DOCSLIB.ORG

Admixtures in Crystallization 0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Admixtures in Crystallization 0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh J. Njrvlt, J. Ulrich Admixtures in Crystallization 0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. D-69451 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany), 1995 Distribution: VCH, P. 0.Box 101161, D-69451 Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany Switzerland: VCH, P. 0. Box, CH-4020 Basel, Switzerland United Kingdom and Ireland: VCH, 8 Wellington Court, Cambridge CBI lHZ, Great Britain USA and Canada: VCH, 220 East 23rd Street, New York, NY 10010-4606, USA Japan: VCH. Eikow Building, 10-9 Hongo I-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113. Japan ISBN 3-527-28739-6 Jaroslav Nfvlt , Joachim Ulrich Admixtures in Crystallization Weinheim - New York Base1 Cambridge - Tokyo Dr. Sc. Ing. Jaroslav Syvlt Priv.-Doz. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Ulrich Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Universitat I3remen of thc Academy of Scicnces Vcrfahrenstechnik/I;B 4 of the Czech Republic Postfach 330440 I’ellCova 24 D-28334 Bremen 16000 Prague 6 Germany Czech Kcpublic I 1 This book wascarefully produced. Nevcrthelcss, authors and publisher do not warrant the information contained therein to be frec of errors. Readers are advised to kecp in mind that statements. data. illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Published jointly by VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim (Fcderal Republic of Germany) VCII Publishers, New York, NY (USA) Editorial Director: Dr. Barbara Bock Production Manager: Claudia Gross1 Library of Congress Card No. applied for A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Die Deutsehe Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahmc N+vlt, Jaroslav: Admixtures in crystallization I Jaroslav NCvlt ; Joachim Ulrich. - Weinhcim : New York : Basel ; Cambridgk : Tokyo : VCH, 1995 ISBN 3-527-28739-6 KE: Ulrich. Joachim: OVCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, D-69451 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany), 1995 Printed on acid-free and low-chlorine paper All rights reserved (including those of translation intoother languages). No part of this book may be rcpro- duccd in any form -by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means -nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Printing: bctz-druck GmbH. 11-64291 I1armstadt 13ookbinding: CJroDbuchbinderei Josef Spinner, D-77833 Ottersweier Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Industrial crystallization has been considered for many years to be more a magic than a science. One of the reasons has certainly been the fact that additives or impurities even in the smallest amounts have tremendous effect on nucleation. crystal growth, crystal forms and dissolution rates. In recent years, not only has the level at which impurities are detec- table decreased dramatically, but also the understanding of the interaction of substances has increased by the same extent. Although there is still not a complete understanding of the functioning of additives and impurities in crystallization, there are many interesting new approaches in this field which should lead to helpful models soon. The authors want to contribute by gathering every piece of informa- tion together in this book to help to contribute for a better understanding of the whole matter. Data of crystallizing substances are presented here together with the examined admixtures and the found effects, extracted from the literature databases of both of the authors. The authors hope that the use of the tables presented wffl lead to a better design and understanding of crystallization processes, especially of the functioning of additives. and thus facilitate a proper choice of additives in order to obtain the required product properties. The authors would acknowledge the support of the Czech Grant Agency (Grant No. 203/93/0814) and of the Volkswagen Stiftung. J. Njrvlt. J. Ulrich December 1994 Contents 1. Introduction ........................................ 4 2. Classification of Admixtures ........................... 6 3. Influence of Admixtures on Nucleation ................... 9 3.1. Homogeneous Nucleation ............................... 10 3.2. Heterogeneous Nucleation .............................. 12 3.3. Secondary Nucleation .................................. 14 4. Influence of Admixtures on Crystal Growth ............... 16 4.1. The Role of the Solid Surface ............................ 16 4.2. The Role of the Interphase Solid - Liquid .................... 22 5. Influence of Admixtures on Crystal Shape ................ 24 6. Influence of Solvents ................................. 