Quarterly Report #3 FY2017 Livestock Development Program April – June 2017

Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

Fintrac Inc. www.fintrac.com [email protected]

US Virgin Islands 3077 Kronprindsens Gade 72 St. Thomas, USVI 00802 Tel: (340) 776-7600 Fax: (340) 776-7601

Washington, DC 1400 16th Street, NW, Suite 400 Washington, D.C. 20036 USA Tel: (202) 462-8475 Fax: (202) 462-8478

Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program (FTFZ-LD) 5 Premium Close Mt. Pleasant Business Park Mt. Pleasant, Zimbabwe Tel: +263 4 338964-69 [email protected] www.fintrac.com

Cover Photo: Farmers in Mbizha village, Ward 4, district in North loading animals for direct marketing to Heads and Hooves butchery in . These are the first sales in Hwange to a formal market in 16 years.

All Photos by Fintrac

July 2017 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared by Fintrac Inc. under contract AID-613-C-15-00001 with USAID/Zimbabwe.

Prepared by Fintrac Inc. Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

CONTENTS ACRONYM LIST ...... I FOREWORD ...... III 1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 2. PROGRAM OBJECTIVES ...... 4 3. ACTIVITIES ...... 6 3.1 BENEFICIARIES ...... 7 3.2 INCREMENTAL SALES ...... 10 3.3 PRODUCTIVITY ...... 16 3.4 NUTRITION AND WASH ...... 31 3.5 BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT AND FINANCIAL LINKAGES ...... 41 3.6 LOCAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT ...... 46 4. ENVIRONMENT ...... 50 4.1 TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE...... 52 4.2 EMMP ...... 53 5. GENDER ...... 56 5.1 GENDER MAINSTREAMING ...... 56 5.3 MEASURING GENDER IMPACT AND WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT ...... 58 5.4 LEADERSHIP ...... 59 5.5 ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY, FINANCE, CREDIT, AND MARKETS ...... 60 5.6 STRENGTHENING WOMEN AND YOUTH THROUGH GROUPS ...... 61 6. LESSONS LEARNED ...... 62 7. CHALLENGES ...... 63 8. ACTIVITIES PLANNED FOR NEXT QUARTER ...... 64 9. FINANCIAL SUMMARY ...... 65 ANNEX 1. SNAPSHOTS...... 66 ANNEX 2. ILLUSTRATIVE INDICATORS ...... 69 ANNEX 3. LIST OF BUYERS ...... 74 ANNEX 4. LIST OF INPUT SUPPLIERS ...... 75

Prepared by Fintrac Inc. Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

ACRONYM LIST

ABS-TCM African Breeders Services Total Cattle Management Ltd. AI Artificial Insemination ARDA Agricultural and Rural Development Authority CBO Community-based Organization CBS Competitive Brand Shapers CDCS Country Development Cooperation Strategy CIRIS Client Impact and Results Information System DLPD Division of Livestock Production and Development DVS Department of Veterinary Services EMMP Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan ENSURE Enhancing Nutrition, Stepping Up Resilience and Enterprise FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FMD Foot and Mouth Disease FTF Feed the Future FY Fiscal Year GAPs Good Agricultural Practice(s) GAHPs Good Animal Husbandry Practice(s) GBV Gender-based Violence GDCS Gokwe Dairy Cooperative Society HLLM Holistic Livestock and Land Management IT Information Technology IRC International Rescue Committee ISAL Internal Savings and Lending LOP Life of Program MCC Milk Collection Center M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MFI Microfinance Institution MOU Memorandum of Understanding MWAGCD Ministry of Women Affairs, Gender and Community Development NGO Nongovernmental Organization NRM Natural Resource Management OCA Organizational Capacity Assessment ODK Open Data Kit OPI Organizational Performance Index PERSUAP Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan PMP Performance Management Plan PPE Personal Protective Equipment RDC Rural District Council RFP Request for Proposal RTGS Real Time Gross Settlement SDCS Dairy Cooperative Society SSC Small-Scale Commercial SUAP Safe Use Action Plan TBC Total Bacterial Count UDA Dairy Association

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USAID United States Agency for International Development USG US Government VAT Value Added Tax VHW Village Health Workers WASH Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene ZIMRA Zimbabwe Revenue Authority

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FOREWORD

The Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program began June 23, 2015 and runs through June 22, 2020. The program is providing training and technical assistance to reduce rural poverty and improve household food security, incomes, and nutritional status among beef and dairy smallholder producers through increased production, productivity, and market linkages. Activities are confined to agro-ecological regions III, IV, and V focusing on low-income and food-insecure households with the potential to move from subsistence to small-scale commercial farmers. In addition, the program seeks to improve the capacity of its local partners to implement agricultural development programs. Commercialization of small-scale beef and dairy farmers on communal and non-contested land is being achieved by:  Raising efficiencies in beef and dairy production systems;  Facilitating access to inputs, technology, finance, and credit;  Linking producers to local, national, regional, and international buyers;  Training farmers to adopt good agricultural, business, and animal husbandry practices;  Training farmers to adopt good nutrition and hygiene practices; and  Strengthening the capacity of the program’s local partners to implement agricultural development programs. The program is building demand for smallholder-produced beef and dairy products by focusing on quality, continuity of supply, and cost-competitiveness. The Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program also collaborates with the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Crop Development program and other donor programs to provide specialized technical support to produce nutritious crops that sustainably increase the availability of these foods among beneficiary households. Fintrac is implementing the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program in partnership with subcontractor ABS-TCM and other local private companies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the Division of Livestock Production and Development, the Department of Veterinary Services, and other Zimbabwean government departments involved in the beef and dairy value chains. Local non-governmental organizations and commercial companies work with the program as development partners, to co-fund purchases of essential inputs and new technologies for demonstration purposes. In summary, the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program is a market-driven program that works closely with small, medium, and large-scale buyers to raise demand and increase competition for smallholder-produced beef and dairy products. The program directly contributes to food availability and access by concurrently increasing production and raising incomes of rural households in selected areas.

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Figure 1: Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program Geographic Distribution of Beneficiaries as of June 2017

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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This is the eighth quarterly report for the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program funded by USAID/Zimbabwe under contract AID-613-C-15-00001 and implemented by Fintrac Inc. The report presents activity achievements, results on some performance indicators1, and anecdotal information from beneficiaries over the period of April to June 2017 (Q3 Fiscal Year [FY] 2017). The Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program is providing technical assistance to reduce poverty and increase food security among 3,000 beef and 2,000 dairy smallholder households in Natural Regions III, IV, and V. The program focuses on increasing production, productivity, and market linkages of beef and dairy farmers to improve their food security; incomes; water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH); and nutrition status. During the quarter, program activities focused on:  Training and technical assistance on fodder production, harvesting, preservation and conservation  Breed improvement through artificial insemination (AI) and purchase of improved heifers, cows and bulls.  Marketing assistance for live cattle off the rangeland.  Expanding the formal and informal marketing of milk and milk products  Training and technical assistance on production and productivity enhancing good animal husbandry practices (GAHPs), business skills, gender awareness, nutrition and WASH.  Capacity building the program’s local implementing partners and farmers’ groups. All areas experienced dry conditions for the greater part of the reporting period, facilitating uninterrupted fodder and crop harvesting which is now complete. The rangeland condition in all areas is beginning to deteriorate, however cattle condition has not deteriorated due to abundant crop residues and grass from the cropping lands. Water supply for humans and cattle remained adequate in all areas because of the good rains received during the rainfall season. Tick borne diseases remained a threat in all areas as tick populations remained high. Other disease outbreaks, namely blackleg, botulism, lumpy skin, Newcastle Disease, and Senkobo were also noted in some program areas. The program encouraged farmers to procure Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) compliant pesticides to control ticks and the other diseases. Practical demonstrations on dipping, dosing, vaccinations, and disease control were conducted in all program areas. The continued cash shortages restricted participation of both buyers and farmers at auctions and formal markets. However, beef prices remained high making off the rangeland selling of all cattle classes profitable. Although no new outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) occurred, restrictions remain in some wards of Matabeleland North and Midlands, limiting cattle movement to slaughter stock only, thus curtailing opportunities for purchase or sale of breeding stock outside the immediate area. Notable program achievements during the review period include:  Program activities benefited 1,720 households (1,960 farmers, 43 percent women) of which 1,161 (1,324 farmers) were new households, bringing the total number of rural households benefiting from program interventions to 5,807 since inception in June 2015. Beef households constituted

1 Full results on all indicators will be available in the fourth quarter once the second round of the Annual Household Survey, a sample survey, is completed among randomly selected program beneficiaries. The Annual Household Survey collects data on 13 of 28 indicators monitored by the program.

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74 percent of the total number of beneficiaries while dairy households made up the balance of 26 percent as at the end of the review period.  Two hundred and sixty-six farmers (216 beef and 50 dairy) were linked to formal markets during the review period. Among the formal markets are abattoirs, milk processors, and milk collection centers.  Farmers delivered 77,335 liters of milk valued at $38,300 to two MCCs (Shurugwi and Gokwe) and two processors (Dendairy and Kershelmar), which are collaborating with the program. This was 7 percent lower than 83,164 liters worth $38,830 in the previous quarter. The decrease in milk deliveries is attributed to the decline in quality of the rangeland.  The program continued to take a multifaceted but modular approach to develop formal markets for the smallholder beef-dairy farmers across the program focus areas. Beef-dairy farmers, mainly producing milk for household consumption and informal markets, recorded production of 18,012 liters compared to 22,226 liters in the previous review period. In Gokwe South and Shurugwi districts, some of the beef-dairy farmers started selling to formal markets under the program initiated ‘Guest Milk Producer Model.’ In Gokwe South, they are contributing 13 percent of the Gokwe MCC daily milk intake.  Two hundred and two (202) program beneficiaries sold 334 cattle worth $180,457 direct from the rangeland through abattoirs collaborating with the program, compared to 38 cattle from 22 farmers worth $19,227 in the last quarter, exploiting the prevailing profitable formal beef market prices. Cattle were sold to Koala Park, Montana Carswell, and Heads and Hooves. Part of the sales proceeds have been reinvested in breeding cows, heifers, quality bulls and artificial insemination to improve long term herd productivity.  One hundred and eighty two cows and heifers were inseminated during the review period. Cumulative inseminations since the start of the current breeding season on 1 January 2017 are now at 244. Pregnancy diagnosis tests have been conducted on 26 inseminated cows and 17 were deemed pregnant at three months as at end of the review period. Poor body condition of cows mainly in Ward 25 disqualified the majority presented for insemination. In addition, the failure by some farmers to raise adequate finance for the AI exercise prevented some suitable cows from being inseminated.  The program continued to promote production and productivity enhancing GAPs and GAHPs, business practices, and technologies around the 130 established centers of excellence2 during the quarter under review. Field days were successfully hosted by some farmers running the 359 fodder and pasture demonstrations the program had setup across all the program areas. The demonstration plots and field days created significant awareness on the importance of producing fodder locally for increasing the farmers’ production, productivity and preserving the value of their cattle.  During the review period, the program trained 1,060 farmers (48 percent women) on nutrition and 1,279 farmers (45 percent women) on WASH subjects alongside livestock technical interventions at group meetings and demonstration sessions as a way of ensuring that all livestock beneficiaries are reached. The program dedicated the whole of June 2017 to commemoration of the World Milk Day. The focus was on promoting activities that increase consumption of milk at household level from cows and goats by improving production and GAHPs.

2 A center of excellence is a program demonstration site where a number of practices to enhance livestock productivity, genetic herd improvements, and nutrition and WASH are exhibited with full participation of the hosting farmer and a minimum of 10 other beneficiaries who participate in learning on a regular basis. The hosting farmer contributes his herd, time, and some material resources (such as inputs) for hosting the center.

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 The program facilitated the training of LEAD Trust staff on information technology best practices and ABS-TCM finance staff on record keeping, covering preparation and processing of payments, deposits, General Ledger journals and bank charges vouchers. In addition, technical assistance was provided to Gokwe Dairy Cooperative Society committee members on accountability issues. Operational challenges facing the Shurugwi Milk Collection Center were shared and discussed with other stakeholders to find lasting solutions.  The program trained 1,021beneficiaries (42 percent women) on environmental subjects during the review period. The main training subjects related to safe use and disposal of pesticides as well as use of personal protective equipment as tick control and de-worming against internal parasites remained the most important GAHP message across all program areas during the review period. Woodlot and orchard establishment also featured prominently as farmers took advantage of the late rains to continue planting trees.  The program monitored a random sample of 140 beneficiary households for EMMP compliance. Farmers are now rectifying soil erosion problems as the rains have tailed off. Signs of overgrazing and deforestation are increasing more in dairy areas than in beef areas, despite the promotion of the planting of woodlots and orchards. There has been a gradual improvement in all indicators related to animal health activities, indicating that the program is making headway in sensitizing farmers around the issues. While separate human and animal access to water is not currently a problem, it will become worse, (as will degradation around water sources), once the surface water sources dry up and cattle are forced to use the same sources as humans.  Program efforts to promote proper and adequate waste handling facilities are bearing positive results, especially among beef farmers. The program is promoting safe disposal of plastic and human waste to minimize plastic poisoning and beef measles as these negatively impact returns from animals sold to meat processors.  The program continued to encourage women to form and participate in internal lending and savings (ISAL) groups as a way of mobilizing resources to increase their ownership of livestock and participation in livestock production.  About 38 percent of the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program’s budget has been expended. No financial difficulties were experienced during the third quarter. The program is on course to meet its objectives. In addition to ongoing technical training and assistance to both beef and dairy farmers, notable planned activities for the coming quarter include:  Linking smallholder dairy farmers to formal markets will be intensified  Finalizing and submitting the Annual Implementation Plan for Year 3 for approval  Finalizing and submitting the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Plan for Year 3 for approval  Submitting the updated Safe Use Action Plan (SUAP) for approval

 Submitting the updated EMMP for approval

 Conducting the second round of the Annual Household Survey (AHS)

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2. PROGRAM OBJECTIVES

The Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program seeks to reduce poverty and increase food security, hygiene, and nutrition status among 3,000 beef and 2,000 dairy smallholder farmers in Natural Regions III, IV, and V. The program focuses on increasing production, productivity, and market linkages of beef and dairy farmers to improve their food security, incomes, hygiene, and nutrition status. The program will accomplish this goal through the achievement of three intermediate results: 1. Increased agricultural production and productivity of targeted beef and dairy smallholder farmers through greater market linkages; access to appropriate credit and finance; investment; and adoption of GAHPs and technologies. 2. Improved hygiene and nutrition-related behaviors through training on good household nutrition, hygiene, and sanitation practices, and exclusive breastfeeding. 3. Increased capacity of local organizations to implement USAID and agricultural development programs through transferring skills; sharing best practices; and attracting new investments in private sector organizations. These efforts will entail partnering with the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Crop Development program. The Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program concentrates on profitable beef and dairy production and income generation through appropriate and sustainable interventions3 that improve the livelihoods of vulnerable livestock owners. These activities will help rural families transition from subsistence to commercial farming and increase their net worth through investment in cattle and other on-farm productivity-enhancing assets. Figure 2 summarizes the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program’s implementation approach. Interventions will sustainably raise production, productivity, and incomes from smallholder beef and dairy systems; improve hygiene practices and behaviors; increase the availability and utilization of nutritious foods; expand market access and availability of credit and finance across value chains; add value to beef and dairy products; and boost agricultural investment as well as adoption of best organizational practices by local implementers. To maximize outreach and ensure sustainability, the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program is partnering with commercial companies, NGOs, and relevant government departments. Collaboration with the government has enabled easy entry into target areas; led to the sharing of technical information and training platforms; and will enable a sustainable program exit. Developing commercial partnerships through a national network of agribusinesses strengthens farmers’ access to markets with fair prices; provides working capital and finance at realistic rates; supplies inputs efficiently; and provides extension and training to growers as an embedded cost. Partnerships focus on establishing service provision options at market rates. During the second year (FY2017) the program has continued to work on:  Identifying high potential and viable beef and dairy agribusiness hubs in targeted regions.  Ensuring competitiveness of smallholder beef and dairy sectors by improving productivity and efficiency.  Facilitating and fostering linkages with formal and informal buyers to increase demand for smallholder beef and dairy products. Activities also aim to improve quality, increase quantity, and assure reliability of supply and logistics.

3 Interventions such as herd rationalization combined with linkages to abattoirs and auction sales; use of low cost feed sources; production of fodder plans and implementing them; linkages with sources of finance and input suppliers Prepared by Fintrac Inc. 4

Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

 Creating more sustainable markets and harnessing new private investment in smallholder beef and dairy production by supporting innovative business models in formal and informal sectors.  Linking market players to smallholder livestock farmers in identified agribusiness hubs through creating commercial partnerships with input suppliers; expanding the availability of inputs for beef and dairy farmers; and introducing low- to no-cost interventions that improve productivity, animal health, and nutrition.  Increasing access to finance for all value chain actors to facilitate investment.  Improving overall household health and nutrition through improved dietary diversity (e.g. by incorporating livestock products) and trainings on household nutrition and proper sanitation.  Building the capacity of LEAD TRUST; local businesses; producer groups; and other community institutions in partnership with the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Crop Development program to ensure adherence to USAID operational standards.  Providing demand-driven training and technical assistance to address site-specific challenges.  Identifying opportunities for beneficiaries to generate high returns with minimal resources.

Figure 2: Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Results Framework Summary

GOAL: PROVIDE INCLUSIVE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES TO SUSTAINABLY REDUCE POVERTY AND IMPROVE FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION FOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN ZIMBABWE

Increased organizational capacity of Increased agricultural production, Improved nutrition and hygiene local implementing organizations productivity, and incomes practices and behaviors

Adoption of best Adoption of GAPs and Access to finance Improved hygiene Improved adequacy and organizational GAHPs and credit and behaviors utilization of nutritious foods practices investment and exclusive breastfeeding

BDS Partnerships Standards Environment Market linkages Gender

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

3. ACTIVITIES

Program activities during the quarter focused on continuing breed improvement through AI and purchase of improved heifers, cows, and bulls; marketing assistance for live cattle and dairy products; fodder harvesting and conservation; training and technical assistance on production and productivity enhancing GAHPs, business skills, WASH and nutrition; capacity building the program’s local implementing partners and farmers’ groups. In general, all program areas had a good cattle season. Table 3.1 summarizes the cumulative rainfall, fodder and rangeland condition in program focus areas up to the end of June 2017. All program areas experienced dry conditions for the greater part of the reporting period, resulting in uninterrupted fodder and crop harvesting which is now complete in all areas except for cotton in Chipinge and Gokwe South. The rangeland condition in all areas is beginning to deteriorate; however, cattle condition has not deteriorated due to availability of abundant crop residues. Farmers in all areas are harvesting hay and pods from the rangeland and stocking molasses in preparation for the lean season. In some wards of Chipinge, farmers are also preparing to collect sugar cane trash. Table 3.1: Total Rainfall and Fodder Demo Plot Status in Program Areas, as at June 30, 2017 Rainfall Received by Cumulative month (mm) Rainfall Received Area Rangeland & Fodder Crop Status October April May June 2016 – June 2017 (mm) Midlands Shurugwi Due to the heavy rains received during the season, the rangeland has Wards 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, remained in good condition. Farmers are still harvesting hay, although now it 82 812 8, 11, 12, 13, 20, is of poor quality. Harvesting of field crops is now complete and farmers are and 23 shelling and storing their harvested grain. Baling of hay from the rangeland is still in progress. Cattle are grazing from Ward 6 26 2 1,084 the rangeland, which is still in fair condition. Cattle are grazing from the rangeland, which is still in fair condition. Umzingwane Wards 26 995 Additional feed from crop residues are helping maintain cattle in good 5,6,7,13,18 condition. Gokwe South Baling from the rangeland is in progress. In addition, 138 tons of silage was Wards 13,15,16, and 52 12 886 made. Cattle are still grazing from the rangeland. 19 Acacia pods are starting to dry, providing nutritious feed to the animals; the Chirumhanzu Wards 62 25 1,162 grass is drying off and nutritional quality is decreasing. However, ample 1, 7,11 drinking water for cattle is available in all the wards. Wards 6, 7, The rangeland has dried and nutritional value deteriorated. Farmers are 51 524 8, and 9 collecting grass hay. Manicaland Chipinge – The rangeland has dried up and grass quality is deteriorating. Fodder crop 54 20 10 608 Tanganda/Mutema harvesting is almost complete. Feed availability has improved due to abundance of crop residues as Chipinge - harvesting is complete in non-cotton producing areas. Cattle condition in Chisumbanje 84 10 5 871 some areas is poor, due to limited grazing especially in wards 25, 26, 27 and /Checheche parts of 29. Preparations are underway to access sugar cane trash and molasses from sugar estates, as well as acacia pods from the rangeland. Matabeleland Nkayi Wards Forage harvesting and baling is now complete. Velvet bean seed has not yet 5,17,18,20,21 and 56 698 been shelled as the pods are still being dried. Rangeland quality has started 27 declining; however, livestock are benefitting from crop residues in the fields.

