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Truceless War Truceless War HOYOS_F1_i-iv.indd i 8/2/2007 2:34:37 PM History of Warfare Editor Kelly DeVries Loyola College Founding editors Theresa Vann Paul Chevedden VOLUME 45 HOYOS_F1_i-iv.indd ii 8/2/2007 2:34:38 PM Truceless War Carthage’s Fight for Survival, 241 to 237 BC by Dexter Hoyos LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 HOYOS_F1_i-iv.indd iii 8/2/2007 2:34:38 PM On the cover : Elephant attacked by python. Detail of a hunt scene in a Roman mosaic found at Dermesch close to Carthage. Now in the Musée de Carthage, and reproduced by kind permission of the Institut National du Patrimoine de la République Tunisienne. Map by the author. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data A C.I.P. record is available from the Library of Congress. ISSN 1385-7827 ISBN 978 90 04 16076 7 Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands HOYOS_F1_i-iv.indd iv 8/2/2007 2:34:38 PM CONTENTS All dates B.C. (unless A.D. is stated or obvious) Acknowledgements ..................................................................... vii List of Illustrations ...................................................................... ix List of Maps ............................................................................... xi Prologue ...................................................................................... xiii Maps ............................................................................................ xxii Chapter One Gisco .................................................................. 1 Chapter Two The army of Sicily ........................................... 6 Chapter Three Politics, policies and politicians at Carthage .... 13 Chapter Four The army of Sicily at Carthage ....................... 25 Chapter Five Sicca ................................................................... 40 Chapter Six The talks at Tunes .............................................. 51 Chapter Seven Mutiny ............................................................. 63 Chapter Eight Libya revolts ..................................................... 77 Chapter Nine Hanno in charge .............................................. 87 Chapter Ten Hamilcar’s rst victory ...................................... 107 Chapter Eleven Hamilcar trapped .......................................... 125 Chapter Twelve ‘The Libyans’ ................................................ 139 Chapter Thirteen Enter Naravas ............................................ 146 Chapter Fourteen Sardinia rebels ............................................ 154 Chapter Fifteen The killing of Gisco ...................................... 160 Chapter Sixteen Disasters and defections ............................... 173 Chapter Seventeen The siege of Carthage ............................. 188 Chapter Eighteen The Saw ..................................................... 197 Chapter Nineteen The crosses at Tunes ................................. 219 Chapter Twenty Hamilcar and Hanno ................................... 229 Chapter Twenty One Mathos’ end ......................................... 235 Chapter Twenty Two Victory and humiliation ...................... 248 Chapter Twenty Three A balance-sheet ................................. 253 Chapter Twenty Four Polybius and other sources .................. 263 Chronology of the War .............................................................. 275 Bibliography ................................................................................ 277 Index ............................................................................................ 283 HOYOS_F1_v-xxvi.indd v 8/2/2007 5:30:28 PM HOYOS_F1_v-xxvi.indd vi 8/2/2007 5:30:28 PM ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe sincere thanks to many persons and institutions for their help with this work. Dr Stephen Mulligan of Sydney has allowed me to include several coins in his invaluable collection of Carthaginian pieces, and provided notes for the captions. Bob Simpson, Colin Pitchfork and Jim Noble of Noble Numismatics Ltd. (Sydney) generously arranged for the coins to be expertly photographed. For permission to reproduce other images and illustrations, I am very grateful to the Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali (Italy) and the Museo Etrusco di Villa Giulia at Rome; to the Institut National du Patrimoine de la République Tunisienne; to the Archäologisches Institut der Universität Freiburg-im-Bremen and Dr Alexander Heinemann; and