30 7. Distribution of Admixtures ............................ 34 7.1. Solid Solutions ....................................... 34 7.2. Isomorphous Inclusion ................................. 37 7.3. Anomalous Mixed Crystals .............................. 41 7.4. Adsorption Inclusion .................................. 42 7.5. Mechanism of Internal Adsorption ........................ 43 7.6. Mechanical Inclusions ................................. 45 7.7. Materials Balance for Crystallization in Presence of Impurities ... 45 7.8. Cascade Purification ................................... 5 1 Contents 3 8 . Notations .......................................... 55 9. References ......................................... 57 10 . Tables ............................................. 75 Formula Index ....................................... 273 11. References to Tables ................................. 287 12. SubjectIndex ....................................... 389 Admixtures in crystallization Jaroslav Njlvlt, Joachim Ulrich 0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995 1. Introduction Crystallization is one of the oldest separation operations in chemical industries. It serves not only to separate and purify substances, but also to produce crystals with a required shape. Both of these aspects are closely connected with the presence of admixtures in the solution. Among the many factors affecting the process of crystallization I1 72,2261, [e.g., temperature, supersaturation, agitation). admixtures often exhibit the most pronounced effect. Even traces of admixtures can influence the nucleation. crystal growth, shape and size of product crystals, and also other properties (caking. hygroscopicity. etc.). On the other hand, they may be entrained into crystals and lower their purity. A few years ago, a largely empirical approach was used to quantify the effect of admixtures and solvents. A theoretical description of the effect of admixtures has been developed only rather recently. Nevertheless, a consistent theory of the effect of admixtures on individual aspects of the process of crystallization is still missing. Various admixtures probably operate with different mechanisms. Some of them are selectively adsorbed on crystal faces and deactivate individual growth centers, others can change the structural properties of the solution or of the interface; they may be incorporated into the crystal lattice or pushed away by the growing crystal and sometimes there exists a chemical interaction between the micro- and macrocomponents. It is obvious that this situation enables us to give subsequent explanations of individual effects but the prediction is 1. Introduction 5 still difficult. Computer simulations available in recent years [2.123.124] facilitate the choice of tailor-made admixture but their use is still limited. Although the literature on crystallization in the presence of admix- tures is very extensive, most papers exhibit just an empirical character. Reasonably complete information on the effect of admixtures can be found in monographies on crystallization and in surveys. At this point we have to mention in particular the books by Buckley [32], Khamski [101.102]. Mug [ 1121. Kuznetsov [120], Matusevich [133j. Matz 11341. Melikhov (1421. Mullin [152]. Njrvlt [169.171.172] and Ohara and Reid 11791. and papers by Broul [30]. Cabrera and Vermilyea (411. Chernov [46]. Davey [SO]. Garrett I711 and Wirges [2421. The purity of crystals and distribution of impurities is dealt with in many papers, e.g. by Melikhov (1421. Stepin et al. [211] or Slavnova 12061. More detailed information can be found in the literature which exceeds 2000 papers; the aim of this book is to give a survey of the state of the art of this subject and of a number of these papers in appended tables. Before we continue we must mentlon the pioneering work of late Dr. Broul who started the work on survey of the effects of admixtures 1291. Admixtures in crystallization Jaroslav Njlvlt, Joachim Ulrich 0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995 2. Classification of Admixtures Crystallization from aqueous solutions can be understood as a physical process where a pure solid A precipitates from its solution in pure solvent B. Systems met in practice are usually more complex and in addition contain several non-crystallizing substances, often in low concen- trations. Crystallization itself therefore proceeds in a multicomponent system and the result may be affected by these foreign substances - ad- mixtures. An admixture may be defined I301 as a substance present in a crys- tallizing system that itself doesn’t precipitate as a separated solid under given conditions. Such a broad definition comprises the solvent as an admixture as well. This affects the crystallization parameters in many cases encountered in crystallization from various pure or mixed solvents. Besides the general term admixture we shall use a more specific term impurity for substances, unintentionaly present
