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Online Journalism in Southern East Europe Güney Doğu AJIT‐e: Online Academic Journal of Information Technology Bahar/Spring 2011 – Cilt/Vol: 2 ‐ Sayı/Num: 3 DOI: 10.5824/1309‐1581.2011.2.004.x http://www.ajit‐e.org/?menu=pages&p=details_of_article&id=38 Online Journalism in Southern East Europe Güney Doğu Avrupa’da Çevrimiçi Gazetecilik Yrd.Doç.Dr. Osman Köroğlu Fatih Üniversitesi Meslek Yüksek Okulu Halkla İlişkiler Programı [email protected] Prof. Dr. Özhan Tıngöy Marmara Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Gazetecilik Bölümü [email protected] ABSTRACT Media may direct individual or society towards some ideas and actions. Technologic convergence moved broadcasting and publishing into digital media. This study analyzes design characteristics and contents of news web sites in Southern East Europe. Thus, contributions to positive and negative efforts in the context of social cohesion and separation efforts investigated. Some of analyzed features of news sites are medium profile, user profile, membership, news topics, multimedia usage, usage of social media, multi‐lingual publishing/broadcasting. Keywords: New media, Southern East Europe, news site, online content, multimedia. ÖZET İletişim ortamları, birey ve toplumu etkileyip, bazı fikir ve eylemlere yönlendirebilir. Teknolojik yakınsama, yayıncılığı sayısal ortama taşımıştır. Bu çalışma Güney Doğu Avrupa’daki haber sitelerinin tasarım ve içeriklerini incelemektedir. Böylece haber sitelerinin toplumsal birleşme ve ayrışma bağlamındaki çabalara katkıları araştırılmaktadır. Haber sitelerinde incelenen bazı özellikler şunlardır: Yayın profili, hedeflenen kullanıcı profili, üyelik, haber konuları, çoklu ortam kullanımı ve tarzı, sosyal medya kullanımı, çok dilli yayıncılık. Anahtar kelimeler: Yeni iletişim ortamları, Güney Doğu Avrupa, haber sitesi, çevrimiçi içerik, çoklu ortam. Online journalism in Southern East Europe – O. KÖROĞLU, Ö. TINGÖY 1. INTRODUCTION Most of the discussion on the future of journalism framework is developing some of the main themes produced in the United States such as: What are the business models related to digital publishing and broadcasting? Is there a failure of journalism? How institutions can add amateur journalists to news production routines? Is usage of abstracts and links of contents of various sites stealing? There are other developments in the field of journalism also. Each country’s practice of online journalism has its own problems. However, status assessments are being made across national borders (Anderson, 2011). Between 2007 and 2009, press in Germany has lost 10 percent, press in France has lost 4 percent of its revenues (OECD, 2010). In this, as in the United States, the most important reason is the rise of digital media and journalism. Internet use in Germany is not as developed as the United States. But, the German press is much more stable. In this example, we see that the US-based discussions should not be taken for granted directly. Journalism environments of different countries must be analyzed comparatively, and difference in approaches and trends in journalism should be understood. The economy, technology and government policies, developments related to these fields, decisions and practices of the media are problems related to the source of journalism in general. The role played by media in post-communist transition period of the Southern East Europe countries is important (Gallagher, 2000). In this period, a lot of restrictions on pluralism of ideas and policy perspective were seen. The region is an example of using the internet in real time of war and after. It should be examined in this respect also (Spasov and Todorov, 2003, p. 11). Media in Southern East Europe countries was not as free as it is now. After 1989 conversion and substantial rebuilding years, one of the main issues in politics was the media. Answers searched for following questions: How will the mass communication be organized? How will main media organs reflect views of people other than the ruling party? How will private newspapers use freedom of the press? To which extent the state will remove the monopoly on electronic media? In particular, in Bulgaria, Romania and Albania, the state media is an important means for communist leadership to control the population. Some governments of Southern East Europe countries are still very resistant about free access to information. Freedom of the press in these countries is fragile and it is supported and strengthened by outside influences. For example, in Serbia, people who does not compromise on communism, turned to nationalism to maintain their monopoly power and noticed that the most effective tools are the media. Serbian media, until the 1980s was far more egalitarian than in other communist countries. It was later cleared of liberals and