc.,LightImpressionsCorporation,andothers 18x2 additional). Eachboxhasacapacityof360slidesandis ties of5,or$4eachinquantities10more(shipping No. 5012Drop-FrontBox,whichis1 the Slide-FileboxeswillfitinsideaLightImpressionsCode supplied withmovablecardboardinteriordividers.Six of date about200cardboard-mountedslides.Theboxesare each inquantitiesof10ormore;boxcanaccommo- cardboard withmetalcorners,Slide-FileBoxescost$2.00 nyl chloride( also suppliesflexiblepolypropyleneandplasticizedpolyvi- protected withKimacsleeves.ThePlasticanCorporation used withslidesinglasslessmountsunlesstheare scratches, fingerprints,anddust,thepagesshouldnotbe film inglasslessmountsunprotectedandvulnerableto are open,bothfrontandback,leavethesurfacesof vidual slidecompartmentsinthePlasticanSlideFrames also beusedinring-bindernotebooks.Becausetheindi- each ofwhichholds20slidesandcostsabout$1.25,can nomical Lig-freeType most slidesintheboxduringprolongedstorage. mits lightwhichcouldcausegradualfadingoftheouter- or lesserdegree,theplasticusedtomakesuchboxestrans- slides inplasticboxesadarkplacebecause,togreater keeping slides—howeveroneshouldbecarefultostore cessing Labs).Plasticboxesalsoappeartobesafefor were operatedbyKodakandknownasPro- pany andFuquaIndustries,Inc.;priorto1988thelabs (Kodalux labsareajointventureofEastmanKodakCom- cessed slidesaresatisfactoryforlong-termstorageof boxes suppliedbyKodaluxProcessingServiceswithpro- enclosures). plastics usedtomakeslidepagesandotherphotographic for discussionoftheprosandconsvarioustypes isfactory aspolypropyleneenclosures(seeChapter14 sions Corporation. Slide-File Box(CodeNo.5015)suppliedbyLightImpres- nonbuffered, lignin-freecardboard. transparencies. Theinterioroftheseboxesismade of similar designarealsoavailableformounted120rollfilm capacity ofabout2,190slidesandcosts$34.50.Boxes consisting ofsix#35 board box17x19x2 Slide StorageBoxes recommended. supplied byConservationResourcesInternational,Inc.is slide boxesinside. Alsorecommendedisthe LightImpres- the boxtendstosagbecauseit isunsupportedbytheshorter and wastesvaluablestorage space;inaddition,thetopof inch Drop-FrontBox(Code No. 2021)istootall,however, the slideboxes.The“standard” LightImpressions11x14- interior andisonlybarelyhigh enoughtoaccommodate more). Unfortunately,theCode No.5012boxhasashallow in size($5.75singlyor$4.60eachquantitiesof10 Low-density polyethylenepagessuppliedbyVue-All,Inc., For low-coststorageoflargergroupsslides,theeco- To thebestofthisauthor’sknowledge,cardboard Another good-qualitycardboardslidestorageboxisthe 5 ⁄ 8 x2 5 ⁄ 8 " insize.AlsoavailableisalargeMasterUnit PVC 29 Theboxescostabout$5eachinquanti- ) slidepages. 3 30 ⁄ 4 ST Madeofalkaline-buffered,lignin-free " insize;aMasterUnit(#35 II slideboxesinsideadrop-frontcard- ArchivalSlideStorageBox(#35 PVC pages,althoughnotassat- 1 ⁄ 2 Hx11Wx14D-inches MU ) hasa ST ) 650