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Each Lesson Section Is Divided Into Four Segmentsobjectives, a List of References, Suggested Activities, and ? Content Outline of the Material
    DOCUMENT P7SUME ED 049 151 SP 007 022 AUTHOR Eeyer, Frederick Spooner, William Y. TITLE Earth Science. In-Seivice Television Program. INSTITUTION North Carolina State Board of Education, Raleigh. Dept.of Public Instruction. PUB DATE [70] NOTE 325p. EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.65 HC-$13.16 DESCRIPTORS *Curriculum Guides, *Earth Science, Geoloyy, *Inservice Teacher Education, Meteorology, Oceanology, *Physical Geography, ',Se,,:ondary Education, Soil Science ABSTRACT GRADES OR AGES: Inservice course for secondary teacners. SUBJECT MATTER: Earth science. ORGANIZATION AND PHYSICAL APPEARANCE: The guide is intended for use with a 32- program television course f)c teachers, with material intended to be used in tne classroom. The introductory material explains the rationale of the course and includes the transmission schedule and bibliography. Each lesson section is divided into four segmentsobjectives, a list of references, suggested activities, and ? content outline of the material. The guide is offset printed and is in a looseleaf binder- OBJECTIVE:. AND ACTIVITIES: The o'cjectives are listed at the beginning of each lesson. Suggested activities arG included in each lesson and are intended to Provide examples of student investigation, demonstrations, or activities which will demonstrate 3 particular concept. INSTRUCTIONAL MATSFIALS: References to relevant printed material are given In each lesson, and other materials ate also referred to in the text. STUDENT ASSESSMENT: No provision is trade for evaluation. (MBM) US OF.TARTMENI OF HEALTH. EN/CA.710N & WE:JAME OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCLNIENT HAS BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION OHIG :HATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR 0.IN ,ONS STATED GO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFF/CE OF EDU- CATION POSITION OR POLICY EARTH SCIENCE IN- SERVICE TELEVISION PROGRAM NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION /RALEIGH PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY FREDERICK L.
    [Show full text]
  • Prohibited and Restricted Chemical List
    School Emergency Response Plan and Management Guide Prohibited and Restricted Chemical List PROHIBITED AND RESTRICTED CHEMICAL LIST Introduction After incidents of laboratory chemical contamination at several schools, DCPS, The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and DC Fire and Emergency Management Services developed an aggressive program for chemical control to eliminate student and staff exposure to potential hazardous chemicals. Based upon this program, all principals are required to conduct a complete yearly inventory of all chemicals located at each school building to identify for the removal and disposal of any prohibited/banned chemicals. Prohibited chemicals are those that pose an inherent, immediate, and potentially life- threatening risk, injury, or impairment due to toxicity or other chemical properties to students, staff, or other occupants of the school. These chemicals are prohibited from use and/or storage at the school, and the school is prohibited from purchasing or accepting donations of such chemicals. Restricted chemicals are chemicals that are restricted by use and/or quantities. If restricted chemicals are present at the school, each storage location must be addressed in the school's written emergency plan. Also, plan maps must clearly denote the storage locations of these chemicals. Restricted chemicals—demonstration use only are a subclass in the Restricted chemicals list that are limited to instructor demonstration. Students may not participate in handling or preparation of restricted chemicals as part of a demonstration. If Restricted chemicals—demonstration use only are present at the school, each storage location must be addressed in the school's written emergency plan. Section 7: Appendices – October 2009 37 School Emergency Response Plan and Management Guide Prohibited and Restricted Chemical List Following is a table of chemicals that are Prohibited—banned, Restricted—academic curriculum use, and Restricted—demonstration use only.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Resistance of Plastics
