DOCSLIB.ORG

Caravans, Camel Wrestling and Cowrie Shells: Towards a Social Zooarchaeology of Camel Hybridization in Anatolia and Adjacent Regions Canan Çakırlar, Rémi Berthon

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Caravans, Camel Wrestling and Cowrie Shells: Towards a Social Zooarchaeology of Camel Hybridization in Anatolia and Adjacent Regions Canan Çakırlar, Rémi Berthon Caravans, camel wrestling and cowrie shells: towards a social zooarchaeology of camel hybridization in Anatolia and adjacent regions Canan Çakırlar, Rémi Berthon To cite this version: Canan Çakırlar, Rémi Berthon. Caravans, camel wrestling and cowrie shells: towards a social zooar- chaeology of camel hybridization in Anatolia and adjacent regions. Anthropozoologica, Publications Scientifiques du Muséum, 2014, 49 (2), pp.237-252. 10.5252/az2014n2a06. hal-02138376 HAL Id: hal-02138376 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02138376 Submitted on 28 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Caravans, camel wrestling and cowrie shells: towards a social zooarchaeology of camel hybridization in Anatolia and adjacent regions Canan ÇAKıRLAR Groningen Institute of Archaeology, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Poststraat 6, NL-9712 ER, Groningen (Netherlands) [email protected] Rémi BERTHON Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique : sociétés, pratiques et environnements (UMR 7209 CNRS/MNHN), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 55 rue Buffon CP 56, 75005 Paris (France) Archéorient – Environnements et sociétés de l’Orient ancient (UMR 5133 CNRS/Université Lyon 2), MSH Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée - Jean Pouilloux, 7 rue Raulin, 69007 Lyon (France) [email protected] Çakırlar C. & Berthon R. 2014 — Caravans, camel wrestling and cowrie shells: towards a social zooarchaeology of camel hybridization in Anatolia and adjacent regions. Anthropozoologica 49 (2): 237-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/az2014n2a06. ABSTRACT Hybrid camels, intentional crosses between dromedaries and bactrian camels, are prized for their robustness and endurance. They were the prime vehicles of short and long distance caravan trade in a large area between Greece and Mongolia until the whole-scale introduction of motorized transport. This pa- per proposes a model for the zooarchaeological study of camel hybridization as a culture-historical phenomenon based on ethnographic and ethnohistoric KEY WORDS observations of camel wrestling. Camel wrestling spectacles involve large audi- Bactrian camel, ences who gather in large arenas to watch first generation male hybrid camels dromedary, wrestle during the mating season. While Anatolia was chosen as a case region hybrid camels, long-distance trade, for testing the model, it can be applied to all regions where hybrids are expected congregation. to occur in the archaeological record. ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA • 2014 • 49 (2) © Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. 237 Çakırlar C. & Berthon R. RÉSUMÉ Caravanes, combats de chameaux et cauri : pour une approche socio-zooarchéolo- gique de l’hybridation des chameaux en Anatolie et dans les régions limitrophes. Les chameaux hybrides, issus du croisement intentionnel du chameau de Bactriane et du dromadaire, sont prisés pour leur robustesse et leur endurance. Jusqu’à l’introduction des véhicules à moteur pour le transport de marchandises, les chameaux hybrides étaient les meilleurs moyens de transport pour les caravanes qui permettaient de commercer à courte et longue distance dans une vaste région allant de la Grèce à la Mongolie. Basé sur des observations ethnographiques et ethno-historiques des combats de chameaux, cet article propose un modèle pour l’étude archéozoologique de l’hybridation des chameaux en tant que MOTS CLÉS Chameau de Bactriane, phénomène culturel et historique. De nombreux spectateurs se rassemblent dromadaire, dans de grandes arènes pour assister aux combats de chameaux