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 651 designed asmuchoftheotherequipmentonmarket. storage equipmentwhich,inherexperience,isnotaswell- storage. SundtcautionsagainstpurchaseofLuxorslide at theendofthischapter)asbeingbestforgeneralslide egon, hasrecommendedNeumadecabinets(see Or- curator attheUniversityof photograph and slide able the scopeofthischapter.ChristineL.Sundt,aknowledge- and otherslidestoragesystemsthatareavailableisbeyond Siegel: ously occupiedbytheIllustrations Library.Accordingto both inthenewofficeand the lessbrightlylitareaprevi- in polypropyleneslidepages wereplacedoncountertops Kodachrome, Ektachrome,and Fujichromeslideshoused be thesourceofproblem,Siegelranatestinwhich bare-bulb fixtures.Suspectingthattheofficelightingmight (Philips) Color84full-spectrumlampsinenergy-efficient, terns. ThenewofficewasbrightlyilluminatedwithNorelco rapid imagefading—ofteninstrangeandirregularpat- of theslidesincollectionbegantoexhibitunexpectedly trations Librarywasmovedintoanewofficein1984,some Society inWashington,D.C.,discoveredthataftertheIllus- defined outlinesontheimagesofslidesbelow. mount edgesofslidesinthetopmostpagemayleaveclearly in pagesarelefttheopen,casuallystackedtogether, tern ofrubberbandsaroundagroupslides.Or,ifslides fading maybeirregular,assuming,forexample,thepat- serious imagefadinginasurprisinglyshortperiod.Such tion whileslidessituncoveredonadesktopcancause but fewsuspectthatexposuretoordinaryofficeillumina- occur ifslidesremainonlighttablesforanextendedtime, made ofyellowpolypropylene,is2 (about 800intotal).Thebox,whichhasahingedlidandis has 12interiorcompartments,eachholdingabout65slides Slide StorageCabinets Corporation. for slidestoragearemanufacturedbyFlambeauProducts are rather $24.95,expensive. price slides andat they a of for slidestorageinthehome,boxesholdonlyabout600 called thePhotoArchiveforSlides(CodeNo.4290).Intended Slide Stackboxescost$5.95forapackageof6. with asnap-closinglidthataccommodatesabout50slides. sions SlideStackBox(CodeNo.3211),apolypropylenebox Desks orTablesExposedtoLight To AvoidDamage,NeverLeaveSlideson age vaultorfrost-freerefrigerator. aging slidesforstorageinahumidity-controlledcoldstor- Flambeau Productsslideboxesalsoareexcellentforpack- each (5boxestoacarton)whenpurchaseddirect. directly fromthecompany;No.M-812boxescostonly$3.24 beau requiresaminimumpurchaseof$200whenordering h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter18 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs A completediscussionofthemanyslidestoragecabinets Robin Siegel,thearchivistatNationalGeographic Many slideusersareawareofthedamagethatcan Very goodlow-costpolypropyleneplasticboxessuitable Light Impressionsalsosellsanattractivelyfinishedbox The ConservationResources,LightImpressions,and 100 footcandles (1,076lux)ofillumination, 18 The slideswereexposedto approximately 31 BoxNo. M -812, recommendedforslides, 1 ⁄ 2 x13x9-inches. Flam- Suppliers and special“ brands offluorescentlamps,includingbothstandardtypes 0 CarlPurcell,“Do-It-YourselfStock Photography:Introducingthe70-mm 10. 1 DavidWeintraub,“What’sInStock?Galen Rowell’sWildPlaces,” 11. desks, andshelves. staff aboutthehazardsofleavingslidesuncoveredontables, Library officeandlowertheoverallilluminationlevel. light fixtures,wouldspreadthemoreevenlyin combined withtheadditionofaplasticdiffuserover bulb —insteadoftheusualtwoineachfixture.This, tures intheIllustrationsLibrarybeoperatedwithonlyone findings ledSiegeltorecommendthatthefluorescentfix- the lampsprovedtobemostimportantfactor.These sured fadingratesoftestslides—thetotallightoutput of thelampsmaderelativelylittledifferenceinmea- Notes andReferences 2 NationalDigitalCorporation,Suite125,7700 LeesburgPike,Falls 12. .EastmanKodakCompany,“UsingColorNegativeFilm5247 4. .EastmanKodakCompany, 5. .ThomO’Connor,“ProsWinnersofFilmWars,” 1. .W.ArthurYoung,ThomasA.Benson,andGeorgeT.Eaton, 7. LarryLipsky,“TheArtfulDupe,” 6. .JacquelineTobin,“TonyStoneofLondonBuysClick/Chicago,” 8. 