    (c) Bürkle GmbH 2010 Important Important information The tables “Chemical resistance of plastics”, “Plastics and their properties” and “Viscosity of liquids" as well as the information about chemical resistance given in the particular product descriptions have been drawn up based on information provided by various raw material manufacturers. These values are based solely on laboratory tests with raw materials. Plastic components produced from these raw materials are frequently subject to influences that cannot be recognized in laboratory tests (temperature, pressure, material stress, effects of chemicals, construction features, etc.). For this reason the values given are only to be regarded as being guidelines. In critical cases it is essential that a test is carried out first. No legal claims can be derived from this information; nor do we accept any liability for it. A knowledge of the chemical and mechanical Copyright This table has been published and updated by Bürkle GmbH, D-79415 Bad Bellingen as a work of reference. This Copyright clause must not be removed. The table may be freely passed on and copied, provided that Extensions, additions and translations If your own experiences with materials and media could be used to extend this table then we would be pleased to receive any additional information. Please send an E-Mail to [email protected]. We would also like to receive translations into other languages. Please visit our website at http://www.buerkle.de from time to Thanks Our special thanks to Franz Kass ([email protected]), who has completed and extended these lists with great enthusiasm and his excellent specialist knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • MANAGEMENT of CHEMICALS in APS SCIENCE LABORATORIES
    MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS in APS SCIENCE LABORATORIES Environmental Compliance Branch Revised July 2013 Management of Chemicals in Science Laboratories Introduction This packet contains APS Guidelines for Management of Chemicals in science departments and is being provided to the science teachers in the K-8, Middle and High Schools. It contains information required by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE), Consumer Protection Division, outlined in the document Rules and Regulations Governing Schools in the State of Colorado. Additional information about the rules and regulations may be obtained by visiting the Division of Environmental Health & Sustainability’s web page at www.cdphe.state.co.us/cp/. Environmental Compliance Branch – 303-326-2115 Web Page: http://env.aurorak12.org/ Rita Lesser [email protected] x28685 Cell 303-437-8671 Bonnie Walker [email protected] x28681 Cell 303-587-6979 Gene Bonahoom [email protected] x28673 Cell 720-218-3546 Kimberly Howard [email protected] x28682 District Science Coaches Ryann Patrick-Stuart [email protected] Elementary Jennifer Burkhardt [email protected] Laurie Waalkes [email protected] Middle School Melissa Botteicher [email protected] Jennifer Nassar [email protected] High Schools Samantha Duwe [email protected] ii Management of Chemicals in Science Laboratories Table of Contents Acquisition of Chemicals 4 - 5 General Rules/Procedures 6 Inventory and Tracking 6 - 8 Safety Data Sheets 9 Chemical Storage
    [Show full text]
  • Rules and Regulations for School Health Programs
    RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMS (R16-21-SCHO) STATE OF RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS Department of Elementary and Secondary Education Department of Health January 1964 AS AMENDED: March 1979 December 1980 May 1989 December 1989 March 1993 January 1996 December 1998 December 1999 December 2000 January 2002 (re-filing in accordance with the provisions of section 42-35-4.1 of the Rhode Island General Laws, as amended) October 2003 June 2005 INTRODUCTION These Rules and Regulations for School Health Programs (R16-21-SCHO) are promulgated pursuant to the authority conferred under RIGL Chapters 16-21, 35-4, and 23-1-18(4) and are estab- lished for the purpose of adopting prevailing standards pertaining to school health programs. Amendments were also promulgated in January 1996 for the purpose of addressing cases of anaphylaxis among students in Rhode Island schools. Anaphylaxis is a medical condition which requires immediate attention. Because children spend a significant portion of their time at school, it is crucial that school personnel are trained to respond effectively to cases of anaphylaxis. In the development of these amended regulations, consideration was given to: (1) alternative approaches; (2) overlap or duplication; and (3) significant economic impact on small business as defined in RIGL Chapter 42-35 which may result from the amended regulations. Based on information available, no alternative approach, overlap or duplication was identified. The need to provide for medical emergencies by adopting minimum standards for school health programs overrode any economic impact which may be incurred. Consequently, these regulations are adopted in the best interest of students in this state.