mâles hybrides hybrides, de première génération pendant la période de rut. Le modèle proposé a été commerce à longue distance, testé en Anatolie mais peut être appliqué à toutes les régions où des restes de rassemblements. chameaux hybrides figurent parmi le matériel archéologique. INTRODUCTION brid camels in the caravan trade until recent past and the requirement to cross Bactrian studs with The western parts of Turkey witness unusual social dromedary females to attain them, social events gatherings during short winter seasons. Amateur similar to present-day camel wrestling spectacles camel owners from all over Turkey and large num- may have facilitated acculturation processes by bers of local viewers gather – weather permitting – bringing together groups from diverse backgrounds. every weekend at designated ‘arenas’ and enjoy a Although our review of archaeological camel finds day-long spectacle of camel wrestling matches. in Turkey shows that it is difficult to test this model Each event is a cultural anthropologist’s Super Bowl with current zooarchaeological evidence, our study that embodies diverse anthropological phenomena indicates that camel wrestling events have previously and processes, ranging from structured socializa- unrecognized potential to stimulate and channel tion, kinship organization, mediation, aggression, future studies of camel hybridization. costly signalling, symbolism, to secularism. For the anthropozoologist, the obvious highlight is perspir- CURRENT OSTEOARCHAEOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE ing at the centre of the arena: large, first generation OF HYBRID CAMELS male hybrid camels. Astonishingly little is known Reconstructing the history of camel hybridization about the origins and the history of these increas- depends largely on the identification of their remains ingly popular events and their raison d’être, which in ancient cultural contexts (Potts 2004). Bones and are potentially linked to the cultural role of camel teeth of Old World Camelidae (hereafter camel) are hybridization in the Old World. readily identifiable, even in the fragmented faunal In this paper we propose a model for a social assemblages that usually represent a multitude of zooarchaeology of camel hybridization in the Old species. But, although the cultural importance of World through a discussion of some selected ele- identifying whether both or either of the two geo- ments of present-day camel wrestling in Turkey graphically separate species — dromedary (Cam- and the archaeological evidence for camels in the elus dromedarius) and Bactrian camel (Camelus present territory of the Republic of Turkey. Our bactrianus) — are present in a given site has been model suggests that, given the importance of hy- recognized relatively early on (Compagnoni & Tosi 238 ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA • 2014 • 49 (2) Zooarchaeology of camel hybridization in Anatolia 1978; Wapnish 1984), distinguishing them based the presence of mixed cranial features in one of on their skeletal remains has proved challenging them led Köhler-Rollefson to suggest the highly (Boessneck & von den Driesch 1975, 1985). Soon probable presence of hybrids in Pella. after, the rapid intensification of zooarchaeological All subsequent discussions for probable occurrences research into the protohistoric and historic periods of hybrid camels in archaeological deposits rely on of Southwest and Central Asia and the increased similar arguments of size and mixed morphology interest in the domestication history of camels (Fabiš 1996; Mashkour 1997; Uerpmann 1999; (Peters & von den Driesch 1997; Peters 2001) led Becker 2003; Studer & Schneider 2008; Pigière & to comprehensive osteomorphological studies on Henrotay 2011). What exact traits stand for mixed modern specimens. These studies have shown clear non-metric morphology, however, remains to be non-metric osteomorphological differences between established. Mixed non-metric osteomorphological almost all the skeletal elements of the two