2. Galen Rowell, “A MajorNewFilm–FujiVelviaUpstheAntein Galen Rowell,“A 2. .70mmenlargedslideduplicatesareavailablefromanumberoflabs, 9. .Anon.,“ArtsoftheU.S.,” 3. Investigating thematterfurther,Siegeltestedvarious Siegel alsolaunchedacampaigntoalerttheGeographic for StillPhotography,” (35mm) andEastmanColorHighSpeedNegativeFilm5293 graphic Systems Labs,” Craven andLynnJones,“FujichromeVelvia:ANewOpportunityfor Continue,” .LettheFilmWars . . Kodak Kodachrome25vs.FujichromeVelvia pp. 8,12–13.Seealso:JackandSueDrafahl,“SuperFilmShootout! ‘Chrome Wars,’” Vol. XII,IssueII,February1992,pp.14—21. Walker, “Kodachrome’sDramaticDecline,” Vol. VII,IssueII,February1987,pp.1,14,16,18.Seealso:David Dupe,” Nashville, Tennessee37203;telephone: 615-254-0063. 703-938-7750; andChromatics/Borum Photographics,625FoggStreet, Comcorps, 243ChurchStreet,Vienna,Virginia22180;telephone: California 94103;telephone:415-431-8806(toll-free:800-526-3165); including: TheNewLabInc.,22ClevelandStreet,SanFrancisco, Photo DistrictNews 8, October1989,pp.50–55. pany, Rochester,NewYork,March1985,p.69. September 1984. District News T. Eaton,editor),KodakPublicationNo. office: Nati Church, Virginia22043;telephone: 703-356-5600(NewYorkCity tion No. and DuplicatinginBlack-and-WhiteColor remained between72 in andturnedoutthelights.Thetemperature never reallysurewhenthecleaningpeoplecame in dailyexposuretimewasbecausewewere to 24hoursaday,for10weeks.Thevariation weeks. 50-percent ofthemagentadyebyend8 genta dye.TheKodachromelostasmuch chrome orFujichrome,especiallyinthema- far greaterrateoffadethaneithertheEkta- As wasexpected,theKodachromeshoweda and therelativehumiditybetween4555%. Photo LabManagement Popular Photography M onal DigitalCorporation, EmpireStateBldg.,Suite7720, Petersen’s Photographic 32 -1, EastmanKodakCompany,Rochester,NewYork, UV , Vol.VIII,Issue -free” lamps.Shefoundthatthe Outdoor Photographer , Vol.15,No.2,March–April1984,p.6. , Vol. American Artist TIPS Conservation ofPhotographs VIII –TechnicalInformationforPhoto- , Vol.93,No.8,August1986,pp.16–17. ° , Issue and75 X , Vol.12,No.6,June1990,pp.8–12. Outdoor Photographer , September1988,p.26. , July1990,pp.86–91;George VIII , Vol.25,No.9,November1961. ° F , July1988,pp.58–60. F -40, EastmanKodakCom- , Vol.6,No.5,June1990, (22and24 Photo DistrictNews Photo DistrictNews , KodakPublica- UV , Vol.5,No. ° C Copying (George output ) Photo , ,

