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History Group Newsletter HISTORY GROUP NEWSLETTER News, views and a miscellany published by the Royal Meteorological Society’s Special Interest Group for the History of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography Issue No.3, 2012 CONTENTS In this bumper issue of the newsletter, we continue 20 years of the World Wide Web .................. 1 with the theme of anniversaries (inspired by 2012 Under the weather ....................................... 4 being the year of Her Majesty’s Diamond Jubilee). Under the weather in India ........................... 4 We have, in this issue, features that take us back The British Antarctic Expedition – Part VIII .... 5 20, 25, 50, 60, 70, 100 and 150 years. We hope you The Great Storm of 25 years ago ................... 6 enjoy reading them. Climythology ................................................. 8 New book ..................................................... 9 A model of scientific reasoning ................... 10 20 YEARS OF THE WORLD WIDE WEB The Meteorological Research Flight ............ 11 by Malcolm Walker Subscriptions .............................................. 11 History Group Chairman Lynmouth 1952 ........................................... 12 The Great Smog of 1952 ............................. 12 One afternoon in November 1992, the telephone in my office rang. The call was from my wife, who was, 100 years ago in Symons’s Met Mag ........... 13 at the time, Head of IT Training in Cardiff University. Blowing hot and cold .................................. 15 I was an academic in that same university, my Remember these? ....................................... 15 subjects being marine meteorology and physical An unsung hero in meteorology .................. 16 oceanography. Above the clouds 150 years ago .................. 19 Recent publications .................................... 24 “I’ve got a weather satellite image on the screen of my computer monitor”, my wife said, or words to Forthcoming events .................................... 24 that effect. I didn’t understand. Why was she telling 2012 members ............................................ 27 me this? I was able to obtain the latest images from polar-orbiting satellites and from the Meteosat Four weeks after that telephone call from my wife, geostationary satellite. I had a satellite dish on the the Computing Centre provided access to the World roof of the building I was in. Wide Web across all departments in the university. “I’m getting the image through the World Wide To me, it was all so exciting. I was now able to obtain Web”, she said, and I still didn’t understand. What up-to-date satellite images without leaving my was the World Wide Web, I asked, and why was it office. True, the downloading of my first image took any better than my Dartcom satellite receiving 23 minutes, but I didn’t now need to go to my system? All was explained, and I put the matter to laboratory to obtain up-to-date images. How times the back of my mind. I used e-mail for have changed. I now get irritated if a satellite image communicating with people around the world, but I doesn’t appear on the screen in 23 seconds! didn’t have any other Internet access, so I continued Back in December 1992, I soon found that weather to obtain satellite images through the Dartcom satellite images were not the only meteorological system. My wife worked in the Computing Centre. ‘goodies’ available via the Web. Charts and weather She had access to facilities that were not available to observations were available, too, though the staff or students in the academic departments – or quantity and quality of the charts and some of the were, rather, not yet available. data left much to be desired. However, enough was Registered address of the Royal Meteorological Society: 104 Oxford Road, Reading, RG1 7LL, United Kingdom Tel: +44(0)118 956 8500 Fax: +44(0)118 956 8571 Registered Charity No.208222 VAT No. GB 200 0464 39 History Group: http://www.rmets.org/about-us/special-interest-groups/history-meteorology-and-physical-oceanography-special-interest available for me to take a new approach to the Many books, papers and other items published setting of coursework for students. No longer did I before 1900, and not a few published since, are now need to give each student the same set of charts and available free of charge, thanks in many cases to other meteorological data. I could now set exercises libraries in the USA and Canada which have scanned which required students to download near real-time publications that are out of copyright. charts and observations from the Web. This meant Potted and longer biographies of distinguished and that the charts and data sets which the students lesser-known meteorologists, oceanographers and worked on were those that were current when they other scientists are available on the Web, but were downloaded. Thus, the charts and data varied authors of biographies can be very careless over from student to student, a consequence being that dates and other details, often through copying collaboration between students was reduced! blindly from other websites. Biographical details For visual subjects like mine – meteorology and should be checked carefully; and even websites that oceanography – the ‘Web’ proved beneficial very one might assume are reliable contain mistakes. In quickly. Educationally useful material such as charts, my experience, online biographies should be used as data, satellite images, diagrams, and photographs of no more than starting points when searching for bio- clouds and optical phenomena soon became details. And obituaries and retirement notices in available readily (though for some years a number of reputable printed journals may also contain national weather services refused to provide near mistakes and misconceptions. real-time weather observations free of charge). When seeking chapter and verse for obituaries and By 1998, when I became the Royal Meteorological retirement notices for meteorologists, the online Society’s Education Officer, the Web had developed catalogue of the National Meteorological Library and sufficiently, and Internet connectivity in schools had Archive (NML&A) is a valuable resource. For finding improved to such an extent, that a project called the correct titles and other details of books, I MetLinkInternational could be run, whereby schools recommend both the NML&A catalogue and the around the world could exchange weather data and online catalogue of the British Library. receive online guidance from professional For finding out what has been published in journals, meteorologists. The project, which ran for two the best approach is to go to the website of the weeks each year, began with twelve schools in 1998 journal in question, where lists of contents (and (eleven in Europe and one in Zimbabwe) and at its often abstracts of papers) can usually be found. peak in 2005 had over 300 participating schools in Whether or not any given paper can be downloaded many parts of the world. in full free of charge varies from journal to journal. From those small beginnings in the early 1990s, the For questions asked in the Houses of Commons and World Wide Web has become an essential resource, Lords about matters involving meteorology and/or not only in meteorology but in all walks of life. oceanography, along with the answers given, Where would we be without the Web today? From Hansard is available online free of charge for the the latest local, national and international news to period 1803 to date. To find out what the latest share prices to the latest cricket and meteorologists and oceanographers said when in football scores and so on and so on, we can turn to front of parliamentary committees, go to: the Web. Answers to so many questions are these http://www.publications.parliament.uk/ days ‘out there’ on the Web, but a word of caution is necessary, as a huge amount of reliable information Newspapers contain much that is useful in the form is mixed up with a huge amount of rubbish. No one of letters, editorials and other articles, as well as should believe everything that is published in reports on newsworthy meteorological and newspapers. Even less should we believe without oceanographic events, but a subscription is question everything we find on the Web. necessary to gain access to most of them. I am lucky, because, by virtue of being a member of the Devon What is on the Web that is useful to historians of County Library Service, I have free access at home to meteorology and physical oceanography? That is a The Times for the period 1785 to 1985 and to a difficult question to answer fully, so I’ll provide here, number of other newspapers. in no particular order, a selection of what I have found useful. A magazine called Flight contains much of interest to historians of meteorology, especially those with an 2 interest in aviation. Every issue from 1909 to 2005 is available online free of charge. Photographs of meteorological instruments old and new can be viewed free of charge on a number of websites, but they are often marked in some way for copyright purposes. A site that contains much of historical interest is that of the Photo Library of the USA’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/nws/index.html Another is that of the Science Museum Group: http://www.ingenious.org.uk/See/Naturalworld/ Meteorology/ The pictures below and on the right were all downloaded from the NOAA Photo Library website. Finally, there’s the Google search engine. It’s an essential starting point for trying to find things meteorological and oceanographic. The URL is: http://www.google.com which defaults on my computer to http://www.google.co.uk/ Shielded snow gauge in the north-west of the USA. From The Boy with the U.S. Weather Men, by Francis Rolt-Wheeler, published in 1917 by Lothrop, Lee and Shepard, Boston, USA, p.224. From ‘Studies among the snow crystals during U.S. Signal Service weather map for 1 September 1872.
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