    [Show full text]
  • US5145535.Pdf
    ||||||||||||| s USOO545.535A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,145,535 Patrick (45) Date of Patent: Sep. 8, 1992 54 METHOD FOR INTERMOLECULAR 4,221,616 9/1980 McLean .................................. 149/2 EXPLOSIVE WITH VISCOSTY MODFER 4,331,490 5/1982 Palgrave et al. ... ... 49/46 4,718,954 1/1988 Machacer et al. .. ... 149/46 75) Inventor: Michael A. Patrick, Shalinar, Fla. 4,764,316 8/1988 Brown et al. ....... 264/3. 73) Assignee: United States of America as 4,948,438 8/1990 Patrick et al. ......................... 49/38 represented by the Secretary of the Primary Examiner-Stephen J. Lechert, Jr. Air Force, Washington, D.C. Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Charles E. Bricker; Donald J. 21 Appl. No.: 660,307 Singer 22 Filed: Feb. 25, 1991 57 ABSTRACT 51 Int. C.5 D03D 23/00 A method for improving the disperion of particulate 52 U s Ci so 8 s a ... 149/105 6; 149/43: materials in intermolecular explosive compositions 8 Ys 149/45;see 8 sea as & 8 149/46;s a s a sea 8 esse 8 see49/61: was a s 149/75;ows 149/76s which comprises dry blending at least one fuel com 149/77. 149/83. 149/85. 149/88. 149/92. pound and at least one oxidizer compound, 3. viscosity 264/3.1; 264/3.4 modifier and a dispersable particulate material, melt 58 Field of Search .................. 149/1096,43, 45,46, blending the resulting dry blend, and thereafter casting 149/61, 75, 76, 77, 83, 85, 88, 92; 264/3.1, 34 the melt into a suitable form, casing or mold.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,868,874 Rossio (45) Date of Patent: Feb
    USOO5868874A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,868,874 ROSSio (45) Date of Patent: Feb. 9, 1999 54 ZINC PHOSPHATE CONVERSION COATING 5,401,381 3/1995 Seidel et al. ............................ 205/177 COMPOSITIONS AND PROCESS FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (75) Inventor: Charles E. Rossio, Carleton, Mich. 2022728 8/1989 Canada. 0287.133 10/1988 European Pat. Off.. 73 Assignee: PPG Industries, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. 0304.108 2/1989 European Pat. Off.. 1172741 10/1958 France. 21 Appl. No.: 12,247 2204067 11/1988 United Kingdom. 2208876 4/1989 United Kingdom. 22 Filed: Jan. 23, 1998 2226829 7/1990 United Kingdom. WO96/16204 5/1996 WIPO. Related U.S. Application Data WO97/21850 6/1997 WIPO. 62 Division of Ser. No. 572.434, Dec. 14, 1995, Pat. No. OTHER PUBLICATIONS 5,797.987. 2 : - .. 2 Phosphating of Metals, (1974) by Guy Lorin, Finishing 51 Int. Cl." ............................ C23C 22/07; C09D 5/08 Publications Ltd., pp. 84-85. No Month. 52 U.S. Cl. ................... 148/262; 106/14.12; 106/14.21; 106/14.44; 148/253; 148/259; 148/261; Primary Examiner Anthony Green 148/263; 427/422; 427/430.1; 427/431; Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Kenneth J. Stachel; Krisanne 427/435; 428/469; 428/472; 428/472.2; Shide1er 428/472.3 58 Field of Search .............................. 106/14.12, 14.44, 57 ABSTRACT 106/14.21; 148/253, 259, 261, 262, 263; A proceSS for forming a Zinc phosphate coating on an 427/422,430.1, 431, 435; 428/469, 472, aluminum Substrate is provided to obtain good coverage by 472.2, 472.3 the coating.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Hygiene Plan