This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: adigadPeevto fClrSieCletosChapter18 Handling andPreservationofColorSlideCollections 7 AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,Inc., 27. 2 ChristineL.Sundt,“MoistureControlThroughSlideMounting,” 22. 7 ThomasW.Hope,“HopeReports,” 17. Photofinishing News,Inc.,“PhotoProcessing–NorthandSouth 16. Stuart Craig,NationalDigitalCorporation,telephonediscussionwith 15. 6 ImageGuardrigidplastic holders forindividualslidesareavailable 26. 0 LightImpressionsCorporation;see 30. Conservation ResourcesInternational,Inc.;see 29. A. G. Tull,“MoistureandtheSlide,” 21. 2 RobinSiegel,“Light-FadingofColorSlides LeftSittingonDesk 32. 5 HorizonNo.425UltraThinMetalizedPolyesterTapeforbindingand 25. GepeDivision, 20. WessPlastic,Inc.,70CommerceDrive,Hauppauge,NewYork11788- 19. Pakon plasticslidemountsandmountingmachinesaremanufac- 18. Peter Tatiner,“NationalDigitalDelivers,” 13. 8 R.ScottWilliams,“CommercialStorageandFilingEnclosuresfor 28. 3 ChristineL.Sundt,“Perrot-ColorMounts–CurrentStatusandOp- 23. Anon., “WeeklyElectsPhotoSystem,” 14. 1 FlambeauProductsCorporation;see 31. 4 WessPlasticArchivalSlideMounts( 24. Sundt, “MoistureControlThroughSlideMounting–Part sual Arts ternational BulletinforPhotographicDocumentationoftheVi- slide imageareaand Vol. 125,May1978,pp.349–354,355. 1091, 10915BonitaBeachRoad,Springs,Florida33923. Report, America,” this author,September29,1987. Vol. 2,No.4,p.73. tween Glass,”Part 125, April1978,pp.322–323;A.G.Tull,“FilmTransparenciesBe- from from listing belowforaddressandtelephonenumbers. Also availablefromLightImpressionsCorporation;see Frontage Road,St.Paul,Minnesota55107;telephone:612-224-4083. foot rollsfromHorizonTapeProductsCompany,251WestLafayette Ottawa, Ontario,August25–28,1985. 9090. Theconferencewasheldat the NationalArchivesofCanada, 7003 KilworthLane,Springfield,Virginia 22151;telephone:703-642- cies BetweenGlass,”Part Science Pine Brook,NewJersey07058;telephone:201-808-9010. Materials Group of theAmericanInstituteforConservation, New Tops,” presentationatthe1987Winter MeetingofthePhotographic masking glassslidesisavailablein and telephonenumbers. Impressions Corporation.See from WessPlastic,Inc.; themountsarealsoavailable from Light 3936; telephone:516-231-6300. Minnetonka, Minnesota55345;telephone:612-936-9500. tured byPakon,Inc.,106BakerTechnologyPlaza,6121Road, April 1987,pp.387–388. VII 350 FifthAve.,NewYork,N.Y.10118–0165;telephone:212-268-0040). sored by Photographic Images International Symposium:TheStabilityandPreservationof Processed PhotographicMaterials.”Presentationatthe Switzerland. for Storage, phy –ProcessedPhotographicMaterialsFilingEnclosures See also: 42nd Street,NewYork,York10036;telephone:212-642-4900. Containers Films, Plates,andPapers–FilingEnclosuresStorage National StandardforImagingMedia–PhotographicProcessed of theVisualArts tions,” No. 3,VisualResourcesAssociation,1989. tices forSlideandPhotographicCollections 2, Summer1986,pp.14–15;ChristineL.Sundt, for PhotographicDocumentationoftheVisualArts Sundt, “HowtoKeepSlideMountsClean,” Visual Arts International BulletinforPhotographicDocumentationofthe 1982, pp.37–62;ChristineL.Sundt,“TransparenciesinPaperMounts,” tion?”, “Mounting SlideFilmBetweenGlass–ForPreservationorDestruc- Arts tional BulletinforPhotographicDocumentationoftheVisual , Issue , Vol.8,No.4,December1981,pp.8–11;ChristineL.Sundt, Image Innovations,Inc.;see Visual Resources International BulletinforPhotographicDocumentation Chapter2,p.1(1991).PhotofinishingNews,Inc.,Suite , Vol.22,1974,pp.107–110;A.G.Tull,“FilmTransparen- VIII IS&T , Vol.8,No.1,September1981,pp.1–10;ChristineL. International StandardISO10214:1991( The 