species features are difficult to pinpoint and quantify in all (Wapnish 1984; Steiger 1990). Moreover, it has hybrids. Attempts at defining these are complicated been established that dromedary bones are more by differences among parental breeds, random in- slender than those of Bactrian Camels, reflecting heritance and filial generation (i.e. whether the par- the latter’s visibly more sturdy build (Lesbre 1903; ents are distinct species or hybrids). Such problems Wapnish 1984; Köhler-Rollefson 1989; Steiger have been largely overcome for the hybrids of other 1990; Uerpmann 1999; Peters 2001; Becker 2008). animals that were subject to osteoarchaeological Despite all these careful considerations of the research thanks to the availability of large amounts osteological differences between the two species, of modern specimens (e.g. for mules, the F1 hybrid zooarchaeologists remained for a long time reluc- of horse and donkey, see Peters 1998). The exact tant to investigate the possibility of the presence of opposite is the reason for the rather slippery ground hybrids in the archaeological record. In view of the on which the osteological study of hybrid camels culture-historical significance of hybrid use (Potts still stands (Studer & Schneider 2008; Pigière & 2004; Buillet 2009), this situation is intriguing. Henrotay 2011). “As [hybrids]… no longer exist, Theoretically, hybrid presence is, if not inevitable, it is impossible to obtain fresh skeletal material for extremely likely for any time period and region where comparative purposes” (Uerpmann 1999). As
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE CYPRUS QUESTION in the MAKING and the ATTITUDE of the SOVIET UNION TOWARDS the CYPRUS QUESTION (1960-1974) a Master's
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bilkent University Institutional Repository THE CYPRUS QUESTION IN THE MAKING AND THE ATTITUDE OF THE SOVIET UNION TOWARDS THE CYPRUS QUESTION (1960-1974) A Master’s Thesis by MUSTAFA ÇAĞATAY ASLAN DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2008 To my grandfathers Osman OYMAK and Mehmet Akif ASLAN, THE CYPRUS QUESTION IN THE MAKING AND THE ATTITUDE OF THE SOVIET UNION TOWARDS THE CYPRUS QUESTION (1960-1974) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by MUSTAFA ÇAĞATAY ASLAN In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2008 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------- Associate Prof. Hakan Kırımlı Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------- Assistant Prof. Dr. Nur Bilge Criss Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------- Assistant Prof. Dr. Eugenia Kermeli Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT THE CYPRUS QUESTION IN THE MAKING AND THE ATTITUDE OF THE SOVIET UNION TOWARDS THE CYPRUS QUESTION (1960-1974) Aslan, Mustafa Çağatay M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Associate Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Convention on Migratory Species
    CMS Distribution: General CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/COP11/Inf.21 MIGRATORY 16 July 2014 SPECIES Original: English 11th MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES Quito, Ecuador, 4-9 November 2014 Agenda Item 23.3.1 ASSESSMENT OF GAPS AND NEEDS IN MIGRATORY MAMMALS CONSERVATION IN CENTRAL ASIA 1. In response to multiple mandates (notably Concerted and Cooperative Actions, Rec.8.23 and 9.1, Res.10.3 and 10.9), CMS has strengthened its work for the conservation of large mammals in the central Asian region and inter alia initiated a gap analysis and needs assessment, including status reports of prioritized central Asian migratory mammals to obtain a better picture of the situation in the region and to identify priorities for conservation. Range States and a large number of relevant experts were engaged in the process, and national stakeholder consultation meetings organized in several countries. 2. The Meeting Document along with the Executive Summary of the assessment is available as UNEP/CMS/COP11/Doc.23.3.1. For reasons of economy, documents are printed in a limited number, and will not be distributed at the Meeting. Delegates are requested to bring their copy to the meeting and not to request additional copies. UNEP/CMS/COP11/Inf.21 Assessment of gaps and needs in migratory mammal conservation in Central Asia Report prepared for the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Financed by the Ecosystem Restoration in Central Asia (ERCA) component of the European Union Forest and Biodiversity Governance Including Environmental Monitoring Project (FLERMONECA).