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

Table 3.1: Total Rainfall and Fodder Demo Plot Status in Program Areas, as at June 30, 2017 Rainfall Received by Cumulative month (mm) Rainfall Received Area Rangeland & Fodder Crop Status October April May June 2016 – June 2017 (mm) Few acacia pods are available, but monkey bread pods (which are not yet dry) are in abundance. Lupane The rangeland is in fair condition. All fodder crops (cereal stover, groundnut Wards 14, 4, 8 and 89 1,009 haulms and velvet bean hay) have been harvested and preserved for use during 27 the lean season. Fodder seed drying and grading for retention is in progress. Hwange Harvesting of fodder and baling is complete. There is abundant cereal stover Wards 2, 4, 11and 0 606 from maize, sorghum, and millet. The rangeland is beginning to deteriorate and 17 animals are increasingly relying on crop residues. Source: Met Department & AGRITEX Drinking water for both humans and livestock remained adequate in all program areas. The sections below describe the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program activities in seven categories of results measured against one gender-specific, 11 Feed the Future, and 15 custom indicators.  Beneficiaries: Number, gender balance, geographical spread, and types of support received.  Sales: Amount of new money earned by beneficiaries, measured by sales of all agricultural products.  Gross margin and net income: Profitability and net earnings from beef and dairy activities.  Productivity: Direct interventions resulting in increased production and net returns from beef and dairy production.  Nutrition and hygiene: Interventions targeted for behavior change in nutrition, and WASH activities.  Business development and market access: Interventions targeted at developing the organizational capacity of farmer groups; improving access to finance and credit; developing business skills among beneficiary farmers and collaborating partners; and strengthening market linkages and promoting farmer-led extension systems.  Organizational capacity development: Support to local partners working with the program to enhance their effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability in implementing development programs.

An explanation of the program’s environment and gender activities follows in their respective sections.

3.1 BENEFICIARIES

EG. 3-1 Number of households benefiting directly from USG assistance under FTF

During the review period, program activities benefited 1,720 households (1,960 farmers) (Tables 3.1.1. & 3.1.3.), of which 1,161 (1,324 farmers) were new households, bringing the total number of rural households benefiting from program interventions to 5,807 (6,620 farmers) since inception in June 2015. Table 3.1.1: Geographical Distribution of Households, April- June 2017 FY2016 to Q2 FY Value Natural Q3 FY2017 Cumulative to date District 2017 Chain Region F M Total F M Total F M Total

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

Chipinge V 448 681 1,129 50 81 131 498 762 1,260 Chirumhanzu III 126 172 298 36 43 79 162 215 377 Gokwe III 99 108 207 18 48 66 117 156 273 South Gweru III & IV 73 41 114 31 71 102 104 112 216 Communa Hwange IV 96 86 182 51 58 109 147 144 291 l Beef Kwekwe III 109 155 264 25 31 56 134 186 320 Lupane IV 100 139 239 51 35 86 151 174 325 Nkayi IV 211 216 427 24 42 66 235 258 493 Shurugwi III 157 215 372 28 57 85 185 272 457 Umzingwane IV 99 77 176 44 52 96 143 129 272 1,51 1,87 Sub-total 1,890 3,408 358 518 876 2,408 4,284 8 6 Chipinge V 7 17 24 0 0 0 7 17 24 Chirumhanzu III 129 141 270 21 22 43 150 163 313 Gokwe III 268 351 619 75 103 178 343 454 797 South Communa Gweru III & IV 8 7 15 2 6 8 10 13 23 l Dairy Kwekwe III 0 2 3 2 0 2 2 2 4 Nkayi IV 1 3 4 0 0 0 1 3 4 Shurugwi III 41 65 106 17 22 39 58 87 145 Umzingwane IV 29 30 59 5 7 12 34 37 71 Sub-total 483 617 1,100 122 160 282 605 776 1,381 Chipinge V 2 0 2 1 0 1 3 0 3 Chirumhanzu III 20 26 46 0 0 0 20 26 46 Gokwe III 23 44 67 0 0 0 23 44 67 SSC Dairy South Nkayi IV 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 2 Shurugwi III 2 5 7 1 1 2 3 6 9 Umzingwane IV 6 9 15 0 0 0 6 9 15 Sub-total 54 85 139 2 1 3 56 86 142 2,05 2,53 Grand Total 2,592 4,647 482 679 1,161 3,270 5,807 5 7 Source: CIRIS Cumulatively, beef households constitute 74 percent of the total number of beneficiaries while dairy households make up the balance of 26 percent. Program assistance included linkages with buyers of beef and dairy products and providers of credit and inputs; training and technical assistance on production and productivity enhancing GAPs and GAHPs; business skills; WASH; and nutrition. In addition, farmers also received technical assistance and training on environmental issues covering the correct use of personal protective equipment (PPE); safe use and disposal of pesticides; preferential use of PERSUAP-complaint chemicals; soil conservation; woodlot and orchard establishment; pollution and climate change.

Table 3.1.2: New Beneficiary Households Variance, FY2017 Achievement (Q1-Q3 FY Value Chain FY2017 Target Variance 2017)

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

Beef 1,550 2,049 +32% Dairy 700 876 +25% Total 2,250 2,925 +30% Source: CIRIS The program has surpassed its overall FY2017 target by 30 percent (Table 3.1.2.). The program continued linking beef and dairy farmers with formal markets. Selling into formal markets increases household incomes; improves quality and food safety; and reduces transaction costs. Two hundred and sixty-six farmers (216 beef and 50 dairy) were linked to formal markets including abattoirs, milk processors, and milk collection centers (Table 3.1.3.). The program provided training and technical assistance to 1,960 farmers (43 percent women) during the review period. Table 3.1.3: Program Interventions,Q3 FY 20174 Combined Unique Beef Farmers Dairy Farmers Activities Farmers Females Males Total Females Males Total Females Males Total Trainings and TA 608 830 1,438 335 454 789 845 1,115 1,9605 Farmers linked to buyers 48 168 216 23 27 50 71 195 266 Source: CIRIS LD15 Estimated number and percentage of FTF beneficiaries holding 5 hectares or less of arable land or equivalent units of livestock (smallholders)

From the first round of the Annual Household Text Box 3.1: Farmers use proceeds from savings Survey (AHS), the proportion of beneficiaries with and direct marketing off the rangeland to improve 10 cattle or less for beef beneficiaries and two or their herds less lactating cows for dairy beneficiaries was 82 Daniel Sithole of Chipinge, Manicaland had three cattle (one percent against an FY2017 target of 85 percent. For cow, one steer and a heifer calf) when he joined the Feed this indicator, the lower the proportion of the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program in January 2016. From program trainings he learned about utilizing personal savings to invest in livestock, which are assets that can multiply quickly. From his personal savings of $700 he decided to purchase five cattle and increase his herd size to eight. He purchased three cattle at the Chipinge rural district council auction and two from local farmers. Sithole now has three cows; two heifers; two steers and one heifer calf, thanks to the program’s herd rationalization trainings. Eighteen Chipinge farmers who participated in the direct sales of unproductive cattle off the rangeland to abattoirs, facilitated by the program reinvested $8,300 of the $14,972 sale proceeds. They purchased 15 Brahman cross heifers; seven Mashona heifers; and one Brahman bull to improve their herds. “Marketing of my inferior bull to Koala Park off the rangeland enabled me to purchase the Brahman bull for $1,200, which I expect to improve the quality of my herd and those of my fellow community members,” said Yeukai Chitsamba.

4 No farmer received credit in the quarter under review. 5 Although there were beef farmers trained in dairy subjects and dairy farmers trained in beef subjects, this figure is for unique trainees i.e. there is no double counting of farmers trained in both beef and dairy training areas. The figure also comprises of both new and continuing farmers. Prepared by Fintrac Inc. 9

Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017 smallholder farmers achieved the better6. As beneficiaries participate in the program, the percentage of smallholder farmers will significantly decline, as herd sizes are expected to increase beyond 10 cattle and two milking cows for beef and dairy farmers, respectively. All program interventions are aimed at promoting herd growth and increasing productivity. The program continued to provide training and technical assistance on herd realignment for improved productivity and profitability. Farmers were urged to cull old cows, old oxen, inferior bulls, and non- productive females through formal markets and replace them with better quality livestock. The program continued to widen market opportunities for farmers through fostering sustainable market relations. The beef prices on the formal markets continued to hold in comparison with the same period last year, creating conditions for profitable off the rangeland selling of all cattle classes. Farmers are investing earnings from cattle sales in breed improvement through heifer procurement and artificial insemination (See Text Box 3.1). 3.2 INCREMENTAL SALES

Sustainable commercialization of smallholder farmers occurs when markets are available and farmers can develop the confidence to transact and make profitable sales. The program has continued to focus on expanding market access for beef and dairy products from smallholder farmers by facilitating value chain relationships between private sector players and farmers.

Interventions in this quarter included:  Organizing one provincial level livestock indaba for Midlands and one district level indaba for Hwange (see Text Box 3.2.2). Discussions held at the indabas explored the livestock marketing landscape to identify constraints and discussed realignment for an enabling environment for smallholder farmers to sell their cattle through formal channels.  Facilitating linkages between beef farmers in all areas with buyers and abattoirs (Montana Carswell Meats, Heads and Hooves, Koala Park, Sabie Meats, Inala, and CC Sales).  Assessing the possibilities of partnering with small- to medium-sized milk processors to absorb output from Umzingwane farmers. Engagement meetings continued with Red Tractor, a milk processor based in as well as with farmer Lovemore Ncube, who is setting up a milk bulking service with minimal processing for farmers in the Irisvale area. In Gweru the program initiated a linkage between potential small scale dairy farmers from Umsungwe Block and Dairibord Zimbabwe. The low production volumes and lack of cold chains remain the major constraints to formal milk marketing. The program will continue to explore other business models, particularly those that bring the processor closer to the farmers.  Capacity building to improve viability of Shurugwi and Gokwe MCCs continued. The program implemented the ‘Guest Milk Producer Model’ with Shurugwi MCC, to improve the viability of the center. 3.2.1 Milk and Dairy Products Farmers delivered 77,335 liters of milk valued at $38,300 to two MCCs (Shurugwi and Gokwe) and two processors (Dendairy and Kershelmar), which are collaborating with the program. The volume was 7 percent lower than 83,164 liters delivered in the previous quarter (See Table 3.2.1). The decrease in milk delivered was attributed to the decline in the nutritive value of the rangeland with the season.

6 With the adoption of good agricultural and animal husbandry practices beneficiaries’ herd sizes will increase, some to more than 10 head by LOP. An increase in herd sizes per beneficiary household implies a decrease in households with less than 10 head of cattle (smallholder farmers). The actual proportion of smallholders for FY2017 will be finalized through the second round of the Annual Household Survey to be conducted on the same sample of randomly selected beneficiaries in the fourth quarter. Prepared by Fintrac Inc. 10

Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

Table 3.2.1: Milk Sales from Program Focus Areas January - March 2017 April - June 2017 Quantity (l) Value ($) Quantity (l) Value ($) Buyer i) Beef – Dairy Milk production Gokwe – non MCC (Sengwa) 1,860 1,860 865 865 Farm gate, vending Shurugwi – non MCC 2,776 1,272 2,759 2,199 Farm gate, vending Chirumhanzu – non MCC 16,935 4,262 11,025 11,025 Farm-gate sales Umzingwane – non MCC 635 635 683 683 Local Gweru-non MCC 0 0 2,590 1,187 Local Kwekwe (Ngondoma) 0 0 90 90 Total 22,226 8,056 18,012 16,049 ii) Raw milk delivered Gokwe MCC 27,667 11,561 23,588 10,446 Shurugwi MCC 1,475 590 1,103 441 MCC Umzingwane 54,022 26,679 52,644 27,413 Kershelmar, Dendairy Total 83,164 38,830 77,335 38,300 iii) Raw milk sales from

MCCs Gokwe MCC 12,923 6,973 5,966 4,361 Non-Gokwe MCC (Sengwa) 372 372 0 0 Shurugwi MCC 166 166 95 95 Umzingwane MCC 0 0 59 59 Local Shurugwi non-MCC 0 0 Kwekwe non MCC 5 5 0 0 Total 13,466 7,516 6,120 4,515 iv) Sour milk sales Gokwe MCC 5,142 7,477 5,119 7,676 Gokwe Non MCC (Sengwa) 415 415 Shurugwi MCC 0 0 Total 5,142 7,477 5,534 8,091 v) Cultured milk Gokwe MCC 4,396 3,835 6,474 5,860 Shurugwi MCC 1,261 1,261 995 995 Umzingwane Total 5,657 5,096 7,469 6,855 vi) Yogurt Gokwe MCC Shurugwi MCC 0 0 0 0 Total 0 0 0 0 vii) Whey Gokwe MCC 4,443 1,388 4,188 573 Total 4,443 1,388 4,188 573 Source: Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

The program continued to take a multifaceted but modular approach to develop formal markets for the smallholder beef-dairy farmers across the program focus areas. Beef-dairy farmers recorded a production of 18,012 liters compared to 22,226 liters in the previous review period as result of cows drying off and low productivity due to declining nutritive quality of the rangeland. Milk from the beef-dairy farmers is used for home consumption and any surplus is sold to the local market. However, in Gokwe South some of the beef-dairy farmers have started selling to the Photo by Fintrac Inc formal market under the program’s initiated ‘Guest Collen Nyamakawo’s employee handmilking one of their 7 Milk Producer Model ’ (See Text Box 3.2.1 & Annex cows. 1- Access to formal markets: beef-dairy farmers make debut milk sales). The program has already started steps to implement the ‘guest milk producer model’ to the other program focus areas of Shurugwi and Umzingwane. Through capacity building, both in Umzingwane and Shurugwi, the MCC committees have realized the benefits to their business in receiving milk from non-members.

Text Box 3.2.1: Gokwe MCC rolls out ‘Guest Milk Producer Model’ to support Program Beef –Dairy Concept

Collen Nyamakawo made his first milk delivery of 8 liters, as a ‘guest milk producer’ to Gokwe Milk Collection Center (MCC) in April 2017. The ‘guest milk producer model’ allows non-members to deliver milk to the MCC and receive a price $0.03 per liter less than MCC members who have paid the joining fee of $150 and monthly subscriptions of $5. Nyamakawo, who is currently milking an average of 10 liters per day from three cows (two dairy crosses, one beef) applauded the program for the intervention, which allows him access to a reliable formal market and hence an increase in income. To increase long term milk yields and expand his dairy enterprise, Nyamakawo intends to inseminate his two cows with improved dairy semen. During the review period, four other farmers besides Nyamakawo started delivering milk to Gokwe MCC as guest milk producers. The five are delivering on average 39 liters per day or 13 percent of the MCC daily intake of 300 liters. The five are among the 33 seasonal milk producers who will increase milk volumes delivered to Gokwe MCC. The program is currently working with 750 beef-dairy farmers throughout its program areas who are transitioning from beef to dairy by adopting GAHPs, which include ensuring adequate fodder flows; good dairy cow nutrition practices; calf rearing; cattle breeding; and hygienic milk production.

Most of these ‘guest milk producers’ are low performers. Currently, the lactation length of their herds is still very short (ranging from as low as 150 to 240 days against recommended lactation length of 300 to 305 days) due to inadequate feed, poor cow feeding and dairy husbandry practices. Most farmers are still learning to grow and conserve enough forage to feed their cows throughout the year. Milk volumes are still very low ranging between 1 and 5 liters per cow per day as most of the guest farmers are milking beef cows.

7 The guest milk producer model: whereby non-members of the MCC (these are mainly the budding dairy farmers who adopted the beef dairy concept) are allowed to deliver milk at an agreed discounted price after meeting the standard milk quality requirements. A win-win as new farmers face low entry costs into the formal market and the MCC receives additional milk volumes which lowers costs per unit. Prepared by Fintrac Inc. 12

Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

The program is promoting the following to increase performance: improved access to water before milking to the lactating beef-dairy cows; supplementary feeding of sun flower cake; washing of the udder using warm water to encourage milk let down and further increase in milk yields. Adoption of GAHPs, to include AI and the introduction of dairy genetics into these herds should increase milk yield to above 10 liters per cow per day by 2020 by which time most of the guest milk producers should be milking the crossbred offspring.

3.2.2 Beef Product Sales Local auctions and direct sales off the rangeland to abattoirs and to middlemen accounted for most of the cattle sales in program focus areas during the quarter. Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) restrictions remain in some wards of Matabeleland and Midlands provinces limiting cattle movement to slaughter stock only, thus curtailing opportunities for purchase or sale of breeding stock outside the immediate areas. In addition, the continued cash shortages restricted participation of both buyers and farmers at auctions. Beef prices on the formal markets continued to hold in comparison with the same period last year, creating conditions for profitable off the rangeland selling of all cattle classes. Farmers were urged to cull old cows, old oxen, inferior bulls, and non-productive cows and heifers. The good market prices also provided for profitable selling of better quality animals, which graded commercial or better, earning farmers increased incomes. One hundred and eighty-seven farmers sold 242 cattle worth $120,850 through auctions in program areas of Nkayi, Lupane, and Gokwe South (See Table 3.2.2.1.) during the review period. The average price per animal from the auctions was significantly higher than the prices offered by the middlemen, which range from $200 to $300. There was a decline in the number of cattle sold through auction sales as the cash crisis continued to affect the ability of buyers to mobilize enough resources to pay out cash to farmers (See Table 3.2.2.1.). Table 3.2.2.1 Program Monitored Cattle Sales Through Auctions Q3 FY2017 Lupane - Mlonyeni CC Auction sales Period Number Number Number Lowest W. Highest Total of of of buyers price($) Average price($) Gross animals farmers price($) income($) sold Jan– Mar 74 66 3 350 419 750 31,030 2017 Apr –Jun 43 37 4 320 480 850 22,962 2017 Lupane - Tshongokwe Auction sales Month Number Number Number Lowest W. Highest Total of of of buyers price($) Average price($) Gross animals farmers price($) income($) sold Jan– Mar 16 13 2 450 470 630 7,520 2017 Apr –Jun 86 71 6 350 510 640 40,473 2017 Nkayi – Inala RDC Auction sales Month Number Number Number Lowest W. Highest Total of of of buyers price($) Average price($) Gross animals farmers price($) income($) sold

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

Jan– Mar 175 145 3 75,835 2017 Apr –Jun 99 73 3 270 438 700 50,950 2017 Source CC Sales, Nkayi RDC, Inala Auctions & Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program In , the cash challenge forced CC Sales to withdraw from running the Mlonyeni and Tshongokwe sales after an impasse between farmers and the auctioneer over the cash situation. Farmers were not ready to accept bank or mobile phone transfers, preferring to be paid in cash, which the auctioneer was not able to raise. Yarding8, began to dwindle due to farmer disgruntlement while in Tshongokwe the yarding never rose to levels that made business sense. In Nkayi district, the number of animals sold through auctions dropped to 99 compared to 175 in the previous quarter as a result of the cash crisis. Most smallholder farmers do not have bank accounts making the bank transfer option less applicable. Even the mobile money system does not work as most rural agencies could not provide the cash or point of sale machines. The cash challenge has derailed the cattle auctions as buyers are failing to get sufficient cash to conduct a sale. The program mobilized farmers for direct selling of cattle off the rangeland as part of its herd rationalization and drought coping strategy with a view of exploiting the profitable beef prices in the formal markets. Farmers were encouraged to sell off unproductive males (old oxen and inferior bulls); non- productive cows and heifers. As part of the drought coping strategy farmers were encouraged to sell off old oxen and cows which were likely not to make it through the coming lean season (July to November) after considering food sources available to the farmer. The program encouraged farmers to reinvest part of the sales proceeds in breeding cows; heifers and quality bulls (See Text Box 3.1). During the review period, 202 program beneficiaries from across the program areas sold 334 cattle worth $180,457 through abattoirs collaborating with the program (See Table 3.2.2.2) compared to 38 animals from 22 farmers worth $19,227 all from Lupane and Chipinge districts in the last quarter.