reformers who are rejecting to escalate conflicts between other nationals like Albanians and Croats. Irresponsible handling of sensitive national matters destroyed the nascent democratization initiatives. While Yugoslavia was falling apart, the media of main republics supported and strengthened local elites. These elites, to preserve their power, pioneered to conflicts of identity first in Serbia and then Croatia. Media pluralism, severely weakened by abuse of nationalism. This was a sign of worse times, in an environment revealed by the conflicts between minorities and majorities about ethnic policies and countries. Journalism flourished in the Southern East Europe in transition from communism to democracy. In 1990, 900 new newspapers have been launched only in Romania. These initiatives led by the 2 http://www.ajit‐e.org/?menu=pages&p=details_of_article&id=38 AJIT‐e: Online Academic Journal of Information Technology Bahar/Spring 2011 – Cilt/Vol: 2 ‐ Sayı/Num: 3 DOI: 10.5824/1309‐1581.2011.2.004.x individuals related in politics, but who does not support parties, lasted until governments regulate the press. However, the situation was different in certain places. Considering the events of 1991-1995, Slobodan Milosevic administration’s effects on media in Yugoslavia, is said to exemplify the following: “It was as if all television in the USA had been taken over by the Ku Klux Klan.” (Holbrooke, 1998). In Bosnia and Herzegovina, despite the terms of the war between 1992-1995, there were large amounts of radio and television organization. The absence of a strong state authority, the focus of the survival of Sarajevo’s government militarily, allowed the consolidation of special radio and television stations. In the spring of 1996 the government-controlled territory had 40 radio and 77 television stations. This was a remarkable media concentration in an environment where the normal condition of life is totally eliminated in many other aspects (Budalic and Wheeler, 1996). In methods used by the Southern East Europe states to control the media, legislative arrangements and stopping the distribution are precedence (Gallagher, 2000). The following international legal texts regulating the media are considered valid in the Southern East European countries: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN, 1948), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Protocol (UN, 1966) European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR, 2012). In the Southern East Europe, media organizations coming together and blocking attempts to the negative responses towards media freedom, is limited. Instead, supports of these foreign non-governmental organizations are more important: Freedom House, the Institute of War and Peace Reporting, the Soros Foundation, Article 19 (Freedomhouse.org, 2012b). At times, when local administrations censorship efforts are concentrated, Radio Free Europe and BBC World Service’s Southern East European region broadcasts relayed world news to the public (Radio Free Europe, 2011). Information technology changes fast and provides many opportunities to liberals living in countries ruled by despotic regimes and making their voices heard. However, in line with these, the pressure of these regimes on the media is exacerbated. In countries like Albania, there have been a large number of Internet users capable of transmitting information to the world about the crisis in the Southern East Europe. Most of the Eastern Europe region has a high level of expertise. This also makes the Internet a medium effective in transmitting political information. In the early 2000s, countries such as Croatia, largely silenced, but primarily with the free communication organs, they could not make their voices heard in cyberspace. But this situation is changing because it is beyond the control of authoritarian leaders. In Serbia, the Belgrade based B92 free radio station broadcasts silenced by the state by electronic means in the winter of 1996. However, international support on the Internet has made efforts of the Serbian government ineffective (Borchanin and Moffett, 1997). In the Southern East Europe, there are very different ethnic, cultural and religious elements. In such an environment, for media to transfer news and conflicts with a balanced and non- emotional manner is very difficult. Media was used for incitement and incubation in many conflicts. Conflicts and economic problems, also has given the media a great power to raise or appease them (Gallagher, 2000). http://www.ajit‐e.org/?menu=pages&p=details_of_article&id=38 3 Online journalism in Southern East Europe – O. KÖROĞLU, Ö. TINGÖY 2. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF ONLINE JOURNALISM In the discussions about old and new communication media, sources of the main differences are official and
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