    [Show full text]
  • Countries with Missing Data
    Countries with missing data FAO Code or CODE GEMS FAO FOOD B Calculation Barley+Pot Barley+Barley, GC 640 BARLEY 44+45+46+48 Calculated pearled+Barley Flour and grits Cyprus; Greece; Israel; Italy; Lebanon; Portugal; Spain; Turkey; United Arab 44 BARLEY Int. Emirates Cyprus; Greece; Israel; Italy; Lebanon; Portugal; Spain; Turkey; United Arab 45 Pot Barley Int. Emirates Int. 46 Barley, Pearled Cyprus; Turkey; United Arab Emirates 48 Barley Flour and Grits Cyprus; Greece; Israel; Lebanon; Portugal; Turkey; United Arab Emirates Int. Buckwheat + flour of buckwheat + GC 641 BUCKWHEAT 89+90+91 Calculated Bran of buckwheat Int. BUCKWHEAT 89 BUCKWHEAT Greece; Lebanon; Portugal; Spain; Turkey; United Arab Emirates Cyprus; Greece; Israel; Italy; Lebanon; Portugal; Spain; Turkey; United Arab Flour of Buckwheat 90 Flour of Buckwheat Int. Emirates Cyprus; Greece; Israel; Italy; Lebanon; Portugal; Spain; Turkey; United Arab Bran of Buckwheat 91 Bran of Buckwheat Int. Emirates GC 645 MAIZE Maize + CF1255 Maize + CF1255 (GEMS) Calculated Cyprus; Greece; Israel; Italy; Lebanon; Portugal; Spain; Turkey; United Arab MAIZE 56 MAIZE Emirates CF 1255 MAIZE FLOUR 58 FLOUR MAIZE Lebanon SWEET CORN SWEET CORN FROZEN + SWEET VO 1275 SWEET CORN (KERNEL FROZEN + SWEET Calculated CORN PRESERVED CORN PRESERVED Int. SWEET CORN FROZEN 447 SWEET CORN FROZEN Spain; United Arab Emirates Int. SWEET CORN PRESERV 448 SWEET CORN PRESERVED United Arab Emirates Cyprus; Greece; Israel; Lebanon; Portugal; Spain; Turkey; United Arab VO 447 SWEET CORN (CORN-O 446 GREEN CORN Emirates Cyprus; Greece; Israel; Italy; Lebanon; Portugal; Spain; Turkey; United Arab GC 656 POP CORN 68 POP CORN Emirates Cyprus; Greece; Israel; Italy; Lebanon; Portugal; Spain; Turkey; United Arab CF 646 MILLET FLOUR 80 FLOUR MILLET Emirates GC 647 OATS 75+76 OATS + Oats Rolled Calculated Int.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Fall Edition
    Oasis of Glenmont Cyprus Shriners Desert of New York FALL 2017 HAVING FUN. HELPING KIDS INSIDE THIS ISSUE POTENTATE’S MESSAGE 3 FALL CEREMONIAL 6 MEMBERSHIP 9 MILLION DOLLAR CLUB 13 CHIEF RABBAN’S MESSAGE 4 POTENTATE’S BALL 7 CHRISTMAS PARTY 10 UPCOMING EVENTS 14 www.cyprusshriners.com PAGE 2 CYPRUS NEWS Cyprus News Vote on proposed change to the By-Laws at Published Quarterly by Cyprus Shriners 9 Frontage Road, Glenmont, NY 12077 stated meeting Wednesday September 20, 2017 Tel: (518) 436-7892 Email: [email protected] ARTICLE V Website: www.cyprus5.org Initiation Fees, Dues, Per Capita, Hospital Levy Section 5.1 Initiation Fee The initiation fee shall 2017 Elected Divan be determined at a stated or special meeting of the Potentate Ill. Anthony T. Prizzia, Sr. (845) 691-2021 temple after notice has been given to each member [email protected] stating the proposed amount of the initiation fee. It Chief Rabban David M. Unser (518) 207-6711 must be paid in full prior to initiation. [email protected] Assistant Rabban Robert Baker (518) 857-8187 At this time the Fee for Initiation is $100.00, but [email protected] High Priest & Prophet John Donato (518) 479-0315 does not appear in the By Laws. [email protected] Oriental Guide Chris Wessell (518) 269-2262 We ask that the Initiation Fee be raised to $150.00. [email protected] Treasurer James H. Pulver (518) 326-1196 The reason for the increase is to provide every new [email protected] Noble with a Felt Embroidered Cyprus Fez at his Recorder Ill.