8 Refers to the number of cattle being presented for auction and held in a sales yard Prepared by Fintrac Inc. 14

Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

Table 3.2.2.2 Program Monitored Direct Sales of Cattle Through Abattoirs Q3 FY 2017 Direct sales Number Number Lowest Average Highest Total Gross District of animals Buyers of farmers price($) price($) price($) income($) sold Chipinge Koala park 63 51 527 33,209 Chiredzi Nkayi 56 27 MC Meats 171 555 990 31,078 Heads and Hwange 44 22 Hooves 273 532 910 23,428

Lupane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MC Chirumhanzu 12 6 318 3,821 Gokwe South 9 4 MC Gokwe 537 4,830 Gweru 82 54 MC Redcliff 639 52,396 Kwekwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MC Shurugwi 43 21 Masvingo 484 20,831 Heads and Umzingwane 25 17 Hooves 435 10,864 Grand Total / 334 202 540 180,457 Average Source CC Sales & Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program

The average price of $540 for program facilitated sales reflects the Text Box 3.2.2: Program Hosts Marketing Indaba good prices paid by the abattoirs and the fact that most cattle were in In conjunction with DLPD and SNV, the program hosted a livestock good condition coming off the marketing indaba in Hwange to discuss the challenges of livestock marketing in the district and suggest solutions. The indaba was attended by rangeland at the end of the rainy 30 participants comprised mostly of local stakeholders such as butcheries season. association, farmer representatives, non-governmental organizations in the livestock sector, Lupane State University, leather value chain players, Chipinge farmers are using income Hwange local abattoir operators, and government departmental heads. from marketing of unproductive Also present was the council chairperson of Hwange RDC, the assistant cattle direct to abattoirs off the DA, and council staff. Stakeholders agreed that livestock marketing is a rangeland to invest in breeding challenge in the district as indicated by the lack of cattle sales to formal markets over the past 15 years. It was also apparent that distance is a major heifers, most of them improved hindrance as evidenced by the poor attendance by private sector players breeds. “Koala Park paid $741 for at the indaba, with most of them citing distance from Bulawayo as the major my ox when the middlemen and the reason for not attending. Stakeholders agreed that it will be difficult to butcheries had offered me $380 for revive cattle auctions hence the need to look at alternative models such as it. I used $450 to purchase a heifer direct sales and operationalizing the local abattoir. Most stakeholders were skeptical about direct sales due to the distance from producers to the and a steer, with the balance being abattoirs. Operationalizing the local Madhumabisa abattoir, which is located used to pay school fees and for 15 kilometers from Hwange central business district, was preferred. household nutrition,” said However, the abattoir has suffered some setbacks due to ownership Lovemore Mahesi from Taona wrangles, which are delaying its opening. village.

No direct sales took place in Lupane district during the quarter as selling through auctions conducted regularly by Agri-auctions, ARDA

Jotsholo, and Inala auctions is giving farmers an alternative market. Prepared by Fintrac Inc. 15

Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

In Hwange district and , the program hosted livestock marketing indabas to discuss the challenges of livestock marketing and come up with stakeholder solutions (see Text box 3.2.2). 3.3 PRODUCTIVITY

The program carried out productivity enhancing activities through training and technical assistance aimed at improving reproductive efficiency and general cattle performance; improved marketing; and GAHPs related to herd health, animal nutrition, herd rationalization, and breeding. Other topics covered included fodder preservation and harvesting and establishment of fodder trees.

Trainings and technical assistance were provided through farmer managed demonstrations at centers of excellence focusing on GAHPs and technologies, which increase production and productivity of both smallholder farmer beef and dairy herds.

Increases in productivity are monitored through two FTF indicators, summarized below. In addition, some of the demonstrated technologies and interventions undertaken to increase productivity during the review period are described in detail under Sections 3.3.1; 3.3.2; and 3.3.3. EG.3.2-1 Number of individuals who have received USG-supported short term agricultural sector productivity or food security training

During the review period, 1,9609 smallholder livestock farmers received short term, specialized training and technical assistance on various livestock production related topics compared to 1,202 in the previous period. Specific topics covered were fodder production; animal health; supplementary feeding; AI and animal breeding; milk quality control; beef and dairy marketing; and animal handling facilities. Table 3.3.1: Beef Trainings in Program Focus Areas, Q3 FY2017 January – March 2017 April- June, 2017 District F M Total % Women F M Total % Women Chipinge 158 234 392 40 98 135 233 42 Chirumhanzu 97 126 223 43 70 93 163 43 Gokwe South 21 55 76 28 25 88 113 22 Gweru 19 28 47 40 47 91 138 34 Hwange 35 37 72 49 69 74 143 48 Kwekwe 57 61 118 48 49 79 128 38 Lupane 35 53 88 40 85 70 155 55 Nkayi 66 75 141 47 58 56 114 51 Shurugwi 17 45 62 27 48 86 134 36 Umzingwane 40 41 81 49 59 58 117 50 Grand total 545 755 1,300 42 608 830 1,438 42 Source: CIRIS

A total of 1,438 farmers (42 percent women) received training and technical assistance on beef production from the program during the review period compared to 1,300 farmers in the previous quarter (See Table 3.3.1), an 11 percent increase. Trainings were carried out through field demonstrations, field days and technical assistance visits. had the largest number of farmers trained in beef related subjects once again, accounting for 16 percent.

9 These are unique beneficiaries trained in beef and dairy and there is no double counting.

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

Practical and theoretical trainings on appropriate beef GAHPs were aligned to the beef production calendar. Table 3.3.2 breaks down the number of farmers who received training and technical assistance on different beef related topics during the review period. Table 3.3.2: Beef Trainings by Subject, Q3 FY2017

January- March, 2017 April- June, 2017 % % Subject Female Male Total Women Female Male Total Women Animal Breeding 60 116 176 34 57 71 128 45 Animal Health 241 330 571 42 178 322 500 36 Artificial Insemination 223 404 627 36 331 470 801 41 Theory/Practical Bull Examination 3 16 19 16 Cattle and Meat Grading 39 68 107 36 129 238 367 35 Fodder Production 266 302 568 47 279 341 620 45 Husbandry Practices 277 392 669 41 329 483 812 41 Marketing 171 287 458 37 310 466 776 40 Pen Fattening 63 116 179 35 52 88 140 37 Disease Prevention and 189 305 494 38 225 266 491 46 Control Disease Treatment 62 115 177 35 90 140 230 39 Feed Formulation 22 26 48 46 94 158 252 37 Handling Facilities 146 275 421 35 300 422 722 42 Heat Synchronization 83 153 236 35 62 144 206 30 Supplementary Feeding 14 11 25 56 Urea Treatment of Stover 32 33 65 49 Other10 42 51 93 45 43 95 138 31 Source: CIRIS

Fodder production, artificial insemination and cattle marketing off the rangeland to abattoirs generated a lot of interest among farmers. Fodder production trainings focused on harvesting techniques; post-harvest handling; preservation and utilization; and stockpiling of locally available materials. Seven hundred and seventy-six farmers (40 percent women) across all program areas received training on beef marketing. Aspects covered included market intelligence; use of market information for selling to advantage; live grading of animals; and estimation of weights and value utilizing the weigh belt. The thrust was to take advantage of the improved cattle condition gained from the rangeland; help farmers sell their cattle to formal markets where prices had remained profitable and realign farmers’ expectations and business decisions in relation to current market conditions. The trainings were integrated with herd rationalization guidance to assist farmers to make correct hold, cull, and replace 0decisions for improved productivity and profitability.

10 Includes calf management, drought mitigation strategies, feed post mortem, quality control, calibration, in breeding, and herd rationalization Prepared by Fintrac Inc. 17

Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

The program trained and provided technical assistance to 789 farmers, 42 percent women, on dairy related subjects (See Table 3.3.3) compared to 916 farmers in the previous quarter. Sixty-three percent of the trained farmers were from the main dairy focus areas of Chirumhanzu and Gokwe South districts. Table 3.3.3: Dairy Training by District, Q3 FY2017 January- March, 2017 April- June, 2017 District Female Male Total % Female Female Male Total % Female Chipinge 28 45 73 38 1 10 11 9 Chirumhanzu 54 84 138 39 75 82 157 48 Gokwe 206 286 492 42 134 210 344 39 South Gweru 5 11 16 31 17 37 54 31 Kwekwe 9 4 13 69 23 11 34 68 Lupane 25 42 67 37 19 21 40 48 Nkayi 1 3 4 25 3 1 4 75 Shurugwi 16 33 49 33 29 44 73 40 Umzingwane 30 34 64 47 34 38 72 47 Grand 374 542 916 41 335 454 789 42 total Source: CIRIS Dairy trainings and technical assistance aim at increasing milk yields from the baseline figure of 2.61 liters per cow per day to above 12 liters; normalize the lactation periods to around 300 days; reduce the calving intervals to 12-13 months, and improve the quality of milk to enable selling into formal markets. Table 3.3.4 breaks down the number of farmers who received training and technical assistance on different dairy related topics during the review period. Table 3.3.4: Dairy Training by Subject, Q3 FY2017 January- March, 2017 April- June, 2017 Subject % % Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Female Animal Health 143 188 331 43 116 150 266 44 Artificial Insemination 305 451 756 40 197 294 491 40 Theory/Practical Calf Management 90 136 226 40 77 88 165 47 Drought Mitigation Strategies 0 0 0 0 - - - 0 Feed Formulation 6 8 14 43 44 54 98 45 Fodder Production 196 271 467 42 128 166 294 44 Handling Facilities 123 155 278 44 158 205 363 44 Heifer Procurement 0 0 0 0 19 26 45 42 Husbandry Practices 121 170 291 42 145 187 332 44 Marketing 226 301 527 43 167 229 396 42 Quality Control 110 124 234 47 88 118 206 43 Supplementary Feeding 0 0 0 0 - - - 0

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

Table 3.3.4: Dairy Training by Subject, Q3 FY2017 January- March, 2017 April- June, 2017 Subject % % Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Female Urea Treatment of Stover 0 0 0 0 24 43 67 36 Disease Prevention and 66 109 175 38 91 113 204 45 Control Disease Treatment 59 92 151 39 39 55 94 41 Heat Synchronization 195 302 497 39 83 157 240 35 Bull Examination - - - - 2 2 4 50 Other 51 71 122 42 53 77 130 41 Source: CIRIS

Quality control ensures farmers deliver hygienic milk to the market. Good quality milk is a prerequisite for delivering to formal markets. The program trained 206 farmers from Gokwe South, Chirumhanzu, and Umzingwane districts on quality enhancing practices in milk production including hand-milking procedures; udder cleaning; treatment of mastitis; siting and use of milking sheds; withdrawal periods after using antibiotics; and general farm cleanliness.

Fodder production is one of the pillars of dairy production as it plays a major role in providing cheap vital nutrient sources for cattle. During the quarter, the program trained 294 dairy farmers on fodder growing, harvesting and preservation. EG.3.2-17 Number of farmers and others who have applied improved technologies or management practices as a result of USG assistance

The program continued to promote production and productivity enhancing GAPs and GAHPs, business practices and technologies around the 130 established centers of excellence during the quarter under review. Field days were successfully hosted by some farmers running the 359 fodder and pasture demonstrations the program had setup across all the program areas. The demonstration plots and field days created significant awareness on the importance of producing fodder locally. The program anticipates widespread production and utilization of the promoted fodder crops as plentiful seed is now locally available. The Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program has continued to focus on low to no- cost but effective technologies that increase the farmers’ production and productivity and preserve the value of their cattle. Some of the demonstrated technologies and interventions undertaken to increase productivity in the beef and dairy sectors during the review period are described in detail under sections 3.3.1, 3.3.2, and 3.3.3 below. 3.3.1 Beef Low-cost maintenance feeding Farmers across all the operational areas were encouraged to harvest crop residues and grass from their fields and the rangeland and preserve it for cattle supplementary feeding during the dry season. Practical demonstrations were held on using low-cost methods in preserving and storing the grass.

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

All photos by Fintrac From left, Sihle Mathema and Vuyeli Mahlangu of Nkayi stacking their fodder bales.

In wards 3 and 26 of Chipinge, where grazing is limited, farmers were encouraged to collect sugarcane trash and grass from Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (ARDA)/Rating Middle Sabi and ARDA/Macdom Chisumbanje.

All Photos by Fintrac (Left) Earth-hole hay baler and (Right) Ndenya Hadebe and group from Ward 6 Kwekwe displaying a hay bale they made during a demonstration.

Hay from velvet bean, round nuts and groundnut is a protein-rich feed that can be used in ration formulation in the dry season. The program encouraged farmers to stockpile these crop residues in addition to cereal stover for urea treatment. Urea treated forages are high in crude protein (CP8-9 percent) and can be fed as supplementary feed at a rate of up to 3 kilograms per animal per day. Urea treatment will take the crude protein content of maize stover from 1-2 percent up to around 8-9 percent. Five urea treatment demonstrations were conducted in Midlands and 4 tons of maize and sorghum stover were treated. The treatment of crop residues with urea is still an ongoing process in all program areas where the training is now being cascaded to more beneficiaries by the lead farmers. Farmers were also trained to combine the feeding of urea treated stover with the supply of molasses and mineral blocks to maintain good livestock condition in the dry season. “I have treated 450 kilograms of maize stover for my four pregnant cows, which are expected to calve during the peak dry period in

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

October,” explained Lead farmer Aleck Muchini of Chipinge district who is also the newly elected Taona Irrigation Scheme vice chairperson. Breeding (Beef and Dairy)

Natural herd growth comes from having a high proportion of productive females (cows and heifers) in the herd. The ideal ratio is 70 percent females for breeding and 30 percent males for draught power. The program is encouraging farmers to keep only productive animals and sell off the unproductive ones (steers, excess oxen, inferior quality bulls, old cows and non- productive heifers and cows). Income generated from the sales Photo by Fintrac is used for purchasing productive Urea treatment of stover exercise in Ward 8 of Lupane district. animals as replacements. Cows, if well managed, can be effective for draught power without compromising their fertility. Beneficiaries without steers were advised to employ this model as opposed to hiring draught oxen. Farmers were advised to consider selling their excess stock off the rangeland, taking advantage of the abundant feed (grass and pasture) from the current rainy season. With a sound breeding program and adherence to promoted GAHPs, each cow should be able to drop a calf every year and increase herd growth naturally, which is expected to create opportunities for household animal sales each year.

Artificial insemination provides a quick, effective and affordable path to breed improvement. The program’s AI approach incorporates a sustainability plan, which involves training local AI service providers, resident among farmers, to offer the service after the program closes. During the review period, seven new AI service providers were trained by the program’s subcontractor ABS-TCM. Training for AI service providers was initiated in Chipinge district during the review period. The program has trained 149 AI service providers, 58 women, since inception in June 2015 (Table 3.3.1.1).

Table 3.3.1.1: AI Service Providers (SPs) Trained Across Program Districts as at June 30, 2017 District # of SPs Q3 (April- June 2017) Cumulative Sex Total Sex Total Female Male Female Male Chipinge 1 1 2 1 1 2 Chirumhanzu 1 0 1 1 1 2 Gokwe South 0 1 1 0 2 2 Gweru 0 1 1 2 5 7 Hwange 0 0 0 7 7 14 Kwekwe 0 1 1 0 1 1 Lupane 0 0 0 13 27 40 Nkayi 0 0 0 32 37 69 Shurugwi 0 1 1 2 10 12 Prepared by Fintrac Inc. 21

Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

Total 2 5 7 58 91 149 Source: ABS-TCM The success of any breeding system is dependent on four factors: cow fertility, semen quality or bull fertility (breeding soundness), inseminator or bull efficiency, and heat detection efficiency. These four factors need to be understood as farmers embrace AI for breeding their herds. In addition, adequate and good nutrition is essential during pregnancy to avoid abortion or fetal resorption. During the review period, 1,292 farmers (40 percent women) received on-going training and technical assistance awareness on the above mentioned four factors (Table 3.3.2 & Table 3.3.4). In addition, the program and its partner ABS-TCM focused on completing inseminations of registered cows; pregnancy diagnosis (PD); and conducting re-inseminations for those that returned on heat or were determined empty following PD. Tables 3.3.1.2 and 3.3.1.3 summarize the AI activities of the program as at the end of June 2017. One hundred and eighty-two cows and heifers were inseminated during the review period. Pregnancy diagnosis tests were conducted on 16 cows and 11 were deemed pregnant at three months. The April 2017 to June 2017 quarter was the peak for AI since the start of the current breeding season in January 2017. Cumulative inseminations since the start of the current breeding season totaled 244 and with 17 confirmed pregnancies at three months (See Table 3.2.1.2). Farmers with pregnant cows were urged to closely monitor them and maintain a plan of good nutrition to avoid fetal resorptions and abortions. Table 3.3.1.2: Cumulative inseminations across districts from January 1 to June 30, 2017 Number of Cows Presented Confirmed # of Inseminated District Wards Presented Suitable Heat for Pregnant Comment farmers as at June for AI for AI Synchronized Pregnancy as at June 30, 2017 Diagnosis 30, 2017 Some farmers with cows suitable 14 for AI failed to raise funds for AI; Chipinge 4, 16, 20, & (12 M & 2 68 32 26 25 13 9 hence, their cows were not 22 F) inseminated. The rest of the PDs are due in mid-Aug 2017 11 Lupane 4, 8 & 9 37 25 18 18 Nil Nil PDs due in July & Aug 2017 (8 M & 3 F) 8 Hwange 2 & 17 30 22 17 17 Nil Nil PDs due in July & August, 2017 (7 M & 1 F) 6, 8,17, 10 PDs due in July, Aug & Sept, Nkayi 57 43 43 43 Nil Nil 18,21 & 29 (9 M & 1 F) 2017 More PDs to be done in Oct. 1, 5 and 11 6 19 13 13 8 6 4 Chirumhanzu (5 M & 1 F) 2017

Lion Finance AI Loans allowed 13, 14, 15 48 for increased number of Gokwe (37 M & 11 98 79 79 78 Nil Nil and 16 inseminations. PDs due in July South F) 2017

9 other cows suitable for AI not 6 6 20 18 9 9 Nil Nil inseminated – farmers expecting Kwekwe (4 M & 2F) AI loans from Lion Finance.

5 Shurugwi 6, 14 & 23 13 13 13 13 2 1 Rest of PDs in Aug. & Sept., 2017 (4 M & 1F)

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

4 PDs for remaining 4 cows due in Gweru 7 & 14 10 9 9 9 5 3 (2 M & 2 F) July & Aug., 2017 9 Umzingwane 6 & 7 28 24 24 24 Nil Nil PDs due in July & Aug., 2017 (3 M & 6 F) 121 Total (91M & 380 278 251 244 26 17 30F) Source: Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program

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Table 3.3.1.3: Inseminations conducted across districts Q3 FY2017 ( April to June, 2017 ) Number of Cows Presented Confirmed # of Inseminated District Wards Presented FeedSuitable the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Programfor | QuarterlyPD as Pregnant #3 FY2017 Comment farmers Heat Synchronized as at June for AI for AI at June as at June 30, 2017 30, 2017 30, 2017 Most cows had poor body condition, 5 and were Chipinge 4, 20 (4 M & 1 48 12 9 8 3 3 unsuitable and 22 F) for AI. PDs for cows (8) bred in quarter due in Aug. 2017 PDs due in 2 Lupane 8 3 2 2 2 Nil Nil July & Aug, (2 Male) 2017 More inseminations Hwange 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nil Nil anticipated in July, 2017 6, 8,17, 10 PDs due in Nkayi 18,21 (9 M & 1 57 43 43 43 Nil Nil July, Aug & &29 F) Sept, 2017 PDs for cows 1, 5 4 bred in (3 M & 1 10 5 5 5 6 4 Chirumhanzu and 11 quarter due F) in Oct. 2017

Lion Finance AI Loans 13, 14, 48 enhanced Gokwe 15 and (37 M & 98 79 79 78 Nil Nil numbers. South 16 11 F) PDs due in July, 2017

9 cows suitable for AI not inseminated 6 –farmers 6 (4 M & 2 20 18 9 9 Nil Nil Kwekwe being F) considered for AI loans from Lion Finance.

PDs for cows 3 (9) bred in 6, 14 & Shurugwi (2 M & 1 9 9 9 9 2 1 quarter due 23 F) in Aug. & Sept., 2017 PDs for cows 2 (4) bred in Gweru 7 & 14 (1 M & 1 4 4 4 4 5 3 quarter due F) in July & Aug., 2017 9 PDs due in Umzingwane 6 & 7 (3 M & 6 28 24 24 24 Nil Nil July & Aug., F) 2017 Total 89 277 196 184 182 16 11

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

(65M & 24F) Source: Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program

Poor body condition of cows, mainly in Ward 25, Chipinge, disqualified the majority of cows presented for insemination. Farmers were advised to work on improving the cows’ nutrition to get good results. In addition, some farmers failed to raise adequate finance for the AI exercise, preventing some suitable cows from being inseminated. The majority of inseminated cows during the quarter were from , where most of the inseminations were financed through loans from Lion Finance.

In Nkayi district, 43 animals belonging to 10 farmers were inseminated through self-financing. Similarly, 24 cows belonging to nine farmers, all self-financed, were inseminated in during the review period.

Three calves from two Gokwe South farmers, Pepukai Martin (one calf) and Thebe Rhoda (two calves) were born as a result of the 2016 AI program.

In an unfortunate development in Nkayi, Kenneth Moyo from Ward 27 lost his full-term Simmental AI calf through abortion. The calf was from the program’s pilot exercise launched in 2016. DVS took Photo by Fintrac Inc. samples of blood from the aborted cow for Rhoda Thebe of Gokwe South with her female calf Contagious Abortion11(CA) testing in Bulawayo; from the July 2016 AI pilot program. however, the results came out negative. The program suspects uterine infections as the cause. 3.3.2 Dairy The program’s target dairy districts are Chipinge, Umzingwane, Gweru, Shurugwi, Chirumhanzu, and Gokwe South. In addition to fodder production, GAHPs on calf rearing, cattle handling facilities, recordkeeping, clean milk production, cattle feeding, and herd health management were specific activities covered with dairy farmers during the period under review. Photo by Fintrac Fodder production Silage making in progress at Martin Pepukai, new beef- During the review period, the program facilitated dairy concept farmer. training demonstrations in harvesting and preservation of fodder crops. The program facilitated five silage demonstrations across the six districts where 15 tons

11 Contagious Abortion or Brucellosis is a highly contagious and zoonotic disease in cattle that is caused by bacteria Brucella abrotus and causes abortions in cows while in humans consumption of unpasteurized milk will result in an undulant fever (malta fever) and/or abortions in women. Prepared by Fintrac Inc. 25

Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017 of maize and sorghum silage was made. Good silage can provide 8 to 10 percent Crude Protein and when fed at 3 percent of animal body weight, it suffices for maintenance and production of the first 5 liters of milk. Though some early planted fodder crops for silage making did not do well due to nutrient leaching, the late planted crops performed better.