    Laboratory Safety, Chemical Hygiene Plan Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories and the United Nations Globally Harmonized System (GHS) 1910.1450 - Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories. I. Introduction II. Purpose III. Scope IV. Responsibilities V. Medical Consultations/Examinations VI. Hazard Identification VII. Training VIII. Departmental Standard Operating Procedures IX. Air Monitoring 1910 Subpart Z - Toxic and Hazardous Substances X. Laboratory Safety Guidelines 1. Housekeeping and Chemical Storage. 2. Personal Hygiene. 3. Safety Equipment. 4. Inspections. 5. Handling and Use of Flammable Chemicals. 6. Partial List of Pyrophoric Chemical. 7. Handling and Use of Corrosive and Contact-Hazard Chemicals. 8. Handling and Use of Reactive Chemicals: a. Shock Sensitive Chemicals. b. Safe Use of Perchloric Acid. c. Peroxide Forming Compounds. d. Classes of Peroxides. e. Water Reactive Chemicals. 9. Handling and Use of Toxic Chemicals: a. Acutely Toxic Chemicals. b. Acutely Toxic Gases. Reviewed & Revised 9-2019 Page 1 of 84 Chemical Hygiene Plan (Laboratory Safety) c. Hazards of Mercury. d. Select Carcinogens. 10. Handling and Use of Compressed Gases. 11. Lab Equipment. 12. First Aid. 13. Laboratory Chemicals of Concern. 14. Compatibility concerns in Chemical Storage. 15. Chemical Storage Plan for Laboratories: a. Color Coded Labeling Systems. b. Suggested Shelf Storage Pattern. c. National Safety Council Suggested Storage. d. Chemical Incompatibility. 16. General Laboratory Hazards and Safety Equipment. 17. Safety Guidelines for Pregnant Women in the Laboratory. a. Reproductive Hazards. 18. 74 ways to reduce hazardous waste in the laboratory. 19. Laboratory Safety Rules. XI. Laboratory Self-Survey Form XII. Laboratory Fume Hoods XIII. Laboratory Close-out Procedures and Checklist XIV.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Stabilized-Ni/Fe
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials ISSN 1733-7178; e-ISSN 2353-1843 Copyright © 2017 Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, Poland Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater. 2017, 14(1): 120-133; DOI: 10.22211/cejem/68391 Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Stabilized-Ni/Fe Bimetallic Nanoparticles for the Selective Elimination of Chlorate Impurity in Military Grade Ammonium Perchlorate Ali Reza Zarei,* Ali Moloudi, Seyed Ghorban Hosseini Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Lavizan, Tehran, Iran *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is used as the most common oxidizer in composite solid propellants. Control of chlorate impurity in military grade ammonium perchlorate is important, since it has an undesirable effect on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. In this work stabilized Ni/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles (S-Ni/Fe NPs) were synthesized using the borohydride reduction method (BRM) in the presence of starch as a stabilizing agent, and they were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and their X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD). The results showed that the synthesized S-Ni/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles were spherical in shape and had nearly uniform distribution, with particle sizes of 20-50 nm. The prepared nanoparticles were then used for the selective elimination of chlorate impurity in ammonium perchlorate. The main factors controlling the elimination of chlorate, such as the initial pH of the solution, dosage of S-Fe/Ni NPs, initial chlorate and perchlorate concentrations, reaction temperature, and reaction time, were optimized by using an experimental design based on the Taguchi method. An L9 orthogonal array (L9-OA) was used to design experiments with four 4-level factors (34).