to CNRS Éditions, Paris, and Mesdames Liliane Bruneau and Anne Cadiot. The University of Sydney has encouraged my research throughout, and helped the completion of the work by granting study leave for the second half of 2006. Dr Fiona Kidd, of our Archaeol- ogy Department, ably created the high-quality version of these other photographs. My greatest debt, as ever, is to my wife Jann and our daughter Camilla, for understanding, support and tolerance during my sometimes unsocial preoccupations, and I dedicate this study to them. HOYOS_F1_v-xxvi.indd vii 8/2/2007 5:30:28 PM HOYOS_F1_v-xxvi.indd viii 8/2/2007 5:30:28 PM LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS* 1. Portrait of Hamilcar: Supposed bust of Hamilcar (in Rome), though probably not a genuine portrait. 2. Soldier’s mailcoat: Reconstructed from remnants found in Lake Trasimene, possibly or probably dating to Third Century BC (details obscure), it suggests one type of armour used by professional troops of the time. Reproduced from The Armour of Imperial Rome by H. Russell Robinson (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1975). [The publisher has ceased to exist and all efforts at tracing the original copyright holder have been without success.] 3. Elephant with war-castle (and baby): Etruscan painted dish ca. 250 BC, in the Museo Etrusco di Villa Giulia, Rome. Reproduced from S. Peters (ed.), Hannibal ad Portas, with kind permission of Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, and the Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, Rome. 4. Sea-wall of Carthage (artist’s reconstruction), illustrating the city’s forti cations. Reproduced from M.-H. Fantar, Carthage: la Cité punique (Paris and Tunis, 1995), by kind permission of CNRS Édi- tions, Paris. 5. Carthaginian military officer of Second(?) Century bc: Headless terracotta statue, found in a temple near the Gare de Salammbô at Carthage. Reproduced from M.-H. Fantar, Carthage: la Cité punique, by kind permission of CNRS Éditions, Paris. 6. Polybius: Plaster cast of a relief portrait set up at Cleitor in Arcadia by a descendant in the Third Century AD; the original remains in Greece, reportedly in a deteriorating state. Polybius is dressed as a soldier, with lance and sword, and with a shield and helmet on the ground behind him. The cast is held by the Archäologisches Insti- tut, Universität Freiburg-im-Bremen, and reproduced with its kind permission. 7. Carthaginian and Libyan rebel coins, from the collection of Dr Stephen Mulligan (Sydney, Australia) * The illustrations can be found after the index. HOYOS_F1_v-xxvi.indd ix 8/2/2007 5:30:28 PM x list of illustrations 7.1 Electrum stater, Carthage, ca. 300 BC. Obverse: head of Tanit to left, crowned with wreath of corn, wearing earring with pen- dant and necklace. Reverse: free horse standing to right. When the Carthaginians sent the mercenaries to Sicca, they were each given a gold stater to cover their immediate expenses. 7.2 Billon shekel of the Libyan rebels. Obverse: head of Herakles to left wearing lion skin. Reverse: lion walking right; Punic M (mem) above; b`Y below exergue line. 7.3 Rebel billon didrachm or shekel, coarsely overstruck on a Carthaginian original. Obverse: head of Heracles to left wearing lion skin. Reverse: b`Y , lion prowling to right (originally a Carthaginian horse); Punic M above. 7.4 Billon double shekel. Obverse: head of Zeus to left, b`Y on left, Punic M on right. Reverse: bull butting to right; Punic M above. 7.5 Libyan rebel billon didrachm or shekel. Obverse: head of Tanit to left, wreathed with corn, wearing necklace and triple pen- dant earring. Reverse: horse standing to right, Punic letter M beneath, with three pellets of triangular arrangment between horse’s hind legs. Photographs provided by courtesy of Bob Simpson, Colin Pitchfork, and Jim Noble (all of Noble Numismatics Ltd. of Sydney). 8. Elephant attacked by python: Part of a Roman mosaic of a hunt scene found at Dermesch close to Carthage: now in the Musée de Carthage. Reproduced by kind permission of the Institut National du Patrimoine de la République Tunisienne. HOYOS_F1_v-xxvi.indd x 8/2/2007 5:30:28 PM LIST OF MAPS Map 1: The Western Mediterranean, 241 B.C. Map 2: Carthage and Its Neighbourhood Map 3: Carthage: Physical Environs Map 4: Punic North Africa (North) Map 5: Punic North Africa (South)/Byzacium HOYOS_F1_v-xxvi.indd xi 8/2/2007 5:30:28 PM HOYOS_F1_v-xxvi.indd xii 8/2/2007 5:30:28 PM PROLOGUE THE WARS OF CARTHAGE In the third century
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