An estimated 335 tons of fodder has been harvested and conserved by 214 beneficiaries in Midlands. Harvested fodder includes maize and sorghum silage; velvet bean; sunn hemp, and natural hay grass.

Program beneficiaries who adopted fodder production last year have reported on the positive results on their livestock with their cows maintaining good body condition during the dry months and dropping calves. Medarido Sibanda of Chirumhanzu district, one of the pioneer farmers to adopt the technology in the area, was happy as all his three cows calved down as a result of the supplementary feeding.

In Chipinge district, 40 farmers who grew velvet beans harvested 15 tons, averaging 375 kilograms of seed from 0.1 hectares; the farmer with the highest production harvested 1.1 tons. This average amount is sufficient to supplement five cows for three months during the lean season at 3 kilograms per cow per day when mixed with stover or sugar cane trash. For sustainability reasons, farmers will be encouraged to sell about half their harvested seed to improve other farmers’ access to seed. Thus 7,500 kilograms of velvet bean seed will be available, sufficient for 1,800 farmers to plant 180 hectares, which should produce around 540 tons that can supplement 7,200 cows for three months when mixed with cereal crop residues and molasses.

“Fodder production has brought new hope to cattle farmers in the district,” said Jane Gezi of Chipinge who grew 0.15 hectares of velvet bean and harvested 500 kilograms. She also stockpiled maize stover that will be mixed with the velvet bean for cattle supplementary feeding. 3.3.3 GAHPs During the period under review, in conjunction with DVS, DLPD, ABS-TCM, and input suppliers, the program promoted, trained, and provided technical assistance through farmer managed demonstrations at centers of excellence. Calf and heifer rearing Calf growth rates and mortalities are key issues that underpin the productivity and profitability of both beef and dairy enterprises. Organic growth in herd sizes stems from good calf rearing practices that aim at reducing calf mortalities. The target growth rates for female calves should enable farmers to breed heifers at 80 percent of the mature weight, between 18 and 24 months of age. For male beef calves, the target age for sale is between 30 and 36 months in order to achieve higher-priced grades. Good calf growth is represented Photo by Fintrac by a daily weight gain of between 0.5 to 0.8 kilograms. Diamond Matsveru’s moveable calf pen in Masanzi Village, Ward 13, Gokwe South. Farmers were trained on monitoring calf growth rates using a scale or weigh belt, timely vaccinations, dosing, dehorning, and castration as well as proper milk feeding and introduction of creep feed to supplement milk from the cow. Photo by Fintrac Epiphania Mhondiwa from Chirumhanzu, Midlands with her dewormed calves. Prepared by Fintrac Inc. 26

Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

Farmers were trained on the benefits of proper calf feeding; housing; vaccination, and health routines to reduce mortalities. Technical assistance on calf housing, focused on low to no-cost designs that allow for good ventilation; warmth; space and good lighting. Farmers were encouraged to put low-cost wind barriers such as old hessian sacks to cover the bottom half of their calf pens. Taking heed of program advice, Esther Ncube from Umzingwane has now built a calf pen where she ensures calves receive adequate milk, feed, and water. Diamond Matsveru from Gokwe South has also built a moveable calf pen. Program farmers were encouraged to create paddocks to pen calves and facilitate creep feeding, which is essential for rumen development and good calf growth. Calves should be provided with ad libitum fresh feed and water in these paddocks. The importance of supplementary feeding for female calves was highlighted to achieve the desirable bulling weights and ages. Farmers who heeded program advice to deworm their calves have reported improved performance. “I noticed my calves were off their feed and scouring and when I drenched them with an anthelmintic I saw worms in the calf dung,” said Epiphania Mhondiwa of Tagarika village, Chirumhanzu district. The calves were dewormed using Albex. The program is recommending a routine deworming exercise of young calves targeting milk tapeworm and roundworms at least twice annually.

Milk Quality control During the quarter under review, 206 dairy farmers from the program’s dairy focus areas of Gokwe South, Chirumhanzu, Shurugwi, and Umzingwane districts received training on formal market requirements that include milk quality; hygiene; dairy regulations; pricing and handling. Specific requirements included proper milk parlor siting, which should be at least 30 meters away from homesteads and 100 meters away from other structures such as overnight pens or fowl runs. Farmers were encouraged to invest in low-cost and upgradable milking parlors as the first critical step toward clean and safe milk production. The program introduced an upgradable milk parlor, which has been pioneered in Gokwe South by ‘guest milk producers’. The upgradable parlor is built at a cost of $30, which includes three bags of cement and is the first step for beginners (guest dairy farmers) into formal milk marketing. A standard milk shed can cost up to $500 excluding labor. Gokwe MCC has sanctioned these upgradable structures on the premise that the guest farmers will use milk proceeds to complete the structure. Six farmers finished constructing their upgradable milk parlors in Gokwe South by the end of the quarter and 10 others have been constructed across dairy districts. Twenty-six farmers are sourcing funds to construct their own milk sheds. In , seven small-scale commercial farmers from Umsungwe Block were trained on siting milking parlors in preparation for production and marketing into the formal market. Paramu Francisca has already purchased bricks and cement for the construction of her milk shed and is ready to invest in a milk cooling system. The program has engaged Dairibord Zimbabwe Limited as the prospective buyer of milk from Umsungwe Block farmers.

In Umzingwane, the program facilitated raw milk testing through Dairy Services to train the farmers on milk quality. The milk test results were interpreted and quality issues pertaining to milk composition, temperature, somatic cell count (less than 300,000), total bacteria count (less than 50,000), total solids (more than 12.2 percent) and butter fat (more than 3.2 percent) were discussed with farmers. Hygiene issues were also emphasized to maintain a low bacterial count as high bacterial count will drastically reduce the quality, safety, processability and shelf life of milk and milk products. Farmers were encouraged to test for CA, a process that will be done in collaboration with the Dairy Services and DVS. Testing herds for CA will help reduce economic losses due to the resultant abortions by infected cows.

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

Fresh cow12 management

Technical assistance was given to farmers on the proper management of fresh cows to recover from postpartum disorders such as retained placentas, milk fever, and uterine infections. A cow belonging to one of the lead farmers, Medarido Sibanda from Chirumhanzu is recovering from a uterine prolapse and the subsequent infections and was attended to by the DVS personnel.

Recordkeeping Farmers were trained on the appropriate use of records as a management tool to track and monitor animal growth starting with the primary record source, the statutory stock card. Through analysis and explanation of the different stock classes, farmers were trained on management techniques for the different classes in preparation for the winter season. It was noted that farmers have a tendency to exclude calves from the records on the stock card until they are over six months of age; distorting the subsequent cattle management records including calving dates, calving intervals and overall herd performance. Calves are not recorded on the stock card as calves less than six months are not dipped for ticks to build their natural immunity against tick borne diseases. Dairy farmers were trained on the essentials of keeping records, which will be used as decision-making tools on the farm. Farmers selling milk at farm gate received this training to enable them to track all expenditure and income in the business. Previously, these farmers were unaware of monthly production costs and income from milking their cows. Proper recording of all farm production, expenses, and sales will help farmers to make good management decisions.

Feed formulation Twelve feed formulation centers have been established (one per ward) in Chipinge district operational areas and the host farmers were advised to procure molasses; stockpile crop stover and, where possible, treat it with urea; gather locally available nutritious tree pods and procure mineral and vitamin premixes. Farmers around the demonstrations have produced a diverse range of fodder crops, which will be used to formulate balanced feed rations for maintenance and feedlot production. Farmers will be trained at the feed formulation centers on simple methods to formulate low-cost animal feeds. The stock feed will be analysed for nutrient composition. Home-made feeds are cheaper than commercial feeds, particularly when incorporated with locally available feed resources. Animal Health and Disease Control

During the review period, 226 dairy and 500 beef farmers across the 10 program operational districts received training on animal health compared to 331 and 571 respectively in the previous quarter. Farmers in all program areas were trained on prevention and treatment of diseases that are prevalent at this time of the year using vaccines and various drugs. Diseases prevalent during the review period included heart water, botulism, lumpy skin, Senkobo and blackleg. The effective way for control is through routine vaccinations and regular dipping of cattle to minimize tick borne diseases.

In Nkayi district, 116 farmers received technical training on animal health with the main focus on prevention and treatment of diseases such as lumpy skin, blackleg, and CA in heifers. Farmers were advised to form groups for procurement of vaccines to achieve economies of scale. DVS has been carrying out mass blackleg vaccinations for farmers who paid for the vaccines and have so far vaccinated 1,304 cattle from three dip tanks. DVS is also undertaking Newcastle Disease vaccinations in poultry through the use of community based vaccinators.

In Lupane district, the most prevalent diseases noticed were heart water, foot rot, blackleg and lumpy skin. In April 2017, four beneficiary farmers purchased 50 doses of blackleg and lumpy skin vaccine and

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017 vaccinated their cattle. Foot rot was minimized by erecting temporary pens to lessen muddy conditions during overnight confinement. In May 2017, Sebenzani group (12 farmers) in Ngombane village, Ward 8 contributed funds to purchase 50 doses of botulism and black leg vaccine at a cost of $13. The program in conjunction with DVS and DLPD held a vaccination demonstration exercise for the group using the purchased drugs.

In Hwange district, the program conducted a training campaign for farmers to vaccinate their animals against diseases that are prevalent during the reported quarter. Thirteen farmers put together $26 to buy 100 doses of a dual blackleg and botulism vaccine and vaccinated their herds. The exercise was carried out in collaboration with DVS and DLPD. DVS recommended a second round vaccination to boost and maintain high levels of immunity throughout the year.

Farmers in Midlands province were trained on the endemic dermatophilus congolensis infection, a chronic fungal skin disease affecting a wide range of species of livestock. The skin disease, also known as Senkobo, infected many farmers’ cows resulting in poor animal condition, which also negatively impacted cattle grade and sale prices. Farmers were advised to use penicillin based antibiotics such as Procaben to counter secondary infection.

Dipping and deworming

Technical assistance aimed at reducing the prevalence of ticks through regular dipping was conducted across all districts. Tick populations remained significantly high in all program areas during the quarter, predisposing cattle to deadly tick-borne diseases such as heart water. Most of the government-run dip tanks in Midlands province are short of acaricides and farmers were advised to do their own dipping at their respective households and follow a short dipping cycle of three to five days, especially where ticks were most prevalent.

Farmers were also encouraged to deworm their cattle to control liver fluke and other intestinal worms prevalent during the wet period. Internal parasites weaken the immunity of the animals resulting in secondary infections, poor performance, and subsequent loss of animals. Trainings focused on correct choice of anthelmintic products; proper times to deworm; use of correct doses, and management of pesticide resistance.

In addition, the program raised awareness on the dangers of human open defecation as it relates to beef measles. Farmers in Midlands were encouraged to carry out routine deworming of their cattle and to construct toilets to avoid beef measles, which causes cattle carcasses to be condemned. Beef measles incidences are a cause of concern in Shurugwi district where two carcasses were condemned due to contamination.

Farm infrastructure To augment program training on fodder conservation and utilization, farmers received training on repair and construction of cattle handling facilities to include crush pens, cattle races, feed troughs, hay racks, upgradable milk parlors and water troughs. Feed troughs and hay racks help to minimize feed loss and spoilage from cow dung and urine. Functional water troughs enable cattle to easily access adequate and clean drinking water, reducing walking distances to water sources with the onset of the dry season.

Female farmers Ratidzo Tinogo of Ward 11, Chirumhanzu and Lucia Zvidzayi of Gokwe South invested in permanent silage pits. Tinogo’s pit has a capacity to hold about 1.5 tons of chopped silage. Lucia Zvidzayi, with support from husband Foreman constructed a silage pit at a cost of $150. The pit can process at least 10 tons of silage securing enough nutrition for her two milking cows for the year. According to Lucia,

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

the investment was triggered by animal nutrition trainings from the program that made her realize the importance of ensuring sufficient nutritious silage for her cows to maintain constant volumes of milk for the market. Feeding her cows with maize silage is enabling Lucia to maintain daily milk production of 8 liters per cow per day, generating a monthly income of around $150, during the lean season.

All Photos by Fintrac (Left) Ratidzo Tinogo showing a newly constructed urea treatment pit with the maize stover in the background. Currently she is getting five liters of milk from her cows which she uses to feed her family (Right) Lucia Zvidzayi and her husband on their newly constructed fodder pit.

All Photos by Fintrac (Left) Collen Nyamakawo and his wife Gladys Gokwe South on their milk shed slab. (Right) Nyamakawo’s employee handmilking one of their cows.

Dehorning, castration and ear tagging

The program in collaboration with DLPD and DVS conducted training and demonstrations on dehorning of cattle and castration of young males. Castration removes undesirable bulls and improves the quality of meat while dehorning improves cattle handling, feeding and transportation efficiencies. In Lupane, 14 male calves belonging to five farmers were castrated during a demonstration. In Midlands, 86 calves were dehorned during demonstrations. The program is promoting ear tagging for ease of identification, recordkeeping, cattle management, and theft deterrent. Forty-eight cattle were ear tagged during demonstrations in Midlands. 3.3.4 Partnerships EG.3.2-5 Number of public-private partnerships formed as a result of USG assistance

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

The Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program’s approach to commercialization of small-scale farmers includes partnerships with private sector traders, processors, input suppliers, technical service providers, and credit and financial institutions (See Annex 3&4). These partnerships help to facilitate and foster sustainable relationships among these players.

In this quarter, the program facilitated an agro input market linkage between a group in Ward 11, Chirumhanzu and Windmill (Pvt) Ltd. under the company’s input savings scheme. The program facilitated opening of the account through offering trainings on group input procurement. The aim of the group is to bulk purchase inputs through monthly savings with disbursement being done just before the rains in October.

3.4 NUTRITION AND WASH

The program carried out hygiene and nutrition-related behavior change activities through training and technical assistance aimed at improving health outcomes and productivity by livestock farmers. During the reporting period, activities focused on: promoting small livestock production; proper food preservation of summer crops; hand washing; proper household waste disposal; infant feeding; and increasing the consumption of milk and other dairy products.

Behavior change activities using practical hands-on trainings and demonstrations were targeted at lead farmers and centers of excellence, radiating to mentored farmers and the remaining beneficiaries. Tables 3.4.1 and 3.4.2 summarize the number of program beneficiaries who received training and technical assistance on basic nutrition, WASH, and child health during the quarter. A total of 1,060 beneficiaries, 48 percent women, received training and technical assistance on basic nutrition focusing on food groups, nutrition gardens, and value addition through food preservation of summer crops.

Table 3.4.1: Basic Nutrition Trainings in Program Focus Areas, Q3 FY2017 January- March, 2017 April –June 2017 District Female Male Total % Women Female Male Total % Women

Chipinge 136 49 37 47 139 275 42 79

Chirumhanzu 99 45 104 52 120 219 97 201

Gokwe South 95 46 68 44 113 208 88 156

Gweru 14 56 35 29 11 25 84 119

Hwange 27 47 53 51 31 58 50 103

Kwekwe 44 46 22 42 52 96 31 53

Lupane 36 44 48 47 46 82 55 103

Nkayi 26 68 56 69 12 38 25 81

Shurugwi 19 41 36 39 27 46 56 92

Umzingwane 43 54 49 67 36 79 24 73

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

Grand Total 48 508 48 539 587 1,126 552 1,060 Source: CIRIS

During the quarter, 1,279 beneficiaries were trained on WASH topics compared to 1,115 in the previous quarter while 607 beneficiaries participated in child health and nutrition trainings and demonstrations which focused on infant feeding, growth monitoring, maternal health, and exclusive breastfeeding.

Table 3.4.2: WASH Trainings by District, Q3 FY2017 January- March, 2017 April –June 2017 District Female Male Total % Women Female Male Total % Women

Chipinge 111 123 234 47 33 60 93 35 Chirumhanzu 89 107 196 45 99 106 205 48 Gokwe South 102 120 222 46 83 131 214 39 Gweru 17 19 36 47 47 88 135 35 Hwange 29 17 46 63 38 58 96 40 Kwekwe 32 38 70 46 30 49 79 38 Lupane 31 45 76 41 79 60 139 57 Nkayi 53 51 104 51 56 27 83 67 Shurugwi 24 42 66 36 51 73 124 41 Umzingwane 37 28 65 57 58 53 111 52

Grand total 47 45 525 590 1,115 574 705 1,279 Source: CIRIS

Below is a summary of trainings and technical visits conducted in promoting Child health and Nutrition for each district

Table 3.4.3: Child Health and Nutrition Trainings in Program Focus Areas, Q3 FY2017 January- March, 2017 April –June 2017 District Female Male Total % Women Female Male Total % Women

Chipinge 96 165 42 34 69 13 25 38

Chirumhanzu 25 57 56 63 32 50 30 80

Gokwe South 42 92 54 54 50 56 48 104

Gweru 4 6 33 34 2 30 58 88

Hwange 4 14 71 48 10 14 15 29

Kwekwe 29 67 57 55 38 18 15 33

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

Lupane 42 70 40 50 28 57 56 113

Nkayi 9 36 75 69 27 36 16 52

Shurugwi 8 16 50 48 8 28 30 58

Umzingwane 31 66 53 75 35 9 3 12

Grand total 290 589 51 51 299 311 296 607 Source: CIRIS All trainings and technical assistance were carried out in collaboration with local village health workers as well as other NGOs implementing nutrition and WASH activities in the program focus areas. Improved behavior change in WASH and nutrition is monitored through six indicators under three sub intermediary components:  Improved utilization of nutritious foods  Improved hygiene behaviors  Increased prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding 3.4.1 Improved Utilization of Nutritious Foods

The period under review was characterized by abundance of diverse food sources as most farmers were involved in harvesting summer crops. Activities to increase food diversity focused on raising awareness and sensitizing program beneficiaries on how to increase consumption of different foods to meet nutritional requirements of different family members. Attention focused on production activities which promoted cropping diversity through nutritional gardens; increased consumption of milk and other dairy products; and good animal husbandry practices in the production of small livestock such as poultry, rabbits, goats and sheep.

Utilization of nutritious foods by program beneficiaries during the review period is reported below under the four monitored indicators:

 LD2 Percent of households that consistently consume at least 5 of the 9 food groups13;  HL.9.1-c Women’s dietary diversity: Mean number of food groups consumed by women of reproductive age;  LD12 Prevalence of households with moderate or severe hunger.  LD14 Prevalence of children 6-23 months receiving a minimum acceptable diet. LD2 Percent of households that consistently consume at least 5 of the 9 food groups Most households had a good cropping season, which gave good yields from the fields. Farmers in all areas harvested sufficient cereals for their households as well as some for their cattle and small livestock. Green vegetables were readily available while dark green vegetables were also abundant.

Farmers received training and technical assistance on good crop harvesting and preservation practices; prevention of post-harvest losses; diet diversification through food demonstrations; and embracing the use of milk in different dishes. Farmers were encouraged to dry cereals thoroughly, apply safe grain

13 The nine food groups are 1. Grains, roots and tubers; 2. Legumes and nuts; 3. Dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese); 4. Organ meat (liver, kidney, intestines, heart, lungs, tripe, brains, etc.); 5. Eggs; 6. Flesh foods (meat) and other misc. small animal protein (edible insects, birds, mice, worms, etc.); 7. Vitamin A rich dark green leafy vegetables (covo, spinach, rape, cabbages, mustard, etc.); 8. Other Vitamin A rich vegetables (carrots, butternuts, amaranthus, black jack, pumpkin leaves, cowpeas leaves, sweet potatoes leaves, etc.) and fruits; 9. Other fruits and vegetables Prepared by Fintrac Inc. 33

Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017 protectant pesticides and store them in cool dry places. For groundnuts, the focus was on minimizing aflatoxin contaminations through drying on racks. Solar drying was promoted for vegetables and fruits (both harvested at home or from the wild).

Sweet potatoes were commonly found in most beneficiary households and farmers were trained on how to use them in different dishes. In Gokwe South, five lead farmers were trained how to incorporate sweet potato flour in bread making which increases the nutrient density of the bread. Sweet potatoes are preserved through solar drying then ground into powder, which is added into the dough to increase the Vitamin A content.

From the first round of the AHS results, consumption of animal products is still very low among program beneficiaries. The program dedicated the whole of June 2017 to commemorate World Milk Day. The

Photo by Fintrac World Milk Day: (left) Sibusisiwe Dube of Lupane, Matabeleland North milking goats to make tea using goat’s milk. (Right) Asemahle and Lwandile –sons to Fridah Mpofu also from Lupane, drinking cow’s milk. focus was on promoting activities that increase consumption of milk from cows and other sources such as goats by improving production through adoption of GAHPs.