    [Show full text]
  • Cigarette Minimum Retail Price List
    MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE FILING ENFORCEMENT BUREAU CIGARETTE AND TOBACCO EXCISE UNIT PRESUMPTIVE MINIMUM RETAIL PRICES EFFECTIVE July 26, 2021 The prices listed below are based on cigarettes delivered by the wholesaler and do not include the 6.25 percent sales tax. Brands of cigarettes held in current inventory may be sold at the new presumptive minimum prices for those brands. Changes and additions are bolded. Non-Chain Stores Chain Stores Retail Retail Brand (Alpha) Carton Pack Carton Pack 1839 $86.64 $8.66 $85.38 $8.54 1st Class $71.49 $7.15 $70.44 $7.04 Basic $122.21 $12.22 $120.41 $12.04 Benson & Hedges $136.55 $13.66 $134.54 $13.45 Benson & Hedges Green $115.28 $11.53 $113.59 $11.36 Benson & Hedges King (princess pk) $134.75 $13.48 $132.78 $13.28 Cambridge $124.78 $12.48 $122.94 $12.29 Camel All others $116.56 $11.66 $114.85 $11.49 Camel Regular - Non Filter $141.43 $14.14 $139.35 $13.94 Camel Turkish Blends $110.14 $11.01 $108.51 $10.85 Capri $141.43 $14.14 $139.35 $13.94 Carlton $141.43 $14.14 $139.35 $13.94 Checkers $71.54 $7.15 $70.49 $7.05 Chesterfield $96.53 $9.65 $95.10 $9.51 Commander $117.28 $11.73 $115.55 $11.56 Couture $72.23 $7.22 $71.16 $7.12 Crown $70.76 $7.08 $69.73 $6.97 Dave's $107.70 $10.77 $106.11 $10.61 Doral $127.10 $12.71 $125.23 $12.52 Dunhill $141.43 $14.14 $139.35 $13.94 Eagle 20's $88.31 $8.83 $87.01 $8.70 Eclipse $137.16 $13.72 $135.15 $13.52 Edgefield $73.41 $7.34 $72.34 $7.23 English Ovals $125.44 $12.54 $123.59 $12.36 Eve $109.30 $10.93 $107.70 $10.77 Export A $120.88 $12.09 $119.10 $11.91
    [Show full text]
  • Review Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-Cov)
    Review Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): A review Nour Ramadan1, Houssam Shaib2,* Abstract As a novel coronavirus first reported by Saudi Arabia in 2012, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is responsible for an acute human respiratory syndrome. The virus, of 2C beta- CoV lineage, expresses the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) receptor and is densely endemic in dromedary camels of East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. MERS-CoV is zoonotic but human-to-human transmission is also possible. Surveillance and phylogenetic researches indicate MERS-CoV to be closely associated with bats’ coronaviruses, suggesting bats as reservoirs, although unconfirmed. With no vaccine currently available for MERS-CoV nor approved prophylactics, its global spread to over 25 countries with high fatalities highlights its role as ongoing public health threat. An articulated action plan ought to be taken, preferably from a One Health perspective, for appropriately advanced countermeasures against MERS-CoV. Keywords MERS-CoV, Lebanon, epidemiology, One Health. 3 Introduction1 with pneumonia and acute kidney injury. The June 19th, 2017, a case of Middle East virus was later isolated from the patient’s sputum. respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is A different report appeared in September 2012, reported by the National International Health detecting a similar virus with 99.5% identity in a Regulation (IHR) focal point of Lebanon.1 As a previous patient who initially developed novel coronavirus, MERS-CoV was first symptoms in Qatar and had traveled to Saudi identified in a patient from the Kingdom of Arabia before the disease progression Saudi Arabia in June 2012 and was originally exacerbated.4 Seroepidemiologic and virologic named human coronavirus-EMC, as in Erasmus research revealed MERS-CoV infection in Medical Center.2 The case involved a man in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) with Saudi Arabia who was admitted to the hospital isolated viruses from dromedaries competent in 5,6 infecting the human respiratory tract.
    [Show full text]
  • Wool and Other Animal Fibers
    WOOL AND OTHER ANIMAL FIBERS 251 it was introduced into India in the fourth century under the romantic circumstances of a marriage between Chinese and Indian royal families. At the request of Byzantine Emper- or Justinian in A.D. 552, two monks Wool and Other made the perilous journey and risked smuggling silkworm eggs out of China in the hollow of their bamboo canes, and so the secret finally left Asia. Animal Fibers Constantinople remained the center of Western silk culture for more than 600 years, although raw silk was also HORACE G. PORTER and produced in Sicily, southern Spain, BERNICE M. HORNBECK northern Africa, and Greece. As a result of military victories in the early 13 th century, Venetians obtained some silk districts in Greece. By the 14th century, the knowledge of seri- ANIMAL FIBERS are the hair, wool, culture reached England, but despite feathers, fur, or filaments from sheep, determined efforts it was not particu- goats, camels, horses, cattle, llamas, larly successful. Nor was it successful birds, fur-bearing animals, and silk- in the British colonies in the Western worms. Hemisphere. Let us consider silk first. There are three main, distinct A legend is that in China in 2640 species of silkworms—Japanese, Chi- B.C. the Empress Si-Ling Chi noticed nese, and European. Hybrids have been a beautiful cocoon in her garden and developed by crossing different com- accidentally dropped it into a basin of binations of the three. warm water. She caught the loose end The production of silk for textile of the filament that made up the co- purposes involves two operations: coon and unwound the long, lustrous Sericulture, or the raising of the silk- strand.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmission Marie E