1991InternationalPhotoProcessingIndustry , AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,Inc.,11West , Vol.11,No.4,Winter,1984,pp.20-22;ChristineL. InternationalOrganizationforStandardization,Geneva, , July1987,pp.1,22. , theSocietyforImagingScienceandTechnology, HP MarketingCorp.,16ChapinRoad,P.O.Box715, , Vol.15,No.4,Winter1988,p.22. II andPart AGI , “PrintingofTranscriptSummaries,”spon- 500 , Vol. I , British JournalofPhotography AF III Suppliers II , forfull-frameimages)areavailable Suppliers , No.1/2/3,Fall/Winter1981–Spring British JournalofPhotography SMPTE Suppliers The JournalofPhotographic 1 AGI Suppliers ⁄ 4 - and listingbelowforaddresses 001 ANSI IT Photo DistrictNews Publishing Technology listingbelow. Journal International Bulletin Suppliers AF 1 ⁄ listingbelow. 2 Conservation Prac- -inch widthsin100- forstandard35mm 9.2-1991, American listingbelow. , SpecialBulletin , Vol.96,No.4, E listingbelow. , Vol.13,No. ) Photogra- II ,” Suppliers Second Interna- , Vol. , Vol. In- , , Eastman KodakCompany, Betty JoIrvine, Bob Schwalberg,withHenryWilhelmandCarolBrower,“Going!Going!! Nancy SchullerandSusanHoover,chairpersons, Nancy Schuller,ed., Susan GarretsonSwartzburg,ed., Betsy G.Young,“PictureRetrieval intheTimeInc.PictureCollection,” Eastman KodakCompany, Etsuo Fujii,HidekoandTeruakiHisanaga,“EvaluationontheSta- Marian Z.DeBardelebenandCarolG.Lunsford,“35mmSlides–Storage Norine D.CashmanandMarkM.Braunstein, Gene BalsleyandPeterMoore,“HowtoFileStoreSlides,” Steve Anchell,“SuperSlideDupers—DarkroomControlforColorPrac- Additional References Henry Wilhelm,chairperson, Gillian Scott,ed., Peter Moore,“PreservationoftheImage,”Chapter10in Nancy DeLaurier,ed., Slide Projectors Inc., Littleton,Colorado,1979. June 1988,p.93. article: “Errata,” 14, No.2,April1988,pp.29–37;seecorrectionof2tablesinthe Ones YouUseStackUp?,” Gone!!! –WhichColorFilmsandPapersLastLongest?HowDothe March 27–28,1981. Austin, DepartmentofArtandSchoolArchitecture,Texas, Advanced StudiesinVisualResourcesseries,UniversityofTexasat ervation ofColorSlidesandTransparencies Fine ArtsCenter,Albuquerque,NewMexico,1979. Visual ResourcesGroup,UniversityofNewMexico,SlideLibrary, Collections Albuquerque, NewMexico,1978. Group, UniversityofNewMexico,SlideLibrary,FineArtsCenter, Viewing Picturescope Duplicates forUse.” nian: ColdStorageforOriginals, Videodiscs forReference,and [Smithsonian Institution],“ColorSlide PreservationattheSmithso- ant], “CibachromeMicrographicColor Films”;JamesH.Wallace,Jr. age ofOriginalsProvidethe and PreservationofColorSlides:Duplicates forUse,andColdStor- Henry Wilhelm[PreservationPublishingCompany],“TheStability film: UpdateonTonerTreatmentsforImprovedImageStability”; M. Reilly[ImagePermanenceInstitute, nology: TheChallengeofNon-Human-ReadableRecords”;James chives ofCanada],“MagneticMediaandOpticalDiscStorageTech- 1990. Thepresentationsincluded:KlausB.Hendriks[NationalAr- ety ofNorthAmerica,PentaHotel,NewYork,February14, sonian Institution),18thAnnualConferenceoftheArtLibrariesSoci- als pany, Rochester,NewYork,October1984. Color Differencein bility ofLightFadedImagesColorReversalFilmsAccordingto Mexico, SlideLibrary,FineArtsCenter,Albuquerque,N.M.,1980. College ArtAssociation,VisualResourcesGroup,UniversityofNew