The program encouraged all beneficiaries to implement GAHPs on their milking cows (beef or dairy) to increase milk production and hence consumption of milk. Cattle and goats were in a good state because of the pastures and farmers were encouraged to milk cattle and goats to include milk in their household recipes.

In Chipinge, the program advised a group of six poultry farmers (three females) to jointly purchase Newcastle Disease vaccine and vaccinate 200 indigenous chickens against the disease. The farmers augment their incomes through poultry sales in addition to having a ready protein source for their diet. According to Ceiphas Mave , surrounding farmers are set to emulate the group’s purchase to ensure 100 percent vaccinations are achieved.

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

Locusts, another of nature’s cheap source of protein, were in abundance in all program areas. In Ward 29 Chipinge, the program promoted consumption of the insects as a protein source as it was culturally acceptable and readily available. A family of six requires about 1.2 kilograms for a meal.

The program continued to promote growing of different fruit trees to ensure dietary diversity. Major setbacks in most areas were caused by termite attacks and availability of water. To deal with water availability, the program advocates re-using household grey water for fruit trees. In addition, advice is given on safe chemicals for controlling termites in the orchards. Rose Masara from Chipinge took heed of the program’s suggestion of using chemicals to control termites and now she has an attractive orchard in the middle of the dry area.

HL.9.1-c Women’s dietary diversity: Mean number of food groups consumed by women of reproductive age

According to results from the first round AHS, Vitamin A rich foods and high protein source foods were the least accessed by women of child bearing age (15-49 years). During the review period, the program continued to promote the production, consumption, and preservation of vegetables as most farmers were going back to gardening and GAHPs in raising of poultry and small stock. The program is providing technical assistance and promoting the rearing of goats, rabbits, and indigenous breeds of fowls (chicken, guinea fowl, quail, and turkey), as they require minimal capital investment and are well adapted to smallholder farming conditions. Beneficiaries were encouraged to consume chicken at least once fortnightly and an egg every day where possible.

Following program trainings on enhancing dietary protein intake among households, Medarido Sibanda from Chirumhanzu district is slaughtering at least three rabbits per month to meet his family’s nutrition requirements. Sibanda is among 10 lead farmers in the district that are now rearing a variety of small stock. Sibanda is using vegetables from his nutrition garden and small grains from the summer harvests to feed the rabbits and fowls for rapid growth and more egg production.

Nutrition and hygiene fairs were conducted in three villages of Ward 11 in Chirumhanzu district to showcase and promote dietary diversity among households. The focus was on coming up with recipes that incorporated legumes. Farmers shared nutritious home grown recipes which enable the inclusion of beans and other legumes (cow peas, round nuts, ground nuts) in a versatile way in the diet of rural communities. Bean sausages were one innovative way of encouraging consumption of protein rich legumes. Several legume dishes were showcased and farmers tasted the dishes. Malaria is one of the major threats to poor maternal health as it is a risk factor for anemia. Malaria is endemic to low lying areas such as Chipinge. Pregnant women were encouraged to seek medication early and to take prophylactics to prevent maternal deaths. The farmers were also encouraged to clear their environment of bushes, tall grass and the seasonal puddles close to their homes which are factors that promote mosquito breeding.

Following the program’s technical assistance on managing the effects of high saline levels in water by establishing crops on beds that are well drained to avoid salt accumulation, Precious Makuyana from Chipinge, Manicaland, established a 0.01 hectare nutrition garden to enhance her household’s nutritional status. Makuyana planted tomatoes, leafy vegetables and onions to supplement her seven member household’s dietary requirements. Embracing the commercial approach from the program, the household is now realizing at least $30 per month from selling surplus produce to neighbors. The income from vegetable sales is used to purchase fish and beef, enabling the family to access more food groups.

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017

LD12 Prevalence of households with moderate or severe hunger Most households were actively involved in harvesting their summer crops during the quarter. The good season experienced in most program areas improved the food security of most households. The program provided technical assistance on good post-harvest practices that ensure their harvest will take them throughout the year. Farmers were reminded to ensure that they set aside enough cereal for their household and livestock before selling any surplus. Each person requires at least 500 grams per day of cereal which amounts to 183 kilograms per year per person and at least 1.1 tons for an average family of six. A ton and a half of cereal set aside for household and animal feed was being encouraged as a safety net. The program is using a whole farm approach to reduce the incidences of moderate to severe hunger. Farmers are encouraged to generate income through other agricultural enterprises. In Gokwe South, farmers are aggregating groundnuts for the Bulawayo market, while beef-dairy farmers are being enrolled into Gokwe MCC as “guest farmers”.

LD14 Prevalence of children 6-23 months receiving a minimum acceptable diet The program promoted food demonstration and consumption of milk by all children during the month of June 2017 as part of the World Milk Day commemorations. Food demonstrations were targeted at caregivers who were trained on meal planning using locally available foods. Farmers learned the different food groups using the color of the food then made combinations that would have at least four colors for a child’s meal. Caregivers were also taught how to adjust the amount, texture and frequency of feeding depending on the age of the child. Beneficiaries were encouraged to give 500 milliliters of milk per day for all children up to 2 years of age. Photo by Fintrac The program in collaboration with two village health Lead farmer Sibusisiwe Dube in Nkunzini village workers from Nkunzini Village in Ward 20 of Nkayi District of Lupane leads a demonstration on different conducted a practical child health training session. The recipes in preparation of a child meal. training was attended by 12 participants (10 women) who included breastfeeding mothers, pregnant women, the village head, and grandmothers. The group had an opportunity to discuss issues around exclusive breastfeeding, dietary diversity, good hygiene practices in preparation of infant food and the need for mothers to have postnatal checkups at clinics. The village health workers made use of visual aids, which made the training more participatory.

3.4.2 Exclusive Breastfeeding

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LD 13: Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding of children under six months of age As noted by the results from the first AHS, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding of children below six months of age was on the decline, so deliberate efforts were made during the quarter to actively seek for those households with breastfeeding mothers. In partnership with the village health workers (VHW), messages were shared and discussions centered on child nutrition. In Nkayi, lead farmer Rebecca Masango is encouraging exclusive breastfeeding to her daughter and daughter-in-law who recently gave birth. They visit the clinic frequently in addition to the support they get from the local VHW. Low milk supply was mentioned by some mothers as a common problem that resulted in the low uptake of exclusive Photo by Fintrac breastfeeding. A mapping exercise is ongoing Rebecca Masango’s daughter enjoying breastfeeding during a technical visit in Ward 17, Nkayi district. to ensure that all beneficiary households with pregnant and breastfeeding mothers receive enough support.

All Photos by Fintrac (Left) Anna Moyo of Umzingwane washing her hands at a handwashing station close to her milking parlour (Right) Members of Asiziphatheni Women Group participating in the hand washing demonstration at Irisvale, Umzingwane district.

3.4.3 Improved Hygiene Behaviors

LD 3 Percent of households that consistently practice at least 4 out of 6 good hygiene practices

Efforts were made during the quarter to improve on this indicator as it performed poorly during the first round of the AHS. During the review period, the program trained 1,279 beneficiaries on WASH topics, a 13 percent increase over the previous quarter. The six hygiene behavior changes that were monitored included:

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Hand washing stations with cleansing agent and water within 10 paces of latrines Hand washing station mounted within 10 steps of the latrine is a cue to action that makes handwashing easy after toilet use, if the toilet is available. The AHS indicated that 78 percent of program beneficiaries had toilets so the program was targeting those without toilets to ensure proper human waste disposal and hand washing with a detergent used at all times. Messages were also promoting regular maintenance of the hand washing stations. Farmers are taking advantage of the soft ground after the end of the rainy season to dig out toilet pits. Clemence Mubaso of Ward 16 Chipinge constructed a toilet for $120. Photo by Fintrac Norah Mubaso, Clemence Mubaso’s sister Hand washing with cleansing agent at four standing at their newly built toilet. critical moments (after defecating; after cleaning a child or handling diapers; before preparing food; before eating). Results from the first round of the AHS indicate a low adoption of this practice. During the reporting period, focus was on improving access and affordability of cleansing agents to beneficiaries. The program collaborated and engaged a USAID funded program, Zimbabwe:Works to facilitate access to liquid soap and ingredients by program beneficiaries. The program beneficiaries welcomed the idea and are making liquid soap and also selling the surplus to neighbors. Access to the soap making ingredients is still a challenge. However, improved access to affordable detergent within the communities is helping to improve the frequency of hand washing with a detergent. Nanziwe Nkomaza of Ward 13 Umzingwane district stated that though she knew that water alone was not effective to wash away fecal dirt from her hands, it was not easy to perform the good practices as she had no soap; availability of liquid soap has made it easier and sustainable for her household to adopt the behavior change.

Dispose of solid household waste in protected pits. Farmers were trained on the separation of household waste into three disposal pits as a way of improving hygiene and protecting livestock from harmful waste. Nyarai Zhou of Maisa Village, Kwekwe lamented the loss of a pregnant goat worth $35 from eating plastic that littered her yard. She welcomed the message and acted on it by digging a pit and clearing her yard. At a fodder field day at Andrew Sibanda’s home in Ward 4 Lupane district, 78 Photo by Fintrac Inc. farmers, local leaders and government Andrew Sibanda stressing the need of having three disposal pits officials that attended appreciated the at his homestead in Zamani village, ward 4, Lupane District. waste disposal message as most had witnessed poor cattle growth and deaths due to ingested material that was not biodegradable.

Use recommended water treatment/purification technologies

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Due to the perennial scarcity of water in some districts, program beneficiaries tend to concentrate on improving access to water, more than the issues related to water safety. The program is promoting improved access to water by farmers having their own personal water points, leading to improved control over the resource and opportunities to purify the water (See Text box 3.4.1). Activities also promote good hygienic practices in the storage and use of water obtained from protected sources like boreholes or the protected deep wells. Farmers were made aware of the risks associated with drinking untreated water and recommended boiling as one simple low-cost method that is easy to practice. Store water in safe storage containers Potable water in most households is obtained from communal boreholes carried in buckets and tins. Farmers were Photo by Fintrac assisted to identify stages and practices Siphephisiwe Nkomo and her spouse Arthur Ncube from Lupane are now happy to have access to water from their deep well. Text Box 3.4.1: Farmer’s determination eventually pays off in improving access to water The program has encouraged lead farmer Siphephisiwe Nkomo of Lupane Matabeleland North to break through in household water provision. For two years their efforts in digging for water were unsuccessful due to the rocky nature of the area. The water table was finally reached at 14 meters deep which revived hope for the farmer. The $870 investment was derived from crop and livestock sales proceeds and now Nkomo has a guaranteed safe and reliable source of water for her nutrition garden, livestock, and domestic use. Previously, watering her cattle was a laborious daily task involving a 5- kilometer trek to the community borehole, resulting in the animals receiving insufficient water for their daily requirements. Nkomo plans to build a wall around the hole, have a covering lid and have it chlorinated by the local environmental health technician to ensure safety of the water. Nkomo will establish feedlot pens and drinking troughs to increase productivity from her eight cattle. The program is also encouraging farmers to invest in improving livestock and household access to safe drinking water through activities such as pen fattening and market linkages. during which water is likely to be contaminated. Beneficiaries were trained to reduce cross contamination of water during storage. In Takawira village of , the farmers have engaged community leaders to discuss modalities of repairing some communal boreholes as well as to provide water troughs for watering livestock as a means of reducing cross contamination.

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Dispose all feces including the children’s in a toilet/latrine Efforts are continuing to encourage each beneficiary household to embrace the need to use toilets or latrines to dispose of human feces. The program continued to remind farmers about the link between improper disposal of human waste and the incidence of beef measles in cattle to influence behaviour change. Since program inception, 18 carcasses from 18 farmers worth $3,628 were condemned for beef measles; the majority (89 percent) were from Shurugwi district. The program is engaging the local authorities to hold stakeholder forums focusing on proper construction and use of toilets. Beef measles is an economic disease, which threatens farmers’ participation in formal markets.

Funding for construction of new toilets was from savings or agricultural sales of crops and livestock. Partnership with the village health workers has been critical in the promotion, design, and siting of toilets. Farmers are gradually adopting the behaviour as they move from the open defecation, bush system to constructing low-cost upgradable toilets for their homesteads.

Photo by Fintrac The recently constructed toilet at Trust Luphahla’s homestead Ngombane Village, Ward 8 Lupane district.

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3.5 BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT AND FINANCIAL LINKAGES

Business development and financial linkage services are cross-cutting activities that contribute directly to program results by assisting beneficiaries in identifying long-term opportunities for earning additional income. During the reporting period, activities focused on:  Farmer organization. Building the organizational capacity of farmer groups to serve members’ needs for input supply, output markets and service provision to reduce transaction costs. Training was provided on group formation and product consolidation for direct marketing of cattle off the rangeland and urea treatment of stover demonstrations among others.  Leadership skills. Training and technical assistance on basic facilitation skills was provided to lead farmers to ensure effective mentoring of peers on GAHPs and marketing information.  Basic business skills. Improving planning and decision making skills required to adopt farming as a family business. Training and technical assistance included enterprise budgeting; recordkeeping; group marketing; market intelligence and electronic banking.  Credit management. To build good credit history, farmers who were first time borrowers received training on group lending, banking procedures and electronic banking to ensure timely loan repayment.  Market linkages. Farmers, mostly beef smallholder, were linked directly to abattoirs for cattle marketing and veterinary shops for input supply of essential vaccines and dosing remedies.

Achievements under business skills development during the period under review are reported in the sections below with the appropriate FTF and custom indicators:

3.5.1 Technical Assistance and Training

EG.3.2-4 Number of for-profit private enterprises, producer organizations, water users associations, women's groups, trade and business associations, and community-based organizations (CBOs) receiving USG food security related organizational development assistance

During the period under review, cattle marketing groups from Gweru, Shurugwi, Hwange and Chirumhanzu received business development training and technical assistance on beef marketing with a focus on group formation; product consolidation; beef market trends; estimating the value of the animal using weigh belt and prevailing prices; abattoir processes; meat grading and the payment systems. As a result 202 farmers sold 334 cattle valued at $180,457 to Heads and Hooves, Montana Carswell and Koala Park.

In Gokwe South, 21 members of the Gokwe Dairy Cooperative Society received training on duties of office bearers, constitution review and accounting policies and procedures. The exercise revealed the need to provide further training on basic bookkeeping procedures to the treasurer and incorporate the accounting policies and procedures into the constitution to harmonize policies.

In Shurugwi, the program collaborated with government partners DPLD and the Ministry of SMEs and cooperative development to address dysfunctional conflict issues at the Shurugwi Dairy Cooperative. Through a stakeholder’s meeting facilitated by the program, officials from the Ministry of Cooperatives provided the members with technical assistance to align their group constitution with the statutory instrument governing cooperatives in the country. As a result, the group postponed a scheduled annual general meeting because membership in attendance did not constitute a quorum, due to disengagement by disgruntled members.

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One farmer group from Ward 14 in Gweru was linked to Dairy Services and a large scale processor, Dairiboard Zimbabwe Limited. Dairy Services is the milk production and marketing regulatory arm of government. Through this interaction, farmers received technical assistance on milk quality, hygiene, dairy regulations, pricing and delivery requirements. In addition, 57 farmers from Gweru were trained on farmer group organization, focusing on strengthening market intelligence of the existing marketing groups. As a result, Mdubiwa and Nsukunengi marketing groups from Ward 7 mobilized cattle for direct sales to Montana Carswell Meats for the first time. Members were instrumental in mentoring their peers on cattle marketing, artificial insemination and fodder preservation and beneficiation among other key program messages. Farming as a family business training was provided to 1,753 beneficiaries (43 percent women) during the review period compared to 1,626 (42 percent women) in the previous quarter (Table 3.5.1.1).

Table 3.5.1.1: Business Skills Training by District, Q3 FY2017 January- March, 2017 April- June, 2017 District % % Female Male Total Female Male Total Women Women Chipinge 132 198 330 40 82 108 190 43 Chirumhanzu 116 140 256 45 111 119 230 48 Gokwe 193 290 483 40 144 263 407 35 South Gweru 22 28 50 44 48 97 145 33 Hwange 30 31 61 49 69 74 143 48 Kwekwe 53 55 108 49 45 72 117 38 Lupane 31 42 73 42 84 70 154 55 Nkayi 51 66 117 44 42 37 79 53 Shurugwi 18 46 64 28 60 96 156 38 Umzingwane 44 40 84 52 73 59 132 55 Grand 690 936 1,626 42 758 995 1,753 43 Total Source: CIRIS The majority of business skills training took place in the dairy areas, Gokwe South and Chirumhanzu districts, to capacitate dairy farmers on the complexities of the milk marketing business. Integrated training and technical assistance was provided on recordkeeping, enterprise budgeting, credit control, contract management and group marketing, with emphasis on electronic banking.

Table 3.5.1.2: Business Skills training by subject, Q3 FY2017 January- March, 2017 April- June, 2017 % Femal Mal Femal Mal % Subject Total Wome Total e e e e Women n Contract Management 12 31 43 28 0 0 0 0 Credit Management 227 302 529 43 127 220 347 37

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Farm Planning 33 50 83 40 91 123 214 43 Recordkeeping 391 525 916 43 494 619 1113 44 Group Marketing 160 215 375 43 382 453 835 46 Enterprise Budgeting 100 115 215 47 60 108 168 36 Farmer Group 189 245 434 44 308 444 752 41 Organization Capacity Building 45 75 120 38 86 83 169 51 Bank Account 2 8 10 20 10 19 29 34 Establishment Other 120 124 244 49 23 70 93 25 Source: CIRIS Table 3.5.1.2 summarizes the number of beneficiaries who received business skills trainings on various subjects compared to the previous quarter.

Enterprise budget training Enterprise budgeting was introduced as a planning tool in beef and beef-dairy enterprises to estimate key variable costs which include maintenance and production diets; veterinary drugs; breeding and marketing costs . The training demonstrated the benefit of working in groups to reduce transaction costs. For example, vaccines costing on average $0.40 per dose are affordable if farmers work in groups to buy the vaccines that come in 20, 50 and 100 doses against their herd sizes, averaging eight to 10 cattle per household. Cattle marketing transport costs become affordable if farmers aim to fill a truckload rather than market individually. Lead farmers were advised to coordinate group procurement of inputs that not only reduces transaction costs, but also improve the health and ultimately the reproductive and overall performance of their cattle. Recordkeeping training One thousand one hundred and thirteen (1,113) beneficiary farmers, (44 percent women), received training and technical assistance on recordkeeping topics during the review period, compared to 916 in the previous quarter. The program continues to show smallholder beef and dairy farmers the need to gradually transition from oral to written records that can be used to inform decisions on herd management by other family members to complement the recall information usually held by the household head. During the quarter under review, 816 Midlands farmers received training on recordkeeping, which is vital in commercializing livestock farming businesses. Records are an important tool in decision making for tracking income and expenditure and determining profitability of the business. In line with the program’s promotion of AI, farmers were also urged to keep comprehensive breeding information14.

Credit management training

Hands-on training, on banking procedures and electronic banking, was provided by Lion Finance to six groups in Gokwe South district. The training assisted 45 beef-dairy farmers from wards 13, 14 and 16 to repay their loans to Lion Finance over three instalments using either bank deposits or electronic banking. As a result, a loan repayment rate of 98 percent was achieved with minimum costs for the financier as the operational costs were reduced to phoning and associated banking costs. This demonstrated that group lending for smallholder farmers can be viable using virtual banks and enable borrowers to repay their loans

14 Date of service, date of pregnancy diagnosis (PD), calving date, breed , sex, dam, sire, drying off period and animal health information (date of treatment, name of drug used, name of the disease, withdrawal period). Prepared by Fintrac Inc. 43

Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017 on time. Given the cash crisis in the country, the program continues to encourage farmers to embrace electronic banking as the contemporary mode of doing business.

Electronic bank training Financial transactions in Zimbabwe are transitioning to electronic methods, however, smallholder farmers in program areas view electronic transactions with mistrust. Thus the program is actively creating awareness for the acceptance of electronic payment systems in marketing of livestock and purchases of farm inputs. Increase in off the rangeland sales in the period under review is also partly attributable to acceptance of electronic payment systems. Montana Carswell Meats in Masvingo is making payments of 30 percent as cash and the balance of 70 percent through electronic payments. Twenty-seven Matabeleland North farmers who sold their animals to Montana Carswell Meats in Kwekwe were trained on electronic banking. The abattoir offered 50 percent cash and 50 percent electronic payment, which made their offered prices very competitive compared to other abattoirs. The emphasis during trainings was on acceptance of electronic money as a form of payment. Initially farmers were not convinced about the EcoCash or bank transfer system. The program trained the farmers on the advantages of electronic banking and how they benefit, especially in terms of security, when selling their animals. Informal buyers are using the cash shortage to their advantage, buying from farmers for cash, but at very low prices. Therefore the program has been working with partner stakeholders such as DLPD and DVS to provide awareness on electronic banking systems. In Hwange, two farmers who sold 14 animals to Heads and Hooves butchery opted for payment by transfer, which paid them $0.50 more per kilogram cold dressed mass (CDM) compared to those who insisted on cash payment. The Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program continues to encourage farmers to embrace electronic payment technology as cash is scarce. However, farmers are still sceptical due to their lack of appreciation of the technology. Farmers in Chipinge welcomed the electronic banking systems to adapt to the cash crisis situation in Zimbabwe. All of the 51 Chipinge farmers who sold cattle directly to Koala Park abattoir this quarter received their payment through EcoCash and or bank accounts. Determining animal value Determining animal value is essential when negotiating prices to ensure the best value. Farmers from Shurugwi, Gweru and Hwange were trained on determining the value of their animals using practical demonstrations with their own cattle. The program assisted farmers in weighing their animals before sale, ageing them through examination of detention as well as live mass grading. Farmers realized that their visual valuations under-estimated their cattle values by more than 70 percent compared to results obtained from estimations using weigh belts. In Bulawayo, a group of 12 Hwange farmers underwent a carcass grading tutorial facilitated by government graders using their animals as practical examples. This gave farmers insight to how their cattle are valued after slaughter.