    PERSPECTIVE Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmission Marie E. Killerby, Holly M. Biggs, Claire M. Midgley, Susan I. Gerber, John T. Watson (Figure). MERS-CoV human cases result from primary Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS- or secondary transmission. Primary transmission is CoV) infection causes a spectrum of respiratory illness, classified as transmission not resulting from contact from asymptomatic to mild to fatal. MERS-CoV is transmitted sporadically from dromedary camels to humans with a confirmed human MERS case-patient 15( ) and can and occasionally through human-to-human contact. result from zoonotic transmission from camels or from Current epidemiologic evidence supports a major role in an unidentified source. Conzade et al. reported that, transmission for direct contact with live camels or humans among cases classified as primary by the WHO, only 191 with symptomatic MERS, but little evidence suggests (54.9%) persons reported contact with dromedaries (15). the possibility of transmission from camel products or Secondary transmission is classified as transmission asymptomatic MERS cases. Because a proportion of case- resulting from contact with a human MERS case- patients do not report direct contact with camels or with patient, typically characterized as healthcare-associated persons who have symptomatic MERS, further research is or household-associated, as appropriate. However, needed to conclusively determine additional mechanisms many MERS case-patients have no reported exposure to of transmission, to inform public health practice, and to a prior MERS patient or healthcare setting or to camels, refine current precautionary recommendations. meaning the source of infection is unknown. Among 1,125 laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases reported iddle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coro- to WHO during January 1, 2015–April 13, 2018, a total Mnavirus (MERS-CoV) was first detected in Sau- of 157 (14%) had unknown exposure (15).
    [Show full text]
  • High Rate of Circulating MERS-Cov in Dromedary Camels at Slaughterhouses in Riyadh, 2019
    viruses Article High Rate of Circulating MERS-CoV in Dromedary Camels at Slaughterhouses in Riyadh, 2019 Taibah A. Aljasim 1,2, Abdulrahman Almasoud 1,3, Haya A. Aljami 1,3, Mohamed W. Alenazi 1,3, Suliman A. Alsagaby 4 , Asma N. Alsaleh 2 and Naif Khalaf Alharbi 1,3,* 1 Vaccine Development Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] (T.A.A.); [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (H.A.A.); [email protected] (M.W.A.) 2 College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 3 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia 4 Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 September 2020; Accepted: 9 October 2020; Published: 27 October 2020 Abstract: MERS-CoV is a zoonotic virus that has emerged in humans in 2012 and caused severe respiratory illness with a mortality rate of 34.4%. Since its appearance, MERS-CoV has been reported in 27 countries and most of these cases were in Saudi Arabia. So far, dromedaries are considered to be the intermediate host and the only known source of human infection. This study was designed to determine the seroprevalence and the infection rate of MERS-CoV in slaughtered food-camels in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 171 nasal swabs along with 161 serum samples were collected during the winter; from January to April 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Llama and Alpaca Management in Germany—Results of an Online Survey Among Owners on Farm Structure, Health Problems and Self-Reflection
    animals Article Llama and Alpaca Management in Germany—Results of an Online Survey among Owners on Farm Structure, Health Problems and Self-Reflection Saskia Neubert *, Alexandra von Altrock, Michael Wendt and Matthias Gerhard Wagener Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; [email protected] (A.v.A.); [email protected] (M.W.); [email protected] (M.G.W.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: The keeping of llamas and alpacas is becoming increasingly attractive, resulting in veterinarians being consulted to an increasing extent about the treatment of individual animals or herd care and management. At present, there is little information on the maintenance practices for South American camelids in Germany and on the level of knowledge of animal owners. To gain an overview of the number of animals kept, the farming methods and management practices in alpaca and llama populations, as well as to obtain information on common population problems, a survey was conducted among owners of South American camelids. The findings can help prepare veterinarians for herd visits and serve as a basis for the discussion of current problems in South American camelid husbandry. Abstract: An online survey of llama and alpaca owners was used to collect data on the population, husbandry, feeding, management measures and health problems. A total of 255 questionnaires were evaluated. In total, 55.1% of the owners had started keeping South American camelids within the Citation: Neubert, S.; von Altrock, last six years.