and RetrievalfortheNovice,” edition, LibrariesUnlimited,Inc.,Littleton,Colorado,1985. Photography 48–53. titioners,” telephone: 202-232-6636. servation, 140016thStreet,N.W.,Suite340,Washington,D.C.20036; tute forConservation,pp.62–68,1988.AmericanInstituteCon- Volume Two parencies onDeskTops,” presentation waspublishedin1988:“Light-FadingofColorTrans- Orleans, Louisiana,February7,1987.Ashortenedversionofthe excerpted from this book and also discussed accelerated test met test excerpted fromthisbookandalsodiscussedaccelerated June 1990,pp.37–49,60.Thearticlecontainedimagestabilitydata netic Media Beyond theBook:Slides,Microforms,Videodiscs,andMag- wood Press,Westport,Connecticut,1983. phers, Inc.,NewYork,1984,pp.148–151. Photography Handbook ter, NewYork,May1982. 1982, pp.135–141. , KodakPamphletNo. (See Chapter18 SuppliersListonFollowingPages ..) , Mid-AmericaCollegeArtAssociation,VisualResources Camera &Darkroom , secondedition,Mid-AmericaCollegeArtAssociation, , Slide Libraries , PhotographicMaterialsGroupoftheAmericanInsti- ARLIS-VRA , Vol.44,No.1,January1980,pp.104ff. , Vol.30,No.2,Summer1982,pp. 57–61. Guide toEquipmentforSlideMaintenanceand Journal ofImagingTechnology , KodakPublicationNo. Guide forManagementofVisualResources Slide Buyers’Guide CIELAB Storage andCareofKodakColorMateri- The SourceBook–KodakEktagraphic JointSession(co-sponsoredbytheSmith- Conservation andPreservationIssues , AmericanSocietyofMagazinePhotogra- E Topics inPhotographicPreservation– , -30, EastmanKodakCompany,Roches- Popular Photography Journal ofImagingTechnology , secondedition,LibrariesUnlimited, Only Special Libraries Conservation intheLibrary , Vol.14,No.8,August1992,pp. Answer”;PeterKrause[Consult- R.I.T. , fourthedition,Mid-America S Slide Buyers’Guide -74, EastmanKodakCom- ], “SilverGelatinMicro- Production andPres- , aconferenceinthe , Vol.73,No.2,April , Vol.14,No.3, , Vol.97,No.6, ASMP Modern , Green- Stock hods. , Vol. , fifth 652

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This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: adigadPeevto fClrSieCletosChapter18 Handling andPreservationofColorSlideCollections 35 holds about360slides[$4.95each].No. inside] with18interiorindex/dividertabs; No. 35ST[nonbufferedcardboardonthe (Rigid polypropyleneplasticboxes.BoxNo. Telephone:216-632-1631 Middlefield, Ohio44062 P.O. Box97 15981 ValplastRoad Flambeau ProductsCorporation England; andBrisbane,Australia.) has salesofficesinOttawa,Ontario;Oxon, larger, drop-frontbox[$34.50].Company sists ofsixNo.35STboxescontainedina (Multiplex System4000andDirector Series) Telephone:314-343-5700 Fenton, Missouri63026 1555 LarkinWilliamsRoad Multiplex DisplayFixtureCompany Slide-Storage Cabinetsand Files M Toll-free:800-634-6932 Telephone:703-321-7730 Springfield, Virginia22151 8000-H ForbesPlace Conservation ResourcesInternational,Inc. Slide-Storage Boxes Toll-free:800-828-6216 Telephone:716-271-8960 Rochester, NewYork14607-3717 439 MonroeAvenue Light ImpressionsCorporation and 36-exposurecardboardslideboxes.) hold slidespackagedinKodak24-exposure slides. BoxesNo.12210and12510 to holdslides;holdsatotalofabout400 ered cardboardhas20separateinteriorboxes (Slide BoxNo. 