Before program intervention in Chipinge district, farmers were selling their cattle through middlemen who were paying half the value farmers are now receiving from formal markets such as abattoirs. A 200 kilogram commercial grade ox that used to fetch $300 from informal buyers, now consistently earns about $600 due to the Feed the Feed Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program’s cattle marketing linkages. The program empowered smallholder farmers in Chipinge to negotiate prices and to access the lucrative beef cattle markets in Chiredzi and Masvingo provided by Koala Park abattoir, Sabie Meats, and Montana Carswell Meats.

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In Lupane, the program facilitated four farmers from Ngombane village, Ward 8 to jointly purchase 50 doses of a dual botulism and blackleg vaccine and a subsequent vaccination demonstration exercise with DVS and DLPD was attended by 12 farmers.

In Nkayi, 26 animals belonging to six farmers were dewormed during a fodder field day hosted by lead farmer Micah Ncube who utilized funds collected to procure Albex®. Of the 26 animals dewormed, 18 belonged to women beneficiaries. 3.5.2 Access to Finance and Credit Access to credit was facilitated through group lending models that provided group co-guarantees as a security option for receiving commercial loans.

EG.3.2-3 Number of MSMEs, including farmers, receiving agricultural related credit as a result of USG assistance.

During the review period, 45 Gokwe farmers (10 women) repaid 98 percent of the loans they received from Lion Finance. The farmers received short term loans amounting to $3,032 to artificially inseminate 56 cows and heifers in Q2 FY2017. The loans, which were bridging finance until commencement of crop harvesting and marketing, were to be reimbursed over three months at an interest rate of 4 percent per month and once off administration and insurance cost at 3 and 1 percent, respectively. Training and technical assistance covered loan repayment with emphasis on group lending and electronic banking. Stakeholders welcomed the development and applauded the program for bringing in more financiers in Gokwe South district.

LD 8 Percent of beneficiaries borrowing at least once to finance purchase of livestock or other capital investment

During the period under review no beneficiaries borrowed to finance any capital investment. However, individual farmers bought heifers using money earned from selling their cattle to abattoirs.

EG.3.2-6 Value of Agricultural and Rural loans as a result of USG assistance

Increasing loan availability to smallholder farmers and businesses in rural areas helps expand agricultural production, productivity, markets and trade. The program facilitated eight loan applications from beneficiary beef and dairy farmers in Kwekwe for AI financing. However, no applications were approved as the financier deemed the volume of business too low for commercial viability.

3.5.3 Access to Markets

Meaningful and sustainable commercialization of smallholder farmers occurs when markets are available and farmers can develop the confidence to transact and make profitable sales and incomes. The program is focusing on expanding market access for beef and dairy products from smallholder farmers by facilitating value chain relationships between them and private sector players. The program facilitated the formation of marketing groups and introduced direct marketing of cattle to abattoirs as reported above.

3.5.4 Farmer-led Extension Systems

Farmer-led extension systems continued to be strengthened in the program’s centers of excellence where lead farmers continued to receive training on coordinating; mentoring and facilitation, for increased adoption of GAPs and GAHPs and better business practices by their peers.

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3.5.5 Investment

EG.3.2-22 Value of new private sector capital investment in the agriculture sector or food chain leveraged by FTF implementation

On-farm investment in livestock and farm machinery contributes to increased production and productivity. The program encourages beneficiaries to rationalize herds by selling unproductive classes of animals and replacing them with productive classes, mainly heifers and breeding cows (See Textbox 3.1). Following program advice to improve efficiency when loading animals for slaughter, farmers in Hwange invested $130 to construct a loading ramp (See Annex 1: Program Rescuscitates Beef Sales to formal markets in Hwange). The program encourages farmers to invest in productivity and livelihoods enhancing farm improvements such as water reticulation and irrigation systems. The program provided technical assistance to Japhet Chakwamura from Kwekwe district to acquire a generator for $605 to power a water pump. Chakwamura is in the process of setting up a water reticulation project for household and livestock use as well as a drip irrigation system for his horticultural nutrition project.

The program linked farmers of the Kushinga group in Chirumhanzu to Windmill Pvt Ltd to purchase their wide variety of fertilizers and stock feeds. Kushinga group is a savings and lending group in Ward 1 and currently they are in the process of applying for the Windmill cash account facility as a group. Their books indicated that as at June 30 2017 they had close to $350 in their savings account.

Twenty-nine year old Blessing Moyo of Kwekwe, Midlands has invested $1,032 in AI equipment to facilitate the establishment of a small livestock service provision business (See Annex 1: Creating economic opportunities for young entrepreneurs in the livestock value chain). 3.6 LOCAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

The Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program’s contract includes a component to build the capacity of local organizations, partnering with the program and the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Crop Development, to effectively implement USAID-funded agricultural development activities. As such, the program uses Fintrac’s organizational capacity assessment to analyse partner’s leadership; corporate governance; strategic planning; operations, financial, and human resource management; and program and service delivery. Assessments are done on a yearly basis to assess partner’s progress and inform future capacity building activities.

The program is currently providing capacity building support to LEAD, a Zimbabwean organization implementing the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Crop Development program, and to four milk collection centers working with program beneficiaries. In addition, the program is building the capacity of its subcontractor ABS-TCM to ensure seamless implementation of the project.

The specific capacity building activities carried out with partner organizations during the review period are detailed below: 3.6.1 LEAD

As a follow-up to the capacity building activities done in Q2 FY2017, the program designed a proposed suppliers’ electronic payment system process flow for LEAD’s consideration and possible implementation to strengthen internal controls and safeguard its financial resources. The advantages to LEAD moving to the new payment platform are:  Time saved by no longer needing to go to banking halls;

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 Eliminates the need to wait for signatories who may be away, out of the country or in the field as they can authorize wherever they are as long as there is internet access;  Lowers banking charges compared to real time gross settlement system (RTGS) if Paynet is used,  Reduced risk of fraudulent payments. Manual signatures can be forged. Passwords instead of manual signatures are used in an electronic system when payment is finally released;  Accurate history on payment for goods and services is kept electronically and this information is readily available when required for audit purposes.

Details of supplier electronic payment platforms available on the local market were shared with LEAD’s senior management for their consideration. The program also proposed to conduct a demonstration for LEAD staff on how the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program’s electronic payment system works for their appreciation and possible adoption. This will be pursued in the next quarter after the LEAD senior finance staff has studied the proposed process flow document to obtain a clearer understanding. The LEAD Information Technology Specialist and three senior finance staff were trained on best information technology practices. The session was two hours long. The areas covered included IT policies and procedures on use of computer hardware and software, web based mail server compared to in-house mail server, importance of use of anti-virus software, and backing up of information. Through the program’s interventions, LEAD has discontinued the use of an in-house mail server and is now using a web based e-mail system. Web based (or Internet Service Provider (ISP) hosted) server has better up-time and availability, while the in-house server is more prone to power outages and internet link problems, which result in loss of email access. The ISP has better support to backup, updates and keeps the server in better running order than the in-house system. Through the program’s interventions, LEAD is now designing an in-house electronic timesheet system, which they are planning to implement soon. At present they use a manual system. The Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development IT Specialist is working with the LEAD IT specialist in the development and finalization of the in-house electronic timesheet for possible implementation in the last quarter of FY2017. Ideal Solutions, an IT company contracted by LEAD, has implemented a database management system (DBMS) for the whole organization. Database management makes it possible to organize and analyze data in a way that supports decision-making. The database schema (logical structure of the database) will also be reviewed by the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program’s IT Specialist to ensure that timeous, accurate, and reliable information is availed to users in the organization. The program conducted two trainings for LEAD Communications Specialist; one was focused on writing, reporting and photography, the other concentrated on branding and marking, writing of weekly highlights, snapshots, and overall USAID communications expectations. 3.6.2 USAID Growth with Governance The program’s communications team conducted training for the new USAID Growth with Governance program’s communications specialist. Capacity training centered on overall orientation and technical training in communications. Specific focus was on overall writing, reporting, photography and communications expectations when working with USAID. 3.6.3 ABS-TCM (Pvt) Ltd. During this quarter, the program reviewed the ABS-TCM accounting manual in an effort to strengthen their policies and procedures as highlighted in the capacity assessment review. Some of the key areas highlighted in the review that require revision include the following:

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 The manual is an ABS-TCM Kenya document that is being used for the local operation. It must be revised to an ABS-TCM Zimbabwe document  The accounting manual needs to be revised to be up to date with the requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards, as it is mandatory for all Zimbabwean companies including ABS- TCM to report in accordance with these standards. Some of the key sections that need to be clearly stated are on foreign currency transactions, property, plant and equipment, maintenance of asset registers, and inventory management.  ABS-TCM needs to implement a comprehensive travel and subsistence policy to cover travel, subsistence, and vehicle use.  ABS-TCM needs to establish policies and procedures that cover debtors and creditors. Procedures on payment of creditors and how the organization relates with its debtors must be well documented. A creditors’ policy will provide well laid down guidelines to staff that will lead to accountability and efficient, effective and transparent use of the organization’s financial resources. A well crafted debtors’ policy will improve the cash flow position of the company, reduce financing costs, and bad debt risk.  Procedures on preparation and submission of statutory obligations need to be added to the accounting manual.

The program will follow-up in the next quarter and ensure necessary changes are effected to the Accounting Manual.

ABS-TCM’s accountant, who works with the program, was trained on the preparation of payment and deposit vouchers and how to process these documents in the Quickbooks accounting system. The accountant was also trained on how to generate and interpret various accounting reports such as profit and loss, balance sheet, deposits, checks, general ledger, and journal reports from Quickbooks accounting system.

3.6.4 MCCs The program is currently working with four MCCs that provide a market for beneficiaries’ milk. The program is working with these MCCs to improve their viability and profitability through building their institutional capacity in monitoring systems, reporting, financial management, regulatory compliance and governance. Umzingwane Dairy Association (UDA), which had closed its doors at the end of last year due to viability issues arising mainly from poor governance and accountability issues by the leadership, re- started operations in June 2017.

Shurugwi Dairy Cooperative Society (SDCS): The program conducted a review of the MCC’s accountability, covering roles and responsibilities, operational and financial position in the last quarter. In this quarter, a report summarizing the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program’s findings and recommendations was drafted and shared with the other stakeholders at provincial and regional level. The stakeholders are DLPD, DVS, AGRITEX, and Zimbabwe Association of Dairy Farmers (ZADF). By sharing this information, the program is soliciting for a collaborative and unified effort from all stakeholders in improving the operations at Shurugwi MCC. Gokwe Dairy Cooperative Society (GDCS): The Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program supported Gokwe Dairy Cooperative Society by conducting a 4 hour training session with the seven newly elected executive management committee members and 12 ordinary members. The following areas were covered:  Duties of each of the office bearers

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 Constitution review and alignment to the statutory Act of Cooperatives (Co-Operative Societies Act)  Importance of adherence to the organization’s financial accounting policies and procedures. Takawira Dairy Association: Farmers are currently selling individually at farm gate and into local markets as no formal market for the milk has been identified. The program is working on partnering farmers with a milk processor to set up a processing plant at the MCC.

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4. ENVIRONMENT

This section summarizes Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program’s environmental mitigation and adaptation interventions, particularly as they relate to climate change. The program seeks to enhance environmental stewardship with regular assessments of beneficiary activities, trainings aimed at fostering good environmental care, reduction in environmental damage, and improvements in the personal safety of farmers through safe use of chemicals, PPE, and safe disposal of used chemical containers. Commercialization underpins all program activities, and therefore the environment strategy focuses on profitable and sustainable agricultural production, which in itself is a key adaptation to climatic change. In addition, all program activities are based on good animal, agricultural, and business practices that have positive environmental outcomes and are designed to minimize and/or mitigate any negative effects on the environment. All program interventions are screened for compliance with US government and Zimbabwean environmental, agrochemical, and food safety regulations and are designed to have a positive impact on the environment. Specific natural resource management (NRM) related activities in the reporting period included:

Pollution

To protect the environment, farmers were advised to consider suitable disposal of potentially hazardous chemical pesticides and insecticides. If chemicals and their containers are disposed of incorrectly there can be serious consequences. Dominant chemicals used by beneficiary livestock farmers during the review period mainly consisted of those for tick control; vaccines; de-wormers; post-harvest storage of cereals and legume crops; and pest control in nutrition gardens and cotton crops. Farmers were advised to completely destroy empty chemical containers to avoid reuse.

In Lupane district, 115 farmers received pollution related trainings. To protect the environment from litter, farmers were advised to consider suitable disposal of plastic materials. If plastic materials are disposed of wrongly they have negative consequences when ingested by animals. Waste disposal pits were established at farmers’ homesteads for burial of plastic material.

In Midlands, 347 farmers received technical assistance on proper disposal of waste15. Advice was given to dispose of the waste in protected pits or old unused toilet pits to avoid accidental ingestion of or contact with sharps or drug residues by children or animals.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Farmers were trained on using personal protective clothing to guard against health and safety risks during their operations. Wearing work suits and gumboots minimizes injuries and illnesses that may arise from chemical contamination from spillage and handling during dipping, and spraying of pesticides. PPE trainings in all program areas revealed that most farmers are ignorant of the dangers they expose themselves to by not wearing PPE during application of chemicals such as acaricides to cattle. Farmers in Chipinge were trained on safe use of chemicals, disposal of empty containers and use of PPE. The trainings targeted mostly cotton farmers whom the program noted were not correctly disposing of chemical containers or using sufficient PPE. Farmers were encouraged to buy PPE to prevent exposure to

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Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017 pesticides. In Ward 26, farmers are encouraging each other to procure PPE as a group and will employ peer monitoring to ensure adherence to safe use of pesticides. Fly control

Flies are a major problem in overnight pens, feedlots, milking parlors, and calf pens; and the challenge is greater when the cattle facilities are sited close to homesteads. The program is promoting the use of home-made but effective fly traps and installing them in strategic positions near overnight pens, plate washing stations, and toilets. The simple homemade fly trap is effective after it has been baited with decomposing matter. The program advises farmers to throw away the fly trap after it is full of flies to avoid contamination. Use of fly traps is expanding in Chipinge district with almost 50 percent of beneficiaries now using the innovative fly trap on a regular basis.

Tree planting

The program promotes the use of cactus and planting other trees to reduce soil loss from wind and water run-off. In Chipinge district, tree planting commenced with first rains and continued to the end of April 2017 mostly for the mulberry tree. Farmers were also encouraged to plant acacia, Faidherbia, Leucaena, bird plum (nyii) and even baobab trees in the rangeland and around their homesteads to reduce soil erosion and promote afforestation. Mulberry and Leucaena have shown impressive growth rates over the summer season. The trees planted will all provide livestock with fodder and firewood for household use. Mulberry, masawu, and bird plum, in addition to the other uses also produce nutritious fruits. Program participants have been trained on responsible termite control and dry season tree management. In excess of 4,000 trees had been planted by 150 program participants as of 30 June 2017. In Lupane district 115 farmers were trained on planting fruit trees at their homesteads during the review period. Promoted fruit trees suitable for the area include Mexican apple, banana, lemon, mango, paw-paw, guava, and peach. Rangeland fires

Photo by Fintrac Rose Masara of Matikwa in Ward 26 Chipinge is expanding her fodder trees orchard that has more than 70 trees. The mulberry trees were planted in April 2016 and Leucaena trees were planted in October 2016.

With the onset of the dry season farmers in all program areas were trained on constructing fire guards around their pastures and homesteads to minimize the impact of rangeland fires. The program is collaborating with other stakeholders on campaigning against rangeland fires.

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Farmers in Chipinge were trained on the importance of the rangeland as a feed source, which must be protected to preserve grass for cattle. The program is also training farmers on the use of tsotso stove (which considerably increases the efficiency of wood burning) to reduce deforestation.

4.1 TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

The program trained 1,021 beneficiaries, 42 percent women, compared to 1,035 beneficiaries in the previous quarter, on environmental subjects during the review period (Table 4.1.1.). The highest number of farmers receiving environmental training was from Chirumhanzu district, followed by Shurugwi, which showed a doubling in numbers of farmers trained over the previous quarter. Hwange, Lupane, and Gweru also showed good increases in training numbers.

Table 4.1.1: Environment Training by District, Q3 FY 2017 January- March, 2017 April- June, 2017 District % % Female Male Total Female Male Total Women Women

Chipinge 206 46 32 95 111 31 66 97

Chirumhanzu 190 36 47 69 121 83 93 176 Gokwe 215 45 31 South 97 118 30 66 96

Gweru 44 33 14 18 32 34 70 104

Hwange 56 55 20 16 36 58 48 106

Kwekwe 45 26 44 54 98 15 42 57

Lupane 41 51 30 43 73 59 56 115

Nkayi 45 48 26 32 58 19 21 40

Shurugwi 29 35 18 45 63 43 81 124

Umzingwane 58 50 37 27 64 53 53 106 Grand 450 585 1,035 43 425 596 1,021 42 total Source: CIRIS

Main training subjects this quarter were related to safe use and disposal of pesticides as well as use of PPE, reflecting the ongoing spraying of chemicals on cotton crops within program areas (Table 4.1.2.). Woodlot and orchard establishment also featured prominently as farmers took advantage of the late rains to plant trees.

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PERSUAP compliant acaricides using knapsack sprayers; pour on dips and injectable acaricides such as Ivermectin to kill ticks and worms (internal and external) was promoted. In addition, farmers were encouraged to counter diseases prevalent during the rainy season such as blackleg and lumpy skin by treating secondary bacterial infections in affected herds using Procaben® antibiotic. Farmers were urged to institute their own spraying regimes to control ticks on their livestock and were trained to undertake these operations correctly and responsibly for maximum effect.

Table 4.1.2: Environment Training by Subject, Q3 FY 2017 January- March, 2017 January- March, 2017 Subject % % Female Male Total Female Male Total Women Women Afforestation 22 28 50 44 0 2 2 0 Climate Change 65 82 147 44 99 109 208 48 Personal Protective 202 269 471 43 194 266 460 42 Equipment Pollution 21 51 72 29 74 128 202 37 Safe Disposal of 223 346 569 39 226 349 575 39 Chemicals Soil Erosion 154 223 377 41 68 116 184 37 Woodlot/Orchard 185 224 409 45 241 256 497 48 Establishment Other 20 16 36 56 11 18 29 38 Source: CIRIS 4.2 EMMP

The program monitored the progress of a random sample of 140 beneficiary household farms belonging to 100 beef and 40 dairy households to assess for EMMP compliance. The data was collected in May and June 2017. The following sections summarize the findings from the assessments on topics covering: animal husbandry, animal health, and animal handling facilities.

4.2.1. Animal Husbandry Activities

Table 4.2.1: Animal Husbandry Activities

% % Q2 % Q3 % % Q2 % Q3 Baseline FY2017 FY2017 Baseline FY2017 FY2017 Activity Practice- Practice- Practice- Practice- Practice- Practice- Beef Beef Beef Dairy Dairy Dairy

Is soil erosion a problem? 46 52 27 29 21 21 Are there signs of land degradation/overgrazing? 68 60 57 47 21 54 Are there signs of deforestation? 56 39 47 35 26 50 Is grazing management being practiced? 26 37 55 20 31 17 Does the farmer have a woodlot/tree planting 9 55 53 47 72 58 area?

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Soil erosion was a lesser problem in this quarter with the rains tailing-off as the dry season started. In addition, farmers are rectifying soil erosion problems in their fields given that crop harvesting is over.

In the beef areas, overgrazing is not yet a problem; however, overgrazing in dairy areas seems to be increasing, perhaps due to higher densities of cattle in confined areas. Dairy cattle remain confined close to homesteads for regular milking while beef cattle are left to wander faraway from homesteads now that the cropping season is over.

Signs of deforestation are also increasing, more in dairy areas than beef. The program is promoting the planting of beneficial trees (both for animals and humans) in the rangeland and around farmers’ homesteads to reduce soil erosion and promote afforestation.

While grazing management is on the increase in beef areas, it seems to have declined in dairy areas. At this time of the year, cattle are primarily grazing stover residues left over in crop fields in an uncontrolled manner, which is why farmers have to cut and bale stover to preserve it for use during the lean period.

There has also been a decline in woodlot establishment in dairy areas, perhaps as a result of the end of the rain season and termite challenges. Farmers are receiving training on responsible termite control and dry season tree management.