    [Show full text]
  • NVWA Nr. Merk/Type Nicotine (Mg/Sig) NFDPM (Teer)
    NVWA nr. Merk/type Nicotine (mg/sig) NFDPM (teer) (mg/sig) CO (mg/sig) 89537347 Lexington 1,06 12,1 7,6 89398436 Camel Original 0,92 11,7 8,9 89398339 Lucky Strike Original Red 0,88 11,4 11,6 89398223 JPS Red 0,87 11,1 10,9 89399459 Bastos Filter 1,04 10,9 10,1 89399483 Belinda Super Kings 0,86 10,8 11,8 89398347 Mantano 0,83 10,8 7,3 89398274 Gauloises Brunes 0,74 10,7 10,1 89398967 Winston Classic 0,94 10,6 11,4 89399394 Titaan Red 0,75 10,5 11,1 89399572 Gauloises 0,88 10,5 10,6 89399408 Elixyr Groen 0,85 10,4 10,9 89398266 Gauloises Blondes Blue 0,77 10,4 9,8 89398886 Lucky Strike Red Additive Free 0,85 10,3 10,4 89537266 Dunhill International 0,94 10,3 9,9 89398932 Superkings Original Black 0,92 10,1 10,1 89537231 Mark 1 New Red 0,78 10 11,2 89399467 Benson & Hedges Gold 0,9 10 10,9 89398118 Peter Stuyvesant Red 0,82 10 10,9 89398428 L & M Red Label 0,78 10 10,5 89398959 Lambert & Butler Original Silver 0,91 10 10,3 89399645 Gladstone Classic 0,77 10 10,3 89398851 Lucky Strike Ice Gold 0,75 9,9 11,5 89537223 Mark 1 Green 0,68 9,8 11,2 89393671 Pall Mall Red 0,84 9,8 10,8 89399653 Chesterfield Red 0,75 9,8 10 89398371 Lucky strike Gold 0,76 9,7 11,1 89399599 Marlboro Gold 0,78 9,6 10,3 89398193 Davidoff Classic 0,88 9,6 10,1 89399637 Marlboro Red 100 0,79 9,6 9 89398878 Lucky Strike Ice 0,71 9,5 10,9 89398045 Pall Mall Red 0,81 9,5 10,5 89398355 Dunhill Master Blend Red 0,82 9,5 9,8 89399475 JPS Red 0,81 9,5 9,6 89398029 Marlboro Red 0,79 9,5 9 89537355 Elixyr Red 0,79 9,4 9,8 89398037 Marlboro Menthol 0,72 9,3 10,3 89399505 Marlboro
    [Show full text]
  • The Biology of Marine Mammals
    Romero, A. 2009. The Biology of Marine Mammals. The Biology of Marine Mammals Aldemaro Romero, Ph.D. Arkansas State University Jonesboro, AR 2009 2 INTRODUCTION Dear students, 3 Chapter 1 Introduction to Marine Mammals 1.1. Overture Humans have always been fascinated with marine mammals. These creatures have been the basis of mythical tales since Antiquity. For centuries naturalists classified them as fish. Today they are symbols of the environmental movement as well as the source of heated controversies: whether we are dealing with the clubbing pub seals in the Arctic or whaling by industrialized nations, marine mammals continue to be a hot issue in science, politics, economics, and ethics. But if we want to better understand these issues, we need to learn more about marine mammal biology. The problem is that, despite increased research efforts, only in the last two decades we have made significant progress in learning about these creatures. And yet, that knowledge is largely limited to a handful of species because they are either relatively easy to observe in nature or because they can be studied in captivity. Still, because of television documentaries, ‘coffee-table’ books, displays in many aquaria around the world, and a growing whale and dolphin watching industry, people believe that they have a certain familiarity with many species of marine mammals (for more on the relationship between humans and marine mammals such as whales, see Ellis 1991, Forestell 2002). As late as 2002, a new species of beaked whale was being reported (Delbout et al. 2002), in 2003 a new species of baleen whale was described (Wada et al.
    [Show full text]