1162 made of alkaline-buff- Toll-Free:800-634-0491 Telephone:703-898-7300 Fredericksburg, Virginia22404 P.O. Box8360 The HollingerCorporation $200.) order directfromFlambeauProductsis ment. Boxesare$3.24each;minimum 800 slides,withabout65ineachcompart- partments; hingedlid;eachboxholdsabout (Lig-free Type that accommodateabout50slideseach.) polypropylene boxeswithtight-f No. 5012.SlideStackBoxes3211are 11x14-inch LightImpressionsDrop-FrontBox ers. Forstorage,6oftheboxeswillfitinan and suppliedwithmovablecardboarddivid- buffered cardboard;11inchesoffilespace (Slide-File BoxNo.5015madeofalkaline- 812; size:13 MU , whichholdsabout2,160sides,con- II 1 ⁄ ArchivalSlideStorageBox 8 x9x2 5 ⁄ 16 "; 12interiorcom- itting lids Telephone:908-862-7999 Linden, NewJersey07036-6514 1600 LowerRoad Charles BeselerCo. Operated SlideDuplicators Moderate-Cost, Manually Telephone:312-842-6588 Chicago, Illinois60616 1918 SouthPrairieAvenue Leedal, Inc. (Acculight ModularStorageSystems) Telephone:708-595-0300 Wood Dale,Illinois60191 111 SpruceStreet Bretford &KnoxManufacturing Systems) (Slide-Bank andUnlimitedSlideStorage Waukegan, Illinois60087 2245 DelanyRoad Luxor Corporation (Neumade SlideCabinets) Telephone:203-866-7600 Norwalk, Connecticut06856 P.O. Box5001 200 ConnecticutAvenue Neumade ProductsCorporation (Abodia andLowdiaSlideStorageSystems) Telephone:304-344-2335 Charleston, WestVirginia25332-3201 P.O. Box3201 1 RamuRoad–Toporock Elden Enterprises,Inc. Telephone:914-347-5520 Elmsford, NewYork10523 250 ClearbrookRoad Kenro Corporation (Alpha MasterDia-Duplicator) Telephone:718-565-0004 Woodside, NewYork11377 P.O. Box427 34–11 62ndStreet Karl Heitz,Inc. (Bowens Illumitran3SCSlideDuplicator) Telephone:201-818-9500 Ramsey, NewJersey07446-0506 P.O. Box506 565 EastCrescentAvenue Bogen PhotoCorporation (Beseler DeluxeDual-ModeDuplicator) (Matrix LibraryStorageCabinets) (Kenro Spectra1000SlideDuplicator) Toll-free: 800-323-4656 Telephone: 708-244-1800 Toll-free: 800-592-6666 Toll-free: 800-237-3537 Suppliers (Beseler DichroIlluminatorSlideDuplicator) Telephone:01-221-0162 Telephone:303-388-2971 Denver, Colorado80206 30401 EastColfaxStreet Slidemagic System,Inc. Telephone:201-935-3000 Carlstadt, NewJersey07072 180 BroadStreet Cybernetics Products,Inc. Oxberry Division Telephone:602-966-2189 Tempe, Arizona85281 2640 West10thPlace Maron, Inc. Telephone:516-935-5363 Hicksville, NewYork11801 31 LouisStreet Hostert Fotomata,Inc. Telephone:516-694-4470 Farmingdale, NewYork11735 19 GrandAvenue Hoffman CameraCorporation Telephone:914-592-7776 Elmsford, NewYork10523 250 ClearbrookRoad Forox MarketingCorporation Telephone:202-223-6906 Washington, DC20036 1140 19thStreet,N.W.,Suite300 Cameras Animation Cameras,andCopy High-Volume SlideDuplicators, ECB Double Telephone:512-251-4044 Austin, Texas78761 P.O. Box14465 Telephone:503-639-0620 Portland, Oregon97223 6955 S.W.SandburgStreet Byers PhotoEquipmentCompany London 226 WestbourneGrove Photographic &TechnicalServices (Kaiser SystemVSlideDuplicator) Telephone:201-809-9010 Pine Brook,NewJersey07058 16 ChapinRoad HP MarketingCorp. (ChromaPro Slide45Duplicator) Toll-free: 800-547-9670 Technologies,Inc. W M 11 2 Industries RU , England 654

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