4.2.2: Animal Health Activities

Table 4.2.2: Animal Health Activities % % Q2 % Q3 % % Q2 % Q3 Baseline FY2017 FY2017 Baseline FY2017 FY2017 Activity Practice- Practice- Practice- Practice- Practice- Practice- Beef Beef Beef Dairy Dairy Dairy Farmers using dips/chemical remedies? 100 93 92 94 100 100 Farmers/Institutions using appropriate 78 89 85 82 97 techniques/equipment? 96 Farmers/Institutions with PPEs and use 58 79 85 65 82 it when spraying? 96 Farmers/Institutions engaging a trained 5 54 80 20 54 applicator? 63 Farmers/Institutions with chemicals/spraying equipment locked 67 76 80 56 85 and in labelled containers? 88 Farmers/Institutions disposing of chemical containers, injections, plastics 76 84 100 65 100 correctly 100 Farmers/Institutions using pesticides 83 81 88 82 87 that are PERSUAP complaint? 92

During the review period there has been a gradual improvement in all the indicators related to animal health activities, showing that the program is making some headway in sensitizing farmers around these issues.

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4.2.3: Animal Handling Facilities

Table 4.2.3: Animal Handling Facilities Activity % % Q2 % Q3 % % Q2 % Q3 Baseline FY2017 FY2017 Baseline FY2017 FY2017 Practice- Practice Practice Practice- Practice Practice- Beef -Beef -Beef Dairy - Dairy Dairy Farmers with handling facilities sited 86 78 83 87 87 92 >30m from dwellings Farmers/Institutions with water runoff 95 96 88 93 90 79 from facilities diverted away from dwellings Farmers/institutes with water source 95 86 97 92 97 100 (borehole, well) >30m from livestock facilities Farmers/Institutions with separate 75 77 95 46 95 96 access to water for humans and animals Farmers/Institutions with area around 32 23 22 23 33 33 water source degraded Farmers using fly traps 5 58 70 7 74 88

In all program areas, farmers with overnight pens situated too close to dwellings have been encouraged to move them further away. The success of this has been seen in both beef and dairy areas, although in some places where stock theft remains a problem (such as Chipinge district adjacent to Mozambique), farmers prefer their animals penned as close as possible. In line with program messages, more farmers are now using fly traps to control these insects and are also digging more pits to handle the different categories of waste better. While separate human and animal access to water is not currently a problem, it will become apparent, (as will degradation around water sources), once the surface water sources dry up and cattle are forced to share with humans.

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5. GENDER

The Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program is committed to meaningful and transformative involvement of women and youth in beef and dairy production. The project continued to provide technical assistance and raise awareness through its tailor-made monthly gender and youth inclusion messages among beneficiary farmers. During the review period, the program trained beneficiaries on four broad gender topics: gender mainstreaming; women and youth empowerment; gender concepts; leadership and conflict resolution. The program deliberately targeted herdsmen at dip tanks and young women at homesteads with trainings and technical assistance at times convenient to them.

Since inception, the program has worked with 6,620 beneficiaries, of which 20 percent are youths16. Young women constitute 40 percent of this group. During the reporting period, the program worked with 379 youths, 42 percent young women.

The program continued to collaborate with stakeholders from the Ministry of Women Affairs, Gender, and Community Development (MWAGCD); Ministry of Youth; AGRITEX, DVS and DLPD in providing gender messages, training and technical assistance.

5.1 GENDER MAINSTREAMING

Forty-three percent of beneficiaries who received program assistance during the review period were women. Monthly technical gender messages supported field staff and stakeholders in their gender and social inclusion efforts. Table 5.1 summarizes monthly gender activities, topics, and messages shared with farmers:-

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Table 5. 1 Monthly Gender Activities, Topics, and Messages April – June 2017 Gender and Gender Month Youth Outputs and Outcomes Topic messages  In April 2017, 920 beneficiaries received training and technical assistance on gender issues, 13 percent were women. Gender and labor  The program promoted the use of gender friendly technologies to saving reduce drudgery in livestock production and household tasks for April Labor saving technologies in farmers. Farmers were encouraged to pool labor with other 2017 technologies harvesting, households and use donkeys and carts to save time and energy handling, and transporting fodder, water, and firewood. storage of crops  Collen Nyamakawo of Gokwe South purchased a donkey for $65 to reduce the burden of transporting milk to the MCC. Prior to the purchase, his wife Gladys carried the milk 6 kilometres daily on her head to the center.  In May 2017, 762 beneficiaries (47 percent women) participated in trainings on social inclusion of youth in livestock production. Positive outcomes from raising awareness on youth inclusion included: o Twenty-nine year old Blessing Moyo of Kwekwe, Midlands Youth Inclusion of young invested $1,032 in AI equipment to facilitate the establishment May inclusion and women and men in of a small livestock service provision business. 2017 Women livestock o Nineteen-year-old Zwelihle Mthetkia of Nkayi received funding empowerment production from his uncle to train as an AISP at Matopos Research Institute in Bulawayo. He has since inseminated four cows in the community. (See Annex 1: Creating economic opportunities for young entrepreneurs in livestock value chain)

 In June 2017 after noting women have a tendency to let male family Increasing members dominate at practical livestock activities, the program Women made deliberate efforts to ensure women actively participate in participation livestock activities for them to gain skills, competency and in livestock confidence. Five hundred and fifty-eight farmers, 47 percent women, June activities Increasing women were engaged in program activities during the month. 2017 during training skill in livestock  In line with herd rationalization messages and trainings, Christine and technical production. Moyo from Umzingwane, Matabeleland South invested $150 in assistance artificial insemination. visits at  To build her fodder bank, Susan Jambaya of Chipinge established a homesteads nursery with 30 mulberry seedlings and has provided technical assistance and gave eight seedlings to two of her neighbors, Tracy Madhoyo and Munorwei Bote.

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5.1.1. Gender and Youth Inclusion Awareness During the review period the program facilitated the training for 19-year-old Zwelihle Mthetkia of Matabeleland North province as an AISP at Matopos Research Institute in Bulawayo. Mthetkia has since practiced his new skills on four local cows, under the supervision of the program’s subcontractor African Breeders Services Total Cattle Management (ABS-TCM). Zwelihle projects to earn $100 per month during peak periods charging $5 per animal, when he starts practicing on his own. 5.2 GENDER TRAININGS During the review period 1,625 beneficiaries, (44 percent women), compared to 1,087 in the last quarter participated in the women and youth empowerment trainings and campaigns Photo by Fintrac (Table 5.2). Other gender related trainings Youthful Zwelihle Mthetkia from Nkayi, Matabeleland North provided by the program included gender who was trained as an AI service provider. concepts, leadership and conflict resolution. The trainings aim to transform the lives of women and youths through empowering them with skills and competencies in beef and dairy production related activities.

Table 5.2: Gender and Youth Training by Subject, Q3 FY2017 Training Subject January – March, 2017 April – June 2017 Female Male Total %Women Female Male Total % Women Gender Mainstreaming 8 10 18 44 1 0 1 100 Women and Youth 507 580 1087 47 721 904 1625 44 Empowerment Gender Concepts 278 339 617 45 276 297 573 48 Leadership & Conflict 15 23 38 39 15 25 40 38 Resolution Other 66 91 157 42 0 1 1 0

Three hundred and ten women received training on direct marketing compared to 171women during the previous quarter.

5.3 MEASURING GENDER IMPACT AND WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT

The program’s deliberate focus on empowering women has resulted in more women growing confident and making impactful decisions in livestock production. The trainings and technical assistance have empowered women to dispel gender stereotypes in livestock production and are now benefitting from improved household nutrition and WASH from increased incomes.

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One of the program pioneers in AI, Rhoda Thebe from Gokwe South, Midlands received her first calf on April 11, 2017. The cow was inseminated with superior Red Dane semen in July 2016. Thebe, who is among seven farmers who had their 14 dairy cows inseminated under the program’s pilot inseminations in Gokwe last year, is on her way to commercializing her beef-dairy enterprise.

Christine Moyo from Umzingwane, Matabeleland South invested $150 to fund artificial insemination of her three beef cows after earning $400 from selling one ox directly off the rangeland. The cows were inseminated with Holstein, Jersey, and Red Dane semen to increase milk yields from the progeny. Moyo is currently producing 8 liters of milk per day from four beef cows and sells milk locally as sour milk to fellow farmers at $1per liter, earning $70 per month.

In Shurugwi, Ndakaziva Chiboyi made her maiden delivery of milk to a formal market this quarter and earned $3 in new income on her first day. Up to then, Chiboyi was only milking one cow at a time out of her seven milking cows for household consumption and occasionally sold sour milk to her neighbors. Program training helped Chiboyi to embrace a commercial approach to dairying using her beef cows as an entry point. Rebecca Masango of Nkayi, Matabeleland North is now an ambassador of the program on breed improvement through AI. An early adopter of program technologies, lead farmer Masango received trainings on livestock identification and recordkeeping and purchased ear tags for her 33 animals using proceeds from milk sales. The life of program (LOP) target for gender is to reach 50 percent women. Ongoing staff training and gender awareness sensitization will assist the program in realizing this target. The campaigns aim to use transformative gender and social inclusion approaches to ensure meaningful changes in the lives of communal livestock farmers.

5.4 LEADERSHIP

GNDR3: Percent of female program beneficiaries in relevant leadership positions To achieve inclusive livestock production, the program supports women in leadership and grooms more women to assume leadership positions. Through training and increasing gender awareness among community leaders and beneficiary farmers, the program achieved its life of program (LOP) target as women now occupy 50 percent of leadership positions17 in community-based organizations working with the program. Female farmers are either lead farmers hosting centers of excellence or hold office within farmer groups (MCCs, pen fattening groups, and producer associations). To achieve sustainability and transformative gender inclusion, the program continued to engage with men to promote gender equality in livestock production. Men are increasingly supporting women in leadership and are working alongside them in producer groups. Two cattle producer groups, Nsukunengi and Madinga in Gweru, Midlands province have demystified the stereotype of male domination in livestock by electing 60 percent women in their seven-member committees during this quarter. Patricia Ncube was elected as vice chairperson of the Madinga group. The female leaders are expected to be at the forefront in mobilizing other beneficiaries for cattle marketing among other activities.

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During the review period, women excelled in mobilizing fellow farmers in direct marketing of cattle off the rangeland to formal markets in Hwange, Chipinge, and Shurugwi. In Hwange district, lead farmer Yeyani Tshuma mobilized 19 cattle from 12 farmers. She was trusted by livestock farmers from her community to organize the direct sale of their cattle to Heads and Hooves in Bulawayo, with support from the program. Although none of her animals qualified for the direct sale she worked hard and for long hours to ensure success of the cattle sale. In Chipinge district, Angeline Garwe, the chairperson of Kondo Cattle producer group, coordinated the direct sale of nine cattle, including two of her own, from seven farmers to Koala Park in Chiredzi for $5,676. Garwe’s two animals earned her $1,300. In Shurugwi, Patricia Dabula a community leader and cattle producer group committee member took the leading role in mobilizing the direct marketing of 12 animals, including her ox, from seven farmers to Montana Carswell Meats in Masvingo for $7,006. Dabula’s ox sold for $556. The program also trained 40 farmers, 38 percent women on leadership and conflict resolution. Women excelled and took active leadership roles in mobilizing cattle for direct sales.

5.5 ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY, FINANCE, CREDIT, AND MARKETS

Technical assistance and training focused on providing skills to women and youth to engage and productively contribute to beef and dairy production. 5.5.1 Access to Technology

The program identifies and promotes affordable women-and youth-friendly technologies that save on labor and increase participation and productivity in livestock production. During this reporting period, the focus was on reducing labor input by women during the harvesting season and promotion of cattle races for easier handling of cattle. Cattle races The program continued to encourage beneficiary farmers to construct gender friendly cattle handling facilities. As a result, women and youth are able to handle cattle when artificially inseminating, deworming, and spraying to control ticks. During the review period, 722 farmers (42 percent women) received technical assistance on construction of cattle handling facilities compared to 421 (35 percent women) farmers in the previous quarter. Donkeys for transport and cultivation Farmers were encouraged to use donkeys for cultivation and transport, and reserve cattle for economic use. Photo by Fintrac 5.5.2 Access to Finance and Credit Collen Nyamakawo and his wife Gladys now have The program’s internal savings and lending group a donkey to ease household chores and milk model continued its focus on improving women’s transportation. economic opportunities and addressing social based Prepared by Fintrac Inc. 60

Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development Program | Quarterly #3 FY2017 constraints. Trainings and technical assistance were provided on basic accounting and calculation of interest on group savings and loans. The program currently works with 11 ISAL groups that are coordinated by lead farmers. The groups are each able to mobilize around $500 a month for lending to individual group members for income generating activities and sometimes for health welfare needs of household, at monthly interest rates below 10 percent. Group members have also realized that these savings are necessary for accessing money to invest in livestock activities, WASH and household improvement initiatives. Vester Chikwukwa and Miriam Ngirazi from Chipinge, Manicaland invested $650 borrowed from their ISAL group in beef cattle production. The women, who first participated in the program’s molasses and sugar cane stover procurement to save their cattle from drought, purchased heifers at $350 and $300 respectively. “I want to thank the program for encouraging me to invest my savings in herd rationalization, right now my herd has increased from five to six cattle, and by the end of the year I am expecting a calf – meaning two additional cattle in one year,” said Ngirazi. Getrude Mlambo from the same ward, who did not own cattle before, purchased a Brahman cross heifer from her ISAL proceeds. The success and the continued expansion of the ISAL initiative triggers transformative change for women livestock farmers. 5.5.3 Access to Markets Montana Carswell, Koala Park, Heads and Hooves, and Sabie Meats remained the main markets for beef cattle sales. From Table 3.1.3, 22 percent of the 183 beef farmers who were linked to formal markets were women. Forty-six percent of the 50 dairy farmers linked to formal markets were women. Overall, 37 percent of the 233 farmers linked to formal beef and dairy markets during the review period, were women.

5.6 STRENGTHENING WOMEN AND YOUTH THROUGH GROUPS

The program is promoting ISALs mainly among women beneficiaries as part of the empowerment process to overcome gender-based constraints and mobilize resources for farming activities. The groups received basic ISAL and business skills trainings. During the quarter, 43 percent of the 1,753 farmers trained on business skills were women.

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6. LESSONS LEARNED

During the quarter under review, the program continues to learn from field experiences and appropriately adapt program activities to achieve the program goals. The following were some of the lessons learned:

 The program continues to see the necessity for extensive training for both the service providers and beneficiaries in order to fully understand and appreciate the necessary prerequisites for a successful AI program. This is required in an environment where grazing is communal and herds are running with mostly inferior quality bulls throughout the year. The program will use seven cows that failed to conceive or aborted during the 2016 pilot AI program as demonstration herds. In this arrangement, the program will provide all AI services on time while the beneficiaries pledge to avail enough fodder for the bred cows, install proper cattle handling facilities, keep good cattle records, provide secure cattle seclusion paddocks, and implement a good cattle health program in return.  ‘Showing the farmer the money’ through access to formal and reliable markets will stimulate farmers to invest in technologies and practices that will help improve livestock production and productivity. The ‘guest milk producer’ model negotiated and agreed with the Gokwe MCC has motivated some beef farmers to consider investing their resources in dairy. Beef farmers aspiring to be dairy farmers are now adopting technologies such as good fodder production, conservation, and utilization practices; AI; improved access to water; construction of good cattle handling facilities; recordkeeping; and investing in more productive classes of cattle.

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7. CHALLENGES

The challenges faced also helped to redirect program activities:

 The cash crisis continues to derail adoption of program activities, key messages, and technologies. Smallholder farmers in program areas view electronic transactions with mistrust and the program is actively creating awareness and acceptance of electronic payment systems in marketing of their livestock, purchases of farm inputs and even transacting among themselves. In addition, some key stakeholders such as DVS are still in the process of adopting the mobile or electronic money transfer systems. Some beneficiaries across all program focus areas did not participate in direct cattle marketing off the rangelands to abattoirs as they were not comfortable receiving part payment as cash, and the rest in bank transfers or mobile money applications such as EcoCash. Procurement of cattle movement permits from DVS was also a bottleneck as the department has not yet started using electronic systems when accepting payments for dipping fees and veterinary services charges. To address this challenge the program continued to train farmers on the advantages of electronic banking and how they benefit especially in terms of security when selling their animals. Informal buyers are using the cash shortage to their advantage, buying from farmers for cash, but at discounted prices. Therefore the program has been working with partner stakeholders such as DLPD and DVS in providing awareness on electronic banking systems.  While the program is making progress in accessing formal markets for beef cattle, lack of access to formal markets for milk still remains a big challenge. The majority of the smallholder farmers lack the capacity to have a cold chain, which is essential for the marketing of milk in formal markets. The program continues to explore possible partnerships with small to medium-sized milk processors as potential buyers from program focus areas. In addition the program will use its newly established mechanism of Grants Under Contracts (GUCs) to avail resources to accelerate market entry, operational viability, business stability, and value chain resilience.  Lack of appropriate technologies on the Zimbabwean market and proper cattle handling facilities among the smallholder farmers presents major bottlenecks to program achievements. Basic technologies that include hay balers, chaff cutters, and off the grid milk chillers, are not readily available on the Zimbabwean market, while the majority of smallholder farmers do not have proper cattle handling facilities that include cattle races, loading ramps, paddocks, feeding and watering troughs, which are necessary to improve production efficiencies on the farms. The program will continue engaging private companies to come up with innovative technologies for smallholder farming systems. Training of farmers on the construction of proper cattle handling facilities will be continued throughout LOP in all focus areas.  Timely availability of funding for AI activities among some beneficiaries is a challenge. Some program beneficiaries did not have money to pay for AI, but needed access to credit while they waited to sell crops from their summer harvests. The program will continue to identify partners to provide the required bridging funds.  Some beneficiaries, particularly beef farmers, are still entrenched in the perceptions that AI technology is very expensive. The program continues to train farmers on the cost benefits of AI technology vis-à-vis keeping a bull or missing a calving season. Also farmers are trained on heat detection, which is a cheaper AI option than timed AI that eliminates the need to do heat detection.

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8. ACTIVITIES PLANNED FOR NEXT QUARTER

To date, the program has benefited 5,807 beneficiary households (4,284 beef and 1,523 dairy). The program has surpassed the target number for beef beneficiaries and is still to achieve the numbers on the dairy beneficiaries. As such, the program focus from the next quarter going forward will be to intensify contacts with already identified beneficiaries to fully equip them with the necessary skills to commercialize their livestock enterprises; improve their dietary and nutrition status as well as their WASH issues. To this end program beneficiaries are defined as farmers who have benefited significantly in any way from the program activities through at least 5 or more contacts with the program. By the time of reporting, only 10% of the beneficiaries had greater than 5 contacts with the program. The following activities in the coming quarter will help ramp up the beneficiary contacts with the program;  Continuing technical training and assistance on production and productivity enhancing GAPs and GAHPs; business skills; gender awareness; nutrition; and WASH.  Breed improvement through AI and purchase of improved heifers, cows and bulls.  Strengthening linkages with credit, input, and output markets to include marketing assistance for live cattle off the rangeland and feedlots; expanding the formal and informal marketing of milk and other dairy products and expanding access to credit for both beef and dairy farmers.  Intensifying lead farmer trainings in all operational districts to facilitate in-depth farmer-to-farmer learning; establish an information repository within the community; expand program outreach through lead farmer coordination, and ensure sustainability of program interventions after program life. Lead farmer training workshops will be conducted to empower and capacitate the lead farmers on their role of cascading information to, and mentoring other farmers.  In collaboration with ABS-TCM, train local AISPs to provide AI, local feed formulation services using locally available resources and other inputs to farmers.  Establishing fodder and fruit tree nurseries for transplanting with the first rains.  Collaborating with local authorities and other key stakeholders to pilot a WASH awareness campaign in Shurugwi to address the beef measles scourge in the district.  Promoting dietary diversity through the establishment of nutrition gardens, cooking demonstrations, and food fairs.  Continuing capacity building of women in livestock groups to enhance their participation and inclusion in both beef and dairy value chains.  Establish technology funds under the program’s new Grants Under Contract mechanism, to provide a catalytic role in improving the access of smallholder beneficiaries to sustainable and viable markets for milk and dairy.  Finalizing and submitting the Year 3 Annual Implementation Plan for approval.  Finalizing and submitting the Year 3 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Plan for approval.  Submitting the updated Safe Use Action Plan (SUAP) for approval.  Submitting the updated EMMP for approval.  Conducting the second round of the AHS.