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2010/0167547 A1 KAMMURA (43) Pub
    US 20100167547A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2010/0167547 A1 KAMMURA (43) Pub. Date: Jul. 1, 2010 (54) POLISHING LIQUID (30) Foreign Application Priority Data (75) Inventor: Tetsuya KAMIMURA, Dec. 25, 2008 (JP) ................................. 2008-33O704 Shizuoka-ken (JP) Publication Classification (51) Int. Cl. Correspondence Address: HOIL 2/302 (2006.01) Solaris Intellectual Property Group, PLLC C09K I3/00 (2006.01) s E's, (52) U.S. Cl. ................... 438/693; 252/79.1; 257/E21.23 exandra, (US) (57) ABSTRACT (73) Assignee: FUJIFILM CORPORATION, A polishing liquid for a chemical mechanical polishing of a Tokyo (JP) semiconductor device includes (a) a carboxylic acid com pound having one or more carboxy groups, (b) colloidal silica particles having a potential of -10 mV to -35 mV when (21) Appl. No.: 12/639,015 used in the polishing liquid, (c) a benzotriazole derivative, (d) an anionic Surfactant, and (e) an oxidizing agent, and the (22) Filed: Dec. 16, 2009 polishing liquid has a pH of from 5.0 to 8.0. US 2010/0167547 A1 Jul. 1, 2010 POLISHING LIQUID should be formed in which level differences due to dishing, erosion, and the like are ultimately reduced by regulating the CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED polishing rate of the metal wiring portion and the polishing APPLICATION rate of the barrier metal portion. Specifically, in barrier metal 0001. This application claims priority under 35 USC 119 CMP, it is preferable that the polishing rates of the barrier from Japanese Patent Application No. 2008-330704 filed on metal and insulation layer are moderately high, since dishing Dec.
    [Show full text]
  • TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY Guidance for Reporting Aqueous Ammonia
    United States Office Pollution EPA 745-R-00-005 Environmental Protection Prevention and Toxics Revised April 2018 Agency Washington, DC 20460 TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY Guidance for Reporting Aqueous Ammonia Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA) requires certain facilities manufacturing, processing, or otherwise using listed toxic chemicals to report their environmental releases of such chemicals annually. Beginning with the 1991 reporting year, such facilities also must report pollution prevention and recycling data for such chemicals, pursuant to section 6607 of the Pollution Prevention Act, 42 U.S.C. 13106. When enacted, EPCRA section 313 established an initial list of toxic chemicals that was comprised of more than 300 chemicals and 20 chemical categories. EPCRA section 313(d) authorizes EPA to add chemicals to or delete chemicals from the list, and sets forth criteria for these actions. EPCRA section 313 is also known as the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). CONTENTS Section 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Who Must Report ...................................................................................... 3 1.2 Thresholds ................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Chemical Sources of Aqueous Ammonia ................................................. 4 1.4 De Minimis Concentrations ......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Spontaneous Decomposition of Ammonium
    tiori of lithium chloride have been measured at the same temperatures. ’I‘he decrease in free energy and in heat content accompanying the trans- fer of one mole of lithium chloride from its solutions in alcohol to an 0.1 M solution in water have been calculated. Using the values of free energy decrease obtained for these cells, we have calculated the free energy of dilution of lithium chloride in methyl and ethyl alcohol from any concen- trakion c, to a concentration of 0.01 M in 100 moles of solvent. The apparent geometric mean activities of the ions of lithium chloride have been calculated for the round concentrations expressed in moles per 100 moles of solvent. IOWACITY, IOWA [CONTRIBUTION FROM THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENTOR VICTORIA UNIVERSITY] THE SPONTANEOUS DECOMPOSITION OF AMMONIUM CHLORATE BY FREDFAIRBROTHER Received July 11, 1922 It has long been known that ammonium chlorate decomposes explosively when heated alone to about 100” or on being struck with a hammer if mixed with combustible matter.l The decomposition of ammonium chlorate on keeping has been briefly studied by Groschuff 2 and by Gelh~iar.~Groschuff states that ammonium chlorate decomposes easily when kept, evolving oxygen, chlorine, ammonia (nitrogen chloride and chlorine peroxide) and that, heated above GO”, it explodes, leaving ammonium chloride. He also states that an aqueous solution saturated in the cold undergoes no marked clecompo- sition on boiling. Vauquelin‘ states that when ammonium chlorate is gently Iieatcd, a&-rcact inr: antmonirun chloride is left bchind. Gclhaar observed that a small quantity of dry ammonium chlorate wlicn spread oul flat lost in about 7 weeks 80% of its weight as gaseous products, and that the nitrogen 1m::itne partially oxidized to nitric acid.
    [Show full text]