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ANNEX 1. SNAPSHOTS

Access to formal markets: beef-dairy farmers make debut milk sales

Collen Nyamakawo of Gokwe South, Midlands had neither the quality dairy cattle nor the membership fee ($150) and the monthly subscriptions required to sell milk to the local milk collection center (MCC). In addition, Nyamakawo did not have the requisite infrastructure – milking parlor. Many other farmers in his area also aspired to be dairy farmers. However, the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program helped Nyamakawo realize his dream through two key interventions: introducing the beef-dairy concept to farmer groups in Gokwe and negotiating non-member access to the Gokwe MCC through the ‘guest dairy producer’ model. Under the beef-dairy concept, beef farmers are encouraged to adopt GAPs Photo by Fintrac and GAHPs that increase milk production in beef cows to meet household nutritional requirements and sell any surplus, first to the local informal Pioneer guest dairy producer Collen markets and eventually to formal markets. Nyamakawo and his assistant, delivering milk by donkey cart to the MCC. Nyamakawo bought The ‘guest dairy model’ allow non-members to deliver milk to the MCC at a discounted but viable price. This is a win-win situation where the MCC the donkey using income from milk sales. receives more milk while non-members have access to a reliable and sustainable formal market. After meeting milk quality control requirements by investing $30 in the construction of a low-cost and upgradable milking parlor slab, Nyamakawo made his debut milk delivery with 8 liters from three of his beef cattle. Observation of good dairy practices as taught by the program has seen Nyamakawo increasing his daily milk yield to 10 liters per day from the three cows. “I never imagined one day I would become a dairy farmer delivering milk to the MCC without investing in a dairy cow or paying the $150 joining fee,” Nyamakawo said. Previously, Nyamakawo’s livelihood was entirely from horticulture and maize production; now, 75 percent of his monthly income is from dairying. With his new income, he purchased a donkey for $65 to transport milk “I never imagined one day I would to the MCC – 6 kilometers away. become a dairy farmer delivering milk to Four other ‘guest milk producers’ are now delivering to Gokwe MCC. The the MCC without investing in a dairy cow guest milk farmers are contributing 13 percent of the MCC’s daily intake. or paying the $150 joining fee,” In the first month of delivery, Nyamakawo has been ranked among the top third milk suppliers to the MCC. Collen Nyamakawo, Nyamakawo is now saving money to artificially inseminate his three cows Smallholder dairy farmer with quality dairy semen. Eight beef-dairy farmers from Gokwe South and Shurugwi sold 1,133 liters of milk worth $517 to formal markets in June 2017. The beef-dairy concept provides an adaptive low-cost entry into commercial dairying.

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Program Resuscitates Beef Sales to Formal Markets in Hwange

Using the group marketing approach, the Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program, facilitated 18 farmers from Hwange to sell 22 cattle to Heads and Hooves in Bulawayo for $11,452 in gross income. Hwange district has not benefited from formal market linkages for the last 16 years. The last formal buyer was the Cold Storage Commission (CSC), which disengaged from the area in 2001. Middlemen have been taking advantage of the situation by buying cattle at 50 percent of their real value.

The program is using the group marketing approach to enable farmers to transact directly with abattoirs. Group marketing reduces transaction costs (transport, clearing and permit fees) per animal and improves returns to the farmers. Farmers negotiated a 30 percent reduction in transport costs by working as a group and guaranteeing a full truck load. Of the 22 animals, Photo by Fintrac 15 graded commercial while seven were economy. Loading ramp construction in progress at Mbizha “The [abattoir] marketing process is so transparent and rewarding. It village in Ward 4, Hwange. makes peer encouragement easy,” said Million Moyo one of the farmers and livestock marketing committee chair, who earned $1,135 in gross income from the sale of two cattle. “On the other hand, the local middlemen are not reliable and some of them are not honest, and also lack capacity to absorb large numbers of cattle,” he added. Moyo was among four beneficiaries including a female, who accompanied the cattle for sale and underwent a carcass grading tutorial at the abattoir using their livestock carcasses as examples.

To ease cattle loading for future sales, the group of beneficiary farmers is currently constructing a loading ramp using proceeds from the sales. The loading ramp is a community asset, which will also be used by fellow villagers at a nominal fee. The program is encouraging beneficiaries to sell non-productive animals off the rangeland when cattle body condition is fair and market prices are lucrative. Farmers receive training on market intelligence; cattle and meat grading; and using dentition and weight estimation to determine “The [abattoir] marketing process is so approximate animal value. Armed with this knowledge, farmers are able to make informed marketing decisions. transparent and rewarding. It makes peer encouragement easy.” The Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program is commercializing 3,000 beef and 2,000 dairy producers by linking farmers directly to formal markets to increase production, productivity, and Million Moyo, incomes from livestock farming systems. These activities will help rural Smallholder beef farmer families to transition from subsistence to commercial farming.

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Creating economic opportunities for young entrepreneurs in livestock value chain

The Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program is promoting artificial insemination (AI) as a low-cost breeding option for smallholder farmers. The program’s AI approach incorporates a sustainability plan, which involves training local artificial insemination service providers (AISPs) to offer the service after the life of the program in 2020. The program is targeting commercially-minded unemployed and underemployed youths resident in program focus areas to fulfill this role. Blessing Moyo of Kwekwe, Midlands; Zwelihle Mthetkia of Nkayi, Matabeleland North; and Comfort Mudhimbu of Shurugwi, Midlands enrolled in two-week program facilitated AI training at Matopos Research Institute. Training participants pay for transport, accommodation, and food. The program has trained 149 AISPs to date. Twenty-nine year old Moyo has been unemployed since completing his degree a year ago. “My biggest challenge was limited opportunities to earn an income and contribute positively to society. I was wasting away hopelessly but now I Photo by Fintrac am hopeful that I can create a business that will benefit me and my family,” Blessing Moyo (blue t-shirt) shows off some said Moyo. of his AI equipment and consumables together with DLPD and DVS officials. After completing the program facilitated training, Moyo purchased AI equipment worth $1,032 with the help of his family to establish a livestock service provision business. The equipment includes a 3-liter nitrogen tank and consumables such as semen, gloves, and an insemination gun. Working under the mentorship of program subcontractor ABS-TCM, Moyo has started putting his new skills and equipment to use through insemination of five cattle (two for neighbors and three for the family) earning him $100. A “My biggest challenge was limited proportion of the AI proceeds have been invested in upgrading the cattle opportunities to earn an income and handling facility at his homestead. contribute positively to society. I was Similarly, Mudhimbu and Mthetkia have also assisted in the insemination of wasting away hopelessly but now I am four cows each in their respective districts under the mentorship of ABS- TCM, enabling them to gain the proficiency that is required in AI service hopeful that I can create a business that provision. will benefit me and my family.” “Thanks to the program, I now have an opportunity to earn money and also improve my uncle’s herd,” said Mthetkia. Blessing Moyo, The program is working with women and youth to improve their economic AI Service provider opportunities by developing their entrepreneurial skills and linking them with providers of credit as well as input and output markets. Since inception, the program has worked with 6,620 farmers, 20 percent youths.

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ANNEX 2. ILLUSTRATIVE INDICATORS

Indicator FY2017 Quarter Indicator Baseline Disaggregate Total Unit Source Target 3 PROGRAM GOAL: SUSTAINABLY REDUCE POVERTY AND IMPROVE FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION FOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN ZIMBABWE 0 Total 3,815 1,72018 3,60219 Households Number of households benefiting directly 1 EG.3-1 0 Beef 2,250 1,18920 2,50021 (New and from USG assistance under FTF Continuing) 0 Dairy 1,565 53122 1,10223 Estimated number and percentage of FTF beneficiaries holding 5 hectares or less of 2 LD 15 91 85 8225 82 Percent arable land or equivalent units of livestock (Smallholders)24 76 Overall 52 N/A N/A Prevalence of poverty: Percent of people 3 LD 10 84 Beef 60 N/A N/A Percent living on less than $1.25/day26 60 Dairy 40 N/A N/A Mean percent shortfall relative to the $1.25 4 LD11 45 35 N/A N/A Percent poverty line27 IR 1: Increased sustainable agricultural production, productivity, and incomes 5 Average household agricultural income LD 1 237.72 Beef 450 N/A28 N/A USD

18 1,720 unique households (1,960 unique individuals) benefited directly through training/TA in Q3 19 3,602 households or 4,106 individual farmers were trained by the program in the period October 2016 to June 2017 (Q1-Q3 FY 2017). These households comprises of new and continuing i.e. households reached by the program in the previous fiscal year who were trained in Q1-Q3 FY2017 were counted. 20 1,189 beef hh ( 1,355 unique individuals) trained in Q3 21 2,500 beef households or 2,850 individual beef farmers were trained by the program in the period October 2016 to June 2017. 22 531 dairy hh (605 unique individuals) trained in Q3 23 1,102 dairy households (999 communal dairy and 103 small scale commercial dairy) or 1,256 individual dairy farmers (1,139 communal dairy and 117 small scale commercial dairy) were trained by the program in the period October 2016 to June 2017 24 For FTF-LD, the indicator is biased towards livestock; it focuses on households who have 10 or less cattle for beef beneficiaries and 2 or less lactating cows for dairy beneficiaries. 25 Result is based on the First Round AHS; Final result will be available next quarter after the Second Round AHS. 26 The poverty datum line has been revised from $1.,25 per person/ day to $1.90 per person/ day. The baseline findings will be re based in Q4 FY2017 27 The poverty datum line has been revised from $1.,25 per person/ day to $1.90 per person/ day. The baseline findings will be re based in Q4 FY2017 28 Results will be available in Q4 FY 2017

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Indicator FY2017 Quarter Indicator Baseline Disaggregate Total Unit Source Target 3 415.22 Dairy 840 N/A N/A Farmer’s gross margin per animal with USG 18.80 Beef 29.27 N/A29 N/A 6 EG.3-6,7,8 USD assistance 119.49 Dairy 150 N/A N/A 7 Yield per dairy cow LD 5 2.61 6.50 5.1330 5.13 Liters/day Sub-IR 1.1: Increased adoption of GAPS and management practices Number of farmers and others who have applied improved technologies or 8 EG.3.2-17 0 2,310 4,11331 4,113 Farmers management practices as a result of USG assistance Sub-IR 1.2: Expanded market access and value chain integration Percent of beneficiaries selling at least 80 9 percent of their milk to formal collection LD 6 39 60 2432 24 Percent centers Percentage beneficiaries 26 55 3334 33 Percent of beneficiaries selling at least one selling cattle 10 head of beef cattle annually to formal LD 7 Percentage beneficiaries Percent 33 buyers 41 selling cattle to formal 60 1735 17 markets 0.10 Total (Actual Sales) 1.59 N/A N/A Value of smallholder incremental sales with Beef Cattle (live) (Actual 11 EG.3.2-19 0.03 0.66 NA N/A USD Millions USG assistance Sales) 0.07 Dairy (Actual Sales) 0.94 N/A N/A Sub-IR 1.3: Improved NRM

29 Results will be available in Q4 FY 2017 30 Result is based on the First Round AHS; Final result will be available next quarter after the Second Round AHS. 31 Result is based on the First Round AHS; Final result will be available next quarter after the Second Round AHS. 32 Result is based on the First Round AHS; Final result will be available next quarter after the Second Round AHS. 33 Formal markets include Abattoirs, Auctions, Breeders, Butcheries, Traders/Consolidators and Institutions (schools and hospitals). Result based on First Round Annual Household survey and Final result to come from the Second AHS in Q4. 34 Result is based on the First Round AHS; Final result will be available next quarter after the Second Round AHS. 35 Result is based on the First Round AHS; Final result will be available next quarter after the Second Round AHS.

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Indicator FY2017 Quarter Indicator Baseline Disaggregate Total Unit Source Target 3 Number of individuals who have received 0 Total 4,390 1,96036 4,10637 Unique 12 USG supported short-term agricultural EG.3.2-1 0 Male 2,415 1,11538 2,312 Individuals sector productivity or food security training 0 Female 1,975 84539 1,794 Sub-IR 1.4: Increased access to credit and finance Value of agricultural and rural loans as a 13 EG.3.2-6 0 0.08 0.00 0.05 USD Millions result of USG assistance Number of MSMEs, including farmers, 14 receiving agricultural-related credit as a EG.3.2-3 0 252 0 21940 MSMEs result of USG assistance Percent of beneficiaries borrowing at least 15 once to finance purchase of livestock or LD 8 0 5 0 N/A Percent other capital investment IR 2: Improved nutrition and hygiene practices and behaviors (Improved nutrition status) Women’s dietary diversity: Mean number of 16 food groups consumed by women of HL.9.1-c 2.5 3.0 4.141 4.1 Groups reproductive age Prevalence of households with moderate or 17 LD12 39.2 25 1542 15 Percent severe hunger Sub-IR 2.1: Improved utilization of nutritious foods Percent of households that consistently 18 LD 2 7 25 4043 40 Percent consume at least 5 of 9 food groups

36 1,960 [1,115 (male) + 845 (female) = 1,960] 37 4,106 individual farmers were trained in the period October 2016 to June 2017. See footnote # 2. 38 1,115 unique individual male farmers received TA/Training in Q3 39 845 unique individual female farmers have received TA/Training in Q3. 40 Q2 reported 49 farmers who received credit as a result of USG assistance instead of 46. Three farmers who were meant to receive loans to finance AI did not succeed in accessing the loans hence only 45 managed to have their loans transferred to ABS-TCM. And one farmer (Tawanda Sithole) accessed a loan of $4,000 from Untu Capital to finance purchase of silage cutter. As such, the total number of farmers who accessed loans drops from 222 to 219. 41 Result is based on the First Round AHS; Final result will be available next quarter after the Second Round AHS. 42 Result is based on the First Round AHS; Final result will be available next quarter after the Second Round AHS. 43 Result is based on the First Round AHS; Final result will be available next quarter after the Second Round AHS.

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Indicator FY2017 Quarter Indicator Baseline Disaggregate Total Unit Source Target 3 Prevalence of children 6-23 months receiving 19 LD 14 1 15 1644 16 Percent a minimum acceptable diet Sub-IR 2.2: Improved hygiene behaviors Percent of households that consistently 20 practice at least 4 out of 6 good hygiene LD 3 13 35 2945 29 Percent practices Sub-IR 2.3: Increased prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding of 21 LD13 72 72 6746 67 Percent children under six months of age IR 3: Increased capacity of local implementing organizations Sub-IR 3.1: Increased effectiveness of agricultural programs by local organizations Number of food security private enterprises (for profit), producer organizations, water users associations, women’s groups, trade Organizations/ 22 and business associations, and community- EG.3.2-4 0 74 847 4848 Associations based organizations (CBOs) receiving USG food security related organizational development assistance Number of public-private partnerships EG.3.2-5 23 0 5 0 149 PPPs formed as a result of USG assistance Sub-IR 3.2: Increased adoption of best organizational practices

44 Result is based on the First Round AHS; Final result will be available next quarter after the Second Round AHS. 45 Result is based on the First Round AHS; Final result will be available next quarter after the Second Round AHS. 46 Result is based on the First Round AHS; Final result will be available next quarter after the Second Round AHS. 47 The organizations which received USG assistance in Q3 are: Chidobe producer group, Tshongogwe Irrigation Scheme, Sihambalabahambayo Tshongogwe feedlot, Khange Nutrition group, ABS-TCM sub-contractor, Nsukunengi Cattle producer group and Madinga producer group. All other organizations received assistance for the first time in Q3 except Chidobe producer group. 48 48- (41 (Q1+Q2) + 7 (Organizations that received assistance for the first time in Q3 FY2017). 49 There was no PPP formed in Q3. For Q2 FY 2017, we reported two- Lion Finance and Windmill partnership with Zezai Feedlot in Chirumanzu which hasn’t yielded any results to date and the supporting documentation is not available hence this PPP has been dropped.

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Indicator FY2017 Quarter Indicator Baseline Disaggregate Total Unit Source Target 3 Average change in score on organizational 24 assessment scorecard administered pre- and LD 4 0 15 N/A50 N/A Percent post-assistance Sub-IR 3.3: Increased private sector investment in agriculture Value of new private sector capital investment in the agriculture sector or food 25 EG.3.2-22 0 50,000 0 5,039 USD chain leveraged by Feed the Future implementation Additional objectives GNDR3: Percent of female program 26 GNDR 3 36 45 5051 50 Percent beneficiaries in relevant leadership positions Percent of beneficiaries who have adopted

the following business practices Develop a budget for each farm enterprise 0 30 1652 16 27 Track income and expenses in a record LD 9 Percent 0 30 1653 16 book Calculate profit/loss for each major farm 0 30 1454 14 enterprise

50 Results will be available in Q4 FY2017 51 Result based on Q2 findings. Lead farmer registration and/or verification is underway. Verified results will be available in Q4 FY 2017 52 Result is based on the First Round AHS; Final result will be available next quarter after the Second Round AHS. 53 Result is based on the First Round AHS; Final result will be available next quarter after the Second Round AHS. 54 Result is based on the First Round AHS; Final result will be available next quarter after the Second Round AHS.

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ANNEX 3. LIST OF BUYERS

The companies listed in the table below have all been engaged; some expressed an interest to transact and some transacted with Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program beneficiaries in target districts during the year. Company Products Contact and Title Tel No. Email Agri Auctions Beef cattle Witness Sibanda 077 2633953 0713433645 Bulawayo Beef cattle SI Brenner 263 9 [email protected] Abattoirs 400715/403689 CBS Milk Buhle Nyathi 0771 930480 [email protected] CC Sales Beef cattle Richard Wakefield 0712 601061 [email protected] Denford Matiringe 0774 306108 [email protected] (Bulawayo ) Dendairy Milk Farai Shungu 0773 054982 [email protected] Kwekwe Gokwe South Milk and Dairy District General Procurement (059) 2405 products Hospital Gokwe South Milk Elias Chiweshe 0775 927631 MCC Mr Dhlodhlo Kershelmar Milk (Procurement 0772 252734 [email protected] Manager) Koala Park Kobus Raath 0773 477751 [email protected] Abattoir Chiredzi Beef Cattle 0784 844000 Abattoir Kadoma Carl Tuke 0774 642755 [email protected]

0779 748230 Heads and Hooves Beef cattle Chris Androliakos Chris [email protected] 0712 211856 Mandigonera Goats Tendai Sixpence 0777 167270 [email protected] Enterprises Mhofu Mukaka Milk Mitchelle Viviers Montana Carswell 0771 247612 Meats Gokwe & Beef cattle Arthur Rex [email protected] 059-2855 Redcliff Montana Carswell Rod Fenell 0773 982898 Beef cattle Meats Masvingo Craig Green 0772 816069 0774 101768 Red Tractor Dairy Milk Gavin Cantor 0772 831500 Riverbank Milk Nhliziyoenhle Mlalazi 0712 380904 Spar Zimbabwe Dairy products Buyer 0772 977 345 St. Agnes School Dairy Products Procurement 0775 024223 Takawira MCC Milk Sarah Ndodha 0773 378778 Tongogara MCC Milk Magwaza Esau

Beef cattle & Sabie Meats Neil van der Merwe 0772 214116 [email protected] stock feed Umzingwane MCC Milk Sheila Lupuwana 0775 559742

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ANNEX 4. LIST OF INPUT SUPPLIERS

The companies listed in the table below have all been engaged, some expressed an interest to transact and some transacted with Feed the Future Zimbabwe Livestock Development program beneficiaries in target districts during the review period. Company Products Contact and Title Tel No. Email Agrifoods Stock feed Luke Mutemeri 0712 632 333 [email protected] Cheeseman Milk Processing (04)306982 Harare culture Cotton Cottco Mr. Mutauranwa 0773 715297 [email protected] Motes Ecomark & Veterinary Dr. Morgan Matingo 0772 282803 [email protected] Coopers supplies Dr. Oswin Choga 0773 724088 [email protected] Econet Technical information Beniah Nyakanda 0774 222867 [email protected] Wireless on livestock Feed Mix Stock feed Wendy Krog 04-446132 [email protected] Veterinary Dr. Bruce Fivaz 0772 189802 [email protected] Fivet supplies John Magasi (sales) 0773 582239 [email protected] Global Plastics Packaging Mr. Kambuma (04)755719 Harare materials Maize, pasture, and Klein Karoo Beauty Magiya 0772 339326 [email protected] vegetable seed Lamour Dairy Milk, dairy Gareth Barry 0772 260799 [email protected] Products animals Paul Chapotaronga 0772 100257 [email protected] Lion Finance Credit Trevor Arigundiya 0772 789 534 [email protected] Luipaardsvlei Brahman Dawie Joubert 0774 334554 [email protected] Brahmans bulls Meadow Stock feed Mark Androliakos 0712 212338 [email protected] Feeds Willard Mukondiwa 0772 148713 [email protected] National Stock feed 0733 400112 Foods Patrick Marusho 0772 801 997 [email protected] Milk bulk National dairy tanks and Mr. Watadza 0773 246570 Co-op molasses Quest Financial Finance James Msipa 0772 573276 [email protected] Services Beef cattle & Sabie Meats Neil van der Merwe 0772 214116 [email protected] stock feed Clive Msipa 0774 164390 UNTU Capital Finance [email protected] (04) 332968/308746

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Amon Basuthu 0773 026 844 Animal Veterinary health Nyasha Chipepe (04)793183 Distributors products Virl Virginia Sibanda 0774 391252 [email protected] Finance Microfinance Lynn Gwenzi 0774 391 253 [email protected] Stock feed and Windmill Claude Ndavambi 0772 433496 [email protected] veterinary supplies Zimbabwe Farmer 0771 564555 Farmers Paul Zakariya [email protected] Organization 0771 564554 Union

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